Field journal, v4159

Thompson, Ben H. (Benjamin Hunter), 1904-1997

Unknown

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

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Image from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Contributed by Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. | www.biodiversitylibrary.org

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B. H. Thompson 1929-1957 General Index Journal 1929 Calif: Alameda Co. Lake Merritt 1930 Washington: Mount Rainier National Park Oregon: Crater Lake N. P. Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Colorado: Mesa Verde N. P. 1931 Florida: Everglades N.P. Calif: Pinnacles National Monument Southern Calif. - bighorn sheep Death Valley New Mexico: Carlsbad Caverns N. P. Colorado: Mesa Verde N. P. Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Utah: Zion N. P. Utah: Bryce N. P. Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Colorado: Rocky Mountain N. P. Wyoming: Grand Teton N. P. Yellowstone N.P. Calif: Yosemite N. P. 1932 Calif: Yosemite N. P. Nevada: Pyramid, Winnemucca, Washoe Lakes Utah: Salt Lake Wyoming: Yellowstone N.P. Oregon: Malheur, Warner, Goose, Klamath Lakes Calif: Eagle Lake Idaho: Selway and Clearwater National Forests Minidoka Reservation British Columbia - white pelicans

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RAY LYMAN WILBUR, Secretary NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HORACE M. ALBRIGHT, Director FAUNA OF THE NATIONAL PARKS OF THE UNITED STATES A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF FAUNAL RELATIONS IN NATIONAL PARKS By GEORGE M. WRIGHT, JOSEPH S. DIXON BEN H. THOMPSON Photographs by Joseph S. Dixon except otherwise indicted CONTRIBUTION OF WILD LIFE SURVEY FAUNA SERIES NO. 1 - MAY, 1932 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1933

B. H. Thompson 1929-1957 General Index 1933 Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Petrified Forest N. M. Canyon de Chelly N. M. Colorado: Mesa Verde N. P. Colorado: Rocky Mountain N. P. Wyoming: Yellowstone N.P. Utah: San Rafael region 1934 Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Petrified Forest N. M. 1934 New Mexico: Bandelier N. M. Carlsbad Caverns N. P. Texas: Big Bend Washington: Mount Olympus Montana: Redrock Lakes N.W. R. 1949 Wyoming: Yellowstone N. P. Nevada: Lake Mead National Recreation Area 1957 Kansas: Flint Hills

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B. H. Thompson 1929-1957 Journal 1929 Calif: Alameda Co. Lake Merritt 1930 Washington: Mount Rainier National Park Oregon: Crater Lake N. P. Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Colorado: Mesa Verde N. P.

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Thompson Lake Merritt, Oakland, Alameda Co., Calif. 4:40 P.M. October 17, 1929 Trip made with George M. Wright. Afternoon, clear & cold; sun low, light good. I estimate 1500 fowl on lake; mostly Pintail Ducks. Also many Mudhens. Others seen: 2 Canada Geese 1 White Fronted Goose 1 Spoonbill 2 Canvas Back 2 Whistling Swans Snow Geese (several) 1 Eared Grebe Tied Bill Grebes (several) 1 White Pelican Gulls, Calif. (many) 3 Ruddy Ducks. All were feeding along shore, & upon thesand where people were feeding them grain, which the birds came for without fear, & were as persistent as domestic fowls. Exceptions to this were: The Whistling Swans, which were feeding by themselves in the far (East) end of ✓ the lake. The Canvas Backs were likewise there. We had not seen these

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Mount Rainier Natl. Park Superintendent 55 Conference with Tomlinson, Barnett, Macey, & Brockman. Sept. 28, 1930 Park Naturalist Last wolf killed 1911 down in southeastern corner of park on Ohanapecosh River. Some are claimed to be in the park at present. Barnett thinks not. A few wolverines are probably in the park. Mt. Goetz estimated 220-275. Goats move back & forth from Parries to Cascades. Open season on elk in Lewis County. Barnett thinks this is unratified. Bear have increased in last few years. Bear sign abund. earound Tomama Mt. & over by White River. Mt. Goetz found moronally at Ludlow Key, Comanche Ridge, Goat Island Mt., Coulitz Park. Superintendent wishes that park boundary on East reached to top of Cascades Divide. It was originally so planned but cattle, sheep, & other interest

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56 sought it is the present boundary. was the result. This outside area is beautiful scenically, and naturally belongs with the region west of the divide for summer deer in elk range. Supt. Bonlison says that the area south of the park in the Olanjeosh of Clear Creek region should be in the park to provide a suitable winter range for the deer. Deer wintering there are shot by the inhabitants of that region who hunt every month of the year. He also says that it should be a game preserve if not in the park. This was failed for but gotter around by declaring game preserve area on the high ridges of that region where the deer do not winter. Sept. 28, 1930 5:30 P.M. Five Sooty Grouse seen at Paradise. They were very tame. A Pika was in the hotel. Has it taken up its winter home there? If so, on that will it live.

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57 From Longmire to Lewis via Skate Creek Trail. Sept. 29, 1930 G.M.W. and B.H.T. This trip was made primarily to look over the deer wintering grounds around Bear Prairie some 4 to 6 miles south of the park. The prairie is an old burn. It is covered with young Pseudosuga, Thuya, Abies Amabilis, Abies/ Nojilis, Abies Grandis, Willow Maple, Crackelberries, Salal, & much other underbrush & moss. The deer live largely on these underbrush plants in the winter & on moss & willow buds. No young conifers were browsed. Nothing, in fact, showed signs of browsing. We saw no deer. But we saw deer tracks in 5 different places. This region is in the Rainier Nat'l. Forest. Not much hunting is done here because the deer high up are too inaccessible - One of the "old timers" at Lewis said that there were plenty of breeks upon Skate Mountain. The mountain top is largely chaparral.

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58 From Longmire to Lewis via Skate Creek Trail. This being just 2 days before opening of the hunting season, we found several hunters at Lewis. One told us that his party of 4 had started for the Pisgah, but upon arriving there, they found 114 other hunters already in/the region. So they came on to the Ohanapecosh region or Summit Creek. During this hike we saw one Pileated Woodpecker, and heard two more. Crossbills, Chickadees, Robins, were plentiful and a few Crested Jays and [illegible] Gray Jays. Many Aplopeltis furrows were encountered along the trail, especially in the burned over regions. Fox tracks (or small coyote) were seen in 3 places along the trail. From Lewis to Longmire via Ohanapecosh. Sept. 30, 1930 Drove over the new road which is to go East of the park

Last winter, Richards counted 23 deer along the road within half a mile.

"From Lewis to Longmire via Ohanapecosh. Sept. 30, 1930 to Yakima. He started walking 2 1/2 miles below Ohanapecosh. The territory from Clear Creek to the Ranger Station is a valley with the same sort of vegetation as that at Bear Prairie. He saw no deer sign. But there were 5 cars parked at Summit Creek, sportsman's cars, and we had passed 2 pack outfits coming in. The ranger at Ohanapecosh, Mr. Richards, said that deer are diminishing in numbers due to winter depredations of the inhabitants around Lewis. He thinks that area should be a preserve. He doesn't think that the hunting in open season is causing any serious losses. The deer don't come down out of the parks until well after the season closes. He feels that the area to the Divide should be in the park also. 5000 elk are reported on a national forest on the

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east slope of the Cascades. Elk season is open this year because the Forest Service wants the area for domestic grazing. Richard says the Forest super- visor said so. Cougar: five were killed by Clear Creek last winter. Grouse holding their own but "big hawks" after them. Richards kills as many hawks as he can. The hawks may be Goshawk or Swainson or even Redtail, he didn't know. At the top of Cowlitz Divide, 4800 ft., we saw 3 Sooty Grouse in and near a patch of Mt. Ash. The ash berries were very bright & abundant. Just over the divide, on the west slope, we came upon a- wolf track, 4 1/4 inches long 3 3/4 wide pad 2 1/2" wide. The tracks was clear cut, pointed & with a pointed pad. It could not have been a cougar's track, and it was much too large for coyote. There are no dogs in this region.

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Deer tracks were quite numerous on the Capitol Divide. They were large tracks. Down in Stephens Canyon were many Mt. Beaver working, especially in the burned area. Many trees had been tarped & some completely girdled at the ground up to 14 ft. This height may have been caused by snow. No high girdling was seen, although Brockmann reported it. He saw only the patches that had rotted or fallen off high up on girdled dead trees. Pikas were in the tens of this canyon by the hundreds.

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Thompson Yakima Park 6500 to 7800 ft. Oct. 2, 1930. A very clear day. Snow had fallen & melted 4 days earlier. A large Black Bear ran off across the valley just north of Sourdough Mt. toward Kuchelallay Park. The bear had seen us at least 1/2 mile away, & kept looking back at us at intervals as it ran. Yet, the men at the camp reported no bears in this district. Fox tracks were seen upon the trail along the crest of Sourdough 1/2 mile above the camp. By the evening as we returned, we saw fresh fox tracks along the same trail goin in the opposite direction. There were bushy Pikas in this the rock fields along the trail where the Fox went. Pixen found a large old Wolverines tracks down in Berkeley Park, and we found another (probably the same wolverine) upon the Waroughs Mt. 3 mile away. Roby Finchel, Pipits, Clark's Crows abundant. The Sharp Shined Hawk chased a Gosbawk.

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Thompson Cayuse Pass, El. 6000 ft. Oct. 4, 1930 Day very foggy. We met two hunters up in the pass about one mile outside the park boundary. They had shot a deer and a bear two days previously in the pass, and had seen two other deer. They reported "3 or 4 bear" in the vicinity. They said hunting is very good this year. The bear's pelage was long, and in good condition. Eight dravens were in the trees near the heads remains of the deer. Crows, jays & squirrels were flocking in the trees or on the ground by the road camp. They were so tame that we got within 8 ft. of them as they fed on the ground, in flocks of 20 to 50. Hiking up White River we saw deer tracks for 4 or 5 miles. The two previously mentioned hunters also saw a coyote in the region near Cayuse. The coyote was very dark.

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Thompson 64 From Yakima Park to Carbon River at End of Carbon Glacier. Oct. 5, 1930 G.M.V. A.B.H.T. Fox tracks were seen all around the Frozen Lakes Region & all along the trail, at intervals from Frozen Lake to Mystic Lake. Coysote tracks were encountered in two places a few miles apart within this same region. Deer tracks were seen in a few places near Mystic Lake. No Mt. goat nor goat tracks were seen anywhere along the trail, although much of the trail lay above timber line. One house flushed. Siskins flocking nervously at timberline as if preparing to migrate.

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Thompson 65 General Impressions of the Park. Oct. 6, 1930. The Bear Prairie region is too isolated to give any great danger to deer wintering there. It is also, reported to be very lightly hunted during open season. No specific problem seems to present itself here. The Clear Fork region is the critical one for wintering deer. Poaching in winter is rampant here. The Park limits are killed off in this region also, and if there were upholders, they would meet the same fate. The law is not enforced. If this area were made a game preserve, it is questionable whether it would be patrolled any more effectively. If it were made a part of the National Parks, its patrolling would be assured & the game protected. But the region is not outstanding scenically, except for beautiful forest. We traversed the section east of the park to the summit of the Cascades as far south as Phinney Pass, which is halfway down the

På den anden side af regnskabets årskalender skal der foretages en undersøgelse af, om der er tale om effektivitet eller ineffektivitet i forhold til regnskabsafrapporteringens kvalitet og mængde. Det kan være nødvendigt at tage stilling til, hvorvidt det er økonomisk forsvarligt at opretholde den nuværende praksis for regnskabsaflevering. Derudover bør der overvejes, om det kan være hensigtsmæssigt at indføre nye metoder eller systemer til styring af regnskabsarbejdet, herunder automatisering og digitalisering af processerne. Det er også vigtigt at sikre, at regnskabsafleveringen er effektivt og korrekt, således at den kan bruges til planlægning og beslutningstagning i virksomheden. Det er endvidere nødvendigt at overveje, om der er behov for økonomisk analyse af regnskabsdataene, såsom beregning af rentabilitet, likviditet og solvabilitet. Dette kan være nyttigt til at vurdere virksomhedens økonomiske situation og muligheder for udvikling og vækst. Endelig bør der overvejes, om det er muligt at forbedre kommunikationen mellem regnskabsafdelingen og andre dele af virksomheden, såsom ledelsen, salgsafdelingen og produktionen. Dette kan være vigtigt for at sikre, at alle dele af virksomheden har en fælles forståelse af økonomiske mål og strategier. Det er også vigtigt at sikre, at regnskabsafdelingen har adgang til de nødvendige data og ressourcer til at udføre sin arbejde effektivt og korrekt.

east boundary. Biologically, it would be far more natural for the park boundary to follow a natural barrier such as a mt. crest, than the artificial line, following stream courses for the most part. Park animals range naturally to the mt. summit, and they are killed during open season. As it is Rainier is almost an isolated island from the game & forest point of view and with the converging of the 3 new highways at Ohmso Pass, the park area will need every protection available. This region least of the park to the summit should certainly be in the park, or else be a game preserve. However, the region is sufficiently scenic & rugged to warrant annexation on that basis alone. The game situation within the park needs no comment except that the bear problem is increasing. Deportation has been tried without much benefit namely because the park is too small for this method.

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Tompson Crater Lake Interview with Godfrey Chief Ranger 67 October 11, 1930 There is no winter police force in the park except Godfrey himself, and he has one horse. Therefore, the boundary cannot be patrolled. Godfrey has seen blazed trails for trap lines in the southern portion of the park. These blazes were made in winter. On the west side of the park, a trapper's tent & equipment are still cashed in a tree. Godfrey is sure that winter poaching goes on. The park has marked fox & fisher. There is no wintering ground for deer. With the first heavy snow they are driven down into the Rogue River watershed which exposes them to hunters in the open season (Sep. 15- Oct. 15). Bear wander out also gare shot but there seems to be a plentiful supply at present. Some Coyotes reported. No wolves nor cougar definitely known although both were here originally. No wolverine known.

Thompson Crater Lake Interview with Godfrey. Oct. 11, 1930 Godfrey saw 5 Elks on [illegible] Salem Creek July 1929, and 3 Elks along the south boundary Sep. 15, 1930; one near the Praying desert, Oct. 1929. We have seen no marmots, weasels, porcupine, nor squirrels, all of which are reported to be here in abundance. Godfrey thinks that the west boundary should be extended to include the deer wintering grounds in the Rogue River watershed.

82 [illegible] 1930 Sv. P.S.P.I. [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible]

Thompson Crater Lake "Old Timers" W. Colvig - Medford (Father-in-law of Warner the postmaster) Applegate at Klamath Falls Fort Hubbard - Storekeeper Crater Lake John Mayben - Employee Crater Lake [illegible]

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Thompson Crater Lake Hike to Union Peak with Godfrey Oct. 13, 1930. Birds seen: Crossbills, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Crested Bluejay, Red-tail Hawk, Raven, Oregon-jay. No tracks were seen, except one deer track. Marmots were gone. Godfrey said they went into hibernation about Sept. 15, and would come out April 15. Golden Mantles & Chipmunks & Conys are still out. He looked over the western winter range of the Rogue River headwaters again of the area south of the park. Godfrey showed me the Pine Beetle ravages & the control work. The little is discovered by the presence of small pitch & saw dust marks on the trunk where the worm penetrates. Infected trees are cut down & lopped. The sun

kills the beetles, at about 85.0 Elk range sometimes down in the Union Tp. area. There were some grass areas, but not extensively. Some Plorquinie scars were seen. Mr. Fort Hubbard said that Grizlys were abundant here at one time. The last one was killed about 1885. Elk he said, were exterminated here about 1890. He called them the "Sine-back Elk." Wolves & Cougars were also abundant at one time, but have been systematically hunted & trapped by state trappers. Deer are more abundant than 10 years ago, but are far fewer than in the early days of this region.

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Thompson 72 Medford Oregon Interview with Judge Colvig. October 15, 1930. Judge Colvig made his first visit to Crater Lake in 1863. He has been in Medford ever since, and has had an interest in outdoor life. He has a good memory & tells a rational story. Antelope were along Antelope Creek in the early days. Colvig never saw them, however. They were also on Sprague River. In 1863, Colvig saw antelope on Blue Bee Creek, a few miles west of park boundary. Antelopes are out by Sten's Mt. now. Elks were last seen by the Judge at Skookum Prairie 1878. He saw 3 at this time. The same year, Ed Farlow killed the last elk at Jackson Springs. The Judge thought this was the last elk kill record in the county.

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Thompson 73 Medford Oregon Interview with Judge Colvig Oct. 15, 1930. Deer were far more plentiful in the past than at present. Mt. Sheep were never known at Crater Lake. In 1865, sheep were on Stein's Mt. Grizzly Bear used to be abundant around Crater Lake. The last one (Club-foot) was killed in the "early seventies" by John B. Griffin. Grizzlies were in the Middle Fork to Rogue. Cobles were reported here, but the judge never saw them. Mt. Lion: At Canyonville, the judge's brother (then just a boy) and two other boys were driving home to town. A Mt. Lion jumped on the back of one of the boys & lacerated him quite badly. The other two beat it off with whips.

Tompson Medford Oregon Interview with Judge Colvig Oct. 15, 1930 Beaver were seen by the judge at Anna Springs Creek in 1863. Otter were in the Rogue River town near Gold Hill. The Klamath Indians sold otter skins. Grouse "Mt. Drumming Pheasants" were abundant in the park 40 years ago.

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Crater Lakes Interview with John Mayben. Oct. 16, 1930. Fur Bearers about the same as always: mink, marten plentiful. fisher, 4 tracks seen scattered over park winter of '28; wolves in the region, but scarce. cross foxes plentiful around ring, estimate 50. Otter in region but not reported in park; no Mt. sheep nor goats here. Mayben thinks sugar is too soft in winter for them. Snow is more equated north of Pinnacles Desert. Elk were given in park so far as he knew, but are on increase now; deer also, bobcats here; no lynx; bears are plentiful and Mayben thinks that park bears are rarely shot outside. Most bear shooting is done over or Seven-mile Mt. where park bears don't go. Beaver in park. Mayben thinks that a game refuge around the park would be very beneficial.

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Thompson 76 Grand Canyon, Nat'l Park South Rim Elevation 7000 Nov. 2, 1930. Mammals seen: Bule Deer Two does near the village. They are in blue winter coat & good condition. They have been imported from the north rim. There are about 50 in this vicinity. They feel hey in the winter. Albert Squirrel The squirrels are abundant around the village. Bear None. Though they used to be for this region. Chipmunks Not plentiful, though occasionally seen. In the Canyon: Trip taken by G.M.W. & B.H.V. Oct. 31 - Nov 1, from Hermit Trail to Bright Angel Trail. Mammals: Bule Deer: Two does & 2 fawns seen down in Hermit Basin. Tracks were seen at

Tompson 77 Grand Canyon Down in the Canyon. intervals all along the trail even down along the inner plateau. Two bucks & three does were seen at Indian Garden. The bucks did not have very large antlers. All were in good condition. Many deer spent winter in the canyon. There was water every 3 or 4 miles, & enough although not abundant forage. Big Horn Mt. Sheep. Sheep are reported in the Canyon. We saw one trikele, & several droppings. Antelope. The antelopes were introduced at Indian Gardens. They have shed approximately 1/2 the original number until last year when 2 fawns out of 8 lived and this year 4 out of 6. The fawns of the year have small nothules

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Thompson 78 Grand Canyon Down in the canyon of boars. (The) The older antelopes have just lost their horns. The tips are beginning to enlarge for the new set. These antelopes are feed grain in a trough. They do not seem to wander far from Indian Gardens, & they are very tame. There are 17 now. Some reports hold that Bob-cats get the young. The summer heat is very oppressive down in the canyon. This range is probably too low for antelopes. We saw 2 bobcat tracks down in the canyon: one about half way down on the hermit trail, & the other at ? Hermit Cabins the morning after our stay. Coyote tracks were seen oftener than any

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Thompson 79 Grand Canyon Down in the Canyon other; all along the 20+ miles of canyon trail. G. M. H. found an old, com- plete skull of an immature coyot, at the head of Hermit Gorge about 5300 ft. elevat. The skull was in a crevice & no other bones could be found. Rock Rats Neotoma Desertorum, The Desert Wood Rat, had built innumerable nests amongst the rocks, down in the lower half of the canyon. No heaped houses were seen. Ground Squirrel. Citellus gramma, grammus were seen in abundances at Indian Gardens but nowhere else along the trail. Reptiles None were seen, except a few very small lizard in the rocks of lower Sonoran. They were

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Grand Canyon Down in the Canyon. 80 Rooley Mt. perhaps the Utah Tree Birch. As a general impression, there was very little evidence of mammalian or reptilian life down in the canyon. Water & food seem to be a limiting factor, but not much as to account for the scarcity now prevalent. Birds on the South Rim: Western Robin, abundant Mexican Bluebird "" Crested Jay "" Woodhouse's Jay "" Pigmy Nuthatch, "" Mountain Chickadees "" Slender-Billed Nuthatch, scarce. #Gray Titmouse, a few Lithornis Jay abundant

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Grand Canyon Day in the Canyon Birds Seen: Gambel Quail, 8 at Hermit Cabin. These were once present, then introduced again. Rock Wren abundant Canyon Wren " Green Tailed Towhee a few Various Sparrows unidentified. A Sparrow Hawk was seen to catch & eat a small bat at 4:35 P.M. down at Hermit Cabin. Spotted Towhee 1 seen Piro Siolin 1 seen

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Grand Canyon Ropes Hell Nov. 3, 1930. Interview with Ed Hamilton who has been here 40 years. Game is about the same here as in the past. There never was much, due to scarcity of water. Big Horn Sheep used to be more abundant in the canyon than now. They are pretty well gone. Bear have always been very scarce on the north rim due to lack of water. Turkeys were never there, so far as Hamilton knows. Elks were never there either, at least during Hamilton's knowledge. Deer are more abundant now than ever before. Antelope: Hamilton know nothing of "5000 antelope" referred to in letter. He used to own a ranch about 15 miles out of Anita, now the W Triangle Ranch. Hamilton used to protect the antelope, which have now increased to an estimated

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Thompson Grand Canyon Interview with Hamilton Nov. 3, 1930. 1000. He doubts this number. Game have always been scarce here owing to scarcity of water; except coyotes & bob- cats, which have always been plentiful. Nov. 3 1930 Trip to Yavapai Canyon Distance 35 miles from G.C. [illegible] This trip was taken to look over the proposed extension southwest of the park. The territory is entirely covered with pinyon pine, juniper & sagebrush, as well as other chaparral plants, but no yellow pine. Hence there could be no lumbering. Grazing is the only other possible use of the land as this area is very dry. He saw about 10 water holes. But owing to the open nature of the cover & large old burned over areas, the land would be ideal for antelope & deer.

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Thompson 84 Grand Canyon Trip to Yavapai Canyon. Nov. 3, 1913. This area could serve as a game preserve for the park as well as a supply for hunting outside its boundary. Piton saw deer tracks at Base Camp. Birds seen on route: Piton Jays about 250. Woodhouse Jays about 10 Slender-billed Nuthatch 3 Juncoes very abundant Mexican Bluebirds very abundant Red-tailed Hawk 6 Ravens 3 Linnnet, 1 female Townsend Solitaire about 6 Crowned Knight 2 Marginally seen: Jack Rabbit, 1 (seems California) Chipmunks a few Interground Squirrel 1 (amphismophily?) Digger Squirrel 1 * Western Robin a few Two porcupine workings were seen at Base Camp.

Thompson 85 Grand Canyon Trip to W Ranch 26 miles, & zible trips out of north branch about 10 miles. Nov. 4, 1930 Today we went in search of the antelope referred to by Harfilton. The territory for 15 miles all around the ranch was open, rolling grassland. Cattle & sheep graze this area. Water is very scarce, but sufficient to keep at least the 2000 head of cattle which we saw, & the 1400 sheep. This is where the antelope range, but we saw none. Dixon interviewed a workman at the ranch who said that he had once counted 156 antels in one herd about 3 years ago. This was all he would affirm. He further stated that antelopes are more scarce now than 10 years ago. My impression is that the area we saw yesterday could be antelope range but is not materially so. These antelopes have stayed just

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Thompson 86 Grand Canyon W Ranch trip Nov. 4, 1930 south of the juniper proposed area for many years, to stay prefer to stay in the open rather than the juniper country. Therefore, it would be almost useless to try to make antelope territory of the proposed extension. The antelope range would have to include much of the W Ranch, & there is no natural barrier to the south. We were told that the antelope range even further west than we want. Badger holes numerous in the open country. Coyote not very troublesome. We saw one. Sheep herder said they rarely bothered. Ground squirrels plentiful. Returning, we saw 5 Mule Deer (4 doe, & 1 spike buck a very light bruff color) drinking at Ponderosa Tanks about 2 miles south of the park. This was 4:30 P.M.

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Thompson Grand Canyon W Ranch trip Nov. 4, 1932 The deer were in wonderful condition, full winter coat and bounded into the junipers as we drove up. The Papalier trucks were so light as to be almost analfino. Birds seen: Golden Eagle, 2. One flew up from the ground near Donelson Tank. The other flew over the Ranch. Marsh Hawk, 6 seen. Of these 2 were eating some prey. All were on the grassland. Red-tailed Hawk 2 Raven 2 Shrike, 4. One shrike chased a small bird for 1/3 mile then another shrike joined in the chase. We could not see the finish. Pinyon Jay, many Woodhouse Jay, 2

Jan 11, 1973 At the first meeting of the year, we were welcomed by Dr. John Smith and Mrs. Jane Doe. The meeting began with a brief discussion on the upcoming events for the month. We also had a chance to discuss some personal matters with each other. Afterward, there was a short break before continuing with the main agenda. The next item was a presentation by Dr. Robert Johnson on recent developments in our field.

THOMPSON 89 Grand Canyon W Ranch trip Nov 4, 1930 Birds seen (continued): Townsend Solitaire, 4 Bluebirds many Mountain Bluebird, 1 Juncos, many Robins many Meadow Lark, 1 in the grassland Horned Larks, Hundreds Brewer Blackbirds, 3

98 Barnes, George (1923) ( ) [illegible]

Grand Canyon Nov. 5, 1930. Trip from Main Park Entrance through half of the cut-over area then south to Camp 36 north to Rim Road, Desert View & East to Coconino Basin. The cut-over area has been logged very carefully; only about half the timber being cut. But much of the timber cut was valueless or scant of heart rot - in some places it seemed to amount to about half. The beauty of the cut-over area is but slightly impaired. The underbrush, of which there is very little & the forage should be improved by the cutting. Grazing in the past several years ago has been too heavy. The grass is very sparse & all trees have been browsed clean about 6 ft. high resulting in the death of most of the small oaks, berries, & rebs. There is practically no rebs. in this area - practically Some cattle are grazed up to the very rim of the canyon still. A water hole is just off the rim road. The park boundary comes within half a mile of the canyon in much of this area. And this is where the cutting has been done.

Grand Canyon Nov. 5, 1938. Out toward Coconino Basin, we went through several miles of low junipers, and then into open range country, ideal for antelope. The grass is abundant. Practically, the only yellow- pine belt of any consideration on the South Rim is that in the Timberline area. Perhaps, when it is cut over, it might be more available for public acquisition and would provide wider protection for animals and bird life on this side. Cutting, as it is being done, will not damage the area for park purposes.

Mr. Paul Franke, park naturalist saw a 3 grmr lion cross the road in the park last spring. Four Yosemite Mule Deer were shipped here in 1927. One died. The other 3 have had no young so far as Franke & Finman [illegible]. They occasionally see one of the does. We have seen no Mesa Verde Deer as yet. Golden

9/1 Mesa Verde National Park Elevation 6700 - 8500 ft. Nov. 8, 1930 Interview with Marshall Framer, acting Superintendent. Wild Turkey here in the park at present. Seven were seen in one flock a year ago by a ranger. Turkeys were sacred birds of the cliff dwellers, who used their feathers for clothing & their bones for implements but did not eat the meat. > Mt. Lions are on the mesa, few Coyotes, Swift Fox Bob Cat Mule Deer, estimated 300. Porcupines very abundant. Have injured much Pinyon Pine in certain critical areas. 34 por- cupine have been shot. The trees in front of the Palace Ruin are in the most critical area. Another seriously damaged area is up near Park View Point on the north rim: > Eagle: are present. An eagle 4 years ago, caught a full grown Bob Cat, 15 lbs., carried it by its back, soared 1800 ft. high with it then down to its nest where it tried to drop it in the nest, but missed. Workmen saw the

"[illegible]" [illegible] SEPI ?raft . to 0032-0039, [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] & & [illegible] [illegible] To draft all of my real medical health for my peers ever made it known I mean, I'd go away to school at a physical therapy one for rehab field general problem. 00-29 [illegible] "& the & to do so from 1st + 1st [illegible] and it + 1st to take care of it. and it's, at the time of my life I was a bit too young, maybe, I need more training and experience of each potential phase of the draft under the law. 1897, taking days off from work. I would be going back again. I just want to do the right thing for myself and the people. [illegible] [illegible] I'd go out to get a job in 1902 and try to form it in my own way by making decisions on them all of that. But that's what I had to do and just be there for myself and the people and not let them get me down. [illegible] I'd go back to school again, 1905-1906, and then I'd get a job in 1907 at a real estate & retail store with friends at first to grades A&B & was made to join the team all

Thompson 92 Mesa Verde Interview with Finnan, continued Nov. 8, 1930 Mountain Sheep were here in the past, but not in recent times. We think they could live here if reintroduced. Antelope seem to be out of the question. Bob White Quail have been introduced near the park & so have California Quail, & Plovers. The Scaled Quail & Gambel Quail are native here. Some Blue Grouse are in the park; 24 were seen one morning this summer at the construction camp. Finnan contemplates the development of water holes on the Mesa. This would greatly augment wild life. It would not be a great expense & seems very desirable.

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Thompson 93 Mesa Verde Trip to Upper Prater Canyon. GMW + BHf. Nov. 10, 1930. Dusky Grouse, one female was seen by the cabin, and three, about half a mile down the canyon, two of which were seen to be males.) They were feeding in the meadow next to the west slope. Many coyote & fox tracks were seen all down the valley for 2 miles. Some deer tracked. Many Badger workings. This was all in the meadow land down in the canyon. Three old windmills & wells are in this area. Many Moggie's juncos, & Jays were at one of these old water holes. More water holes would be feasible & desirable. Two Horned Larks were seen on the main highway.

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Grand Canyon From Vermillion Cliffs Lodge to South Canyon, via [illegible] Nov. 14, 1930 Snow had set in the night before, but was not falling in Horse Rock Valley. The Caretaker at Horse said that deer are not so plentiful in this east slope range as in previous years. Hunting was [illegible], at least temporarily. The deer winter down on the juniper slopes, even to the edge of the [illegible]. He were told by an old-timer at South Canyon that there are only about 1/5 as many deer on this east winter range, as there are on the west. The country seemed like ideal deer country, except that browse is very scarce. He saw about 50 head of cattle grazing in the Horse Rock Valley. He saw no buffalos. They had been to [illegible] the day before for water, and were reported to be down in the low places out of the wind. He were also told at [illegible] that there are no antelope in the valley. It seem

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Grand Canyon South Canyon to Kane. Nov 14, 1930 like excellent antelope range; in fact, more so than for cattle. The grass is quite sparse over much of the valley. Mr. Heatherell, at Royenta, an old timer in the region & the discoverer of Mesa Verde said that this whole northern range used to be covered with good grass. He supposes then, that it must have been so here too. The Grand Canyon Stock Co. still holds the water rights to most of HouseRock Valley. Consequently, the buffalo are grazed off goat lands. An old timer at South Canyon sums lions occasionally. He says they are few now. But that they come back, if pro- tected for 3 or 4 years. Well think that deer & cattle could both be kept on the Trailah, if they were both in moderate numbers. As we came from Mesa Verde, we stopped at Royenta. Heatherell told me that all the

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96 Grand Canyon Note on Heatherhill at Kayenta. Nov. 12, 1930. Indian lands are so badly overgrazed by sheep & goats that the land is eroding away and the water supplies being lost. Sheep eat the grass or the natural dikes & then the dikes wash away. He is interested in seeing Turkeys, Pheasants & Buff White quail hunt on Navajo Mts & Mesa Verde. His brother raises pheasants.

B. H. Thompson 1929-1957 Journal 1931 Florida: Everglades N.P. Calif: Pinnacles National Monument Southern Calif. – bighorn sheep Death Valley New Mexico: Carlsbad Caverns N. P. Colorado: Mesa Verde N. P. Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Utah: Zion N. P. Utah: Bryce N. P. Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Colorado: Rocky Mountain N. P. Wyoming: Grand Teton N. P. Yellowstone N.P. Calif: Yosemite N. P.

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97. Everglades Nat'l. Park Florida Trip from Miami to the "Royal Palm State Park" and along a road to Westlake, 8 miles from the ocean at Cape Sable. Peterson Wright, & Thompson drove car, returning same evening. Elevation almost sea level. 2:00 PM - 7:00 PM in the park. Returned after dark: Jan. 16, 1931 The first few miles, up to the state parks, were a sparsely pine and palm stand with the usual undergrowth. The second stage was flat grassland, swampy, with island hummocks of palm clusters - very beautiful and tropical looking! The third stage, as we drew nearer the sea, was mangrove thickets in standing water. Each phase covered many miles. Many small areas have been burned, purposefully, it seemed. These were brown ugly dead patches of several acres, each often times. The road is on a canal bank. The canal served as feeding ground for grebes, kingfishers, herons, fish, & many other forms of life.

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hompson Everglades (cont.) Jan 16, 1931 At Neetlake, we took a boat & rowed part way round the lake, rowing about 45 minutes, & returning at dusk. The lake was completely surrounded by mangrove. We saw a few Florida Gallinules, ordinary Cooks, [illegible] & one Rail?. The boatman had been in this region for 30 years. He occasionally saw coops & otter, but no flamingos. Returning after dark, we saw two Racasons, about 1 mile apart by the road side. Birds eyes showed like red flares in the car light. We saw one Chuck-wills-widow? in the roof. It flew out of our lights. Birds seen: 1. great blue heron - many 2. Egrets, snowy & American - few 3. Louisiana heron - many 4. Little Blue heron - many 5. Little Green heron - one 6. King-Fishers - many 7. Bezzards - many 8. Black Vultures - many 9. Robins - hundreds

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99. Everglades (contd.) Jan 16, 1931 Birds seen: killed 10. Grebes ( pied- billed) - a few 11. Florida Gallinule - few 12. Coots - many four 13. Snipes - many few 14. Marsh-hawks - several 15. Tule-wren - few 16. Rails - often heard. 17. Swallows - few, could not identify 18. Crows - many 19. Purple-grackles - many 20. Shrikes - many

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Everglades Natl. Park Jan. 17, 1931 Trip across Tamiami Trail. Today we saw much the same type of country as that of yesterday. But we saw many more birds. 1. Wood Stork - many thousands 2. Egrets - " 3. Swallows - hundreds of thousands 4. Great Blue Herons - hundreds 5. Little " " " 6. " " " white phase - many 7. Louisiana " - hundreds 8. Great White " - one 9. Water Turkey - about 20 10. Kingfisher - many 11. Grackle, Great-Tailed - 100's 12. Crows - many 13. Buzzards - hundreds 14. Black Vulture - few 15. Marsh Hawk - few 16. Florida Gallinule - many 17. Pied-Bill Grebe - few 18. Rails - heard of but not seen 19. Hawks, unidentified - a few 20. Roseate Spoonbill - about 5 21. White Ibis - many 22. Pelicans - many

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Everglades Jan 17, 1931 The great flocks of birds were a tremendous sight. The wind blew from the east so they all faced east as they stood in the tall grass or perched on low cypress or mangroves. At a signal, so it seemed, they would all rise into the air then gradually settle back out of sight. Everywhere for nearly 50 miles we saw these birds in the grass in the trees on the shores along the streams. But the Wood Ducks and Egrets seemed to flock together most. This country was much more beautiful than the country around the Royal Palm State Park. There was much more cypress forest & palm hammocks and streams. As we drew near the little town of Everglades we got into mangrove thickets again. Here birdlife was far more scarce than in the open grassy garden. One old trapper told me he caught Raccoon or occasional Otter.

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Tompson 102. Primacles Natl Monument, Calif. Mar.3, 1931 This trip was made to see whether the Yosemite band of Zule Elks could be placed in the Pimacles. Mr & Mrs Wright, Mrs Dixon & I arrived about 4:00 P.M., & met Mr Dixon & Mr Hawkins (supervisor of the monument). The entire party drove up the west canyon, starting from the fee control entrance to traversing the newly acquired portion of the monument. Some willow grew along the stream bed, but rather sparsely. The area is not swampy. A little trickle of water was present but Hawkins said that it would not last long. There is very little grass. The area is mostly a dry chaparral canyon, not very suitable for Elks. If Elks were placed there they would need to be fenced in a paddock, feed & watered. Otherwise they would wander out of this dry area to more favorable spots - namely ranches.

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rampson 183 Pinnacle N.M. Mar 4, 1931 The same party - excepting Mr. Hawkins - returned to the Pinnacles from Hollister, arriving at 8:00 A.M. This trip was taken up the main canyon of the old Pinnacle area in company with Ranger Marcott. He walked to the caves, going to the upper end of them, then return[ing] by way of the west canyon wall, to the camp ground. Forage conditions were the same as in the west canyon. Hawkins says there are: Gray Fox, Coyotes, Bob-cats, Coons, Squirrels in the area, as well as the Black-tailed deer, of which we saw five does yearling. They were in good condition, & close to the camp ground by the ranger's house. Birds seen: Many Buzzards soaring in pairs around the Pinnacles. Hundreds of white throated Swifts along the cliffs. Some entered the crevices. Canyon wren, Calip woodpeckers

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Thompson 104 Prineles Mar 4, 1931 Song Sparrow, Brown Towhee, Intescent Harbler, Vigors Warren, Warren tit, Calif Blue-jay, Robin, Mexican Bluebird, White-crowned Sparrow, Red- tailed Hawk, Sparrow-Hawk Burrowing Owl, Crow, Shrike, Meadow Lark, Say- Phoebe, Titmouse. Last year's nest of Black- headed Grosbeak. Mr. Hawkins took us to see the Butti collection of Indian Mortars. There were about 400 mortars & pestles. They had been gathered monthly in the region around the monument.

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Pinnacles Mar 4, 1930. This collection of relics is to be donated to the monument as soon as there is housing or museum facilities. (My personal opinion is that the collection is not worth much. It is simply an endless repetition of the same thing, gathered in a haphazard fashion without records). There is another collection like it, in Monterey County, which will be given to the monument under the same conditions. A rancher near the Pinnacles has the last Condor's egg taken from the Pinnacles, which was about 40 years ago. He is holding it for about $500. In general: Hawkinson is anxious to get the egg for a spectacle, & the mortars too. He hopes for a direct road over to Gonzales or thereabouts. He is a loyal Pinnacles man, but sees only the spectacular side.

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Thompson (Note: error in p.numbers) 97 Interview with James Moffitt Calif. Fish & Game March 25, 1931 Concerning Mt. Sheep Robert Little, F.&G. warden at Banning Calif. is one to ask about sheep in the San Jacintos & vicinity. He says there are 1500 Mt. Sheep/ on San Jacintos & south to borders, Many others range across clear to the Colorado River. Ober, F.&G. warden at Big Pine for data on Mt. Whitney Region: Moffitt says: "Mount Form, directly west of Round Valley particularly the eastern slope, holds upwards of 60 head of sheep at all times. Most of the others are found around Mt. Baxter saw mill and Oak Creek farther west of Independence." Sheep are found also in: White Mts., Home Stake Canyon, Mt? Pine Mt., Beverage Mt., Marsha Mt., Dead Canyon, Head of Willow Creek, & on down as far as Cerro Gordo.

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Thompson 98 Death Valley Trip From Darwin to Darwin Falls April 11, 1931 8 - 11 AM Birds seen: 1. Pigeon Hawk (dead & dessicated) 2. Lynx (about 10) 3. Rock Wren 2 4. Say Phoebe 2 5. Desert Sparrow 2

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Thompson 99. Death Valley Trip Darwin Falls Canyon April 11, 1931 11:00 AM The canyon is perhaps a mile long from upper falls to main road, narrow & deep, about 400' deep, and very narrow at bottom. A clear stream of spring water runs down through the canyon with a profusion of water plants, muskrads, quinnels, willows, ferns & even saget & lupse than frws. It is a great place for birds. Birds seen: 1. Western Robin (nesting) 2? 2. Redwing Blackbird, immature pair 3. Yellow throats 2 females 4. Song Sparrows about 6 (Says Sparrow 2)? 5. Ruford Hummingbird 2 6. Costa Hummingbird 2 7. Sutevent Warbler 8. White Crowned Sparrow 10 9. Fox Sparrow 2 10. Ruby-crowned Kinglet 11 Savannah Sparrow about 4 12 Say Phoebe 13 white-throated swift sparrow

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100. Death Valley, Calif, Mesquite Springs, North End of Valley, Surprisant small group of Mesquites, & a spring. April 12, 1931 1. Vigors Hornl 2. Graybird / Cowbird 3. Savannah Sparrow 4. Black Phoehle 1 5. Say Phoehle 2 6. Saltassent Warbler 4 7. White-crowned Sparrow#3 8. Green-backed Goldfinch/0 9. Finnets 2 10. Ravens 3 11. Yellow Throat 1 12. Great Catchers (several) Greatcatchers

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Death Valley Calif. Furnace Creek June 15, 1931 Interview with John Mills, guide who has been in Death Valley 35 yrs. Mt. Sheep: Mills saw 35 head up near Cow Creek in the foot of General mountains, or has also seen sheep near Daylight Spring. This, within the last 3 years. Sheep do not come down to the springs & streams early in spring or summer when the "stamps" are full but later they have to. They will not come near if one is camped about the water. Mills has seen them "play" in the moonlight up in the grassy areas of these mts. Sheep are also south of Telescope Peak in the Panamints. Mills is the same wanderer who protects the animal life. He says that he knows of the half starved Indians kill sheep now & then, but he allows no hunting by outside parties. There are more sheep now than 35 years ago, also more of all animal life.

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Thompson 102. Death Valley, Calif. Furnace Creek/June, April 15, '31 Interview with John Mills. Kit foxes abundant in the valley. Coyotes wander down occasionally. Mills say they are more numerous now since the hotel has thrown out garbage than in the past. He doesn't think they get any dams. A few Bob-cats may be up in the mountains around the valley. Rattlesnakes are exceedingly scarce. There used to be a great many near Rattlesnake Point (5 or 6 might be killed within a mile) but they are gone now. Mills has killed two near Furnace Creek this but this year, but has not seen as many in the region in the last 35 years. Antelope were never in the region. The nearest ones were in Nevada about 75 to 100 miles away years ago. No deer here either.

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Thompson 103. Carlsbad Caverns Trip (From Van Horn to the Caverns) April 21, 1931, 5:30AM - 9:30AM The trip lay across creosote desert to the base of the Guadalupe Mts. Many flowers were in bloom, especially a species of cruciferous like Sweet Alyssum which matted the desert floor, and had done so all the way from El Paso. Several Swainson ? Hawks were seen on posts from 6:00 o'clock on. Six Jack Rabbits & as many Cotton tails were seen. About 7 miles south of the Guadalupe cliffs, we came upon 2 Golden Eagles in the road who had just killed a jack rabbit, and they were eating it. It was still warm. One Eagle flew away as we approached. The other sat on the ground until we stopped within 20 ft. of it. Then it flew over behind a knoll about 1/4 mile away & did not return although we waited 15 minutes. This was at 8:00AM. But 2 Ravens immediately flew to the road about 3/6

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Loromson 104. Carlsbad Caverns Trip Jan Hours to Carlsbad Caverns April 21, 1931. feet from the hill & searched but did not go to the rabbit. He did not have time to wait for the return of the Eagles to see their relationship with the crows. Upon the Guadalupe plateau there were junipers, scrub oak, the large Medal (Agave wiljeri) which was just refishing up shoots to bloom, and some of the narrow- leaf yucca were in bloom. A few yellow juries grew near the road. The pine forest on top of the Guadalupe can be plainly seen. Carlsbad Caverns The region is the low rolling foothill portion of the Guadalupe. The mesa just around the cave is covered with the small meal, tree cacties, junipers, etc. Cotton-tails are abundant. Two Cactus Trees were

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Tompson 105. Carlsbad Caverns Apr. 21, 1931 2:00 PM - 3:00 PM building a nest in a tree castry across the wash in front of the administration building. The nest was 6 1/2 ft. above the ground. It is wholly made of dry grass shaped like an olla, turned on its side. It is about 1 ft. long by 8" wide & high, quite symmetrically shaped. The two were looked very nearly alike in every respect. Both birds worked, bringing in gross & depositing it inside the nest. They made trips on an average of 5 min. Each time they left the nest, they flew to the top of the castry, perched, and looked around from a few seconds to several minutes. They never backed out of the nest. They remained in the nest each time they a few seconds to a minute. Both never entered in the at once, but alternated.

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Thompson 1067 Carlsbad Caverns Trip. Guadalupe Mountains Trip up Big Canyon with J. Stokley Sigon & G.M. Knight. April 24, 1931. We drove to Graves Ranch, 50 miles from Carlsbad, and from there about 6 miles up into the mouth of Big Canyon to Graves Davis ranch. From here we hiked about 4 or 5 miles up the canyon to a stream of clear water and about 1 mile beyond where the water was first encountered. The canyon is wild & picturesque, beginning with high slopes & pine cliffs, narrowing to a deep narrow chasm. At first we went through desert vegetation, yuccas, sotols, mescale, palopana. Farther up the canyon, hardwoods such as maples, madrone, others were interspersed with a few yellow pines & large gumjipers. Sigon said that the lower portion of the canyon would be excellent for Peccaries, which are now extinct in the region but which used to inhabit it. A few peccaries are in the sandy

Sigur has planted wild Tur in the Guadalupe's, about 2 years ago, taken from the White Mountains. He say that the real western wild Turkey will disappear into the country where liberated take care of itself. But th Eastern Turkey, which, is no longer a clear strain, but mi domestic cannot take care itself in our Western Mountain. A dozen Eastern Turkey were liberated in the mts. of norther New Mexico a few years ago, & th first night, the coyote got 9, and the remaining 3 the following night. Mexican Tur perch in Yellow Pines, & Sigur has never seen them out of Pi e country. He does not think they would thrive in Mesa Verde.

107 Carlbad Cavern Big Canyon April 24, 1931, Sigon, Wright, Thompson desert valley east of the Guadalupe of the Pecos. He saw 4 Sealed Quail in the lower canyon. Sigon reported the Mexican Big Horn Sheep up by the base of these cliffs, & all through the east side of the Guadalupe Wild Turkeys (The Merriam Turkey) up to almost in the Guadalupe. Sigon says they could be re-introduced successfully, since yellow pine country & water are there. He has planted a few there. The Meams (Fool Quail) Quail is also present although we saw none. None of the foregoing five are present in any other national park, except the quail which are at Carlbad. About 50 Elks (Yellowstone?) are planted at the south end of the Guadalupe. They have not increased yet; but Sigon thinks they would do better farther north in the mountain. They were planted about 3 years ago.

He saw one deer tracks near mouth of canyon. Mule deer are in the Guadalupes.

Tropson 108 Carlsbad Cavern Trip. Guadalupe, Big Canyon. Trip with Sigon Wright. April 24, 1931. Coyotes are in the outs. Sigon has seen them band together (2-3 or 4) to pull down full grown bucks in winter. He says they will simply run the deer till it is wifled, & then kill it. A few Mt. Lions remains. There are also Ring-tailed cats, Bob-cats, Gray Hogs, Black Bears, Chimples, Mearles, Rocke Squirrels. The Grizzly Bear used to be in the region but is now extinct. Birds seen in the canyon: 1. Turkey Buzzard 2. Golden Eagle 3. Ferrawson Hawk 4. Burrowing Owl (outside canyon) 5. Kingbird, 6. Saddle Quail 7. Mourning Dove 8. Canyon Towhee 9. Rocke Hen 10. Cavyon H'ren 11. Linjet 12. Cactus H'ren 13 Spotted Owl (plentiful, but saw none)

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Thompson 109 Carlsbad Caverns Big Canyon April 24, 1931 Figon, Wright & T. 14. White Throated Swift. 15. Broad-tailed Humming - bird 16. Horneal Lark (outside) 17. White Crowned Sparrow 18. White-mumped Dribes (outside) 19. Western Mockingbird (outside) 20. Brush Tits 21. Western gratchers 22. Sierra Wrenet through Figon's brother had reported the day previously, that Parakeets are in such number around Alibres Texas that they were a serious menace to all grain crops. They congregate in the thousands in the fields. Figon thinks they are spreading with civilization just as the coyotes are. He also reported seeing Apomado Falcons eat bats, The bats hid under the lower turned leaves of yuccas out in the desert, & it was there that the observation had been made.

Gormpson 110. Carlsbad Cavern Big Canyon Apr. 24, 1931. Sigon, Knight, Thompson Speaking of the Blacktailed Prairie Dog which we saw between Carlsbad & the Caverns Sigon explained the "pipe holes" The "prairie dog" digs its hole at an angle & removes the dirt through this hole. Then it digs straight up from the bottom of the shafting shaft to the surface of the ground, or earth. Above the shafting shaft. This leaves just the "pipe hole" entrance for safety, since a snake would have a difficult time going down a vertical shaft. Sigon does not believe in the air chamber escape during flood, but thinks the dog simply plugs up its hole somewhere under the ground until the water fades away. He has seen & caught a few Black-footed Ferrets in Prairie Dog colonies. The ferret has a wide distribution

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Thompson Carlshad Cavern Big Canyon April 24, 1931, Sigo, Wright, & J. and may be more plentiful than the few observations & evidence would indicate. This, perhaps, because they are so wary. A few years ago, Sigo bought a ferret from some boy who had cought it in a street in Albuquerque. Whether it had been brought in, or wandered in, he did not know. He told of a ferret's defeat a large dog years ago, when the ferret was caught in & encumbered by a trap. Concerning poison, a quail Sigo said that he occasionally lost Scaled Quail from strichnine poisoning set out for sparrows. Therefore he believes that a concentrate poison will kill quail. Sigo's stand on the Biological Survey's Poisoning is this: The coyote is the chief enemy; it is beneficial in its own range & habitat

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Thompson Carlsbad Caverns Big Canyon April 24, 1937 Sigon, Wright, & Thompson, but when it gets outside of its own range as it has done everywhere, it becomes a different animal and is harmful. He thinks that it will have to be held in check by poison. The disappearing of poisoning carcasses by the indiscriminate scattering of poison, wait. But he is just afraid of perishable bait distributed in the open country and high mt. fridges. Sigon admits that even this method will get some other animals, but not to any serious extent and that much is unavoidable. He strongly urges the service cooperating with local interests by instructing them in the safe usage of poison. He hates to see the disappearance of the gray wolf, but sees this as a way of keeping it in this country. He thinks a few Mt. Lewis could remain in the Guadalupes.

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/13. Carlsbad Caverns Big Canyon April 24, 1931, Figon, Knight & Thompson Figon's view of the proposed extension of the Carlsbad National Park is this: Extend a narrow strip of territory, about 4 or 5 miles wide, from the cavern to the Guadalupe; they take in the Guadalupe south to the Point in Texas, including the yellow pine country & alport to the head of the mountain on the east for beccary sheep & quail. This would not go north of the Cavern. The region can support a great variety of wild life peculiar to this region, & is of no commercial value. The Lincoln Forest on top of the Guadalupe is already a game preserve. But added protection & reintro- duction is needed. Only trails should be built into the regio. It is the only wilderness / out area adjacent to all of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana & is there strategically important.

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Photographs 114. Carrabad, Big Canyon scene, 2 rolls, with Sigon, Apr. 24, 1931 Sigon's Game Farm, Graflex Scaled Quail & Prairie Chickens 11 cut films, Apr. 23, 1931 Cavern mouth, Cactus Hren, nest, 1 cut film, Apr. 25, 1931 Sigon's Game Farm, 1 roll Prairie Chickens, Apr 23, 1931 Movie Cavern Mouth, Movie, 20 ft. Cactus Hren nest, Apr 25,

Thompson Carlsbad Caverns April 25, 1931 Dip down bat cave with G.M. The cave is approx. ½ mile long 100 ft. wide and from 50-250 ft. high. The guano has been removed, the last being taken out in 1925. It covered the floor on an average of 8 ft. deeper over most of the area, and in some places 100 ft. deep. At present there were new fresh scatterings over about half the length of the cave but very sparse. About ¼ mile in the cave, we began to hear bats squealing up in the vault crevices, fully 100 ft above the floor. Our lights were too dim to see them. This one spot was the only place where we heard them. Three shafts enter the cave from above letting a small amount of light down. They are approx. ¼ mile apart. The last one is at the rear of the cave. But the cave is so dark, we could not see without our lights. In this end of the cave we found 3 species of spiders (one black with a red dot in the middle of its back, one a “granddaddy long-legs,” and one very small spider); large green

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Thompson Carlsbad Caverns Bat Cave April 25, 1931 flies. 3 kinds of beetles; light colored crickets; moths; cave- mouse tracks; dead bats; a dead spiloge, under the shaft (we took the skull, and a dead antelope ground squirrel? which specimen we also took. It seems inconceivable that so much life could live in such darkness.

Tompson Mesa Verde Natl. Park May 2, 1931 Drove from "Square Tower" to boundary of park, & south into Southern Ute Indian Reservation about 3 miles to end of road, then took trail down Soda Canyon to Mancos River; west along Mancos River about 2 miles, then up north slope of Mancos Canyon to Cliff Dwelling & back across mesa to the car. Deer tracks were seen all over the mesa top between Soda & Mancos canyons. Rain had fallen 3 days previously so the tracks were made since the rain indicating that the deer are on the Ute Reservation still. One deer track was seen amongst sheep tracks down along the Mancos River. Gray Fox droppings were seen down in Soda Canyon. One cat track, perhaps Bobcat, was seen in Mancos Canyon.

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Thompson Mesa Verde Mancoz-Soda Canyon Trip May 2, 1931 What appeared to be Ring- Tailed Cat / droopings were found in the ruin at the top of Mancoz Canyon. Desi forage was plentiful but not abundant in Cliff Robe & Mt. Mohogany. Some desert grass was growing down in Soda Canyon. Otherwise the forest was just as it is here at head- quarters, except for immense bage brush patches down in the canyon bottoms. Birds identified: 1. Spotted Towhees 2. Chipping Sparrows 3. Gray Thrash-catchers 4. Blue-jay 5. Slender-billed Nuthatch, 6. Chickadee 7. Hoodpecker 8. Kingfisher (on Mancoz R.) 9. A Mallard drake was seen reported on the reservoir today. 10. An unidentified bird, abundant in Soda Canyon.

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Thompson 119. Mesa Verde Nati. Park Spring Tree House Canyon May 4 1931 Cloudy & sunny by intervals, just rained Birds seen: 1. Magpie 1 2. Chipping Sparrow 2 3. Mountain Chickadee 4 4. Long Tailed Chickadee 3 5. Black Headed Grosbeak 2 6. Robin 1 7. Broad Tailed Hummingbird 1 8. Slender Billed Nuthatch 3 9. Spotted Towhee (Spurred?) 3 10. Unidentified Vireos numerous 11. Green Tailed Towhee 1 12. Swift 11 13. Sharp Shinned Hawk 1

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Thompson 120. Mesa Verde Spruce Tree House Canyon May 4, 1931 1. Sceloporus elongatus caught & identified 2. Sceloporus coulbrinus, hitos 1. Otospermophilus grannuus grannuus, Rock Squirrel, 2 seen in canyon just under Community Bldg. 2. Eutamias Two seen close to Rock Squirrel

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121. Mescal Verde Natl. Park Headquarters to Rock Spring May 5, 1931 Day cloudy, gradual damp. The forest is the same all the way except for a square mile or so of old burn, covered with brush, mainly some sort of prunus. Deer forage is ample everywhere. One deer track was seen in Long Canyon about 1 mile east of Rock Spring. Birds seen: 1. Townsend Solitaire 1 2. Blue Crested Jay 4. 3. Woodhouse Jay 1. 4. Buzzard 6 5. Sharp-shinned Hawk? 1. 6. Slenderbilled Nuttatch 2. 7. Audubon Warbler 2. 9. House Wren 1. 10. Green-tailed Towhee 3 11. Spotted Towhee 10 12. Flicker? 3. 13. Broad-tailed Hummingbird 10 14. Fairy Woodpecker? 1. 15 Canyon Wren 6. 16 Rock Wren 1. 17 Grosbeak Black-headed 4. 18 White-throated Swift 12. 19 Mountain Chickadee 6 20. Vireo, unidentified species several 21. Warblers

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122. Mexalverde Nat'l Parks, From Rock Springs to North Rim & south to Headquarters: May 5, 1931. Birds seen continued: 22. Gambel Quail 2 23. Great catchers numerous 24. Golden Eagles 4 25. Violet Green Swallow 10 Deer tracks were seen all across the northern rim of the parks. Two deer were seen there but at such a distance we could not tell whether they were buck or doe. This entire northern region is a wonderful deer country, valley, a protected swales covered with chaparral. Coyote tracks were seen in 3 places along the north rim, to numerous coyote droppings. Porcupine workings in the pinyons stretched clear across to the west boundary along the north rim. Very few pinyons are in that section, but most of them are scarred. Refer to G.M.H. notes page for details of porcupine depredations.

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Tompson 123. Grand Canyon Natl. Park May 9, 1931 Around Bt. Angel Camp. Bright, sunny morning. 6:45-7:45 AM Four deer seen along tracks. Antlers just velvety knobs about 4 inches long. Winter coat remaining in patches. Deer in good condition. Deer tracks seen everywhere. Birds seen or heard: 1. Evening Grosbeak 6 2. Robin 6 3. Chickadee 4 4. Pion Jay 8 5. Violet Green? Swallow 2 6. White Throated Swift 4 7. Raven 1

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Thompson 124. Grand Canyon May 8, 1931 Brown, at the checking station, said that trapping was very poor this last winter. Very little snow; pelts not prime. Relative to his trapping the winter before last, he said that he caught 4 Red Foxes: 2 at Phantom Ranch, 1 at Cottonwood & 1 at the head of Bright Angel Trail on the north ridge. Anthony does not give the Red Fox in this region. But Brown insisted that he had caught many Gray Foxes besides these Red Foxes. The question needs investigation. Later in the day, in an interview with Filleton & Chief Ranger Brokes, Filleton said that his mind was not definitely made up on the quest of predatory animal control. He said: "I've trap every winter & take it for ganted, but I'm not at all sure that we are doing the right thing. He feels that specific work should be done to find out just whether trapping is necessary. Both men think that Turkeys should be planted in Hermit Basin, Powell Plateau & Head of Bright Angel, with farms, turkeys & water are there.

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thompson 125. Grand Canyon Interview with Chief Ranger Brooks, May 7, 1931 A ranger has just reported within the last week, seeing a mountain- lion just below the canyon wall about 8 miles east of Grand Canyon Village. Brooks is anxious to get it before it gets the tame deer on this side. Brooks estimates 500 deer on the south rim at present. But there were never this many in the past owing to scarcity of water. Only the water tanks developed by cattlemen have made the present number possible. Brooks would like to try to develop more water holes along the south rim for deer, turkey, or antelope. He doesn't have the idea of leaving this arid country arid as it was. He thinks antelope could be planted over along the west & south portion of the park, where the pinons begin to break away into plains. But he would rather see about 140 sq. miles of this country under a joint agreement with the Forest Service to Park Service, so that the Havasupai Indians could use it for grazing. They have no

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Thompson 126. Grand Canyon July 9, 1931 Interview with Brooks Possible means of making a living after the park construct- works have reached its culmination. Brooks thinks that it would make no difference if the Indians did get a few antelope; he could live them off into reasonable hunting, as they have always been willing to cooperate. The mule sheep (Ovis canadensis) in the canyon get along all right, but Brooks thinks the Bobcats keeps the lambs down. He says the canyon is full of Bob-cats. He also thinks they get some of the Durango grouse or the Kaibali. There are not many grouse. The Burros are nearly gone from the canyon, although there are on the north side of the canyon than on the south. The Kaibali Deer story, according to Brooks is as follows: There were not many deer there to begin with. But 50 or 60 years ago cattle were put in north of the plateau. By 1900 the summer grass range was pretty well gone, and the cattle were driven up into the forest.

Thompson 127. Grand Canyon May 9, 1931 Interview with Brooks At the peaks there were probably 40,000 or 50,000 head of cattle in the region. Then the cattlemen set out to get the mountain lion. Over a period of several years they took off 600-700 hundred lions; they say 1300, but the meantime the Kaibali had been declared a game refuge, so the deer began to increase until the great number reported in 1925. Brooks thinks there are no more than 16000-18000 deer there as a maximum now. But the forest service still holds to 30000. Over 5000 were taken out last year. Brooks says the coyotes got 10% of the large fawn crop for 4 months last winter. He stressed the point that these barren canyon shoulders come from a few deer being held there for perhaps 2 months of the winter, rather than being indicative of tousands of deer. He thinks the range is improving. He does not want the park service to get any of the winter nor intermediate range, but wants some of the plateau summer

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Thompson 128. Grand Canyon May 9, 1931 Interview with Brookes range and the East side winter range to have complete protection of a small part of the deer - just enough for the Park. Brookes recommends gradual reductions of the deer, but thinks the present policy is too drastic. Trip from Village through SouthEast portion of Paykake. May 9, 1931

# Angus Woodbury, Park Notarised

Thompson 129. Zion National Park May 28, 1931 Trip with Woodbury or floor of valley. Hard rain all night every thing wet this morning. But the season is unusually dry and early this year. No snow on top of the rims. About 10:00 AM this morning rain set in & continued for 2 hours. We saw many deer tracks down along the stream behind the stables leading up into the canyon which comes right there. The deer cross the stream especially in this locality. The Deciduous chaparral is very dense and green in this region, and provides excellent covers for browse for the deer. Woodbury & others have seen Mt. Sheep in the Carmel Highway Canyon. It were reported there in one band. Woodbury thinks they occur all through this rough region. Beaver used to be in the Canyon. Woodbury is considering whether they could be re-introduced. The area is so small and the shade so important that it does not seem feasible to me. Woodbury thought it would be well if they were limited to one family. This is the Colorado River Beaver,

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Zion National Park May 26 1931 Trip with Koodbury As we returned through the rain 11:00 A.M. we saw an adult Water Ozel feeding a juvenile. The young one stood on the rocks & bobbed up and down, with its stubby tail almost vertical; it kept calling like a giant hilldeer note, and spreading its wings as it fluttered them. It could fly quite well. Every minute or so the adult would fly to the young and put some insect or food in its bill. The young one followed the adult close, and kept up its ceaseless begging. It was observed to pick a few times on the water. The adult was not only feeding the young but (according to my interpretation) teaching it to forage. The young one's voice was higher pitched & more squeaky than that of the adult. The adult eat most of what it caught. Neither paid any attention to us even when we were within 10 feet of them.

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Thompson 131 Zion Nat'l Park May 27, 1931. Drove alone up the tunnel road and out to the first road turning off to the left. Followed this about 4 miles out into juniper scrub oak pinon service berry and sage brush country. Passed 4 poor shacles. The area is over- grazed by sheep. But there is sufficient browse for deer. The vegetation was of the same distribution as far north as I could see, which was about 5 miles. Birds seen this morning: 1. Red-tailed hawk 3 2. Turkey Buzzard 2 3. Sage Thrasher ? 15 4. Mourning Dove 12 5. Loxhee Spotted 10 6. Chipping Sparrow 10 7. Woodhouse Jay 2 8. Vesper Sparrow 1 9. Eastern Mockingbird? 1 10. White Throated Swift 25 11. Violet Green Swallows 4 12. Great Kite-hawk 4

Two kinds of service Berry were especial prevalent. [illegible]

THOMPSON Zion National Parks May 28, 1931 Trip with Woodbury Piger & Russell out the west rim trail by Angel's Landing across the head of Wildcat Canyon & down to Lee's Ranch. All of the high country we traversed within the parks was good deer country — if there is enough water. Mt. Mohogany, two kinds of squaw berry, huckleberry (a near relative of cliff rose), margarita, choke cherry, sagebrush, and many other shrubs & grasses were mixed with pincion, juniper & yellow pine. Many deer tracks were seen all day. Jack Hopkins who lives in Cedar city had about 540 acres of private land in the park up near the northwest corner on which he grazes so sheep. The sheep have eaten off the forage very badly and the soft soil down in [illegible] Valley is eroding away in a deep gulch. This erosion is especially character- istic outside the parks. The area north of the park, clear to Cedar Breaks has been grazed for 50 years and is responsible for the floods & erosion down in Zion canyon all down the Virgin River. The water runs off the flood

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Thompson Zion Trip with Woodbury, Dixon & Russell out west rim. May 28, 1931 and then the water holes & streams dry up. This territory north of the park may have to be taken in sometime in order to protect the park below. The sheep herder said a Cougar had killed 6 sheep within 2 miles of Potato Valley 4 nights ago. The tracks were not large. He had also seen a few deer carcasses killed this spring. Woodbury said that about the March 1, 1931, Russell & others had killed a cougar & 2 cubs in the northeast corner of the park across the canyon from the sheep camp. The sheep herder also stated that he had seen two fawns killed last fall in the park, & that he had strychnined the carcasses but he did not get the cougar. A Spotted Towhee's nest with 4 young about 2 weeks old was found under a sage bush about 7000 ft elevation. The young birds scattered into the surroundings, though, although they could not fly. They are a solid gray black. The nest is around cup of grass. Both parents were present.

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Thompson 134 Zion Nat'l Parks West Rim Trip by horseback from Deer Ranch to Springdale & up the canyon to the Hodge. Russell, Woodlurgy, Dixon & B.H.W. May 29, 1931 Hot sunny day. The country steadily tapers off toward the south & west to the Virgin River. The cover is much the same everywhere except that more sage brush flats are encountered. The slopes just west of the park highway and just south of the park boundary, are deer wintering grounds & should be in the park. Deer are killed here every winter. The land is not good for much else. Woodlurgy collected about 8 breeding toads (Bufo punctatus) in the stream in West Canyon behind West Temple. They breed in after rain squalls & little streams. Water & not temperature seems to be the critical factor, because the temperature was high previous to the rains. They croak while breeding. How they all find water & close their breeding cycle in so short a time is a mystery. Two species of Horned Toad,

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Thompson Zion Natl. Park, West Rim. Horseback trip from Lee's Ranch to Springdale & Lodge. Russell, Woodbury, Dixon, & P.N.H. 1. Phrynosoma platyrhinos, long horned, low -> elevation. 2. Phrynosoma douglasii, short horned Also Collared Lizards, Checkered Race Runners, Desert Scaly Lizard, Stejeners Sceloporus elongatus, and various small lizards unidentified. These were all put in a tin can with the horned toads, and a female tarantula which we dug out of a web-lined hole about 18 inches deep. None of the incarcerated reptiles or spider injured each other. No snakes were encountered. Chipmunks, and Rock squirrels frequent. Gopher working abundant. Jack Rabbits & Cotton tails numerous in sagebrush areas. Also, antelope ground squirrels.

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1936 from North Park East Rim May 30, 1931 Trip in Ford with Russell & Dixon to Deer Trap via Mt. Carmel Highway. Not sunny day. The forage & cover on the east rim was much like that on the west except for more sage brush. A few small ranches are just east of the park. One plot of 320 acres may soon be sold to sheep owner which will bring sheep that may nearer the park boundary. But no sheep grazing goes or within the east boundary. Some cattle & horses however, are grazed within the park up on Deer Trap Point, which is directly over the lodge down in the valley. These animals are not here by agreement but are left there in spite of park regulations. Jolly the chief ranger permits it. The point was covered with deer tracks, and one pair of antlers was found which would indicate that the deer was there in February or March. The forage is dense & excellent small buffalo grass & lupine beside the chaparral.

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Hornpson Zion Hall Park, East Rim May 30, 1931. Ford trip with Russell Dixon to Deer Camp via Mt. Carmel Highway. An old saw mill site lies about 4 miles east of the point. The yellow pine (about 3,000,000 ft.) was logged off in 1909-10. Young pines are coming back, so that within the proper time the region will be restored. Russell said that forage condit within the park were much better than they had been in the past. The region had been grazed for 40 years before he knew it, & he was first here in 1902. He says that in the early day settlers farmed the river bottom below Zion & even in it. But owing to grazing above, floods washed away the farm land & the settlers deserted their land. They still ranged their cattle & horses in the canyon. In 1915 a hard winter left no feed. Every bit of forage was gone from the canyon anyway; so the settlers came up in the canyon & cut down huge amounts of cotton wood for their stock to bark.

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Thompson 138. Zion Nat'l Park East Rim Ford trip, Russell, Dixon, to Deer Trap. May 30, 1931 The canyon & surrounding territory has slowly recovered itself. I think this region is one of the most outstanding example of the suicidal effects of over- grazing especially by sheep. And the damage will continue until sheep grazing between the park & Cedar Breaks is either regulated or prohibited to give the cover a chance to restore. Deep gash erosion is common in all the sedimentary soils & small valleys.

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Thompson 139. Zion Natl. Park May 31, 1931 Birds seen or heard in the Canyon: 1. Yellow Warbler 2. Harbling Vireo, nesting in tree about 15 ft. above ground. Nest small, 2" diameter, cup. Male sits on nest & sings. 3. Say Phoebe, nesting under lodge eves. 4. Western Robin 5. Black Headed Grosbeak 6. Flicker 7. Spotted Towhee 8. [illegible]catchers 9. Brewer-Black Redwing Blackbirds nesting in slough in front of lodge. Nests had young just hatched & eggs. Slough is being filled. 10. Phainopepla - Rockeville 11. Bullock's Oriole - " 12. Scott's Oriole " 13. Tanager Western. 14. Crested Jay 15. Woodhouse Jay 16. Pionon Jasp 17. Gambel Quail 18. Red-tailed Hawk 19. Wood Pewee 20. Broad-tailed Hummingbird

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Thompson Zion Natl. Park May 31, 1931 Canyon Bird list continued: 21. Black-chinned Hummingbird 22. Water ouzel 23. Cassin Vireo 24. Longtailed Chat 25. Western Kingbird - Rockville 26. Meadowlark - 27. Sayuli Bunting - 28. Chestnut-sided Bluebird " 29. Nighthawk 30. Chipping Sparrow 31. Canyon Wren 32. Rock Wren 33. Mourning Dove 34. Roadrunner - Rockville 35. Violet-green Swallow 36. White-throated Swift 37. Desert Black-throated Sparrow - Rockville 38. Dark Sparrow - Rockville to Sycamore 39. Green-backed Flycatcher - Rockville 40. Song Sparrow 41.

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141 Rion Hall Parle May 31, 1931 Bird list for Pim Country: 1. Mt. Chiefeader 2. Harris Woodpecker 3. Turbey Buzzard 4. Red-tailed Hawk 5 Great Horned Owl 6. Harbling Vires 7. Cassin Vires 8. Western Robin 9. Black-headed Grosbeak 10. Spotted Towhee 11. Green-tailed Towhee 12. Great catcher 13. Western Tanager 14. Woodhouse Jay 15. Crested Jay 16. Wood Pewee 17. Olive-sided Flycatcher 18. Blue Bird, Chestnut sided 19. Nighthawk 20. Cliffping Sparrow - nesting in sage. 21. Canyon Wren 22. Rock Wren 23. Violet Green Swallow 24. White-tailed Swift 25. Vepper Sparrow 26. Lark Sparrow 27. Junco

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20127PSON Zion Nat'l. Park Mel, 1931. Trip from head of Tunnel to Bridge Mountain, with Dixon & Scheefr. A cool slightly cloudy day. Elevation about 6500 ft. Porcupine & Ring-tailed Cat tracks were seen in the sandy wash just above the tunnel. A bunch of young Green-tailed Towhees, quite able for flight, was flushed up near the top of the ridge. Over in the valley behind Bridge Mt. was found an unusual abundance of browse, water holes, grass & rushes with some aspen & yellow-pine. The valley is about 1 mile across & 2 miles long. It is almost surrounded by high cliffs, & makes a wonderful protected natural deer & sheep range both summer & winter. We saw deer tracks all the way and especially in this valley. Scheefr & I saw 3 deer. They were very wild. Jack Rabbit tracks were seen all through the area & Jack Rabbit was seen foraging. He stood still, and it came within 20 ft. of me. Gray Fox tracks were also seen in the valley. Dixon saw Mt Sheep tracks on the ridge by Bridge 1931.

rmpson 143. Zion Natl Park June 2, 1931. Interviews with Woodbury & Cope (Bryce ranger). Woodbury feels as we do that the regulation of grazing on the head- waters of the Virgin is the outstanding problem of Zion Park. He is not worried about the few deer killed just south of the park, each fall. Cope said that he thought 8 Mountain Lions were killed by a government trapper in Zion last year - he thought at the instigation of the sheep interests. Ranger Force at Zion: Cope- Supt. Parker - Assistant Supt. Jolly - Chief Ranger Woodbury - Naturalist Harold Russell - ranger Scheefer - ranger Bryce Force Cope - ranger of long standing Nicholson - new ranger

Thompson 144. Bryce Natl. Park June 2, 1931 Interview with Cope. Bryce is about 18 miles long, north & south, and 3 miles wide east & west. It runs along the eroding ridge of the Pink Cliffs. (By the very nature of the area, it is too small to be much of a game habitat). Grazing has been carried on here for years, as at Zion, and all the area shows the effects very badly. Sheep & cattle are in the Natl. Forest just west of the park, and some sheep will be grazed in the newly acquired park territory this year. There is a demand from the sheep men to kill out the Cougar in the park. The question is an open one still. Cope showed me an area near 1 mile north of Bryce Point where porcupine have girdled a few young yellow pines, and gnawed on many others. Cope was perturbed because this lies along the route of the new road to be built along the top of the cliffs down to the Mt Carmel highway. The destruction seems negligible to me.

A branch of the Senier River -

impson 145 Bryce Natl. Park. June 3, 1931. Trip with Cope & Dixon to Poodunk Point, 20 miles south of the lodge at the southern end of the park. Elevations 8200-9000 ft. Day cloudy, windy & cool. Almost the entire trip lay in a long valley which looks much like N.T. Park. A good stream runs down the valley to the north. There has been an abundance of grass, but it has been overgrazed for years. He saw about 40 head of cattle there. The valley is rimmed with yellow pine, blue spruce short limber pine, white fir & aspen. The stream would be the best boundary for the park, but the Forest Service wanted a surveyed line which zig-zags by sectioning up through that timber & will always be a source of trouble from grazing. The park wanted a game preserve declared down to the little stream, but ran up against great opposition from sheepmen to sportmen. A cattle feeder whom we saw said he had never seen so little water in the stream before nor so many porcupines. He had

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Thompson Bryce Nat'l. Park. June 3, 1931. Podunk Point trip with Cope & Dixon. saw 10 porcupines crossing the meadow in 3 days. Cattle men & Forest Service rangers kill porcupines wherever they see them, & are instructed to do so. From Podunk Point, we looked down into a pine, aspen & chaparral clad valley on the east side of the cliffs. This is partly in the newly acquired park territory, and here sheep are to be grazed under Forest Service supervision. 2700 sheep graze in this area. Cougar range around the rim here & are said to be a menace to the sheep. The sheepmen want the Park Service to trap or otherwise kill the cougars in order to make sheep grazing in the park & adjacent to it safe. No action has been taken yet. I, personally, see no justification for such a move. Cougar trapping here last year resulted in 1 cougar being caught. It was still lying across a log near the natural bridge.

Thompson 147 Bryce Natl. Park June 3, 1931. Poole Point trip with Cope & Dixon. Cope said that most of the traps contained dead poison No. 4 Coyote traps were used: Mr. Dixon is in favor of bonds here to passify pacify the sheep men, on the assumption that few cougars would be caught. On the other hand, if steel traps were used, no cougar might be caught & the poison controlled simultaneously. The reason this seems unjustifiable to me is that a strip of land 3 miles wide & 20 miles long, could not be a serious breeding ground for roving animals, especially where they are hunted all around this narrow strip. Biological Survey hunters were here last year but got no lions, so far as we can find out. One of their signs was still posted at the natural bridge. We took the sign! Mt. Bluebird nest with 5 eggs found in dead stump in valley, el. 8300 ft.

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Bryce Natl. Park June 3, 1931. Podunk Point trip with Cope & Driver. Cope says that the shepherds are very hostile toward the park extensions. They feel that their livelihood is being taken away from them. Yet they have overgrazed the whole territory to such an extent that one man was heard to say, “We would be better off if we sold half our sheep & bought it them back ten years later.” The entire valley between Bryce & Navajo Mt. (Pa'rusah River Valley) is grazing sheep & cattle, country. The view from Podunk Point is magnificent.) Perhaps, within a few years, all grazing may be eliminated from the park. But at present, that was the only way the territory could be acquired. Henderson is the man who grazes the 2700 sheep in the parks.

Thompson Bion Canyon Hall Park June 4, 1931 Interview with forest supervisors office in Cedar City. The supervisor was out of the huar & interviewed seemed as "cool" that I did not learn his name. 60,000 sheep graze on the head waters of the Virgin River. Land there is about $10.00 per acre, or the price of a ewe. This would put the investment in this critical area at $1,200,000. approximately. The land is all privately owned. About 35 individually owned ranges are in the area. Cougar are worse now than before; it is thought that the road starting down in Zion has driven them into the back country. The Biological survey assists in the control of cougar. The ranchers poison dead horses in the fall & distribute them. They gain to get some cougar this way. Not many deer are in the region. But more sheep are grazed than ever before. It rained all day on Cedar Mt. as I drove over from Bryce. Many marmots were out.

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Kailah Plateau June 6- Birds found on the Kailah 1. Robin 2. Chipping Sparrow 3. Red-backed Junco 4. Crested Jay 5. Ruby-throated Hummingbird 6. Purple Finch (Canyon) 7. Mountain Bluebird 8. Raven 9. Pine Siskin 10. Western Tanager 11. Slender-billed Night Heron 12. Evening Grosbeak 13. Red-tailed Hawk 14. Audubon's Warbler 15. Red-tailed Hawk 16. Violet-green Swallow 17. White-throated Swift 18. Wood Pewee 19. Cassin's Vireo 20. Olive-sided Flycatcher 21. Black-headed Grosbeak 22. Western Great-crested Flycatcher 23. Harlequin Duck 24. Hermit Thrush 25. Pinion Jay

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thompson 151 Kaibab Plateau June 6, 1931 Cloudy day, 3 days after rain. Cliff Rose & Mt. Mohogany were in tree bloom as we came up the north side of the plateau. All the chaparral was intensely thick green but it all showed heavy browsing as high as deer or sheep could reach. Only 1 deer was seen before we reached VT Ranch. There a herd of 30 were grazing in the meadow. By 7:00 PM, 96 deer were counted in the meadow. Grass is every where green but short. The water holes are numerous & full. The deer are in good condition. Short velvet antlers about 6 inches long and showing on the bucks.

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June 8, 1931 South Canyon Trip First stop examined ground asaf with water development in view miles east a few very thin aspens seen in V.T. wet place; grass good. Under leaves present. young aspens show browsing in several periods few years back. 2nd hike thru wood to rim of South Can. on overlooking Corral & end of Horse rock valley. Snow bush alder, sprinkled off everywhere but comi back. Few small aspens 4" high. Numerous deer tracks showing deer still on east range. horse & cattle tracks also. Dogs? Forest too dense for much hunting. Loche says it is Mt. lion ban- out. from Idaho say that aspen is just browsed in Idaho, but is here due to scarcity of range - it is relative (generally) Small dwarf ceanothus (Ceanothus) heavly browsed. Not plentiful.

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June 9 Towota Point Trip 1st Stop. Sample Plot 3 miles west of VT on old Ryan Road. 3yrs plot enclosed. The little Spences Bendings of vigorous leaders, as high as sturdy part helped. young aspens 3 ft. high, suckers, vigshoud, 18 aspens in fist 46-40' approx. Grass looks about the same. 2nd Yellow Pine Forest. Ground almost bare; small yellow pines browned severely until some dead. Trees 3" diameter only 3 ft. high or bushy. 3rd Kitazy Jug Point overlooking Dowell Plateau, Big Thumb, Thumpler River, and Havasupair region. Cliff Rose, Service Berry, Juniferl Oak brownd clean as high as deer can reach. Sage Brush eaten back to half its former height. Junipers browned clean for high as deer can reach. Region looked like Point Sublime. 600-700 cattle graze here every winter. Brookes say they left about 1 month ago. Whether the browse is coming back very gradually is not exactly evident. Possible, it is. 4th Sample plot & open plot laid out m/1927. The enclosed plot shows good recovery of sage brush, Cliff rose, grass. Sage shrivel as high as in

(10) Indian Hollow [ Lunch ] Dr. E. Raymond Hall, U.C. Berkeley Paul Reddington, Chief, Biological Survey Booke, Lamar Norton League? T. Gilbert Pearson, et. Sec. Nat. Andulson Soc. Robt. Parks, Brown, Kaibabe N.Y.

me? Souther Point Jrif open plot: young cliffrose coming in. From here for 3 miles country is all gambel oak, browsed high as deer can reach but coming back under- eath with new leaves up on ridges, cliffrose predominates & it is so browsed that the hill looks like cactus grove. junipers pinons & few yellow pines here. it. Sample plot. Grass knee high & abundant, outside grass short & of rare grasses present, ricegrass citannum along spear grass, and foxtail. In this plot 5 cliffrose 'involved' recovered, 8 died. Mallow abundant in plot. Region around plot severely browsed with half of cliffrose dead. Erosion outside of plot noticeably more than in plot. Here there was a conference held by Locke, Hall, Dixon, Anderson & Reddington. Locke expressed the opinion that any 'balance' in any area will have to be man-made, or an ideal which man will determine. No area can escape the outside influence. The Trumpeter Swans were especially mentioned by Locke as examples of upset conditions where intervention is absolutely necessary. No area is uninfluenced today. 'Primitive Area' in the Forest Service parlance doe

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not mean a "natural" area; it means an area where industrial developments are held to a minimum, and the "game" is the primary use. They do not consider a fenced "Wilderness Area" as a scientific laboratory as Hall had considered it. From here we back-tracked 3 miles, & headed somewhat north-west for several miles. The range had been severely browsed but seemed to be leafing out again as though the pressure had been diminished during the last year or two. Sage brush, oaks & service berries were showing good progress. Very little difference was evident, & it was badly biased. th closed sample plot 30"-30" vegetation, ?) sage brush, cliff rose & juniper show good growth but not much better than that outside (sagebrush) except cliff rose & juniper which show heavy browsing outside. Everywhere we have seen the oaks in the ravines coming back, whereas on the ridges where cliff rose predominates it is heavily shattered.

"Mann, Kaibab Forest Supervisor"

156. 8 Approaching Donuts Point. For miles in every direction the cliff rose and juniper are simply skeletons. Pine never seen such devastation. However, grass here is hence high & abundant. Many of the may say it is due to the falling of the brush, thereby giving the grass a chance. Many says there is no summer grazing due to lack of water, or what grazing is only in springs snow. This is perhaps the governing factor. 9. Donuts Point. An old logger. But junipers pines are 15-20 ft. high, although browse. Pitch is browsed about 5' high; next to it juniper is browsed 8-10 ft. high. Apparently the pitch is only taken as a last extremity. The cliff rose is mostly dead. 10 Two short steps enroute home to see enclosed sample plots showing yellow pine & aspen development. The aspens were 18"-24" high, about 5 in the plot, and the yellow pines had hardly leaders so high as the scrubby part below.

June 10 To Jumperp and Slide 1st Stop about 15 miles northwest of VT on old Ryan road in open Yellow Pine forest. About 20 little aspen 3'-6" high seen in 200 yds. walls, 6 little yellow pines about 2-4 yrs old 4" high, some Oregon grape and a little very short grass. Ground is mostly bare except for brown needles. Mamm says the young aspens are not eaten till August & fall. In fall, cattle & deer eat the fallen aspen leaves almost entirely, & some curled oak leaves. A very few small locust shrubs are present. The yellow pines 1'-3' ft. high are stubbled & browsed. 2nd Stop Big Spring deer trap. The trap is a maze of individual lanes leading to the finest pens & chutes which are dark, & quiet this day. Big bucks are dehorned here & loaded. The cost is $5.00 to $7.35 per head, according to the number shipped. 3. Sample plot near deer trap along shift fence. The weed & grass growth is rank in the plot - outside very low & almost bare. The cattle are held below the fence until later summer when they are allowed to go upon the plots.

June 10 1931 To Junipus. 4 Out on the northwest slopes where we can look east & see the tribal Plateau as a wall several miles away. Sage & juniper country. Passed some cliffrose on the ridges. Sage & juniper well browsed. This is the Bullhorn trail, and the stop is Willow Canyon. The range from here spreads out in to a large expanse of rolling hills & ravines covered with sage brush & junipers, all browsed up, noticeably. Lunch at Slide, near Junipus. Returned over ridge where the cliffrose showed great devastation. The last 2 yrs. didn't show so much. But the improvement is very slow. After this we came up on top of the mountain, & passed through the yellow pines & spruce forest which was the same as it is along the main highway. In the small valley, grass was very short, & almost every one showed sage headward erosion.

"Goldman Brief, Survey" Sapincker example just outside plot. Ask for Nelson's new wife.

159. June 11, 1931 North Side Trip 2nd stop A '20'+'20' plot fenced in 1925 5 aspen from 5'-7' high, and 0 miles 5 smaller aspens. Goldman, with SVT. says that in 1917 this was the condition of the forest every upine good where. One yellow pine 1" diameter straddle; and 8 ft. high, as compared with muberry some stulbrous outside 2" diamter actually and 2 ft. high. The check plot me! close by showed no aspens at all. 1. 40'+40' plot with 11 aspens ranging up to 2 ft. high. Aspence show good leader. Nichols counted 7 seedling aspen within the plot, not seen anywhere outside. 3. Plot # 36 fenced August, 1927. On the edge of the sheep range / on Castle Capy for road. Aspino 10 ft. high. The aspino 20 clumps of aspen almost filling the plot. The yellow pines have grown a foot in one years time as shown by leader. The usual scrubby stuff outside. 4. Plot #37. Nelson Saw Mill. Wild rose in this plot. Several comment that wild rose is a great favorite with deer. The pine leaders outside are untouched for the last 2 yrs.

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June 11, 1931 North Side Trip Dixon reported a parasitic growth on the Cliff Rose east & north of Jacob's Lake. He missed this trip. In the afternoon we drove to the north foot of the hill turned left at the gas station & drove to Ryan. Several miles of the way are out of the present Rainbow Forest, but in the National Game Preserve which used to coincide with the Forest Boundary, as set aside in Pres. Roosevelt but owing to a readjustment of the Forest Boundary, these strips of Game Preserve extend north of the Rainbow Forest. No one had jurisdiction over the game preserve outside of the forest and sheep winter there to the extent of 43000 according to Mann. The same "high water" grazing line is present here as on the older winter range. The growth is: sage brush, juniper, cliffrose & some pition. From now the Preserve to Ryan, the vegetative cover is the same. And from Ryan to VT, no covered in June 19th notes.

June 12, 1931 Powell Plateau. The delegation drove to Powell Saddle, where horses were procured & we rode over most of the plateau. The Saddle is about 7,000 ft. deep. The slopes are a mass of gamble oak, service berry, manzanita, yarrow and clifrose. All shrubs in the Saddle show some browsing, but not to a serious extent. Powell Plateau has a large yellow pine forest over most of it. But all of the south & west sides are juniper, cliffrose, gamble oak, service berry, cliffrose & sage, with a mixture of grass. Here is the usual "high water" line as severe as anywhere else. Some cattle & wild horses are on the plateau, as evidenced by tracks, and deer tracks were numerous. The deer must go without water here. E.P. Hall says he is certain that bucks and barren does go 4 weeks without water. Three springs are in the canyon just south of Powell Saddle but too far from Powell Plateau to be watering places for deer there. Where the cattle drink, I do not know except at the springs.

D77507 162. East Side Hunter Range June 14, 1931 Houserock Valley was exceedingly bare. Almost no grass higher than a low cropped stubble. Some stribly scattered and toward the upper edges of the valley, some very few sagebrush. As soon as we entered the National Forest the grass was noticeable higher & where abundant in many places it covered the ground. Up in the Juniper & Pinion region very little browsing was evident. Mr. Robert Parker, Mann's Range, says that 200 cattle winter within the National Park. Mr. Kooie has the majority of cattle there & is the biggest offender. Mr Findlay is most anxious to cooperate. Kooey's cattle are in the east side of the Park, above and east of South Canyon. There are no grazing perpita nor obligations on the North Rim of the Park. Cattle are very difficult to get out of the park. Thirty-six head of Buffalos were seen near Haze. They were offalading their light brown winter coat, which hung down in rag ends, a foot in some cases.

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Rocky Mt. National Park 123, 1931 Trip to Horseshoe Beaver and Moraine Parks with Solinsky, Madgen, Diane, G.M.P. Feb 22-27 (incl.) 2.9 H, Barfoot? Solinski is trying to buy three parcels as well as lower Black Ramps for elk winter range. There are extensive private holdings in each. Sel. he counted 255 elk in Beaver Park last winter. The winter range is heavily over-browsed. Parks on the slopes between, Black Canyon & Horseshoe Park is almost entirely one: Piles, nine-pools, etc., all heavily browsed. Also have some saltwater lakes, the young stuff is shot down, the young puffin gals are browsed to death and very little grass remains. Horses are grazing in Horseshoe & Moraine Parks. They are not a part of any area of the natural winter range of the elk. If horses are removed during the summer there would be much more winter grass. Beaver Springs & Black Ramps will probably be acquired soon. Moraine may take years.

Solinsky, N. P. S., land purchaser,

Thompson Rocky Mt. National Park June 23, 1931 Trip to Horseshoe Beaver and Moraine Parks with Solinsky, Madsen, Dixon, & GMH. Solinsky is trying to buy these parks as well as lower Black Canyon for elk winter range. There are extensive private holdings in each. Solinsky counted 255 elk in Beaver Park last winter. The winter range is heavily over-browsed. Plants on the sunny slopes between Black Canyon & Horseshoe Park is almost entirely gone. Piles, nine-arks, [illegible] and heavily browsed. It appears have a distinct highwater line, the young stuff is kept down, the young yellow pines are browsed to death and very little grass remains. Horses are grazed in Horseshoe & Moraine Parks. They are natural grows & willow areas of the natural winter range of the elk. If horses are removed during the summer there would be much more winter forage. Beaver, Horseshoe, & Black Canyon will probably be acquired soon. Moraine may take years.

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hompson 164. Rocky Mt. Natl Parks June 23, 1931 Beaver, Moraine, Horseshoe & Black Canyon trip with Solinsky Madger Ripon & Knight. Black Canyon has an abundance of willow, nine-bark, sage, aspen. It is good elk & deer winter range. Beaver has good grass & willow. It seems to be the main wintering grounds for elk & deer & is most essential to the park. Last winter elk began stripping the bark from aspens all the way from Black Canyon to Horseshoe & for several miles up the Fall River Road, indicating a serious lack of forage and last winter was mild. Either the elk herd must be reduced or more winter range acquired. Even when these 4 parks are acquired the herd must be held to or below its present number. Only experience can determine the carrying capacity. Two sheep were seen at Sheep Lake. They stay here through winter & spring. Deer tracks were abundant everywhere.

"Christ stop! I er 1,25 gne. D. & gødsel. salige M. S. H. K. i Tingsbyrgt magten helpe mig at finde jeg kunde saa vel og maae sige det forøvrigt, gaar altid paa et vilig og med retfin, selv ville baade in vellyft, naar boet var gættet projektive midler alt at underle fantasie tommerer selv ville af abnorme aldrig at få pindfjerte napol i. retmest hørte profet alt det smertens værd sked alt af pønderne i fagmet Skole med saa midt for alle nydelige larver og af al mængde og kritikain helt B. delimere retmest fuld høre er forsket el tomme billed alt naa, leingoo, pøner retmest gæve leingoo der vel er meget roden ordel sig at hele alt fjerne bed alt som en flok. O. redemere troede det Jeg saa ikke alt i minsetelse hvorfor, naar over hvad og nødvendigt ved noget værd, eller enartig skrift nu P. pindelige at retmest - endelig forholdsvidde"

Thompson 165. Rocky Mt. Natl. Park June 25, 1931 Trip with Madsen Driscoll and G.M.H. to Spragues & Hidden Valley to see Beaver works. The situation at Hidden Valley is this: The road has been built along 3 beaver ponds. The whole beaver lay-out is an unusually fine "show" for tourists. Beavers have been in this valley for at least 15 years, according to Sprague. The aspen and willow are about gone. So it is evident that the beaver will eat themselves out of the valley within a few more years. 3 enormous houses are in the 3 ponds, possibly. Probably each house contains more than one family of beavers. The park would like to hold the number to one or two pairs so that there would always be beaver along this road. She all agreed that in this one instance it is perhaps justifiable, provided no precedent is made and the beaver elsewhere in the park are not "managed." At Spragues the beavers have a pond close to Sprague's house. The aspens & willows are kept down but a good supply of aspen sprouts.

Parker & Co. Ltd., New York, 1901-23 and published separately as Mr. P. has been known for at least six years to the public. and a good deal read and heard. The well known book "The World of the "Fireside" and "American" is an excellent example of this. A story of the war, a tale of love, a novel of peace, or a history of the world, are all written by Mr. P. and his wife. The same can be said for their children's stories, which are also very popular. Mr. P. has written many other books as well, including "The World of the "Fireside" and "American" is an excellent example of this. A story of the war, a tale of love, a novel of peace, or a history of the world, are all written by Mr. P. and his wife. The same can be said for their children's stories, which are also very popular. Mr. P. has written many other books as well, including "The World of the "Fireside" and "American" is an excellent example of this. A story of the war, a tale of love, a novel of peace, or a history of the world, are all written by Mr. P. and his wife. The same can be said for their children's stories, which are also very popular. Mr. P. has written many other books as well, including "The World of the "Fireside" and "American" is an excellent example of this. A story of the war, a tale of love, a novel of peace, or a history of the world, are all written by Mr. P. and his wife. The same can be said for their children's stories, which are also very popular.

Thompson 166. Rocky Mt. Natl Parks. June 25, 1931 Spragues & Hidden Valley is taking the place of the old. Sprague trapped 6 beaver out of his water supply 3 years ago, & has not been troubled since. The beavers near his house are an attraction, it seems to me, and can afford to have the aspen. Madsen found no fish food in any of the streams or lakes, except Sprague's best fish pond. He suggests putting fresh water shrimp in all these streams for fish food. He is willing to save a few streams & lakes for the native fish, with a reduced limit, provided the main streams & lakes are devoted to quantity production of the best trout. This is J.M.H.'s suggestion. June 24, 1931. Madsen, JMH, and I visited the fish hatchery. They have good hatching facilities but no ponds, except 17 small ones, to rear them to 6"-9" size before planting. Consequently there is no great loss from planting such fish which get eaten up before by larger fish.

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Thompson 167. Rocky Mt. National Park June 25, 1931. Spragues River Hidden Valley and Fish Hatchery. large enough to be of any value. Fishing is very poor in the Hall Thompson and other rivers of the park. More fish food and rearing ponds are essential to fish production on a large scale. And if fishing is to be allowed in the park, at all, it may as well be made good fishing. Deer: fresh deer tracks were in Scotty yard. I had been seen there the previous day. Two deer seen in willow twilight 3 miles north of Scotty. 4 deer seen up toward Ditall. Dog tracks seen all along trip. This whole Never Summer Range is the most ideal deer summer range ever seen. Plenty of water, shelter and an abundance of shrubs devoid of heavy grasses. It is a lush forage country, and would make wonderful elk summer range. Elk: a band of 47 was seen in Poudre Pass last fall. None go into the Never Summer Range. But

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10.27 p.s. o'7 168. Rocky Mountains Nat'l. Parks June 26 1931 Trip through Never Summer Range on horse back by G.M.H. & B.J.T. Elevation 8500-11,000 ft. Showers intermittent. The valley of the Colorado above Scotty's Duel Ranch (Phantom Ranch) is a willow marsh for 6 miles. Spruces, Doug Fir, Lodge Pole Pines present. Good grass. Two Beaver ponds but trouble seen, probably more present. Two small sheepdogs with dilapidated log cabins & barns. Scotty's horses gaze up in here, but no browsing evident. Deer: Fresh deer tracks were in Scotty's yard. 4 had been seen there the previous day. Two deer seen in willow thicket 3 miles north of Scottys, 4 deer seen up toward Ditch. Deer tracks seen all along trip. This whole Never Summer Range is the most ideal deer summer range dip ever seen. Plenty of water, shelter and an abundance of shrubs, dwarf blueberry, grasses. It is a lush undergrowth, and would make wonderful elk summer range. Elk: a band of 47 was seen in Poudre Pass last fall. None go into the Never Summer Range. But

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700psoa 169. Rocky Mt. Natl Park Never Summer Range June 26, 1931 I think that elk will occupy the N.S Range when the Poudre gets hard enough to spread. But if they do, there will be a serious question of winter range. Scotty thinks the Colorado valley would make excellent elk winter range, but we can find no record of their ever wintering there on account of too much snow. A man at the saw mill, 10500 elevation, said snow was 7 ft. deep on the level last winter. This is 1500-2000 ft. higher than the Colorado valley, but the snow is 4-5 ft. deep in the valle. Almer Sprague says elk need to winter down below Grand Lake, near Flat Top Mt. Bear: Scotty says that last fall 4 bear crossed the valley just below his ranch. He thinks there may be 10-15 bear in the Devils Hip Pockey just west of above his ranch. Grizzly: a year ago last fall, Scotty saw the grizzly track 16 inches long 5 miles above his ranch. He tracked it up toward Specimen Mt. & then lost it. Mt. Sheep: all the tops of the

Thompson 170 Rocky Mt. Natl Park Never Summer Range June 26, 1931 Never Summer Range are wonderful sheep country, open grassland & rocky crags in abundance. Scotty says Mt Shelf are not in the NS Range, but the man at the saw mill says they are scattered all along it. Scotty & other trapers, all reported having caught marten, minke, red fox, weasel, and coyote in traps, but no fisher, which they think [are] not there. Scotty thought a few wolverine remained although he had never caught any. Domestic Sheep graze up as far as Poudre Pass, [but] do not come into the park. The Ditch: a canal following the 10500 ft. elevation, flows across all the watersheds from the south side of Round Mt. to over Poudre Pass to the north & another one from the Specimen Mt. Watershed for the east side of the Colorado. These two canals take all the permanent and flood run-off of the upper Colorado watershed over to FA Collins for irrigation. The canals drain

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Thompson 171. Rocky Mt. Natl. Park Never Summer Range June 24, 1931. about 22 sq. miles of the best high int. country. Not even enough water comes down the Colorado to keep fish by the Phantom Range. The normal supply of water is supposed to flow right down the Colorado, but every flood gate in the canal was closed. The Never Summer Range extension is very scenic and a fine place for horseback trips. At present it is not of great value for game, but it will very probably become a great elk and deer country. It follows a natural boundary and serves as a better game refuge than the old boundary fence arrangement, whereby the normal water flow can be obtained in the Colorado, must be sought.

Timpson 172. Rocky Mt. Natl Parks Lawn Lake Trip June 29, 1931 Sunny until noon then showers rest of day. Elevation Horseshoe Park 8500, Lawn Lake 11,100, Divide between Hague & Fairchild 12,300. Trip was to top of divide and back. The first steep climb out of Horseshoe Park goes through forest with considerable underbrush: ribes, Mt. maple, aspen, & grass, & flowering Raspberry. Up in Roaring River valley is dense growth of pure lodgepole thickets with very little underbrush, and pure aspen stands with an abundance of golden pea, & grass, and the mixed forest with a scattering of underbrush. The grass, brush, & pea growth is so lush, that it would make fine elk summer range. No sign of elk wintering in Roaring River Valley. Lawn Lake is just at timberline. There is an old town of 3-4 sq. miles below it, with sparse spruce, and some brush. Above the lake, the high mt. grassland begins. From the divide we could see wonderful mt. sheep country above timberline stretching to the north boundary of the park, to see the east of Hague Creek. Northwest of the divide, Hague Creek breaks down into a long forested valley which joins the Poudre, even in the northwest corner of the

Rogey Mt. Natl. Parks June 29, 1931 Duro Thompson, Lamon Lake park. Many snow patches still hung on the mountains and Crystal Lake was half frozen still. Wild flowers, blue & gold were in profusion on top of the divide. Grass plentiful. Rabbits were feeding in snow-baules and singing their flight song. Bluebirds, white-crowned sparrows, hermit thrushes, and Ruby-crowned Kinglets sang everywhere. We saw about 15 reddish brown marmots. Deer tracks led to the top of the divide. One Chickaree was at the cabin 11,000 ft. elevation. One Audibon Warbler. Concerning the fregong & elk, it must be noted that no elk sign was in the valley. Probably elk, if any were there, were upon the ridges where they stay in summer time.

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omps Rocky Mt. Natl Park Dixon & Thompson. June 30, 1931 McGraw Ranch, to divide overlooking West Creeks, then up ridge to the west, around first 1000 ft peak, & return by Cow Creek: A hired man at McGraw's said elk winter right at the ranch. They have seen 100 head there at one ranch in the winter. In the summer, elk & deer range upon the ridge toward Mummy Mt., where we are climbing. Upon the ridge a mile northwest of the ranch, jel. 8500-9100 ft. the young aspens show quite a bit of sum- mmer flooding. Nine-park is delightful: Deciduous juniper, lomber pine, lodgepole beside bunch grass & golden plume. dwarf margeritas scattered all over the ground. One 5 point deer antler was found there, indicating deer here in July & May. Coming around the first 1000 ft. int, we turned back into Cow Creek Valley, headed for McGraw's Ranch. Here we ran into the real elk winter range. On the south facing slope is a great deal of Persica americana, trilebes wild rose, young aspen limestone bark, and grass & flowers. The aspens have a distinct "high water" marks, but nothing else shows severe browsing.

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Tompson 175. Rocky Mt Natl Park June 30, 1930, McGraw Ranch Trip. About 9000 ft. el. on this same slope, we saw a very large male grouse, which flew out of sight. It was very dark with light neck patches & white tip of tail. All the way down the slope about 2 mi. we followed elk trails. Elk droppings were all over the ground. One deer was seen. In the bottom of the valley, along Cow Creek is a thicket of aspen, willow, alder, rubies, wild rose, misc bark jamacia, ferns & grass. It is ideal for elk in winter it shows very little browsing. The entire winter range here is in good condition. 5 chickarees seen during morning. Birds identified: 1. Hornet Hawk 2. Ruby-Crowned Kinglet 3. Warbling Vires 4. Crossbill 5. Crested Jay 6. Robin 7. Bluebird 8. House wren 9. Siskin 10. Flycatcher

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Tompson Rocky Mt Natl Park June 30, 1931 McGraw Ranch Trip General Remarks: The general summer range of the elk here is up toward Mammy Mt on the headwaters of Cow Creek West Creek. There is a good bit of aspen interspersed with the conifer forest. A large old burn in Cow Creek water shed is filling with young aspen, conifer and brush. The elk trails lead for up through this. In the fall the elk come down to the aspen groves and in Jan-March they winter around it below the ranch. Beavers are plentiful in Cow Creek. Around the ranch they are considered a pest on account of their ditches in the hay fields. Three were trapped out last fall, but others moved in soon after. The McGraw Ranch used to be within the park but it is outside of its present boundary. I think this winter range should be acquired for all year. It is away from civilization and would not cause half the complication that arises near Estes Park. Besides it is better winter or summer range. Deer tracks everywhere.

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Elk Range Elevation 6500 197, Grand Teton Natl. Parks July 8, 1931. The Yellowstone southern herd comes through the Tetons boundaries and down the valley of the Snake River in fall. In mild winters they may linger through November and December, before going on down to the town of Jackson. A few elk remain in the park during this time, but the majority spend the fall on the low grass aspen hills east of the river. Some forage out in sage brush valleys. As we drove from 4 miles south of the Snake River Bridge, over the Slide Road through Tetley to Elk (8 miles east of Moran), we saw numerous pieces of sheep being taken down on the place purchased by Rockefeller. Superintendent Hodgdrin thinks this should all be within the park to protect the elk. I don't agree with this view because the elk have to be controlled, and there is no advantage to the park to be gained in this added responsibility; but it would seem advisable to have park control in this area outside of the park

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178. In order to avoid the duplication of agencies existent on the Railval this very situation seems to point to the necessity of a new park function, namely that of a park, regulated area adjacent to the park in which control measurings may be practiced when necessary without violating the park proper. The elk need to winter normally down below Jackson in the but have been fed so long in the goat feed yards that they no longer go farther than Jackson. The is very heavily grazed by sheep, now, and that been for many years.

Grand Teton Nall Park July 7, 1931 Trip up Glacier Canyon. The trail west of Jenny Lake goes through wonderful forest with dense underbrush. Moose tracks were numerous. 12 Chickarees were seen & heard during the days trips. No trail leads up into Glacier Canyon but a usable trail may be found here and there. Moose tracks & droppings were very numerous. The creek runs almost level for about 5 miles in the canyon. The floor of the canyon, about 1/2 mile wide is a solid thickset of willow, grass, and swamp. The talus slopes are covered in patches with dense chaparral growth. Thimbleleaf abounds everywhere also slinky leaf canothens (velutina), and other members of the prunus family which I could not recognize. Hilies & wild raspberries & wild rose were numerous. This canyon is an ideal fall range for moose. Marmots seen at 7000 ft. were still dark red & buffy. Buff Wright and Dixon both reported black ones at the 10000 ft. elevation. Coyotes were there by the thousands.

HOMPSON 180. Grand Teton Nat'l Parks July 8 1931 Emma Mathilda Lake Trip by Wright & Thompson The lake is a crescent shaped lake about 3 miles long. It has no inlet but an artificial outlet which has drained the level of the water about 2 1/2 ft. lower than its normal level. This has left a shoreline which is bare cobble stone most of the way, but in spots 1 mile long around the southeast end and about 1/2 mile at the north west end there are cattails and marsh grass extending out 200 ft. in some places. The lake is quite shallow. Moose & deer tracks were all around the lake. 6 Coyote tracks were seen at intervals around the lake. One black bear was drinking on the south margin. A family of raccoons, 4 Calif.? Puleys, and a family of 5 small mergansers and 2 separate female mergansers were seen. About 10 pairs of tildeer and 10 pairs of spotted sandpiper were encountered. One lady sandpiper just a week or 10 day old was seen. 14 Trumpeter Swals were feeding out in the middle

ompson 1871. Grand Teton Nat'l. Park July 8, 1931 Emma Mathilda Saker. of the lake. They kept in distinct pairs. One pair was noticeably smaller, perhaps last year's young of the old pair. He made the complete circuit of the lakes shore & found no nests nor great sites, & deserted beaver houses were left either at the edge of the water or high & dry due to the lowering of the water level. They seemed to have been deserted several years ago. Trumpeter Swan feathers, wing primaries, secondaries, & tertials, were found at intervals around the lake putting the molt previous to July 8th Tracks, resembling muskrats, were seen in abundance in the mud at the south east end of the lake. The south boundary of the lake is lined with heavy forest & underbrush; the north side with open aspen, brush, & grassland. The lake is not an ideal Swan nesting place but is ideal moose and deer country. 2 does were seen

"The only way to be safe is to be invisible. The only way to be invisible is to be dead. But there are those who would kill you for your silence. And if you don't speak, they will think you're complicit. So you have two choices: speak and die, or stay silent and live in fear.

onipson 182. Grand Teton Natl. Park July 9, 1931, Emma Matilda Lake Two Ocean Lake lies about 1 mile north of Emma Matilda. It is a reservoir with a dam at the south end. No swans were reported on this lake & we were too late to see the lake. As we came to the sage brush of the Jackson Hole valley, about 1 mile east of Emma Matilda, we flushed a family of 4 grown sage hens & young. I feel that every bit of this country south of Yellowstone Parks from the Thoroughfare, Grand River Cliff down to & including Jackson Hole and the Tetons, should comprise one national park with Yellowstone. It is scenically outstanding and is a game unit -- at present cut in half. It would probably need 2 administration centers, but should by all means, be one big park. It seems like the only large area available for one complete game area.

017P507 183 Grand Teton National Park July 9, 10 and 12, 1931 Trip to Bailey Lake about 2 1/2 miles north- east of Johnson's Ranch. Trail, more but way light through dense lodgepole forest with thick mat of grass, lupine and dwarf blueberry on ground. The lake lies in a swamp 2 miles long and 1/3 mile wide with dense marsh grass knee high. A few cattails remain in a few scattered patches, and the marsh stream is full of water lilies. The lake is shallow. A floating muskeg about 100 ft. long is just the south end of the lake. Swans might nest there if tubers were available but there are none, and Fessler has never seen swans on this lake. 2 Beaver houses were on the lake, with beaver trails leading out toward the willows surrounding the swamp. A loon and one young were swimming on the lake. Two female mallards were seen.

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ompson 184. Grand Teton National Park July 13 1931 Trip to lake 1/4 mile east of Leeks Camp. This lake is about 3/4 mile long very shallow and entirely covered with lily pads. The water is lower than it was last year. Mr. Lawrence caretaker of Johnson's Ranch, saw swans with 4-5 young there last year & the year before. There are none on the lake this year. Food, nesting sites & nesting material are abundant but the water is too low and covered with Elies to be suitable for swans this year, we deduced. A Barrows Goldeneye with 3 young perhaps 2 weeks old were swimming on the lake. A Beaver House 35 ft. across & 10 ft. high stood in a narrow neck of the pond. This is the largest one I've ever seen. Trip to Bear Lake July 13, 1931. That afternoon we drove over the old Ashton Height road, 10 miles from the Snake River, to Wagner Lake & Grassy Lake. One mile east of Wagner Lake, we took the trail into Bear Lake 3 1/2 miles north in Yellowstone Park. The lake has some tule lilies & marsh grass, but no swans, nor nests. Fishing (native Cutthroat Trout) good. Caught 1 two lb. fish. No swans on Kering Lake, Teton Lake, Wagner, nor Grassy.

Buffalo shedding winter coats still, a 2/3 of each coat shed by this date.

2PS07 185. Yellowstone Natl. Park July 14-19 / 15-17, 1931 Trip with Bagley, Chapman, Douglas & Wright; horseback from Buffalo Ranch up Lamar River 4 miles past Soda Creek, then up hills to north of Lamar River, about miles, back down to Lamar, & up to Miller creek cabin 12 miles south east of Buffalos R. Next day, up Miller Creek 10 mi. farnd back to home to Buffalo Ranch, via Timothy Bay fields south of Lamar. Distance, 48 miles. Horse flies attacked the horses, all the way as many as 25-30 after each horse simultaneously. The grass on the Summer Buffalo Range is abundant and rank -- has high for miles. Many large meadows abound with deep forest olympus intersper ed: lupine, pink geraniums, dwarf blueberry, sage brush & grass are common on the Buffalo summer range. We saw about 500 head of buffalo cows and calves. The Bulls are still away by themselves. In the first band of buffalos 3 miles east of Soda Creek, we counted 40 adults, & 6 calves. This was the only ratio count we could get all day. Other bands were seen up about 8000 ft. elevation in open meadows. They all ran into the forest. Many lodgepole pines were explored from buffalos elk trampling. Many aspens

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186. Tompson Yellowstone Natl. Parks July 15-17, 1931. Buffalo range continued. from Mammoth to head of Miller Creek, were barred by elk. Badgley thinks they eat aspen bark even when there is no shortage of food. This is interesting as bearing on the situation in Rocky Mt. Natl Parks. Quite a few lodgepoles were barbed by porcupine over on the old east boundary where it crossed Miller Creek. No buffalo nor elk were seen in the Miller Creek basin but buffalo trails & hair were seen, where they come down to water. No grouse were seen on the whole trip. Mr. Hall caught fish in the Lamar R. below Miller Creek, but most of them were below 6" & the largest were only 8-9". The river is very low this year. Returning by the hay pasture, we could see that it was badly plumed by sun drought. Hay will be scarce for the ranch this year.

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Thompson 187. Yellowstone Natl Park July 24, 1931. Trip with G.M.W. into Bechler Station by truck + by foot to Bechler River about 5 miles east of Bechler Station. Three tule & lily-pad lakes were seen between 2-4 miles east of station. They were about 1/2 mile long, each. Water is so low this year that the beaver houses are left on mud or dry ground as we have found them all over the Teton & Yellowstone country. 4 Sayphill Cranes, adults, were feeding on the first lake 2-3 miles east of the station. They were first seen 1/2 mile across the lake. When we returned, 3 hrs. later, they were on the same side of the lake but were very wary. They saw us 1/4 mile away when we first came through the timber. We watched them for 15 minute & they watched us. Then we moved, they flew away in a flock. Their necks in flight, are straight as with a swan or duck. Their wing spread appeared to be 8 ft. at least, for as garge as the Trumpeter Swan. Swans were reported seen on this lake July 17 but we could not find them; I considered the water too low to float them. 3 female mallards & 2 female Reddy ducks were seen. The

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Yellowstone Natl. Park Beckley Station Trip July 24, 1931 Ruddy ducks each stayed in a pool about 15 ft. across and would not fly away. I'd thought, perhaps, it was due to molting. 7 Gray Ruffed Grouse were seen 12 miles west of Beckley. One of them stopped within 20 ft. of the road & strutted & "clucked" at us. Finally, after getting its picture they all flew away. One of the fire fighters said grouse were very abundant in the Caribou Forest! Jerry Yetter, the ranger at Beckley says there are many moose in this region - more than in the Thorofare. A bear had been around the truck while we were gone.

Thompson 189. Yellowstone Natl. Park Sickle Creek Camp & Fire Area. July 25-29, 1931. Going along the edge of the fire we saw nothing unusual except that chipmunks were several times seen out in the grass some distance (100 yds. in some cases) from the nearest trees. Deer were seen along the edge of the burned area where spot fires were still burning. They seemed unconcerned & fed quietly. Many deer & elk tracks were seen about in the fresh ashes of the fire area. No injured or burned game was seen or reported from any locality, except one cow elk or mule deer Sickle Creek who had a front leg completely broken dangling loose. Where the fire had burned, as it did nearly everywhere, and the forest was only a group of bare, charred logs, mergansers, jays, ospreys, ravens, robins, woodpeckers, juncos, and others were seen heard flying & calling in a normal fashion. Chicken Ridge & Mt. Barlow are in the heart of the elk summer

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Tompson 190. Yellowstone Natl Parks Sickle Creek Fire Area July 25-29, 1931. Range. Mt. Barlow especially, is densely forested with an abundance of browse and grass beneath the trees. It was not burned; whereas the southern portion of Chicken Ridge was. Bands of about 6 elk were seen out in the Sickle Creek meadow on several evenings. Two beautiful bulls with splendidly developed antlers in the velvet were seen down at the mouth of Heart River. The entire region is covered with elk trails. I saw no bear nor bear sign, except a few tree scratchers in this region! One bear with a lame fore foot was reported seen up near Heart Lake in the fire area. George Bagley, chief ranger, reported a pair of Swans on Heart Lake July 28, and he thought? they had young. No carcasses nor skeletons were seen in the burned forest.

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Thompson 1931. Yellowstone Natl. Park Jervey Lake Trip with G.M.H. July 31, 1931. We rode horses to Jervey Lake via Pelican Creek. The day was threatening and rainy. Canada Geese were seen in many flocks ranging from 4 to 65. An attempt was made to count them but they flocked back & forth so much that no count could be obtained. No young were seen. The geese were alwa found standing in the tall marshy glass along the valley floor. Many ducks with young were seen on the creeks. Mallard, Barrow's Goldeneye, and Scamp were identified. A pair of Trumpeter Swans was found at Jervey Lake with a family of 6 cygnets. The swans upon seeing me, left the lake and walked across a slough 1 mile to an adjacent lake, just as they do at Trumpeter Lake. Jervey Lake is an ideal swan nesting lake; shallow rimmed with reeds & rushes, and about 2 by 4 mile in length & breadth. About 200 ducks were swimming on the lakes but were too far away to identify. A pair of Sandhill Cranes

192. Yellowstone Natl Park Fern Lakes with G.M.H. July 31, 1931 With one young were near the margin of the lake. The young one could not quite fly, but it could run very fast and hide effectively in the forest. The old birds would not fly far away as is their usual custom. One of them flew 4 mile away. The other played the same wing race within 100 yards of me, & kept running and calling. 6 elk, all bulls, were seen down in Pelican Creek Valley about 6:00 P.M. Elk trails were abundant everywhere. The remnant of the original wild herd of buffalo is supposed to be along Pelican Creek. We saw buffalo calves at least a year old, and some which might be of this spring. But the range is too close to the summer range of the main herd that we do not feel any certainty about a separate herd on Pelican. Ranger Allen Hanks reported & coyotes on Pelican Creek slightly southwest of the mouth of Hotstringent Creek in the morning just before we arrived.

10779501 1931. Yellowstone Natl. Park. From Lake to McGinnis thence to Shoshone Lake Old Faithful August 1, 1931 Two Sandhill Cranes were seen in the meadow 2 miles west of Norris. They acted as though they might have young hidden in the timber. At the west end of Shoshone Lake we saw 2 pairs of Trumpeter Swans. One pair had 3 cygnets. This end of the lake is marshy. One deer was seen and many elk tracks. McGinnis Valley View Ranch August 2, 1931. Mrs. Sherwood's museum near Henry's Lake. Mrs. Sherwood had two adult Trumpeter Swan specimens obtained about 35 years ago from Henry's Lake and 4 eggs, and 2 cygnets. She also had a Sandhill Crane & young 2 wolverines obtained just west of the park, cougar, cross fox, and 1 black wolf. These are the only ones of particular note. The reports seeing a pair of Trumpeters on Henry's Lake each summer.

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Yosemite Valley Nov. 27, 1931 A Barn Owl was seen on the roadway just inside the Ahwahnee Garden at 9:30 P.M. Charlie Michael said he had never seen nor heard of one in the valley. It sat in the road in the headlights for a few seconds after we stopped, then flew into the dark.

Thompson 195 Yosemite N.P. Nov. 28, 1931 Interview with Colonel Thompson, Superintendent Jule Elle: There is the possibility of placing the elk in Eleven Mile Meadow. The Colonel thinks there is enough forage there to take care of them, with possibly some hay feeding in severe winters. But after discussing the Elle Reserve proposed west of Bolcafield, the Colonel thought it would be better to take them out of Yosemite entirely & place them in the Reserve. He proposed this program: 1. G.M.H. write the Director suggesting this move, & explaining the idea of a northern & southern San Joaquin division of the herd. This would ensure greater safety for the remaining elk. c.f. Store's letter on the elk. 2. Colonel Thompson will see others concerned & get their consent. He will try to raise enough money to pay for shipping the elk to the Reserve, & help with the initial feeding. 3. In the meantime, we will all try to interview the proper parties to develop the idea of moving the Jule Elle from Yosemite to a suitable reserve in the San Joaquin.

Yosemite N.P. Nov. 28/1931. Interview with Colonel Thompson, Dept. Bears: The Colonel is discouraged about the dog experiment because: a. Rangers don't handle dogs properly. b. People tend to make pets of the dogs & think of them as their own. c. Of the difficulty of procuring the proper dogs. (Crossed out: 'White-haired terriers') are not good bear dogs. German Police or Dozers are the best. The experiment has been somewhat successful, in that it has been possible to form a "dead-line" across the valley, above which the bears are dogged, treed, trapped & shot in the rump with fine shot, and below which they are fed to make welcome. Feeding shall take place at the bear feeding ground mid-morning, afternoon, & evening. This has not hurt the evening show so far. The Colonel thinks there are too many bears in the valley. They have had to kill a few vicious ones. George Wright expressed some disapproval of shooting bears with fine shot because of the carelessness of rangers with a gun. He thought it would be better to kill outright than to run the risk of wounding or infection. The Colonel agreed to investigate the matter more closely. He has hopes that the new cub crops raised in

Tompson Yosemite Valley N.P. Nov.28/31 Interview with Colonel Thompson, Supt. The lower portion of the valley will be better trained to keep deer away from the camps. With good dogs properly spotted & handled, he thinks the bear problem is 30% solved. Some of the bears that have been trapped & taken out of the valley did not return. Others have returned. The trapping will continue, & weights & ages are recorded. Warning against bear feeding have been posted all over the valley. The situation is much better than in the past although not solved yet. Coysters: There has been much agitation against the parks are breeding den of coysters & other predators in the Mariposa & Merced papers. Coysters have greatly increased in the valley in the last 2 years. Therefore, the Colonel had 5 coysters shot on the floor of the valley, & intends to "play up" this control. The sentiment outside the park is adverse to any new parks addition on this predatory animal basis. The order to stop killing coysters was issued today. Shortly after it was issued, Gus Eastman told me that tourists had just reported seeing 3 coysters killing a fawn in the lower portion of the valley). The region, however, is overstocked with deer.

Bobcats the Colonel reported that several had been seen lately along the north Talus slopes, & on the valley floor lately.

198 Yosemite N.P. Nov.28/1931 Interview with Colonel Thompson Supt. Deer: 37 deer were deported from the valley this season, & placed in the Hetch Hetchy region. This makes a total of 137 deer deported from the valley & transplanted in the Hetch Hetchy region in 2 years. The Colonel says that forage conditions on the floor of the valley are already showing some improvement. Mrs. Ethel Michael says that the deer are just as plentiful as ever. At the beginning of the first snow storm this winter, about Yr: 15, the deer migrated in "a parade" down towards through the O'Conner Past Reserve. The Colonel reported 37 deer shot & killed from the front porch of O Conners house. He saw 23 deer as we came up the valley last night. Two were bucks with good antlers, both 3 pointers. Several fawns were in the various groves as the snow was just up to their bellies. They would be easy prey for coyotes. But we can see no reason to protect deer against a normal number of coyotes in the park so long as deer are far above the normal numbers, which they certainly seem to be. Gray Squirrels: The Colonel says that the gray squirrels have shown a marked increase this past year & are quite commonly seen. He says also that the colony's control of ground squirrels continues.

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Thompson 199 Yosemite Valley N.P. Nov. 28 (1931) Interview with Colonel Thompson, Supt. Fire Fighting: The first fire of importance since the Colonel arrived occurred in the Hahona district this last summer. From his experience in this fire, he says that there will be no adequate fire organization in the future. But rather, the entire administrative organization of the valley will be transferred immediately to the fire & each person trained in his department will function at the fire just as he does in regular park routine. This seems very desirable to me. Nov. 29, 1931. George Wright hiked from 8:00 AM till 11:00 AM, going over the Yosemite Falls Trail to the Lodge, down below the Lodge to the Merced River, & up the River to the Ranger Club. He saw 7 deer, including a Black Tail doe which George photographed, and 2 bucks. All but the bucks were on the sunny talus slopes along the Yosemite Falls trail. Two does were bedded down under a Sibocebyns at 8:30 AM, on a patch of bare ground in the sun. Deer tracks were numerous there. The mangenta had a deer line! The 2 bucks were seen along the river. No other signs of animal life were seen along the river.

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Yosemite N.P. Nov. 29, 1931. Trif around Yoe. Falls trail & River. On the north side of the valley we saw a flock of Golden Crowned Kinglets foraging in the snow & in the trees. Their characteristic wing flip seemed ill adapted to the ground but natural in the trees. We could not see what they ate. Others seen were: Titmouse 2, Robin 1, Towhee (Spotted) 1, Stellar Jays many, Bush Tits, many; Willow Woodpecker 1 Cali. Woodpeckers several, Canyon Wren 1, A Pileated Woodpecker was seen on the south side of the valley by the Fourmile Trail yesterday. The Tule Elk bugled this morning. Chickarees & Stellar Jays are very abundant this winter. Nov. 29, 1931 Near the Rangers Club this morning a buck & 3 does were seen. The buck sniffed of the ground & then stretched his head & neck horizontally with nose wrinkled as they are seen to do during the rut. This may perhaps be a sign of rut instinct still evident. The Tule Elks have bugled all morning. Snow is melting in the mevery rapidly, but it is still a foot deep on the level & on the south side of the valley.

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B. H. Thompson 1929-1957 Journal 1932 Calif: Yosemite N. P. Nevada: Pyramid, Winnemucca, Washoe Lakes Utah: Salt Lake Wyoming: Yellowstone N.P. Oregon: Malheur, Warner, Goose, Klamath Lakes Calif: Eagle Lake Idaho: Selway and Clearwater National Forests Minidoka Reservation British Columbia – white pelicans

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Reference Yosemite N.P. March 18, 1932 Mr. Garbliski who has a store on the Bigga Road by head of Sevening Canyon was just in the office. Mt. Sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae). Mr. Gardliski has seen no sign of them in that region. We asked him to watch for them when we were at Saddle Bag Lake in July 1929. He has seen no sign of wolverine either although I saw a wolverine track at Saddle Bag Lake in 1929. He still traps martin in the vicinity of his store, but he says their fells are badly infected with ticks & lice. He says that martins come up to his store in winter. They were on his roof this last winter. Badgers are quite common. He say they seem to come out just before a storm & dig many holes. If they find a rodent in the hole he thinks they stay there until after the storm. Coyotes do not stay up in the ints during winter. The recent fish plants have been very successful in the Saddle Bag Lake region. Various trout have been planted, but I did not find out kinds.

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Hornpsom Yosemite March 21, 1932 Interview with Mr. Gardishei. Has been there at least 9 yrs. Trapped about 2 yrs. before that. Martins declining. Second season got 42 Martin pelts/ after that dropped about 10 each year. Last season got 11. Some mounds in this last season. Martins move along into. in search of food - may go 40-45 miles in 24 hrs. Wolverine. Caught 1 in 1925? Patterson, engineer for Berkeley, caught 1 in 1910. Mr. Gardishei saw one cross road between Saddle Bag Lake & Highway in 1929, summer. Coyotes may stay in a canyon all winter if there is sun. Not so many coyotes along crest as there were a few yrs. ago. Will eat juniper berries in winter. Earlier in season, will eat pinon nuts, and manzanita berries. A tame goat lived on hillside above Olvity Lake all winter and no predators got it. Later it disappeared - thinkes coyotes got it. Ranger shot coyotes this last summer. Fox (Cross, Red, & 1 Black Silver) were seen. One season, got 13 (2 wep spoiled) that was in about 1920-21.

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Thompson Yosemite 203 March 21, 1932 Foxes holding their own. Quite a number of Silvers were taken years ago. Two parties years ago got about 7 in all. In 1929-30, Mr. Gandrelei got 5 foxes near camps. Owls, lots of them well scattered. Good white pelts, as good as from any section. Badgers about holding their own. Mr. G., climber, they would eat any kind of meat or bird eggs. Fisher & Mr. G. got 6 all together near Devil's Post Pile region from about 1915-18. One was the biggest he had ever seen. They would get up about 8500' in winter. They live on Mt. Beaver. Mt. Beaver still present. But wild kangip is poisonous to them where it is present. Porcupines used to be plentiful. (cat) Lynx, caught 5 in Sevington a year ago. Cougar, about 7 yrs. ago 3 of them were in the State Cattle region. None heard of since, not even in the Mono Basin. Deer, Coyotes & Lynx all fall out.

Tompson Yosemite March 21, 1932 before a heavy storm. Sometimes deer get caught in the Bridgport country. Bear rather plentiful in this country & around Bridge Canyon. 11 bear were taken in Bridgeport country about 8 yrs. ago. Nevada trappers have come in within the past 5 yrs. & trapped cyotes in Bodie, Fletcher & Mono. Some seasons they claimed 200 coyotes were caught. Leaver Smyer was in Mr. J's cabin this last year. Grouse very scarce. One seen on road between Ellery Creek Lake & Warren Creeks last year. Mr. Gardiner saw a weasel got a grouse & eat it in the morning. He also saw a weasel kill a Great Blue Heron, over by Devil's Foot Pile. They will also kill poble rabbits. Great Horned Owls will get grouse, probably worst enemy of all. Mr. J. thinks the eagles are the worst enemies of the Mt. Sheep. Quail (Mt. Quail) are few in Leming Canyon - Mr. J. thinks

205 Thompson Yosemite March 21, 1932 the Lynx are their worst enemies. Pinon Jays this last winter were very abundant around the camp. I think 1000 of them. Stayed in flocks. Not seen before. Mr. Gandisi saw a large hawk (Copper Hawk?) get away a King Fisher one evening. The hawk seemed to be gaining on the King Fisher, but they finally flew out of sight. Waterfowl abundant in high mountains. Years ago there weren't any. About 10 years ago over in the Sawtooth range Mr. P. saw a Lynx? which did not run when the Airdale dog took after it. It showed no fear of dog. But growled quite a lot. Ducks on Mono Lake disappearing fast. Used to be on Mono Lake for 2 weeks in fall by the thousands. Mostly Spoonbill, some Mallard. Roadrunner seen by Mono Lake about 2 yrs ago. Lots of Swipe & Neldivers on Mono Lake latter part of Sept.

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206. Pyramid False, Nev. May 9, 1932 Trip with Fraz S. Chamberlain Nests counted on Amalio Island North colony, nests with 1 egg 48 Central colony, nests with eggs 297

"Domestic goats were put on the island a number of years ago, but the project failed."

Simpson 207 Pyramid Lake, Nev. May 9, 1932. The island is quite green with filaree, some kind of salt brush, some grasses, darkspur, biddlenecks, & various unidentified herbs. Pelican remains (adult & young) were found scattered almost everywhere on the island — many were adults of this year. 19 Canada geese were seen on the island. They flew into the lake honking loudly. 1 Western Grebe was found dead, 1 skull of [illegible] on north end, 11 hawks were seen soaring around the beaver pond. A Redtail? was heard calling. Simultaneously singing all over the island. Many blackbirds (not redwings) were seen. Several small, dark ducks with crests were surface-feeding in the little bays. They were not seen to dive & I could not identify them. 2 Rattlesnakes were seen. Many lizards (unidentified). Millions of flies & gnats. Several Calf Jellies were seen, but not many Perhaps 10 cooterante.

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Pyramid Lake, Nev. May 9, 1932 The lake was very placid all day; only slight breezes ruffled the lake. The day was only pleasantly warm, considerable snow can still be seen on the mountains close to Pyramid Lake. The Sierras are still densely covered with snow from about 6000 feet up. He passed several places where it was over 3 ft. deep on the level (crossing Donner Pass May 8.) Mr. Cooper, custodian of the refuge, said there were only about 7 colonies of pelicans last year. He thought 1000 was a generous estimate. (Note: Hall counted 10,000 in 1924). He thinks we are too early to get all nests this trip. Indians fish in the lake constantly or report the fishing good. The Mr. Davis has a ranch house just back of Cooper's. He says that the immediate 20 acres on which all buildings are located is the only available private land - rest is in Indian Reservation. There is also a small resort here. It is run by a young fellow, and is not strictly Presbyterian. Anaho Island is a bird preserve.

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mpson 209. Winnemucca Lake May 19, 1932. Cooper of Pyramid Lakes says there are no islands in Winnemucca Lake nor pelican breeding grounds. The drive by Nye Co. Pinte Indian Agency to the southern end of Winnemucca. The lake had receded at least 2 miles from its former shore line due to diversion of the Truckee River water. Nowater was running in this branch of the Truckee when we were there. The land made available by recession of the lake is now fenced and had a few head of cattle. It appears to be very poor range. The lakes has a picturesque setting but is exceedingly desolate. I can see nothing of National Monument caliber in it, although there may be distinct species of fish here which are found nowhere else. He did not drive the 30 miles to the north end of the lake because there appeared to be nothing to justify the trip. At the lower end of Pyramid Lakes we saw 1000 pelicans (counting & estimating) feeding & resting in & near the mouth of the Truckee River. This was about the same time the count at Cauchos Island was made the previous day. He have prob'ly seen 2500 white pelicans at Pyramid Lakes all told.

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impson Nashoe Lake, Nevada May 10, 1932. Nashoe Lake was visited in the afternoon. An old road follows its eastern shore and the next road follows the western. The lake is very shallow and was very muddy (chocolate color) caused (I suppose) by the waves which were ruffling its surface. It has no islands. Last year it was practically dry. It is surrounded on north & east by several square miles of what appears to be recently drained quarch land, This marshland is full of hummocks which may have provided breeding grounds for waterfowl in years past. An artificial dike runs north from Nashoe to Little Nashoe Lake perhaps 2 miles. A high dike circles the lake on north & east. It looks too large to be an artificial dike yet its location would seem to indicate that it is. This latter dike follows the water's edge and shuts the water out of the dry marsh land. If it is a natural dyke water may have surrounded it in past years to have made white pelican breeding grounds. He saw 3 peleicans on the lake. A workman in the vicinity said he used to get ducks & geese on the lake, but none came any more. Only catfish are in the lake.

American White Pelican 211 mpson Bird Island, Salt Lake, Utah May 15, 1932 Today was delightfully clear, with rolling waves on the lake and a light breeze. We left Camp 10, about 2 miles west of Salfine, at 11:15 and arrived at the island in about 1/2 hours - about 9 miles distance. Pelicans (adult), we counted and estimated about 34000; Mr. David M. Madison of Salt Lake, for 10 years State Fish & Game Commissioner, estimate that there are never more than about 1/2 of the adults at the island during the day. The rest are out fishing in Utah Lake, Bear Lake and various other places. This would make the Bird Island colony about 7000 adult white pelicans. Mr Madison also says that about 60% of the Bird Island colony has always nested on Gunnison Island some 20 miles northeast of Bird Island. He did not get to visit Gunnison, but if the same is true this year, there may be around 10,000 pelicans on Salt Lake. The nests on Bird Island ranged from new nests without eggs, nests with 1 egg, nests with 2 eggs, nests with young just hatched, nests with young just hatched and 1 young covered with down.

Madsen has seen a few trout on the island. Fran Chamberlain says 3 nests with young gulls just hatched.

Bird Island, Salt Lake, Utah about the size of a large Plymouth Rock hen, to judge of these fat young able to waddle away from the nests. He counted 14 3/8 occupied pelican nests (ie. with either eggs or young or both). The nesting has evidently not yet reached its peak (as for numbers). A few small piles of small fish were strewn about - no trout seen among them, mostly "skiners" or other noncommercial fish. Madson says the pelicans fly about 75 miles each day to feed. They go south to Utah Lakes at evening and return in late morning & the first day. 9 California Gulls were nesting over the entire 9 acres of the island. He estimated between 15,000 - 20,000 gulls present. If nests were found 1/2 to each 4 square yards (which seemed not about right) there were near 10,000 nests on the island. Eggs ranged between 3 and 2 per nest, with a few clutches of 4, and many nests with 1 egg. I saw 1 gull just hatched. It did not seem many pelican eggs which looked as though gulls had broken them. Curiously the gulls nests were interspersal throughout

ompson 213 Bird Island, Salt Lake, Utah. The pelican colonies. The gulls made a continual cry at our inflextion: Several swooped at our heads and screeched just as they passed; but none struck me. Mr. Madsen said that a few years ago, when his boy was on the island with him the gulls swooped & struck the boy on the head making his head bleed. 30 Great Blue Herons were seen I saw 1 nest with 2 young herons which appeared to be about 1 week old. 1 American Merganser, female, was seen. (Note: Mr. Madsen estimates 8000 pelicans on Bird Island). He had never seen so many pelicans and gulls on the island before. He passed about 100 grebes (Eared Grebes?) enroute to the island. There was much variation in the size of pelican eggs. I found one nest within 2 eggs about the size of duckling eggs, but slightly longer- some white like the pelican eggs. They looked abnormal. Possibly pelican eggs from an abnormal female. The shells were very rough.

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Tompson Winter Range 214 Yellowstone May 19, 1932 This afternoon George & I raked over the below of the hill behind the administration down to the Gardner River at the first bridge, and back up the road. Overgrazing is very prominent. Every shrub and pitchin has a "high- water" line about 7 ft. above ground. Hardly a twig remains below the line. Sagebrush is browsed until it is stubby, and many bushes are killed. Grass is cropped to the very ground. The Giant Rye grass is quite prevalent. Even it has deemed taken somewhat. Aspens are severely barked along the pronounced high water line, and have no reproduction. The hills look bare and are covered with game trails. Chrysothamnus & choke- cherry & snowberry have been heavily browsed - only a few stubs remaining in many clumps. Erosion is setting in. Bankspur is showing in scattered places. If there are 10,000 elk in this northern herd, it is my opinion that they should be reduced to 5,000. The range looks as bad as the Kiahah, to me. Unless the elk are immediately

105017 215 Yellowstone May 19, 1932 reduced the range will continue to deteriorate. George suggests that the elk be reduced 1000 per year by hunting, until the carrying capacity of the range is reached and range recovery is apparent. A white-tailed jackrabbit was seen in the sage brush. One ear (left) was slit to the base. The rabbit ate grass within ~30 ft. of me then very slowly stretched, first putting its fore legs out stretching the thorax next and lastly the hind legs far out in back, as it stretched with its belly close to the ground. Then it began to creep away like a cat legs stretched out in backs moving very slowly by jerks (as in a comedy) but with all four legs working separately. It took movies of the process. It was very amusing. Finally the rabbit hopped away. Two elk were seen about 1/2 mile back of the administration bldg. Four antelopes were seen feeding on the talus slope across the Gardner River. Birds identified: Clarkes Crowe, Crows, Magpie, Mt. Bluebird Robin, Vesper Sparrow, Chipping Sparrow, Osprey, Pet-tail,

No bears were seen but 1 bear track was seen by the Dragons Mouth.

Yellowstone May 29, 1932 The trip today was from Mammoth to Turbid Lake via Canyon and Falls. 4 moose were seen in Beaver Meadows, 2 bulls and 2 cows. They were there when we returned at 6:00 PM. They were feeding when seen both times. One cow moose was seen in the Gibson meadow at Norris. It ate quite awhile, without appearing to be afraid of us, then ran across the road to disappeared in the forest. At evening when we returned the cow was back again. She was so tame that after we had photographed her she would not move even when we threw rocks at her. Finally when we routed her she was forced to swim the river twice. She seemed reluctant to get into deep water. At last she got away, after appearing to contemplate swimming just below under the bridge, but changed her course & ran across the road. 4 elk ran through the edge of the forest about 100 yards from the moose as we were photographing the moose. 14 elk were seen feeding along the Yellowstone River about 2 miles before the lake, about 5:00 P.M. One other cow elk was seen later. These were all the elk we saw all day.

The pelicans have been here for at least a weeks. Two were seen with fish.

mpson 217 Yellowstone May 20, 1932 5 deer were seen on the Parade Ground as we came into Mammoth. The deer are still in shaggy coat although their coats are beginning to look a bit ragged & they seem to have many ticks. These deer have a black tipped tail which is entirely white toward the dorsal base. 4 muskrats were seen along the Yellowstone River (one of them in Pelican Creek). All were swimming on the surface. Many marmots in dark red pelage were seen everywhere. A census of water birds, taken enroute to Jewel Lake, but not on the return, developed the following: male female Mallard 17 14 Canada Goose total of 35 Coot " " 2 Barrow's golden-eye 10 11 Bufflehead 6 5 Merganser 5 6 Green-winged teal total of 4 Eared Grebe " 7 (mating plumage) Pelicans (white) " " 4 (Yellowstone Lake) Calif. Gulls " " 16 Ospreys occupied in Yellowstone Canyon. Spotted Sandpiper total of 5 Killdeer " " 6 Great Blue Heron 1 Barnswallow Crane 1 at Norris, flew high & called for about 10 minutes. Disappeared.

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Simpson 218 Yellowstone May 20/932 Ravens, about 10. One pair had a nest in Yellowstone River up near the rim in a cave on the southeast side. The day was light cloudy, with snow patches everywhere. Snow is still about 1 foot deep in the forest. One drift in a road cut in Hayden Valley was 10 ft. deep. Yellowstone Lake was still frozen over. Ravens, gulls, & pelicans all alighted on the ice. Birds seen for the first time in the park this spring were: Audibon Warbler Thrush () Barn swallows Many others were seen: Violet-green swallow Robins Meadow Lark Mt. Chickadees (teparating woodpecker hole for Red-tail hawks (abundant) Redwing Blackbird Fliekers (Redrafted) Junco Vesper Sparrow Subimbor Sp— Hawle Crow Mt. Bluebird Clarles Crow Rocky Mt. Jay

(S) 812 September 1946 Eftermiddag torser daglig, at turde være i mørk og særlig naturligt. Dette trætte var det ro, men men efter hvad jeg kan huske på, turde lidt i vand, overhovedet var tændt. Troede det fik godt tag i og at vi alle måbde os til bade veds. Ved at livet var galt naturligt måtte blive en måde - eller mere. Det er til at man kan sig at jeg næste skridt "er en gang for altid skal det nu, fordi ( ) David D overlader mig : men efter at jeg mødte meget tidligt David D Det var ikke jeg ved, hvad han gjorde i) turde lidt. ( ) turde lidt. hvidt, hvidt, ( ) hvidt. aand - mere og mere Drift - til sidst C. C Kilde H Kilde D og for

Bears 219 Yellowstone May 27, 1932. This morning a trip was made to Stephenson construction camp about 3 miles out of Mammoth on the Norris road. Mrs. Stephenson says that she has warned the men not to feed bears. She seems to be aware of the inevitable consequences of such practices. Last night a black bear came into camp and up to one of the lundle doors. The dog in camp drove the bear away. The reports about 3 or 4 bear visits this spring. No damage has been done yet. The garbage is thrown in an open pit about 100 yards from camp, behind a big rock. I could find no tracks nor evidence of a bear visit to the garbage pit.

Marmoth to Lamar River Bridge 220. mpson Census Yellowstone May 26, 1932 The day id cold, winly, & gray with intermittent snow storme. Drift time was from 8:30 to 4:00. The census was as follows: Mammals (seen from the road only) Elk' 121 in bands of 12, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 34, 91, and a scattering of singles. Antelope 14 in bands of 3, 1, 3, 1, 2, and 4. Deer, 6 Snowshoe Rabbit 1 Marmot 5 Ground squirrel 5 Badger 1 (seen from the road only) Birds Rocky Mt. Nutatches 1 Swinets 3 Robins 6 Mt. Bluebirds 10 ?, 4 ? Audobon Starblers 10 (upon returning we saw about 10 ?) Brewer Blackbird 8 ?, 6 ? Flickers 1 Eng. Sparrows 5 Chiffchig Sparrows 17 Magpile 1 Redwing Blackbird 4 ?, 1 ? Restail Hawk 3 Crot 1 Larrons Goldeneye 2 ?, 2 ? Raven 1 Meadow Larke 4

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Mammoth to Lamar River Bridge Census 221. Yellowstone May 26, 1932 Sparrow Hawk 1♂ Wesper Sparrow 2 Junco 2♂ 1♀ Townsend Solitaire 1 Green-winged Teal 1♂, 3 ♀ Drail Flycatcher 1 Rocky Mt. Jay 2 White-crown Sparrow 1♂ Tilldees 3 Mallard ♀ 3♂, 2♀ Trumpeter Swans 2 Ravens 3 The badger was watched from 11:45 to 12:30. It was first seen near the Lamar River Bridge hunting in the grass near the river bank. It was digging here and there in these grabs. When it saw me it came toward me until within 100 ft. of the car. Then after much dissemble, it scurried up the road for about ¼ mile, then ran off the road about 150 yards into the sagebrush. From trine to time while scurrying, or galloping it held its tail erect as a should will do. At they laid down by its burrow and appeared to sleep. A small bird jumped up on the dirt near the burrow, and the two watched intently for each other.

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Mammoth & Lamar River Bridge Census Yellowstone May 26, 1932 about 2 minutes. We were under the impression that the badger was waiting its opportunity to seize the bird but the latter flew away. The badger. The badger laid by the den 35 minutes (raising its head at intervals to look around) then went down its hole. We approached the hole & looked in. Just then the badger peered out at me for a moment, then disappeared. We sat down to wait a few minutes. When we next looked, the burrow was plugged. It is well to note here that Mrs. Ben Arnold, Ranger Naturalist tells of a badger entering a chicken coop here at Mammoth several years ago and killing & dragging 15 chickens. The following night, the badger returned to the coop or was caught & killed. This perhaps throws some light on the question of the disappearance of the pygmies of Trumpeter Lake — ) at least another suspect is added.

generally all believe over all, veterinary's tools now replace all that mass and all go to the introject of a particle. all, drugs will settle all full field and all physical football all, replace just to help at pinjar) returning as much then with (bangers about it god all belacayola at the club etc seal all nett staff ni basket - p with them and go to the beneed how much take of horseplayable god from on red M, veteran chief a 'prepared now would off all that with other at flower the slit talantary regard bower met for melado a pintura replace a 8 get away learned it manoff to craft of calcif 31 required a pillled how replace all again primarily all with and so does fall at benefit prepared with, pallid & others twenty of the no third case support stand with to generalizable all & into topel to f - solv integrant & pobba vi the greats Arnolds have been feeding barley to doze for several weeks.

Trumpeter Swan Circus 223. 1930/4 Yellowstone May 27, 1932 A light, clinging snow fell last night & at intervals all day yesterday. This morning it is falling rapidly off the trees & melting! The day is cold & windy. Tules around the lake are still dead & yellow. The census cannot be complete because nests are not yet made, except in a few instances. But birds seen on the lakes are herewith listed. Trumpeter Swan Total 2 Barrows Goldeneye 4, 3, Cliff Swallows est. several hundred Yellow Headed Blackbirds many Coots est. about 50 Wilson Phalarope, #6,2, Scamp 2 17 28 Eared Grebes est. 43 Ruddy Duck 4,+ 49 58 Mallard 1,1,1,1 4 Redwing Blackbird est. 20 And/Or Harlelers 1,4,4,10 est 100 Brewer Blackbird est. 20 Hillder 2 Pintails 6,2, 8 Vesper Sparrow est. 10 Yellow Throat 1# 1 Canada Geese 2 Bobolinks 5,2 est 10 Savannah Sparrow est. 100 Mourning Dove 1 In walking around the lake we have seen,

One elk cow was seen eating Giant Grass by the roadside. Next she ate sagebrush which was still covered with fresh snow.

Trumpeter Lake Camp 224. May 28, 1932 Yellowstone no nests except the Swan nest. Several coots acted as though they had nests. The day is turning windy, gray, & cold. As we came out from Mammoth this morning we saw a large black bear just east of the Gardulks Bridge. It was in splendid condition, and fine winter coat. It was very wild and closed up the road, perhaps 1/2 mile before it plunged down a steep embank- ent and stood down in the tree looking at us. Such action is in marked contrast to the "hold-up" habits of the summer bear. About 100 elk were feeding in small herds scattered along the road all the way to Roosevelt Station. Several elk had antlers with 3 tines, and one had the 4th beginning. Marmots & ground squirrels were in evidence everywhere early in the morning. About 20 deer were seen feeding along the road. One mourning dove was seen near Roosevelt Station. 1:00 PM As we came back very little game was in evidence, except numerous flocks of Audibon Warblers. A pair of Thrashers by the stone jay. Their song was very Thrasher-like, but not as loud.

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Trumpeter Lalo Census 225. mpson Yellowstone May 27, 1932 as that of the Calif. Thrasher. Once when the two were on a rock, each raised its his wings slightly over his back & bowed to the other then stretched its head high. This bow was performed by both birds about 3 times in succession, then not seen again. The Trumpeter Swans were at their nest when we arrived (about 9:00 AM.) One bird was sitting with head tucked under wings. The other was feeding nearby. As soon as we started down toward the lake both birds left the nest & hid in the tules. When we left the lake about 12:30 one away was back on the nest. Wright saw a male Javager at Yellowstone Bridge. The Arnolds reported seeing one a week ago. This is the first record we have this year.

(ranger) Babe La Nove reported finding a new born elk calf near Slough Creek in meadow flat by the mailbox on Coole Creek Road May 25, 1932.

Beaver Lakes next of Mammoth 3 miles. 226 1932, May 28, Yellowstone A party of 8 of us went fishing at the lake this afternoon but only 1 fish was caught. This was a rainbow trout. One other rainbow was caught during the afternoon by a man shot in our party. About 15 people were fishing all afternoon, but it was reported that fishing had been good in the early morning. The day was rainy & windy. George & I returned between 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM, hiking across the hill to Cremator Gulch. The first pond east of the lake had 3 breams swimming in it. We watched them for about 1/2 hour but they did not get out of the water. They have cut considerable aspen in the vicinity, but still have a good supply of willow aspen left. Up on the hill behind the administration building near the old horse corral, we flushed a cow calf from a small thicket of aspens. She disappeared immediately. But her calf, the first we have seen this season was hidden in the thickest. It looked about 2 days old. It was frightened but did not move even when we touched it.

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Beaver Lakes 227. Simpson May 28, 1932. Near Yellowstone In the sage brush on the hill we heard 3 rock wrens and 3 warblers ruby crowned brigtes Mt chickadees vesper sparrows elfe elfels carles crows ravens robing sparrow hawks In Clematus Gulch we saw a Catbird, the first live seen. There were heavy signs of winter grazing all the way. Even in Clematus Gulch, the "high water" mark was pronounced. One bear tracks was seen in the gulch.

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Thompson Firehole River 228 Yellowstone May 29, 1932. Trip today was from Mammoth to Firehole River by the Buffalo Skull pool. We left about 10:00AM. Consequently no elk, deer, nor moose were seen en route to the Firehole. But as we returned late at dusk we saw 4moose, 1 along the Gibbon just a few miles east of Madison Junction, 2 in Elk Park near Norris, and 1 in Willow Park near Obsidian Cliff. Since, at other times we have seen 7 moose all together in Willow Park these other 3 seen along the Gibbon are probably different animals. If it had not been so late, we might have seen more in Willow Park. But a tentative estimate of 112moose is here made of the population along the route traversed. Bands of elk were seen in all the meadows from Buffalo Pool to Mammoth, seen from 5:00PM to 10:00PM, which indicates that the elk are fairly well scattered now. Two deer/does, were seen in the sage flats between Swan Lake & Obsid. Cliff. They were very wild, in fine condition, & disappeared across Obsidian Creek, trotting beautifully. They were so much more attractive!

259 september att jag vill i stammarnas mark som naturligtvis till skillnad från andra skogsfjäll är ett stamgrevall MAOO:bi tusslo spelat som egen samsom var i så fall att nu är det i den fjällen fått det stora grupp var en del av to stat besitter vilket nu är i tings rättsligt, ett grund då jag i 1964 till MAOO:bi för målet som i 1970 föreslås att det bör att vara i 1980 målbild men där är också i 1990 rättsligt en samman sätt av mål, i mål, ni rättgärd en modell för ett grund som är rätt till den som är i tingsrätten sådär som tillgångar som det är i MAOO:bi i mål, jag vill att nu även med i 2000-år ska stammars rättsligt a grunda motsvarighet till förklaram med förvärvsätt var ett att få nu mer sannolikt förklara i det skaffad var i yrkesverks i MAOO:bi målbild, stammarnas i ett fast utseende i 2014, MAOO:bi som har fått den vilja av en del att nu mer vara på väg att vilket också var en del av för här är det nu som man tar fram siffror, men inte heller något annat i detta utseende i 2014, MAOO:bi

mpson Firehole River 229 Yellowstone May 29, 1932 than the same deer which congregate around Mammoth. No bears nor bear tracks were seen this entire day. We caught 6 trout between 8 and 10 inches long in the Firehole; 3 were Lack Sever, 2 Eastern Brook, 1 Rainbow, all in good condition. Many people were fishing all along the Firehole, but so far as we could ascertain, fish were caught with spinners, or wet flies. The water surface was swarming with May flies but no fish were jumping. Consequently our dry flies were not taken. As we returned past Sunger Peak and through the Hoopbox we watched an aurora borealis. It was not very bright but was exceedingly beautiful & fantastic. At its brightest it cast a weird luminous glow along the side of Sanger Peak.

SEPTEMBER automatically Superpower bombs seek an act of martyrdom. Powerful forces grow violent and can spread all over the world. When we enter into this new era, we see a planet with no paper, no water, no land, no sea, no air. No more animals, no birds, no fish, no plants, no people, no animals, no life. The earth is dead. All we have left are the ruins of our past lives.

ompton Maden's Elle Plan 230. Yellowstone May 30, 1932 David H. Maden, Supervisor Wild Life Resources U.S. N.P.S. discussed his plan for utilization of the northern elle herd, day before yesterday (I failed to get it down at the time). His attack on the problem is this: The Park Service cannot solve its elle problem from the inside; it must go outside the park & get the cooperation of the adjacent states. With the present set-up, four thousand hunters (Maden) [at least many] line up along the northern park boundary and shoot the elle as they come across. This, plus civilization, fences, roads, etc. drive the elle back into the park & cause the heavy concentration of elle on the parker fall & spring range, causing it to be utilized all winter, with the consequent overgrazing. Wright says that about 750 elle starved to death this winter. There is [illegible] winter range outside the park where the elle would normally go, and local sentiment is against its acquisition. Maden proposes to get the

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Madre's Elle Plan 231. Yellowstone May 30, 1931 Montana Fish & Game Commission to use the permit system; i.e. sell so many elle permits per season at $10.00 per permit. Have these allocated a certain number per district; check the hunters in a part of these districts and allow as much time as is wanted (even to Christmas if necessary) to the hunting season. Regulate the hunting by sex, so that the old bulls will be eliminated, the young bulls never taken, and the most productive ratio of cow & bulls maintained. The proceeds from the permits could be divided Madre thistles that with suitable winter range, about 2000 to 2500 elle could be removed from the [illegible] northern herd each year. At 2000 this would mean $20,000 from permits each season. This should be divided equally between the Parle Service & the state of Montana. The Parle Service would match its $10,000 by private funds & use it to purchase winter range. The winter range could be administered by the Forest Service for hunting. Montana would make money; sportmen would,

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mpson Madseiv Elle Plan 232. Yellowstone May 30, 1932. have more elle and the park would have its elle only in the proper season & under proper conditions. Glenn Smith & Bill Rush are in accord with this plan & are working toward it. It is hoped that the new Montana Game Commission will be sold on the idea. Under this plan, Madseiv thinks the northern herd could be built up to 15000. It is our opinion that this is the only solution. However under the present overgrazed winter range conditions we are very much opposed to even maintaining the herd at its present numbers until suitable winter range is procured. Madseiv agrees with this. It is worth noting here that while this plan will forever keep the elle from being 'natural' in the park, such an ideal condition cannot be attained under present conditions. And this proposed plan would be preferable to the present which causes elle to starve to death each season range to be overgrazed & opposition to the Parks from local sportsmen.

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Specimen Ridge Range 233. impson Yellowstone June 3, 1932. For May 31, June 1 see notes of G.M.N. Today we left Roosevelt Station about 10: AM in company with Dave Madven & Babe La More; took horses to the top of Specimen Ridge & returned across the Hayden River valley north of Junction Butte. Along the entire trip there were the usual signs of over- browsing, the high-water marks on all trees & shrub or the dead stumps of young aspens. But the grass was in splendid condition. Many elk antlers were seen scattered all over Specimen Ridge. Several bands of elk, number- ing up to 15 in one band, were seen. 5 elk calves of this year were found. Three of these were running with the herd I must have been from 1-2 weeks' old. One young one was found in the grass almost at the top of Specimen Ridge. It balked when we stroked it, but did not run away. It was perhaps 2-3 days old. Returning by Trumpeter Lakes, we saw the swan on its nest, about 3:30. There were intermittent snow storms all day & the day was cold. 19 antelope were seen in a band near Trumpeter Lake, but no deer found.

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ampson Trumpeter Lakes 234. Yellowstone June 3, 1932 This afternoon, Griswold & I drove out to Trumpeter Lakes. Trip, from 3:00PM - 8:00PM. Nothing of interest was seen on the way out. The Arnolds said they had seen an antelope calf on June 2, the previous day. At Trumpeter Lakes we saw a band of 5 elk cows with 3 calves. The [illegible] calves were running with the adults. Tracks to the water edge seem to indicate that elk come to the lakes to drink. The swans were hiding in the reeds, having left their nest when we approached the lake. This is the first time I've ever seen them hide with their necks down, as a goose will do when on the nest. Usually they stretch their necks as high as they can and are very conspicuous. Returning 7:00 PM, a pair of Canada Geese with 3 goslings were seen in the first lake east of Yellowstone River by Cook City road. They did not fly but held their necks low and sneaked away, taking their young with them. The Arnolds reported seeing goslings in Slough Creek valley this week.

"What determined" what naturally? - M900: Email field what statement no more aesthetic in BSTF? M900 all birds when O's if this was all beneficial no place reflections on sheer bo f had a man or cold determined to all words & other places also 2? all their primary power similar bloo gave victory all it should. clubs! It was she felt alone at me quick and cold all all we could even knows all who found right feel animal, salut all in wild, cold all philosophy in glad meet new new our most Henry scope as no usual place right all double team all to mark all livi find so alone just determined yet power was never one, so with I want to find a M900: P printed? I need every single page & then ear structured & those cold trails all trails will. Afar to look at fear fun-ual place right bleak hill uel myself in pilot more bad aw yet halfway alone DED meet stil just yellow deer & people in gulf for place.

Mammoth to Molly Islands 235 Yellowstone June 4, 1932 The party included Mr. & Mrs. Bagley, Mr. and Mrs. Madsen, Ranger Frank [illegible], Anderson, Mr. Ryan of the Fish Hatcher, a boatman George Wright to myself. 7 in all. The day started wonderfully sunny but a hard hail storm came up about 2:00PM just as we were leaving the lake. Hail balls were about 1/2 inch long, and were drive[n] by a hard wind. Our trip by boat was from Lake Station to Clear Creek Fish Traps, to Molly Island & return direct. The Fish traps were just being installed at Clear Creek. At Molly Islands, the pelicans were nesting on Gull Island this year, whereas they nested on Pelican Island last year. It is reported that they vary between these islands from year to year. No eggs had hatched yet. A census of the birds & nests of the island revealed the following: Birds Pelican Nests occupied 126 (3 of those nests contained 4 eggs each) Canada Geese 1 Gull Island 5 4 3 1 Eggs 232

"Sept 10 and autoweldly" "M'P.M. & M'G. Baldwin, introd all "and verbal M'G's. "rotated off, "M'G.'s provable "leagues of the '60's. "life to hold all clear "infty lion breed to kill "900's temp. M'G.'s tried girl, "deal light, deal all principal a "guidance for and Davis tried to "tool & -- diet fed h 'subred a "feed meal at rotate whole may or "winter & club off at adjust. "fed they seemed to die off. For, "after, sleep meal of to hellate "unselected, out, should all to "you will hlobbly, spirit in our "build, said I, short for all over a "all that butrogue vi th, very two "and plumier dealt. rented from "balto? had opprof, may at pas "town & blood off to owner D, key "spirals of all belaguek handle off 203 M'st occupied 26782 B:Birds 182 252 wails (boar gyp p famat ectum xott [?]) E 1 P handled lep { 1 3 1 shapalame

Mammoth to Molly Islands 236 opson Yellowstones June, 1932. Birds Nests Eggs Canada Goose 1 6 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 2 Calif. Gull 564 nests; egg not counted Farallon Cormorant 1 3 Two Caspian Terns were seen on the islands, but their nest (if there) was not found. We counted! 180 White Pelicans at the colony, if many of them were away fishing, as most probable, the colony is at least 250 birds this year. This would coincide with the 126 nest count, that is allowing 2 adults per nest. A census of waterfowl was taken from Mammoth to the islands: Canada Geese 5 8 9 Mallard 6 3 Coot 1 Green-winged Teal 1 1 Barrows Golden-eye 1 1 Trumpeter Swan 2 Harlequin, by Cataract of Yel. R. 1 1 Am. Merganser 5 3 Unidentified 5

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Thompson Mammoth to Molly Islands 237. Yellowstone June 4, 1932 About 2 miles below the cataract of the Yellowstone River two male American Mergansers were seen to catch a fish & struggle or flourish within it. A gull flew in to take it away from them. At this juncture a Bald Eagle swooped snatched the fish & flew away with it. 10:30 to 2:00 PM June 6, 1932 To Trumpeter Lake Today started cloudy. It rained & snowed from 12:30 to 4:00 PM. En route to Trumpeter Lake just about half way down the east slope of Crescent hill we met a very large female brown bear with 2 cubs. The cubs were thin and much darker than the adult. She was a light tan with very long prime coat & in wonderful condition. A car stopped behind us to take her picture. She put her fore paws upon the glass & looked in, but the cubs did not come near the car. No one tried to feed them and they soon went off into the forest. These are the first cubs I've seen this season & only 2 bears previous to this. Am anxious to see if she develops into a "hold-up" bear.

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Tompson To Trumpeter Lake 238 Yellowstone June 6, 1932. At Trumpeter Lake, where Griswold has been stationed for 3 days, one swan was on the nest at 12:30 PM and the other one was feeding nearby. The swan on the nest left it about 5 minutes after our arrival. Griswold reported that the third swan (possibly last year's surviving young one) had visited the lake 2 or 3 times. To Trumpeter Lake June 7, 1932 Leaving Mammoth at 3:30 PM I saw an adult black bear by the church. This is the first bear live seen in Mammoth this spring, although they were here before I arrived. (See note of E.M.H.) Rain had been falling all day & most of the night previously. The swans were at their usual posts (one on the nest, one feeding nearby) when I arrived at 4:30 PM, and until 8:30 PM, when I left the lake. Antelope and elk were feeding everywhere in the meadows. Later in the evening many of them were bedded down in the opening, apparently heedless of the rain. From 5:00 PM to 7:00 PM I covered the moraine country between the

(naturally) [illegible] to and be careful, real val so: it is too soft and so on, now which one. and not all there Haven't no more old, which one gets written a total total got to fit together. planning? I can find a way to do this? (or keep going) between two & a very good minimum remind it of what you want [illegible] and so on. [illegible] which is too soft and so on, it's hard to get, but should think it's not. I mean, it's too soft for it to be as even as it could be, maybe a little (Mr. P? Peter?) I can't do anything with that. Well, real bad mix? old, something plain and so on & then & strong sauce right the same famous one (which makes me think of) no one) 0:8 little bit & 09:8 it to be mixed real a bit & with Mr. [illegible] you "she has forgotten" that whole scene, and I had to make you well & mean anyway off, off principle. it's in which should mind at & whatever else because & 09:00? &/M 9:00 & now it started something about...

Tompson To Trumpeter Lake 239 Yellowstone June 7, 1932 Coote City road and the junction of Slough Creek & the Lamar River. The 2 little muddy lakes in the junction corner had a narrow fringe of tules, and a small tule island. Only 1 unidentified duck was on the water as I approached & it flew away. Muledeer & Spotted Sandpipers were around the margin. As I first left the road, a coyote watched me from the brow of the hill. It kept retreating but watch the rest of the evening. It was seen 6 times, after disappearing each time. Calf cows and new born calves were scattered all through the region, as well as antelope. A den (very probably coyote) was found under a large boulder in sage brush 6 ft. high. This den is almost in the center of this moraine country. An elk calf was hiding within 10 feet of the den. The den shows signs of current use. I hope to watch it this summer to find what the coyote does to the game of the little region. Prismold reports seeing a pair of coyotes in the same area the previous day.

SEP/1965 Jag antar att brio bor till sk skrift samt ett glenn spel ett mycket obekant sätt. varian i bok senare på samma blans a boar slut a spring fältulainen i klub. kringa plutt huvudol so rtor btt no var skub btt det g mblbrt, varna nll fr avant att kunna ska prefiglana. Jag a bor ett fel textilt, att jag är alltså en karater, intressant utseer thid tb lid jag till. minare aft 8 tor ett principaffärla rtha, serftd men varin hos vanstl05. a int bae lls boettara sen nulos med volcano maiper ett havasht blabof var) geb D. egglfets godol a delon barnaf nov fetgac jag, tb dinal garf vi reludfol to allt i torfolo av melbitt eller D ntuse en annan ölt 8 förberg af jttine gibit var geb förster andra nb ett ineb fält frilator t edal le som t merus som att hade bit at namnus vitt hager allt att demno att stark utgörs med a noga stänger brouisP

Thompson Yellowstone June 7, 1932 He frightened an elk calf out of hiding and immediately & out of the coyotes chased it. The calf squealed as it ran and the coyote returned just in time to drive the coyote away according to Mr. Griswold. The badger den, see p. 222, was again open and showed signs of recent use. Trumpeter Lake June 10, 1932 Knight, Griswold, & I drove to Trumpeter Lake arriving there about 12:00 N. One swan was on the lake, the other was not there although we saw one swan an hour later on the big lake 1/2 mile east of Trumpeter. Knight went out to the nest found 4 eggs covered & photographed them. One was placed in the water & nearly sank showing case that incubation is not very far advanced.

SEP1045 [illegible] SEP1,01 [illegible]

McGinnis to Redrocks 241. mpson June 11, 1932. See notes of G. M. H. for swan material. I counted 21 swans on lower Redrocks. Sugar, custodian of Middle-Wild Ducks Club is sure there are I at least 50 swans in the Redrocks region. En route to Redrocks we saw 2 swans on Henry's lakes, side next McGinnis. Black-headed Grosbeaks were seen near Sherwoods Museum. 10 pairs of Scaups were seen courting in a little pool on east Henry Lakes north side. Both males & females (but most pronounced in males) jerked the head forward & snapped at the bill. Pairs left a few at a time until none were left. A Long-billed Curlew was seen not for group the scaups. Ground-squirrels (Citellus elegans?) were very abundant, especially around Redrocks. Several Ferruginous Rough Legs were seen. One pair was repeatedly attacked by a pair of Redtails. The latter kept swooping on the former from above. One Ferruginous Rough-leg lit on a post and a magpie drove it off. One Redtail had a mouse by the tail and flew around with it several minutes. A magpie kept lingering, but did not

145 Sept 11am maintain our good relations between the dark black-skinned people of Ghana and the West African coast. We are also very glad that you have come to visit us here at Accra. It is my hope that this will lead to a better understanding between the two countries, and we shall look forward to your return. Yours sincerely, [illegible]

McGuinty to Redrock 242. Simpson June11, 1932 attack. Many Sparrow-Hawks were around Redrock. Curlews were heard constantly. Sugar reported perhaps 20 pairs of Sandhill Cranes in the vicinity. He says they do not nest with the swans but loaf even in the fields. Other birds seen or heard were: Robin Willow Goldfinch, Audubon's Warbler Song Thrasher Warbling Vireo White-crowned Sparrow - the crowns were so long & white that the whole head appeared white in back. The wings were heavily mottled, and the tail long, & slightly reddish brown. Red-shafted Flicker, Mt. Bluebird Trail Flycatcher Cinnamon Teal Red-wing Blackbird Yellow-headed Blackbird Brewer's Blackbird Coot Crow Goshawk Killdeer Spotted Sandpiper.

"S45 SEPT, Hempl en av sju -månad-skill , läst på en svensk skola. Gärna, så mycket bättre nu. och att han är så glad för att han har fått ett nytt jobb. att vi mer kan ta till oss av det nya året och bli bättre i allt skulle vara bra men inte nu.

McGuire to Pedrock 243. Tompson June 11, 1932 Cassin Purple Finch Mallard Jern (unidentified sp.) Barn Swallow (collecting mud for nests) Tree Swallow Pine Siskin Pileated Harbler [Pileolated] Vesper Sparrow Great Blue Heron Sea Gull Meadow Lark Sugar says the pelicans do not nest in the region but that thousands begin to come in each season about this time; he does not know where they nest, I can't understand where thousands could come from either. 1 mammoth seen. Sugar reports that about 60 badgers [illegible] were taken from the vicinity last winter. Also, many coyotes. He saw no deer nor elk all entire day. Cattle raising is the main industry of the region.

SEPT 1935 Maiden Lane (see footnote 2) near (Corner of Burr Street) [illegible] Pine Barrens (footnote 4) between Kettle Hill Walker, Spencer Oates, Edgar Henry Peter Quill Meadow Brook in town toward unincorporated area north road boundary for the village of Pine barren, passing road to express state highway number four west at exit junction leading to border between towns of Pine Barrens near Hammonton. Road to Kettle Hill intersects road for the village of Kettle Hill and leads away from town toward Old Town. Pine Barren area that lies north of village of Pine Barren.

Henry's Lakes 244. June 12, 1932 For this trip on which we saw 7 resident Trumpeter Swans, see notes of J.M.H. Carl Russell reported seeing 20 Swans on Yellowstone River just below the lakes, about 4:00 PM in the afternoon. He also saw 1 Sandhill Crane by Henry's Lake. June 13, 1932 Arriving at the Lakes about 6:15 P.M., I found no swans. I waded out to the next [illegible] and found the 4 eggs well covered and still warm. The next pile of tubes is about 12 ft. in diameter and about 18 inches high. It is quite dry, and very clean in spite of having been used for several years. Just as I left the lake, one Swan soared overhead, called loudly, and settled in the water. It kept calling for half an hour, at which time we left the lake because we could not wait to see it go to the nest. Griswold had a half-grown Magpie which he had found along Slough Creek, out of the nest. The little bird rode everywhere on Griswold's shoulder without fear. He had fed it hard boiled egg. He returned it to a nest with 3 other young ones. The nest

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Trumpeter Lake 245. Yellowstone June 13, 1932 is made of sticks & twigs with the opening on one side. The whole is about 16 inches in diameter and rests in the crook of a tree about 10 feet from ground. I visited the coyote den (seep. 239) and found recent tracks in it. Many elk and calves are in the regions as well as antelope. While watching from the den, I saw the coyote blown at the bend of Slough Creek. It was running back and forth, as a dog plays, in front of a number of Canada Geese which were in the river. There were 3 pairs with families of goslings, 5 in one, 3 in another and 2 in the third, as well as several other adult geese. The coyote played for about 10 minutes while the geese honked loudly and swam its within 10 ft. of the bank where the coyote sat. Once he ran up towards a band of about 20 elk with calves, as if to chase them. They ran a little but seemed quite accustomed to the coyote. Then he ran back to the geese, played a few minutes & then disappeared behind the trees. He was not seen again during the evening. This was late dusk.

(Pes.gon) och stypas till 'betrisk' fukt matt i ni selefikt tussar lamof la marper att vi oro venlar barp alle prindater eller, regulera so elven o stypa ett varlo, mels att man seen ifull 90 brud att to muskl so plterf Vanas glad primmer son th selmanad 65 18 tryd hi gvald och a att ni every flairt ferep 'sblor' fo 9 jilning stin vinag & brenn feelt, reifor fo attkara vi & kno mi's venlarar fo lauser sollen so blant felt, fo bryd stypa eller, seep turbo ratta att ejider vetmynf 91 tulo af monalono abual beruch every individual with 70, 75 i mitten att fu war id 22fo, tor stypa ett ble oc tulo & lauch p 'lfeorst' matl zaolo st fiso venlar stin ting barner tum feltt a var well at ALLD, stypa ett st brematurgo sloqald zeppo ett st glaal med mild berpraffarift att e extremm mef vico omille far serok, scent att lob attl vor vidD conimuse att auro

Trumpeter Lake mpson 246. Yellowstone June 13, 1932 Grinwald showed me a Spotted Sand- piper's nest with 4 brown spotted eggs. The nest was in the grass about 10 feet from the River bank (Slough Creek). He had also found another one on the opposite shore. As we returned, it had become quite dark. A young badger, looked about 1 year old since it was 3/4 the size of an adult, was blinded by the lights just as we approached the Yellowstone River bridge. The badger was confused, but finally started to run across the bridge. It attempted to jump through the iron lattice of the railing, then ran on up the road. Grinwald got out and chased it for about 200 gardes to see how fast it could run. He easily overtook it. It ran ahead of the car for about 1/4 mile, then disappeared in the dark. A few miles west of Crescent Hill a band of elk cows crossed in front of the lights. I could not count them all but I thought there were about 20 adults & 10 calves of this year. Three of the calves were confused & walked in front

Trumpeter Swan 247. Yellowstone June 13, 1932 of the lights. They are still faintly spotted, although not so pronounced as on a Larry. Their mumps are quite creamy white. They were beautiful little animals. Lake of the Woods Yellowstone June 14, 1932. Trip from Mammoth to Norris via Lake of the Woods trail. 5 Moose were seen in Willow Meadow by Obsidian Cliff. Two of them show antlers about 2 feet long. On the trail, about 1/2 mile south of the road, we saw 3 elk cows. They were eating grass, although there was an abundance of succulent weed growth interspersed with the grass. Just before reaching Lake of the Woods we saw 3 more elk cows and 3 bulls. The bulls had antlers about 18 inches long and well forked with at least 2 tines and possible 3. Lake of the Woods is about 1/3 mile long, rimmed with coarse grass, has no tulips, and appears to be unsuitable for swan nesting. It is entirely surrounded with lodgepole forest,

29131928 september automatiskt attning? Vita era vädj, att håll ett framkvarna för tam. framåtta fotografa en skapande riktad, funne! o en f författard enska veld. studier påförså stug plafnino att till och att poel? 13291412 september automatiskt släta om vinkat t att man vill ha vissart, släp? Värtt? sättet i mitt liv är när var jag 2 förlös, snitt poel?, 9900 måndag. ja, påfel tog till tvålo mitt namn. Attvar elige t tinafa lant att vi , omvä eller 8 man en baser att ja frusttlo vara pinta's era yelf? skugena jo' snabba?do no sar. ställt att Attis framförst nittivarj loven slät milbaser elsfed tuf, farago gleerfurs 8 man der att borth att ja fad elled ett! elled 8 bana urge fow puel varbin 81 tvålo mitt namn vints fjad ta Attis bodar? llaw 8 ellded bona lont tvålo vi aboo? Velt po el? var, varago samma. Atin bakanint, par slättmanus ett! varad ga bana, pelut far lintra vi the Vetern morra af tekod pladebol Atin bakanin

Sale of the Woods 248. mpson Yellowstone June 14, 1932 and is one of the most beautiful secluded lakes we've seen in the park. Barrows Goldeneye, Mallards, and an unidentified shore bird were on the lake. The goldeneyes did a great deal of fighting & dipping. Just as we were ready to leave 2 swans slowed down and settled on the lake. One muffled call was uttered just before they alighted. They immediately separated and fed at opposite sides of one end of the lake, 10:05 A.M. John about half an hour, they drifted together. The male began bowing repeatedly, a courtship gesture we supposed. This lasted about 2 minutes. He then swam to the female, and they mated. This was done as follows. The male was on the female's back; she momentarily sank, came up; the male spread its wings, then both heads stretched forward and upward as far as they could reach; both pairs of wings spread simultaneously, and while they were both in this position, both swans called simultaneously 3 or 4 times. Then the male released & slipped into the water. It appeared as though the male grasped the feathers of the

"8P5" SEPT 11 and automatically! [illegible] I can't see it, but I'm sure there's something written here. It's very hard to read because of the faintness. I think you might have missed a word or two in your last sentence. Maybe 'you' instead of 'our'? Just guessing based on context. Also, MA 20:01 seems out of place. Could it be part of another thought or reference? The rest is too faded to make sense of without more clarity.

Lakes of the Woods 249. Yellowstone June 14, 1932 back of the female's head as other birds are wont to do but we could not be sure. The call notes were low and ringing, a much more musical note than the blaring staccato note of the frightened bird. From the first showing gesture until the completion of the mating was perhaps less than 5 minutes. The birds were executing beautiful and graceful in all their actions. After mating, the female stood on the shore several minutes preening. Then both birds fed until 12:45. At this time they sighted us in the forest, and began to call sharply. They had wandered within 60 feet of us before they saw us. Instead of flying away as they usually do they swam back & forth in front of us 4 times very slowly, calling sharply the entire time. Their calls were quite regular but one often called just a fraction of a second after the other, as in synchronized time. This curious investigation continued until 2:45 P.M. Some of the time one stood on the bank about 50 yards from us & watched while the other fed.

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Lake of the Woods 250. ompson Yellowstone June 14, 1932 Much of the time both birds preened while floating in the water and calling. They would call even when their bills were buried in their feathers. The bill was repeatedly dipped in the water while preening. The nostril was nearer the tip than the base of the bill. A lump was on the bill between eye & nostril but the entire bill and eye were jet black as were also the feet. During the preening, there was much yawning, and stretching of feet and wings. One swan lay partly on its side in the water and stretched its foot out above the water several times. When the bills were wet they were very flashing in the sunlight. The eyes and lump (lump about same size as eye) sparkled repeatedly. As near as we could tell, the birds were pulling some sort of aquatic plant from the bottom in their feeding. Grass was seen in the bill of one once. Sometimes they tip up as surface feeding ducks do. At 2:45 we had to leave the lake. The swans followed us completely around the lake calling.

Lake of the Woods 251. Thompson Yellowstone June 14, 1932 About 8:30 A.M. we had seen a pair of swans on Swan Lake. The pair at Lake of the Woods flew in from the Swan Lake direction. At 5:15 PM the pair were not seen at Swan Lake as we returned. Perhaps the same pair was seen at both lakes. Continuing on down the trail toward Norris we saw 3 different sizes of bear tracks. One bear must have been a grizzly since the track was so large, and claw marks prominent. The other two were smaller. At a small stream where a new bridge had been built beside the trail, and a 10" log remained from the old bridge, the bear tracks, and 1 coyote track led to the log. Elk's deer tracks were seen all along the trail. The bear tracks followed the trail for about 4 miles, and led to Norris. Several bands of elk were seen in the big open meadows. Perhaps 100 elk were seen on the trip. They would sight us 3/4 of a mile away, even though we were in the edge of the forest. The trail followed an old road. Today was sunny. Thunder showers came up in the afternoon.

Sept. Henry I'm sure you've had as much fun at your place as we have here. We'll meet up again soon and I hope it's not too long before we do. It was great to see you last night. I'm looking forward to our next meeting. Please let me know if there is anything else you need from us. Best wishes, Henry P.S. The photos were taken by a professional photographer and are available for purchase. Sincerely, Henry [illegible]

Pelican Creek 252 Thompson Yellowstone June 15, 1932. The proposed trip to Grebe Lake was abandoned today due to [illegible] snow in the forest. McCarthy ranger at Norris said he thought it would be very difficult to get over the trail. And therefore went to the 6 mile post on east entrance road, and hiked back down Pelican Creek. Griswold circulated through the lake region to see what bears are doing. The day was disappointing from the wildlife standpoint. About 30 elk were scattered through Pelican Creek, feeding. Two calves were seen at a distance. All elk ran and snorted at our approach. Two moose were seen within a mile of Pelican Creek bridge in the large willow swamps. One was a fine large bull with antlers about 1 foot long. Both moose still retained part of the winter coat. Several beaver houses were found in the willow swamps. One a bank lodge about 5' across by 18" high was on our bank of Pelican Creek. 100 yards down- stream on the other bank were similar house constructed of willows. We removed the roof

EPI 71 any [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible]

Pelican Creek 253, Yellowstone June 15, 1932 from the near house. As we did so a large beaver swam out and downstream to the other house. The roof was quite thin. The inside of the house was a mere depression in the bank just above water. Some fresh grass were scattered on the floor of the house. The nest was clean. A slight beaver odor permeated the nest. The room was just large enough for an adult beaver to turn in comfortably. Only 2 Canada Geese were seen on the tentative hiked, which was in contrast to the large flocks of 40-70 seen about the same time last year. About 10 American Mergansers were found along the river, a few tmallards, 1 pair of buffle heads, many pairs of Barbour's Golephye, many courtin spotted sandpipers, a few Calif. gulls, and a number of crows and ravens. Bear and coyote tracks were each seen once along the creek. Pelican Creek was highly muddy - fishing was unsuccessful. Two white pelicans and 1 kingfisher were seen on the trip also. Thunder storms in the afternoon

September [illegible] 235 [illegible]

Trumpeter Lake 254. 0177P507 Yellowstone June 17, 1932. yesterday evening Griswold went to Trumpeter Lake, after an absence of 2 1/2 days. The swans were gone from the lake, and the egg destroyed. One egg was found in the nest broken. one also found on the rim of the nest also broken. a third was found under water about 25 feet from the nest also broken. the fourth was not found. There was no fle. Today, Griswold & I returned to Trumpet Lake. No tracks, sign, nor feathers of any possible enemy were found. The fourth egg was finally found on the island about 200 ft from the nest. it was broken in (with hole on one side) with a few pieces of shell in the grass beside it. Shell was clean inside. One of the eegs Griswold brought in last night had[illegible] contained a partially formed embryo, another had blood vessels around the [illegible] of the membrane. The eggs could not have been more than half incubated, judging from this scattered distribution of the broken eggs, I am inclined to believe that a raven or crow or some bird broke up the nest. It seems to me that an otter or mink would have sucked the egg in the nest & have broken them more than they were. It looks as though, perhaps, several ravens

Trumpeter Lake 255 ompsor Yellowstone June 17, 1932 or crows (many crows in the valley this year) had spooled the nest in the absence of the swans (both swans have been leaving the lake for hours at a time this season, perhaps due to the late spring & scarcity of food) had broken the eggs & attempted to fly away with the embryos. This would account for the scattered shells. This morning, the swans were feeding quietly on the lakes. They did not go near the nest at any time up till 4:00 PM, when we left, nor did they show much excitement at our presence. Wright suggests that possibly the nesting instinct is [illegible] diminishing since it is already 8 days past the hatching dates for the 2 previous years. Even if the young had hatched & matured successfully, they would have been so late that it is doubtful whether they could have flown by winter. I thought I saw an excess of bowing as though courting gestures were still in evidence. Am not positive about this point. Portion of a muskrat ? skeleton was found on the island. The bill had been

september sitt eller ett minnespapper) ett vi teer ett badhålsbad (moral var avser. ) omöjligt att få en en grund av sotal ett principalt men ett starka påfallet någon från annat bad (bad 20 ti var + prins. sto + & betefattas + p. + a + t. foerb beskrivning, o.g. omme att i tten vara, allena berättiga att vi fundera men omöjligt att prunfura sitt sitt sotal ett no litens minnesp to teer att vaera godt bild hol av nara, M.Gos: p (14) de giv kunniga damm mede, att bolle m enar vara nu t att lidvand text storpare tillfälli lansfubad om affetons fentser, sitt foard quala ubada vi ti saiss omnuckelse att ho sotal minsta folab bad) menvar att vi nara, orag kvara att fall passera barntain t vi te tätt sotal de med varal qual. bolna pertt gatterin luftbal retner på förull moral p woops no war & tillvatt b Vita kvar garntors pinteros flematt o sitt tola int-off this vil sophine nu motalde? taadman a p inr? med bol illa ett quala att valen

Trumpeter Lake 256 Thompson Yellowstone June 17, 1932. made this spring. A freshly broken coyote egg, and a picked Pied-billed grebe's egg were also found on the island. One Pied-billed grebe was seen on the lake; one Eared grebe; and the usual population of other nesting birds, which, will be y recorded in a census to be taken soon. Trumpeter Swan excreta contained many thistle seeds, other vegetable matter, and some young green sprouts of water plants (unidentified). Dr. F.R. Castler returned to the lake with us about 1:00 P.M. The broken shells were put in the next 3 photographs. One coyote track was found on the elk trail by the lake. Coyotes called to each other from the hills north of the Lamar River about 1:00 P.M.

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Lower Redrocks Lake Montana 257 June 18, 1932 Arrived at Lakeview about 11:20 A.M., and went to the Montana club. Mr. Tibbets the custodian said there were only 9 Trumpeter Swans (which does not agree with Berger's account). He also said that many swans have been killed by hunters. He himself has killed many pelicans on the lake because he says that they were taking the grayling which came up the river to spawn. I saw 23 pelicans on the lake today. We found 2 swan's nests each with 4 eggs, and one pair of adults with 4 cygnets which appeared to be 2 or 3 days old. One of the swan's nests was made entirely of marsh grass; the other was mostly of tule with a lining & covering of grass. This latter was measured & photographed. Measurements: Bottom of nest 6'3" + 6'1" Grown of nest 2'1" Depth of nest 3 1/2" egg length 4 1/2" Circumference, small end of egg 2 3/4" " " large " 3 1/4" " " at largest place 6" Eggs were buff colored, some blood stained. A blind consisting of umbrella covered with green cloth & tubes, was constructed.

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Lower Redrock Lakes Montana 258. June 18, 1932. 36 ft. from the nest. Davis & I then left and Dr. Castler stayed in the blind. in an hour, one Swan returned to the nest and after considerable investigation it climbed on the nest watched a long time, then dried off the breast with the necks bill, & settled on the covered eggs without uncovering them. After some minutes, it pushed the grass aside with its feet & settled for incubation. After some time Dr. Castler made some moves to frighten the swan. The swan showed but slight fear, but dipped & spread its wings. It came almost up to the blind, back & forth dipping & spreading the wings. Finally he was forced to frighten the bird away from its incubation because it stayed so long. Other birds seen on the lake today: Canyon Bache Mallard Gannet Redhead Pintail Shoveller Ruddy Coot Eared Grebe Pied-billed Grebe Black Tern a White Tern (unidentified) A. Gull Varen Curlew

528 [illegible] SEPT 19th, '74 feel well be over the same old way as it used to be in August. All that happened is that one final new opportunity in Delaware was lost due to a failure to get the probability of a return on investment better than the alternative. Also, I feel we are in a position where it would be hard to go back to the status quo, and I think it is unlikely that we will find anything better. So, I think we have to move on. I also believe that the new job offer from the company is not as good as it seemed at first. It seems like they are trying to keep us around with some kind of promise, but I don't think it's going to work out well for us in the long run. And so, I feel that we should look into other options and see what else is available. I also feel that we need to start thinking about how we can improve our current situation and make sure that we are getting the most out of what we have. So, I think we need to start looking at our finances more carefully and see where we can cut back on expenses or increase income. And finally, I think we need to start thinking about how we can improve our relationships with our friends and family and make sure that we are getting the most out of those connections as well. So, I think we need to start looking at our finances more carefully and see where we can cut back on expenses or increase income. And finally, I think we need to start thinking about how we can improve our relationships with our friends and family and make sure that we are getting the most out of those connections as well. M. M. Sue Frank B. J. L. R. P. D. J. A. H. K. S. L. W. G. T. B. C.

Upper Redrock Lake Montana 259. June 19, 1932 This morning I hiked up the road about 6 miles to a ridge overlooking the lake, to look for swans. The day was rainy and the lake so rippled that I could not see the swans. They are only visible in sunlight. After hiking around the west side of the lake I found 4 pairs of swans, one pair of which had 3 or 4 cygnets. They were too far away to discern plainly. With the 7 birds which I knew to be on Lower Redrock this makes a total of 15 adults and 7 cygnets seen yesterday and today. There were probably more. Other birds seen: Green-winged Teal - one pair had 11 young. Blue-winged Teal - several (Blue-winged) Cinnamon Teal - several Baldpate - many Scoup - many Mallard - many, with young Gadwall - 1 pair Redhead - a few Coot - many Curlew - about 50 Killdeet - perhaps 100 Wilson Plover - perhaps 25 Sandhill Crane - 6 back in the fields. Bufflehead - 2 Canada goose? I seen at a distance. The swan with cygnets kept chasing it.

{ "text": "\"229\"\n\nSept. 1956\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing I would like to mention is that in order to get at this problem one must consider all the factors which are involved in the formation of the primary cell.\n\nIt is also possible that he had the primary cell.\n\nIt is also an important problem to solve, but it seems to be a very difficult question and therefore we can only hope for some sort of solution.\n\nThe first thing [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Lower Redrock Lakes Montana 260. June 20, 1932 This morning we returned to Lower Redrock Lakes. The swans by the blind left as soon as we came, and did not incubating until after 5:00 PM when we left. However, the day was warm and sunny, and the eggs were covered. I don't think that any harm was done by the disturbance. Dr. Coates, secured still pictures today of the adults & the young of another family which Davis and 2 friends caught. When we chased the family with 4 cygnets one adult took 3, and the other took 1. Then they separated about 1 mile apart. We took the 3, and left the one. The adult stayed with the 1 young for 2 1/2 hours, leaving only once when it flew away (toward the other adult) but returned to the cygnet in about 15 minutes. Later we returned the other 3 cygnets to the 1 and left. The adult from which the 3 were taken did not return from the place where they had been taken. I suppose it was looking for them. Am anxious to ascertain the results of so much disturbance. Davis found a swan nest with 2 eggs buried deep. They were ice cold. Whether these were left after the 4 cygnets hatched or whether it was a different nest, we could only surmise. But being

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Lower Redrock Lakes Montana 261. humpson June 20, 1932 sure that the eggs were dead, we took them. During the afternoon counted, definitely 11 swans (adults), and 4 cygnets on the Lower Lakes. Do not think that the Upper Lake birds were flying back & forth. Counting also the 8 adults & 3 cygnets of the upper lakes, there is a total of 19 adult swans and 7 cygnets actually seen on the 2 lakes. There maybe more.

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Simpson Yellowstone Loop 262. June 22, 1932. Today I drove around the loop with Mr. Roahan, Federal Game Protector for Montanas Wyoming. He omitted the Lower Falls portion & returned from gamp to Norris. Roahan fished in Sagar Lake for about an hour & caught his 10 fine Cutthroats. The fish were in good condition. The lake has been opened since June 20, after being closed for at least 3 years. He saw 2 black bears at Norris, 2 at Lake or one adult with 3 black cubs on the Old Faithful - Thumb road. This last family looked exactly like the family of 3 black cubs seen at Obsidian Cliff on June 10th, however it hardly seems probable that this is the same family. For June 23-25 see Fern Lake notes of G.M.M. We saw 13 Swans on the John Lake region. The other episode also,

Molly Island mpson 263. Yellowstone June 26, 1932. Trip to Molly Island. Party of: Mr. Madsen, Miller & Foster; Mr. Madsen, Al Elliott, Frank Anderson, Thompson. Young Calif Gulls were running all over the island. Some got in the water & swam about; Young Pelicans, still naked, were out. But the hatching was not complete in either gull or pelican colonies. Census disclosed the following: Pelican nests 103 " eggs 58 " young 121 Sixty-nine young gulls were banded. Bandnumbers were 618632 - 618709 inc. The lake had risen so much that the southwest Canada goose nest was flooded. All geese nests were empty. One cormorant nest still had 1 egg. Two cormorants were seen flying away as we [illegible] arrived. Terns / Terns were again seen, also 2 Skullets, Phalaropes & Spotted Sandpipers (these latter three on Pelican Island!)

Old Faithful Thompson Bear Feeding Ground June 28- Trip to Old Faithful to hear Bagley's winter talk. Martindale's lecture attended - no bear most of time, millions of mosquitoes. About 5 grizzlies seen during the evening. Next morning incubator premises very clean. Expected to see 2 grizzly cubs which had been reported but no luck. Walked all morning back in the woods behind me and feeding grounds. Saw not one single bear although bear tracks were abundant all leading uphill away from feeding ground. Covered territory 3 miles back. Bears must be considerably moving night & day, but return evening to feeding station. June 30 4 Hillites seen near Alder Lake. Continuing June 28, 1932 On the morning of June 28th I drove to Trumpeter Lake to get the tent & look over the territory. The swans were on the first lake west of Trumpeter Lake. They were feeding calmly. Arnolds reported seeing them several times in the region & the eggs were broken. One black bear with cub & one brown bear with twin cubs were watched on hold-ups also 1/2 mile west of Lower Station. All bears were seen to eat some grass & shrub tops at intervals. A pair of nesting junco's grew excited, which suggested to me that the bears are a menace to ground nesting birds.

Yellowstone Solge Flat Mt. Arm and Alder Lake. 264 Tompson June 30, 1932 Today we went by boat from Salce to Flat Mt. Arm of the Lakes. 5 White Pelicans were encountered along the Flat Mt. Arm, and a number of Mergansers, about 160 Canada Geese were seen at the west end of the arm. Several were seen to sputtle away with heads down. One such was found to be molting. 2 Sandhill Cranes were seen at the west end of the arm. A Golden Eagle flew over for some time or was finally attacked by an Osprey. The osprey drove it away. Many Osprey nests are scattered all through this region, which is mostly an old burn of 1914. Young lodgepoles are coming in thickly but an appreciable amount of standing dead timber still exists. A small lake just north of the west end of the arm was visited. The lake is about 1/2 mile long, shallow and ringed with pond lilies. It does not look like a nesting lake. About 30 elk have been seen in the region. One band of 15 cows had 4 calves. Grass is plentiful for them. About 50 Mergansers have been seen during the day.

Thompson Delusion Lake 265 July 1, 1932 Boat from hotel to bay nearest east end of Delusion Lake. Hiked about 1 mile up dry stream to Delusion. The lake is very clean with sandy beach, & lodgepole forest all around (some fir spruce also). Fished all day without anyone catch a fish. Party consisted of Baggley, Medary, Footer, Joffee, Da Nene, Wright & Thompson. From 11:00 PM to 4:PM, I hiked up to the west end of the lake -- about 4 miles, no trail but elk. Many elk tracks seen, also tracks of deer & bear. Two male American Mergansers were at west end of lake. Two pairs of Trumpeter Swans were found feed in the cover on the southwest end. There were no nests nor young. The west end marsh is grassy, but no tules. Doesn't seem fitted for swan nesting. Beavers have been cutting young lodgepoles recently & for a number of years past in the west end region. An Osprey & a few Gulls were over the lake. At the sand spit on Yellowstone Lake just east of Delusion, we saw fresh Otter tracks. Day clear sunny (over)

In the evening, the Sales Bear feeding station was visited. Eleven grizzlies had been there during the evening. The female with 2 cub came in late. The cub climbed a tree to stay tthere while the mother ate. Curiously as she appeared to send them up the tree b sniffing loudly (like a brush on a coarse surface). After eating for about 15 min. she was driven from the platform by an late comer. After definitely retreating, she sniffed in the same harsh manner, & t young ones immediately came down. To every pres interpretation, this was clearly a language communication! Three swans were also seen behind the sandbar about 4 miles east of West Plum along the highway. Dr. Kelly reported see them there about 5 days previously!

Riddle Lake Tompson 266. Yellowstone July 2, 1932. Trip to Riddle Lake with Wright and McCarthy, ranger from Norris. Only a blazed trail leads in, from the S. Firbad, about 4 mile south of continental divide. Mosquitos very light, as they have been everywhere this year. Arriving at the south end of the lake we saw nothing but marshy country, gradually opening into the lake proper. It is an ideal swans & crane lake. An old beaver house was in the south marsh. Grass & rushes predominate with a large scattering of pond lilies. The lake appears to be quite shallow. At the north end, we saw a pair of swans with 4 cygnets, very young, They were wary, & started moving away when we were 1/2 mile away. We had been at the lakes over an hour searching it carefully with binoculars before we saw the swans. They should be successful at this lake. Other birds seen on the lake: mallards - 100 bald eagle - 1 gadwalls - many. Barrows Goldeneye - few Bufflehead - 1 pair Loon - 1 Green-wing teal - 1 pair Koots - several

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Canyon 247. Ompson Yellowstone, July 4-5, 1932. The canyon bear feeding ground was visited between 8 & 9:00 PM. Seventeen grizzlies had been to the platform during the evening. Between 5 & 8 were visible most of the time we were present. The ranger on duty said that 3 sets of grizzly triplets had been coming in repeatedly, & [illegible] 2 sets of twins. The Canyon station is of the most picturesque & natural of the three. It also seems the safest. Bear trails enter the arena from several directions. Each trail has a line of grass growing in the middle between the 7 foot depressions. The trails branch & cross each other considerably, but in the main seems to lead back a mile into 'the forest' before disappearing. We are under the impression that each bear or family comes & goes along the same trail each time. Further investigation will be necessary to test this. The following morning we visited incinerator, all developments at camp & hiked a couple of hours behind bear feeding station. No bears seen back in woods. But 5 grizzly blackes were seen along roads of distant camps. From 7-8:30 AM of July 5th, I watched

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Canyon 268 Yellowstone July 4-5, 1932. The Ospreys in Yellowstone Canyon. All young had fledged & left the nest. Several of what appeared to be young were flying around the canyon. They swooped from higher to lower elevations smoothly & seemed very certain of the landing in each case. They flew over the stream but did not try to catch fish to my knowledge. One finally flew to the nest & preened for about 10 minutes. Another one (apparently adult) sat about 50 yards away & called incessantly. Finally the juvenile flew across to the adult, seemed uncertain of the landing, then lit on the adults back where it balanced for about 30 seconds. It then got off & stood in front of the adult. The adult made no effort to disengage itself.

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Tompson Mammoths to Smoke Entrance. 269. July 6, 1932 A census of all birds & mammals seen from the moving car was taken. There was surprisingly little: Redtail hawk 2 Swanson hawk 2 Cliff Swallow 60 Brewer Blackbird 7 Robin 10 Barrows Goldeneye 40 Junco 3 Calif. Sea Gull 98 Scaup 4 Mallard 14 Raven 1 Golden Eagle 1 Osprey 5 Pelican (American White) 5 American Merganser 1 Mt. Bluebird 7 Wood Pewee 1 Warbling Vireo 1 Audubon Warbler 1 Spotted Sandpiper 2 Mammals: Marmots (of which 1 was melanistic) 5 Rocky Mt. Mule Deer, last yrs fawn 1 Black Bears, 9, of which the distribution was as follows: Brown phase 4. Black phase 5. One of the blacks was

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Mammoth to Snake Entrance 2701 HOMPSOIT July 6, 1932 last years cub, and one was a cub of this year following an adult. These bears were all on the road, & were typical "hold up" bears. He watched the mother & cub for about an hour. Every car which came by stopped to see the bears. Most tried [illegible] at least get pictures. 5 cars fed the bears. In each case of feeding the mother bear would stand on hind feet & put fore paws against the door. Between cars, both mother & cub would eat herbs. (These were picked for specimens to be reidentified). [illegible] while we were trying to get a picture of her, the mother bear repelled our lunch. In spite of my standing on the fender shooting & waving my arms, she came up to the car & stood on her hind legs offering in past me. I ran around to the other side of the car to grab the lunch (& to get the body out of her way) but she got the lunch first. He grabbed the shovel & chased her, yelling & running. Cub climbed the tree. Tourists laughed. Bear ran holding lunch in mouth. Finally she accidentally dropped part of it, then turned to retrieve it

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Mammoth to Snake Entrance 271. July 6, 1932. in spite of both of us, they went the other way. A few minutes later she returned to the road & continued her hold-ups. She seemed unaware that anything had happened. Finally we had to leave the observation to get lunch at Next Thumb. She was not malicious toward anyone but just taking everything she could get ignoring people without any fear. She had already become dangerous, it seems to me, because of this total lack of fear. Jackson Lake July 7, 1932 The lake where the swans nested last year, about 6 miles northwest of Moran, was visited this afternoon. The swans had one cygnet only. Their heads were stained quite reddish brown & they were almost invisible in the water lilies. Charles Fessler of Moran says that he thinks 2 of last year's cygnets went over to Jackson Lake & may have been the 2 youngsters which wintered with 2 pairs of adults at the upper end of Jackson Lake by some hot spring. One other pair (Murie's pair) tried to fly further south on the lake & perished.

"Jackson Lake 272. July 7, 1932 Tompson A Beaver Jessler concurs with Marie & Woodring in saying this year is the only nesting pair in the region. No beaver are on Emma Matilda or Two Ocean Lake this year nor on the Beaver house lake east of Lake. A Beaver at the Swan Lake. Today was seen eating the pond lily blossoms and carrying them to its house on the island. Perhaps it seeds them to the young ones? This is our hypothesis only. Two moose & an elk fed in the lake this afternoon & gracefully swam across. Only their heads appear above the lily leaves. He could not see for a certainty that they were eating lily pad leaves, but they appeared to be doing so. One Great Blue Heron flew over the lake. No ducks nor loons were seen. Jessler commented tonight that he had planted 500 Gingerling Eastern Brook trout in the Swan Lake last fall. He saw 3 people (one fishing) at the lake this afternoon. The track into the lake is your road. Jessler thinks he may fall a couple of trees across the road.

Jackson Lake 273. July 7, 1932 I also found an adult beaver sleep- by the lake, and what appeared to be a trap for catching bass mink. It was a wooden box about 2' x 6" x 4" with wire door at one end & wooden slide door at other & a trip inside. Remains of a fish was still in the trap; it had apparently been lost. Old beaver dams stretch for perhaps 1000 feet across the swamp between the Swan lakes and the lower lake, as though there were a much larger lake a few years ago. Moran to Mammoth July 8, 1932 Plecat Creek was scouted in the swamp region above Flag. Swans were reported to be there but we found none. The swamp appears to be ideal for swans & cranes. A Great Blue Heron rookery containing at least 10 pairs of herons was sighted on the south side of the creek in the tops of tall dead pine trees. They made a terrific squawking every few minutes, but they stayed in the tree tops. Returning via Lake & Canyon we saw the same black bear at ab

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Moranto Mammoth 274. July 8, 1932 of p. 270; in approximately the same place on the road, still holding up cars. Another black & cub were seen a short distance east of Thumb.; In all, we saw 6 adults & 3 cubs in crossing the park. all were along the roads begging. Stopping along the lakeshore for about an hour (between Thumb & Falls) we watched the cutthroat trout swimming & feeding in the last breaker on the beach. That is, each wave just as it rolled up & became translucent before breaking, gave a remarkable side view of schools of fish feeding along the littoral. He had never seen this before. Slough Creek July 7, 1932 Today I drove with George Bagger to the end of the Slough Creek Road where we met Mr Douglas of the Buffalo Ranch & hiked up to Slough Creek Wall. About 2 miles west of Lower Falls Station we saw the same brown bear & twin cubs which I had watched on June 28th. They were still holding up cars. From the stables to Slough Creek wall, the forage was abundant - much of

the red & white graminum lupine eriogonum, castilleja, & grasses. But the browse & young trees (aspestrpens especially) were severely hit by winter grazing. The grass in Slough Creek is cut each year for winter & About 80 tons were left over from last yir Since hay lands at the Buffalo Ranch are insufficient it is planned tentatively lead the buffals around into Slugh Creek to feed them there. The effe of Slough Creek are a safety value herd. They are well fed all year, & some what isolated from the other jerks. elks. In summer they range north of the valley mostly. George Bagg reported that 7 elk were fed during the winter. Feeding is from early January to May. Jim Duforie is custodian of the lower Slough Creeks ranch. From there we drove to Buffalo Ranch to see the hay lands. They are densely packed, ground hard & a thick sod cover formed. Baggie attributes this to long years of cutting without allowing reseeding. Hence the thick rooted sod formerly ha come to predominate. Experimental pl of Timothy/Hungarian Brome Spike Clougr Pea the nurse crop of oats has been carried out unfortunately,

Thompson West Thumb 275. July 11, 1932 Twenty-one bears are at West Thumb according to the rangers count. This is 14 adults & 7 cubs including 1 yearling. Today, at the camp ground, I saw [illegible] one young brown which appeared to be about 1/2 yrs. old, 1 black with twin cubs (1 black, 1 brown) 1 large brown, 1 large black, and 1 cub which appeared to be lost. It remained in a tree for several hours, when it came down. I was talking with Ranger Jack McNeill & did not see it. John Jay reported taking a bear & cubs down at the south entrance this morning. She had been troublesome when he returned an hour later to the spot where he had liberated them they were sitting in the middle of the road - typical "hold-ups." Jay also reported that a brown or a black had been deported within the last 2 weeks. Two bites have occurred on the Old Faithful-Thumba road. A woman had her hand bitten by the black with 3 cubs, as she posed for picture - this was day before yesterday. A man had his leg bitten a few days ago. As I came by Shooshone Point

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West Thumb 276. Thompson July 11, 1932 This morning a large black and 2 good sized cubs were holding up. The cubs looked so large I could not decide whether they were 6 or 18 months old but I think 18. Two cars were stopped, cubs in middle of road; adult standing by back car. Adult climbed on fender & then half way in front door. Just then man from front car ran toward bear & it backed out. The two cars then went on. This is the usual incident: At Thumb a large brown tore the upholstery on the truck seat while I was away. There was no food in the car but the bear had been inside the seat. The entire afternoon at least one bear was wandering through the public camp ground - sometimes several bears were in sight at once. Practically every tent was visited within an hour. Nothing was safe unless guarded. People in the camp ground did not seem to like the bears. They chased them away regularly. Several dogs were present but the bears ignored them. During the latter half of the afternoon I watched the black & twin cubs. They came

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hompson Next Shumle 278. July 11, 1932 through the camp grounds lingered an hour near the store, then wandered ½ mile toward Lake & returned by 6:00 P.M. Everyone stopped to see, photograph or feed them. People showed no fear nor common sense. They flock out, surround the bears, get between the cubs etc; feed them about ¼ of the time. The bears of this family are a constant menace to everyone who does not know how to act. They will climb into any car if they have the opportunity. All of the bears were seen to eat quantities of white clover throughout the afternoon, as well as the tips of grass occasionally, and even the tips of pine & fir. There is no incinerator, but it is to be constructed. Garbage from Hamilton store & the cafeteria is handled separately each supply, being hauled off & burned in pits. The govt. wood garbage is also burned in a pit. No one seemed to know how often the public camp garbage is collected, but I think it is collected only in the morning. Bears visited the garbage cans practically every hour of the day.

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"First Hualapai Canyon 279. July 11, 1932. George Bagley reported the bear situation very serious at canyon today. This morning there were 8 cars in the camp ground and 13 bears. He estimates at least 75 bears within a radius of 5 miles of Canyon. He thinks that at least 2 bears will have to be removed. Yesterday one man was throwing peanuts to a bear & he ran out. Immediately the bear charged him. He ran & was not injured. The food supply is very scarce. There is practically no edible food from the camp collections. Bagley has suggested cooking a couple of barrels and feeding it with the garbage.

Molly Island 7011P5017 280. July 12, 1932. 52 adult pelicans flew off the island as we approached. Most of the young pelicans were between 10 to 20 days old. They formed in 2 pods just where their nesting grounds are. The nests on top of the island have not yet hatched. Apparently none of the young pelicans had been in water yet, just a few took to water after we had been banding for some time. Some of them outflew to Pelican Island - about 1/4 mile. One banded one was found on the beach dead 1/2 mile south of the island. Apparently died of cold & exhaustion. We banded 100 of the young pelicans. Bands numbering from A716809-A716899 inclusive. We counted 104 young & 22 unhatched eggs. Some eggs picked by gulls while we on the island still had liquid yolks. The young pelicans disgorged fish when we approached. One fish disgorged by a young bird was 10" long. Some of the young are beginning to show black wing quills. Very few dead pelican young were found dead on the island. The mouths of many had patches of parasites in the pouch. Young gulls were all over the island, it readily took to the water. They are much more precocious.

Molly Island 281. July 12, 1932. than the young pelicans. Two guil[ls] daved last time were found dead on the island. Many guilf nests still had clean eggs. The 4 corcororbits, still unidentified, flew off the island at our approach; it could not find their nests nor young. Compton Crook counted 14 Caspian Terns for the island. 7 nests were counted: 1 nest with 2 eggs 1 .. " 3 eggs rest with 1 egg 1 nest with 1 newly hatched young; After leaving the island we rowed over to the mainland south & west. About 100 Barrows Goldeneye were in the bay. Canada Geese - about 50. 3 Marbled Godwits? flew over Pelican Island about 4:30 P.M. They were not seen again. Several pairs of Spotted Sandpipers are on Pelican Island just! Fish are abundant in these bays around the islands. We caught 7 in about 2 hours. They were good eating. Crooke & Anderson found a white-footed mouse with 6 young (furred, 1/2 grown) in a storm nest under a log on Pelican Island. She ran away with 4 young hanging to her teats. The nest was empty the next morning.

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Molly Island 282. 7 July 13 1932 No more pelicans returned to the island last night nor this morning than were there yesterday afternoon. A number of adults left the island yesterday evening I have not returning. This morning we counted about 60 adults on the island. The gulls called & squawked most of the night. Rain or thunder seemed to disturb them & make them noisier. The young pelicans gathered in pods for the night with the adults around them. At dawn, a pair of Canada Geese with 4 small goslings flew over our island. 6 Mallards flew into the bay. Compton Crooke reports a flock of about 20 Blue Heringed Keal' The birds on Mull Island are accustomed to us & are paying no attention to our camp on Pelican Island.

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Thompson Mammoth to Washburn to Canyon to Norris. 283. July 14, 1932 This morning Dr. Castler & I drove to the top of Mt. Washburn to get coneys pictures. When we got there the day had become so cloudy, cold & windy that it was impossible to find coneys. The ranger on top the mt. reported that 5 adult sheep with 3 lambs had been seen in the morning. Thirteen had been seen a few days previously. On the south slope of the mt. well up toward timber line we saw a black bear & 2 cubs. They paid little attention to us when we stopped & made no effort to come to the car. They were all in good condition, & were eating herbage. On the road to Canyon we encountered another bear & cub. They were eating and grass. The adult ate an Arnica? blossom also. These bears were typical hold-up bears but they kept eating herbage as long as no one would feed them. [illegible] 15 bears, all blacker & browner, were seen in the Canyon region as we drove through. They were scattered around the camps, incinerator, & down the road. All were begging, and all in gaunt condition. Along the Yellowstone River

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Thompson 284. July 14, 1932 in Hayden Valley we saw a female Golden-Eye with 7 young about half grown. The usual Ospreys, gulls, 1 marsh-hawk, & 5 pelicans were seen. From 6:00 to 7:30 PM we were at the Canyon feeding station. 7 Grizzlies were waiting on the opposite slope when we got there. Various ones came and went before 7:00 when the feeding begins. 21 had been in sight before 7:00 o'clock. One large black wandered in the trees between us and the public benches. This one black eats with the grizzlies. Grizzlies which visited the feeding table during the evening were as follows: adults cubs 1 with 3 1 " 3 1 " 2 1 " 1 whitish 1 " 1 yearling 1 " 1 2yr. old 1 lame 10 others About 7:30, as we were standing in the trees to the right of the ramp,

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Thompson 285. July 14, 1932 One of the grizzlies with 3 cubs (and I think the one with the white cub) charged me from the feeding platform. He climbed trees to escape. Dr. Baxter was almost dragged out of the tree before he could get out of reach. One toe had to be amputated and the rest of his foot was slightly injured. The bear roared as she charged & fought, and reared up as high as she could to drag him out. In a few seconds she fled, so did every bear at the platform. He left the feeding station immediately. The attack was unprovoked except that we were standing in an unusual place. It was apparent however all through the evening that the mothers with cubs were harassed & irritable by the unnatural congestion of the feeding table. They were ready to charge at anything. The cubs often wander up around the ends of the ramp toward the audience, at which time the mother grizzly becomes frightened & more

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Thompson 385 July 14, 1932 nervous and the situation is exceedingly dangerous. The sides of the bleachers should be enclosed by a bear proof fence of some sort with only the exit and ramp left open toward the feeding platform. People are actually unprotected by the present setup. As we drove home this evening we saw a band of several elk in the Norris Meadows. A few miles north of Norris 38 elk were feeding in the meadow near the road. Two of them were bulls with antlers nearly fully developed. No calves of this season were seen. In the canyon just below Virginia Cascades we saw a cow moose & calf. Four other adult moose & 1 calf were seen in Willow Park. This was about 8:30 P.M. The beaver from the house west of the Tong Beaver dam by Abrichan Cliff was out in this lake. One doe was seen near Beaver Lake and one near Jupiter Terrace.

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Thompson Canyon 2861 Yellowstone July 15, 1932. This afternoon I drove to Canyon with George Bagley. At the ranger station we met Dr. Bryant, Subst. Foll, Mr Edwards & Dr Bauer to discuss the Canyon situation. Dr. Bryant thinks there should be some way of abusing the bears such that they would become frightened & not loiter in the camps and along the roads. Mr. Foll thinks some such liquid gun should be perfected & asked that George Wright & I do so. None of them are yet willing to admit that any great expense for fencing camp areas & bear proofing garbage cans, parking areas, etc., is justifiable. Dr. Bryants party left in a few minutes for Old Faithful. George Bagley & I went to the seating ground. This evening there were more sets of cubes than last, and the whole crowd of grizzlies more agitated. They constantly roared & fought, and rushed from the platform to the woods (to the left of the audience where no one was protected) and back.

Trompsoy Canyon 287. July 15, 1932. Those present at the feeding station were: adults cubs 1 with 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 2 yearlings 1 1 yearling 1 about 10 adults besides. After the crowd had left the one with 3 cubs who had charged Dr. Castler last night was shot. The cubs escaped into the forest. One bullet, soft nose steel jacketed .35 caliber struck her in back of the neck tore the atlas to pieces, got through the spinal cord, medulla & brain & out the left side of her face. She crumpled immediately without a sound. The other grizzlies fled to the forest except one old female with 2 cubs who kept coming out into the meadow to watch us. Finally she retreated also. The shot grizzly looked like a large one when alive and also when we picked her up - she

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Canyon 288. Thompson July 15, 1932, was weighed, however, after skimming with the following results: green grizzly skinned carcass 38 3/4 lbs. total length of carcass from nose to tip of tail 67" height of shoulder 36 1/2" circumference of neck at base of skull 26" length of third foot 9 1/4" length of front foot 8 1/4" circumference of front ankle 9 3/4" circumference of hind ankle 10 1/2" circumference of forearm 15 1/4" circumference of third leg below the knee, just the shoulder 15" The stomach was filled with garbage and a little chewed green herbage, unidentified. Mammoth July 16, 1932 The day spent in roughing out grizzly skeleton. The men at the Mammoth Incinerator said that this morning about 5 AM, 2 grizzlies were at the garbage pile just beyond the furnace. They ran into the Gardiner Canyon when the men got up. Coyotes howling nearly had awakened them. This is the first grizzly they have seen at Mammoth in the 3 years they have been here.

Canyon 289 July 18, 1932 Report of man at incinerator: About 7 cans of garbage per day after sorting. 1 sapele of oiled mixed tin. about 1/2 to 2/3 of a can of bones, peelings, etc. comes back each day. Each place is collected once a day. Hotel Lodge Cafeteria & house keeping Govt mess above 10-11:00 AM 9:30 A.M. 3:30 P.M. 7:30 A.M. There is about half as much garbage this year as last. (13-14 cans last yr.) He feeds a few bears to keep them away from the camps. While I was there a young black bear in good condition with 3 small black cubs came to incinerator. The attendant opened his gate & fed them a few shovelfuls. While they were eating 2 large black bears wandered in from different directions. Immediately the mother pushed the cubs up the tree & chased the others about 200 ft. before stopping. The garbage man suggests a battery of sapeles such as he has for bear feeding garbage, to be placed in camps grounds for campers food. He doesn't think that bear-proof

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Canyon 798. July 18, 1932 Garbage cans are necessary but he thinks that there are too many bears. Some should be disposed of. Part of Maynard Barrows, Ranger in charge, Canyon: 58 blacks & browns have been counted in the Canyon district in the last few days. The annoyances continued at the camp grounds housekeeping cabins. One brown with split ear has torn the boards off the side of one of the cabins offing breakfast twice. This bear was trapped & deported to West Yellowstone this morning. Barrows thinks about half the deports return. He thinks there are too many blacks but not too many grizzlies. I spent an hour in the public camp ground - from 2-3:00 PM. Every garbage can was tipped over & cleaned of edible food. A yardling black, doe, and an adult black were cruising the ground. Every camp & garbage can was visited for a few minutes time. The bears were driven from one camp to another. One cabin ( detained the yardling to get a picture then drove him off when he became

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Canyon 291. July 18, 1932 a nuisance. Out of 11 parties in the camp I questioned 4 about the bears'. They all said you have to guard your food & dishes even minute. "We spent half the night clearing the away & they gave up. They are not dangerous but that is such a nuisance, that 1 night is enough." Garage Mess: The cooks say they do not feed the bears. They shoot them with a sling shot. They affirm this keeps them away. A concrete trough containing 3 garbage cans sets outside the back door. It is no longer used. The cook said that last year when the trough was used, there were so many bears around it all night that the night watchman could not sleep. Since then, the garbage has been kept in the building with a metal door. The cook says this has practically done away with the bear depredations. The two black cubs of the black bear killed last Tuesday were in the top of a tree by the kitchen

Canyon Thompson 292. July 18, 1932: The apparently sleep there all day when not eating. At night they go down by the hotel & beg for food. The cook may feed them small meat & other food; I suggested to them that such practice might bring difficulties next year. Returning past the hotel, I saw the same bears bear seen July 6th and 14th. Pryor's Store. The garbage is kept in a shed where it is not accessible to bears. It is collected when necessary. Occasionally a bear comes to the back of the store but it is driven away by the employees. This spring a couple of grizzlies broke into the store & flub things up rather badly. Canyon Lodge. The garbage is also kept indoors. This year it is in the kitchen. A few bears hang around occasionally but not to any extent. Resumé: Practically all of the garbage

Tompson Canyon 293. July 18, 1932. comes from the hotel & lodge. The garbage of hotel, lodge, cafeteria, garbage mess, & Pryor store is never available to the bears. The gout mess garbage is collected after breakfast each morning. The public camp ground & housekeeping camp garbage cans are available to bears all day & night & are constantly visited by bears.

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Canyon 294. JULY 18, 1932. At the bear show tonight Dr. Bryant, Dr. Bauer, George Crouse, George Bagby, and other rangers and ranger naturalists were present. The bear component was: 3 blackes 1 grizzly with 2 cubos 1 " " 2 " 1 " " 2 " 1 " " 1 " 1 " " 1 yearling 3 yearlings 3 cubos (another shot) 12 other adult grizzlies Total 31 grizzlies 3 blackes The other adult with 3 cubos did not come in tonight, but it is reported that all 6 cubos followed her out of the arena last night. The orphan cubos circled around the meadow for about 15 minutes before they finally came into the platform gate. One brown bear blind in one eye (present the night we shot the grizzles) repeatedly drove a young grizzly mother from the table. It threatened everything else and drove one black away several times. During the

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Thompson Canyon 295. July 18, 1932 Feeling there was a repeated crackle crackle in the forest. Finally some tree (probably dead) crashed, and most of the grizzlies scattered in every direction. Many of them returned slowly - some of them did not come again. It is decided to have a bearproof fence put around the seats at the Canyon grizzly show, and to suspend the billed show. A park visitor sitting beside me this evening gave the following statistics on the Penn game in 1931. 1200 bears killed in 13 days 205,000 deer " " " The ratio of does to bucks was found to be 10-1 which is the reason for opening the season on does all over the state. There were over 700,000 licensed resident hunters @ $2.25 per license 54 hunters were killed during the open season.

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Canyon July 19, 1932. Public camp visited from 6:30 - 7:00 AM: One car Chevrolet roadster from Indiana, had top, back of front seat, & side upholstery & all to pieces by a bear while at the lodge last night for the lecture. They were utterly disgusted at the situation & even though they had been warned not to leave food in the car over night they thought it would be perfectly safe with them. They said, as did I everyone else with whom I talked, that they felt that they were entitled to some protection, either insurance, night watchman or some other means. They protested that they paid an entrance fee which should entitle them to some protection. Of 32 parties in the camp, I talked to all of which gave the same reaction. "If the govt. thinks more of its bears than [illegible] why we've had enough." "We've visited Grand Canyon, Mesa Verde, & many other national parks where there are wonderful camp grounds but we've had enough here, we're moving out," etc. etc. One man's tent was torn up. He was very angry. One party of 3 kept one guard on

"[illegible]" SEPT. 21 I have received from Mr. A. H. Moulton the following letter: "Mr. President, I am writing to you in regard to the matter of the so-called 'Mormon' question which has been agitated by certain members of your own party. I desire to state that I believe it is the duty of every citizen to support the Constitution and laws of the United States, and that no person should be allowed to interfere with or obstruct the free exercise of religion by any sect whatever. It is therefore my opinion that the action taken by Congress in passing the bill known as the 'Morrill Anti-Polygamy Act' was entirely right and proper. I am also of the opinion that the Supreme Court decision in the case of Reynolds v. United States (1878) upholding the constitutionality of the Morrill Act, was correct and should be followed by all courts throughout the country. In conclusion, I respectfully submit for your consideration the above-mentioned views on this important subject. Very truly yours, A. H. Moulton" I have read over Mr. Moulton's letter carefully, and find it to be very well written and logical. His arguments are clear and convincing. I believe he has made a strong case for the position that polygamy is illegal under federal law, and that Congress acted correctly in passing the Morrill Act to prohibit it. The Supreme Court decision in Reynolds v. United States seems to support Mr. Moulton's view that the Constitution does not protect the practice of polygamy. I therefore agree with Mr. Moulton's conclusion that the action taken by Congress was entirely right and proper. I would recommend that the bill be passed into law as soon as possible, and that all citizens should support its implementation.

Thompson Canyon 297. July 19, 1932. duty all night - also disgruntled! One party of 3 were rouped from their sleep by a bear entering the tent & pulling things out from under their tables. They reputed a housekeeping cabin in order to get a nights sleep. One housekeeping cabin was entered by a bear with 2 cubs. She tore the canvas off one side & carried out food supplies "by the arm load", according to observers. The occupants were at the dance. One neighbor ran out in his pyjamas to chase the bear away but she charged him before he was within 30 ft. and chased him past several bungalows. People in the entire neighborhood of the incident were angry & disgruntled. They complained that some protection was needed, and that the public deserved it. By 8:00 AM, there were 6 adult bears & 1 cub cruising through the public camp & housekeeping cabins. One man said he had been up since three o'clock and that bears had been making the rounds on an average of every 10 minutes since that time. Each tent would be visited, the bear yelled at, and then to

Canyon Falls 298. Thompson July 17, 1932. the next tent, 7:00 o'clock. Every garbage can was emptied of food as fast as it was thrown out. One cabin occupant was seen to feed the bear through the window. Another party fed one peanut in order to get into picture. Neither of these parties had had any difficulty yet. At 1:30 P.M. a representative of the housekeeping cabins came in and reported 9 cabins injured since 8:00 P.M. last night. Cabins numbered 31, 65, 77, 45, 69, 135, 136, 82, 114. Report reads, "breaking of entering all nine cabins, tearing canvas & boards." Food was in all cabins except 135. Bears frequenting the area were 3 brown and 1 black. 8 cabins were torn the day before yesterday. 39 cabins have been torn this season, and 3 cars belonging to housekeeping guests. Tower Falls The garbage from Tower Falls vicinity is hauled down toward the Yellowstone river between the Coote City Road & the main loop road. The edible parts of it are fed to the bears there on a table.

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Tower Falls 299. Froomson July 17, 1932. The rest is burned in a pit, all garbage from Roosevelt & Tower Falls is kept indoors until collected. The public camp and housekeeping cabins are not disturbed to amount to anything according to what reports I could glean. The garbage collectors said they had 7 black & brown yesterday, and 8 a few days ago. No grizzlies have been seen in the 2 yrs these men have been on the job. Ben Arnold & Mrs. Arnold thinks there are too many bears in the park that they have been preserved & featured at the expense of everything else. That the situation is different from what it was 10 yrs. ago. That the bears & tourists both will have to learn what to do along roads & in camps. Arnold said that 2 yrs. ago he & his men took pick Shambler and went over to the Roosevelt cabins. Every time they got a chance they clubbed a bear on the head, even knocking them out. He claims that this educated them to go to the woods or stay there. He reports practical no bear trouble at Tower this year so far. I saw 2 large black & brown at the feeding table.

.pps One of these had also had the tent flap torn off. This party was very angry, but was leaving the park as soon as possible.

Canyon 300. July 20. Two 3 yr old brown bears were trapped & shot today. Tom Stewart, student in parasitology at Harvard autopsied them. One had no parasites visible in the intestine, stomach, heart nor lungs. The other one had several round worms in the mid intestine. They were Both bears were thin but had plenty of food in the intestines & stomach. No complaints came in today from bears. About 11:00 PM I drove through the camp ground & housekeeping cabin. One large brown bear with 2 small cubs (black) was prowling around the camp. It was too dark to follow her. Several people were using flashlights to look around their camps. July 21, 1932 This morning from 6:30 to 7:15 I cruised the camp. Every party had suffered minor property damage. 3 of them had hung their food on a rope between 2 trees, & the bears had broken the ropes in every case. 3 food boxes had been torn off hangers; one tent

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Canyon July 21, 1932 Had 2 holes about 15 inches each Torn in the sides. 1 car had the runningboard rack torn off, and a tear had collapsed the tent by standing on it; 1 car had the top torn in several places—tears about 3" long; 3 parties, besides those listed already, had kept watch practically all night without sleep. No one talked aggressively again the park administration but all parties were as upset as anyone is when his property is destroyed. One sedan had the blade window smashed while a couple were sleeping in the car. Those people were rather irate when I talked to them. Another party of 2 cars together had the kitchen box torn off early in the night. The man watched their camp the rest of the night, until 5:30. They all urged that something be done immediately to improve the situation. Practically everyone suggested a fence around the camp ground, and a reduction of bears. Everyone says he is entitled to some protection. Those who have lost property feel that it should be replaced by the government.

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Simpson Canyon 302 July 21, 1932. There were 29 cars in the camp last night. Of these, 11 parties suffered the foregoing property damage. Practically everyone in camp had kept watch most of the night. Most of the campers said they could not stand it any longer. Out of every party visited only 1 man said he had slept soundly without mishap, and 2 parties who had not suffered showed little concern. This gives a ratio of 26:3 in favor of [illegible] protection of the camp grounds. In the housekeeping cabins, 1 tent had had canvas slightly torn by bear attempting to get in. One party of women with new sport Studebaker roadster - very angry because bear crawled all over it and muddied it inside before they went to the dance. Most complaints this morning have been centered on a large brown, 2 large black or the large brown with 2 little' black cubs. 9:30 AM, 2 adult blacks have just left the [illegible] camp, & strolled across the meadow to the incinerator. In the incinerator grove, I saw a black bear sleeping at 5:PM last night stretched out flat, as a colt sleeps.

Canyon 303. 7/21/1932 11:30 AM One black at incinerator besides the black with 3 cubs. 1 black, 1 brown, & 1 2 yr. old keeps at housekeeping & camp ground. All is quiet apparently, but all of these are still cruising for food! Total, 5 adults & 3/cubs in immediate vicinity. Just killed 1 large black this morning, & hope to get the brown & a black this afternoon. July 22, 1932 Canyon 11:30 AM. Have just arrived from Mammoth. On short tour of camp ground, I find that the situation is practically the same this morning as it was yesterday. There were 27 parties in the camp last night. Most of them were gone by noon, &t of those I talked with, all but one had suffered property damage to no sleep. After I were able to tell me of about 5 cases of property damage. The large brown with 2 black cubs was reported as the main offender. At the incinerator there are: 1 brown, 1 black, & the family of 3 cubs. The custodian says he notices fewer bears this A.M.

(208 SEP 15th, Guslies congregated at the feeding grounds for 3 nights. Last night they were not there (according to Charlotte report).

Canyon July 22, 1932 In the camp grounds housekeeping quarters there is a few brown type & 1 of the 2 small blacks. The daytime crew of camp bears seems to be dwindling. The night crew I think is a different set consisting of older bears of cuber. Expect to get the brown with 2 blks. color. Should also get all large black or large brown. Lake & Fishing Bridge Al Elliott, district ranger, came that the bear problem at Lake this summer is a very minor one. A few depredations have occurred in the Fishing Bridge camp. One large brown needs to be killed; several of the younger bears are being trapped and deported. Three were taken away today. They were released by the mud-geysers, which is too near I think. The Lake Grizzly show was discontinued last Monday night. There have been reports of grizzlies in the camp, but not verified as yet. says that in 1929 when he used to give this evening lecture in the lake, he used to see grizzlies go right through the camp walls.

Sale 305 July 23, 1932 on their way to the feeding across the river. This afternoon I saw a small black (later trapped) destroy a camper's food supply. A small brown was also seen in the camp ground. There were the only bears I saw in the camp ground. There are about 180 teartlets & many dogs, in the camp. They show that they have not been bothered to any extent. In the housekeeping quarters the following were seen: 1 adult brown with 1 brown & 1 black cub. 1 " black with 2 black cubs. 1 young adult brown (about 3-4 yrs. old) at the incinerator 6:30 P.M. 1 grizzly wandered in but was chased afoully by a very large old black. Two other blacks were present - one was only 3 yrs. old. Elliot seems to know his situation here thoroughly & will remove only such bears as are actually dangerous. The sets of cubs in the housekeeping quarters are very gentle. Everyone goes around them & the adults don't seem to care. A total of 9 adults & 4 cubs have been seen since departures Sale about 4:00 P.M.

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306. Compton Crook reports 3 nests of cubs on the lodge side of the river.

Molly Islands. July 25, 1932 Arrived at the islands about 7:00 PM Thirty adult pelicans were at the islands. The young were in the sea pools. As nearly as we could count, there were 102 young pelicans. The black primaries were beginning to show. About half the young took to the water. No cormorants were seen. I did not see the terns, altho they may have been present. One young pelican had hatched within the last 3-4 days. 2 eggs we found but think then deserted.

West Thumb 307 July 24 Same bears found in the camp ground this morning as were found July 11th 1 black cub (alone) 1 shaggy adult black 1 brown with black cub (deported to South entrance but returned) 1 yearling brown 1 2 ydl brown In housekeeping cabins 1 black with 2 cubs, bble & brown 2 adult browns, all eating out of garbage cans. people feeding cubs, people encircling whole crowd of bears, no fear shown by guests. West Thumb July 26 Garbage dump is just blocks of yeast fresd, close to public camp ground. 11:00 AM dump wagon arrived. 18 bears & 3 cubs present. They are: 1 young blacks with 1 black & 1 brown cub 1 old/very large black saccerated in yesterday's fight 2 very large browns 3 medium blacks 1 medium brown with 1 blk cub at the same time, around the

"[illegible]" [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] July 25, 1932 Arrived at the islands about 7:00 p.m. Thirty adult female tortoises at the islands. The young were in the sea. They are being fed and cared for daily. I will write more when I can.

Thompson West Thumb 308 July 26, 1932 housekeeping cabins are the following: 1 brown white 1 bbl cubs 1 fat, 3yr old light brown (tore Buick cushion July 11) 2 lean young browns People in the cabins were feeding bears all the time I was proximate. A few days ago, a bear climbed a tree over a tent/cabin, jumped through the roof (tearing it badly) and apparently lit on the bed. The side flaps were also badly torn. There was no food nor occupant in the cabin. The bear is a 4yr old bbl, one with large white spot on breast. The cabin manager says people fed bears from the doors all day. He showed me about 4 cabin doors scratched or ripped by bears. The cafeteria & housekeeping cabin garbage is picked up about 10 AM each morning & hauled to the dump ground. Hamiltons store handle their own garbage. Their cans sit at the back door of are visited hourly by bears. The public camp ground has a garbage collection every other day. John Jay Thumb ranger in charge says that 134 different bears have been seen in the region in the last few days. I have seen 13 this morning.

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Hoost Thummle 309. July 26, 1932. In the public camp: 11:58 AM: a couple with 2 children, teen age, are feeding the mother with 1 blk & 1 brown cub, and are enticing it upon the table in order to get pictures. The children are ordered & boosted about by the mother in order to make them stand beside the bear, which are on the table. The father is warning them not to get too close, or the mother is telling them to get closer because there is no danger. They had fed the bears with a few minutes before. The picture is finally taken. Dr. Oatler came from Old Faithful to Thumls with Dr. Bynpax: They got saw 17 black bears cubs between Faithful & Thums. As Dr. Oatler & I drove back to Mammoth we saw about 8 more along the road, exclusive of those in the settlements.

1929 July 10 first p[illegible] at QF

Old Faithful 310. Thompson July 27, 1932 6:50 P.M. 17 black & brown are counted between the dormitory & the feeding grounds inclusive of those at the ground. The grizzlies are still in the timber. Most of these blacks are very large - there are no cubs among them. Besides those, we have seen 1 yearling & 1 black with 2 cubs in the camp area; and along the road, 1 black with 2 yearling cubs, 1 & 1 bleb with 1 cub. This makes a total of at least 26 black bears seen in the vicinity this afternoon. There are others which I have seen on other occasions. Grizzlies seen at the platform: 1 adult with 3 cubs 1 " " 1 light faced cub 1 " " 1 yearling 1 " " 2 cubs / 1 " " 2 cubs 2 2yr olds about 14 other adult grizzlies visible. During the lecture the mother with the light cub repeatedly ran up to the left of the audience to protect her cub. At one time 6 grizzlies chased each other off to the left. The blacks remained off the station in considerable numbers & sought for their food. When chased they scrambled over the berbed were fierce without hesitating. The situation

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"Old Faithful 311. Thompson July 27, 1932 does not look safe to me. A better fence or wire entanglement should be put in for the present or if this is to be the permanent station then a high concrete ramp should be put around 3 sides of the audience. This afternoon Ralph & I tried ammonia in a pyrene gun on about 12 bears & cubs. The bears were frightened in every case & ran away, but they paid no attention to the ammonia. If ever returned to the car in a few minutes. The experiment appears to be a total failure. I intend to try it again tomorrow. From Old Faithful to Thumb to Mammoth. July 28, 1932 The experiment with the Pyrene gun & ammonia. Ten more bears were sprayed, making a total of 22. 5 of them were sprayed only once. 4 of them were sprayed 3 times each. 1 of them was sprayed twice. In each instance they were frightened and ran a short distance away. In a few cases they shook their heads and appeared to undergo.

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Old Faithful to Mammoth 312. Trumps on July 28, 1932 some discomfort. But those which were sprayed more than once returned to the car within a few minutes, which event occasioned the second and even the third spraying. The experiment still seems to be a failure. In covering this portion of the loop road we encountered 23 bears. Their distribution was as follows: Thiefule, 6 adults, 2 cubs Lakes, 3 adults. Fishing Bridge, 5 adults, 2 cubs Canyon 5 adults. At 'Fishing Bridge the bear situation has sufficiently become aggravated. There have been so many raids that the campers are in an uproar. A petition, signed by more than 40 of the permanent campers, requesting that bears be shot, or else the camp ground fenced was presented to the superintendent. Last night some camper shot a bear in the camp ground. The camper who did the shooting has not been identified! The wounded bear, a very large

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Old Faithful to Mammoth Tompson 313. July 28, 1932. Old black was dispatched this morning by George Hallger, Manager. A grizzly bear chased a fisherman up a tree two days ago. The firman tried to descend & was chased up twice more. Finally he escaped, ran to the road, and caught a ride into camp. A party of employees near Fishing Bridge were along the river a few nights ago having a picnic. Four grizzlies came close to them & growled, frightening them away. As La Mont & I drove through Hayden Valley about 4:30 P.M., we saw a herd of more than 200 elk about 1 mile west of the road in the vicinity of Albion Creek. 34 white pelicans were seen along the river. At Canyon, Maynard Barrow reported 9 blacks killed so far and the 1 grizzly. The camp raids have entirely ceased. 8 cubs are left orphans.

"[illegible]" 128,9 / 75,2 mitt lefthand var slødt i de sidste år. Jeg har været gennem en lang og smertefuld periode, og nu er det tid til at vende tilbage til livet. Jeg føler mig klarerere over mine egne tanker og handlinger end før. Det er som om jeg har fundet ro i min sjæl, og dette giver mig mulighed for at se tingene mere objektivt. Mange gange har jeg tænkt på, hvordan det ville være at leve et helt andet liv – uden de mange bekymringer og problemer, der har præget mit eksistens. Men nu hvor jeg ser tilbage, anser jeg disse oplevelser som nødvendige for min personlige udvikling. Det er ikke let at vende tilbage til en tidligere version af sig selv, men det er vigtigt at gøre det for at kunne se fremad med ny energi og håb. Jeg tror på, at vi alle har evnen til at finde vores egen vej igen, hvis vi blot vil tage den tid, der kræves. Og nu hvor jeg har fundet ro i mig selv, føler jeg mig klarere over mine egne ønsker og mål.

Mammoth to Seebe 314. Tompson July 27, 1932 Today George Bagley & I drove to Lake. We used Carbon disulphide in a Pyrene gun on one bear & her cubs. At first they showed no effects but in about half a minute they began running wildly through the woods, pawing and shaking their heads. Apparently it hurt their eyes. In a few minutes they showed no ill effects & went about their foraging as though nothing had happened. Four bears have been killed at Fishing Bridge. It is decided to kill about 3-4 more. Thumb, 1 killed, 3 to be killed Q.F. 1 " , 3-5 more to be killed Canyon 9 " , 2-3 " " " The feeding of 100-200 lbs. of rolled oats to the bears at Canyon is to be discontinued in order to see what affect such measure has. Martindale's request for oats to supplement garbage at QF is to be denied. Garbage supply daily: QF, 6-8 cans T.F., 2-3 cante WT, 2-3 Man. 5-6 FB, 4-5 All available garbage is to c, 9-11 be fed to bears except at Mammoth.

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July 30, 1932 Conference with Bagley, Miller & La Nore. It is decided that La Nore shall be in charge of bear control hereafter. Any control measures are to be kept from the public as much as possible. After much discussion for and concerning fences or other mechanical devices to protect property, the follow- ing was decided: 1. The problem is to be treated as a local problem. No lengthy report is to be sent the director. When control measures are necessary, bears shall be quietly disposed of and reported later. 2. La Nore will carry on experiments with bear repellents both at Canyon with a Pyrene gem for several days, and by spraying garbage cans at Thumbcuff with creosote & chloride of lime. 3. Next year, perhaps, concrete food containers with iron doors may be erected by each table in the Thumbcuff camp ground and an attempt made to prohibit all feeding of bears there. It shall be made a foodless camp, so far as bears are concerned.

Benson thinks there may be 8-10 pc of Sandhill Cranes in the region. Several hundred go through in the but I think these are Still Brown. After going to bed about 500 more duckies flew over. Benson so that they do a great deal of circl as soon as the molting season is over, which it now is. He th it is a maneuver to teach t young to fly. But I saw no young ones /much too small to fly.

Tompson Malheur Lake Oregon 316. Aug. 3, 1932 Arrived at Harrows 6:00 PM. By the bridge were: Wildon Phalarope 100+ Costa + young 150 Mallard + young 2 families Killdeer 30 Avocets 6 Yellow-headed Blackbirds 100+ Egret 1 Driving to Benson's I saw hundreds of young Sage Phalarope & Kingbird as well as Brewer Blackbirds. Many Black Crowned Night Horses (about 30) have flown toward the lake since sunset. 1/ pair of Sandhill Cranes heard near Tensays. About 200 ducks fly toward lake about 9: PM, unidentified but probably Mallards & Gadwalls. Night hawkes & Burrowing Owls abundant. In the spring at Benson's have seen stilt, Yellow legs & some kind of sandpiper. Benson has pictures of Whistling Swans here in migration. He says often seen the yellow patch on their hill. Aug. 4, 1932. Another pair of Sandhill Cranes heard calling about 7: AM. We drove to east end of lake and

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Malheur Lakes 317. Aug 4, 1937 saw more than a thousand Canada Geese. Their molting is over too. About 300 avocets and 100 Egrets also seen. Benson says that a trial was held last year to get a clear federal title to the refuge. Now that that is done, it is planned to dry up the private holdings and let the water come back as it originally was. There should be about 60,000 acres flooded although Benson thinks that only about 1/3 of that is now under water. The rest is in cattle pastures & grain. About 20 white pelicans were seen in the distance. Benson thinks there are not more than 100 here this year. The islands where they have nested are on dry land now, so it is not probable that they nested this year. The lake was complete dry last year; consequently no fish this year. If the pelicans are present they are flocking the Malheur River. Benson says there were never more than 250 since he has been here. His address is, Voltage, Malheur Co. Oregon Thompson

Warner Sabees 318. Aug 4, 1932, All the lakes north of Heart Lake are dry. Heart & Crump are both low / Crump is full of Jull islands. Both were dry last year. A farmer on Crump Lake said this evening that pelicans used to be here in the thousands, that in the last few days he had seen several hundred in the narrows where club stayed last year in potholes which did not go dry. Mr. Kreible of Adel said Dr. Phill of Scio was here again this summer as he has done for 8-10 years. But he did not stay. He reported the pelican & gull colonies destroyed by coyotes. He was here sometime in May. As I drove past Crump Lake I saw 18 Western Grebes / Some of them may have been immature. Hundreds of young coots were in sight too. Kreible also reports a few pairs of Sandhill Cranes there. The water of these lakes is not taken for irrigation. They have gone dry because of drought. Kreible says this used to be great hunting country.

Thompson Harry Saber 319. Aug.5, 1937. Today I drove over to Foxe Morgano at Crump Lake to look for Pelicans. They were scattered singly and in groups over the lake. From 8-10 AM the lake was watched with binoculars. About 200 White Pelicans were counted, about 500 Canada Geese, many ducks which I could not get near enough to identify, 2 pairs of Sandhill Cranes, and several Black-crowned Night Herons & Great Blues. The lake is very shallow everywhere--tules & marsh plants grow in clumps & islands throughout. Heart Lake is just an overflow of Crump & is likewise very shallow. The geese were mostly on Heart as I drove around the east side of it. There is one tule island in Heart Lake, but the Pelicans & gulls do not nest there. They nest near the south end of Crump according to Heidle. Morgan said he had trapped 15 minks around the lake about 5 years ago. 9 of the pelts were 22 inches long & 6 of them were 24, all beautifully matched. He has also seen weasels & otter. Everyone in the region says coyotes are increasing damagingly & that the pest trappers are no good.

Goose Lake 320. Aug 5, 1932 Goose Lake was not visited, as I had intended to do, because various people in La Verne whom I interviewed said that it was almost gone. Last year it was dry. This year there is some water in it, left no birds near there. It used to be a great place for nesting geese & ducks and provided wonderful hunting. The land over most of its lake bed has been reclaimed for farming. Klamath Lakes Aug 6, 1932 Lower Klamath, the once great nesting place of the pelican is dry and has been so for 15 years, according to local report. I counted 100 white pelicans on Link River by the bridge about dusk last night. Fish were jumping all over the water's surface & Farallon Cormorants were feeding there too, as well as a number of ducks too far down to identify. This morning I drove to the north end of Klamath Lakes and also to the dam in Link River behind the town.

SEP1935 The garden in charge at Clear Lake is H. M. Hornecker, Merrill, Oregon

Klamath Falls Aug. 6, 1932 The river below the town is filled with willows. About 25 black-crowned Night Herons, several great blue herons, about 100 pelicans, and a few cormorants & ducks were seen. One family of 4 little yellowish ducklings had just hatched. They may have been Redheads but the female was not in sight. Going up the lake about 500-600 white pelicans were seen with dinosaurs scattered all over the lake. About 2000 Western Grebes were along the shore from one end of the lake to the other. Farallon Cormorants & Calif. Gulls were present in limited numbers. Everyone in Klamath Falls whom I interviewed said there were more pelicans on the lake this year than ever before. They estimated "many thousands." Mr. Barnes, of the Oregon game commission, was interviewed. He said that thousands of pelicans nest in Clear Lake, Calif. That he thinks all the Lower Klamath pelicans nest there now. He advised me not to go to Clear Lakes because everything was gone now.

Reference Eagle Lake 322. August 29, 1932 Have just had a short talk with Prof. Harding of the Irrigation Dept. He was at Eagle Lake for 2 days in the latter part of June this summer. He reports seeing only about 25-30 white pelicans on the old nesting ground which is now connected with the mainland. He saw no nests nor young anywhere around the lake. It is planned to continue draining the lake until its area is approximately 3000 acres in order to cut down the loss of water due to evaporation. Both the incoming water supply & the lake water are being used for irrigation. He sees no future for pelican nesting colonies at Eagle Lake. Reference Dolaho Sept. 5, 1932 On July 31, 1932 I saw Bill Purkh in Yellow stone. He had just returned from Dolaho & gave the following account: Selway National Forest Dolaho, about 8000 deer, and 7000-8000 elk. Clear Water, N.F. Dolaho, about 2000 elk. Mt. goats also abundant.

358 29 SEP Oct 29 1972 [illegible] Sept 2 1972 [illegible]

Reference Minidoka Reservation, Idaho. 323. Sept. 10, 1932 On August 7, 1932, I had a conference with McGee, U.S. Game Protector for Idaho. He was at American Falls, Idaho, as I came through. The following notes were made on a scratch pad & are herewith incorporated. McGee estimates 1500 White Pelicans along Snake River from mouth of Weber River to American Falls. None known to nest anywhere in the state. At Minidoka, no pelicans have nested for years. There are Foresters & Black Terns there, Mallards, Green- and Blue-winged teal, and some pintails, and scaups, all nesting except the pelicans. Herons also nest there. McGee has killed about 2800 Black-crowned Night Herons & Great Blue Herons in the last 6 weeks. Pelicans collect on Lake Lowell each fall during migration - up to 200, but never many more (Canyon Co.) McGee knows of no Caspian in Idaho now although he is convinced they used to live there.

White Pelican British Columbia 324. Oct. 25, 1932. Interview with Mr. J. T. McCabe: Swan Lake, 20 miles west of Quesnel, a few pairs of pelicans have always been reported. Pelican Lake beside Anahim S., always a few breeding reported. None seen there last of April 1932; lake still frozen over. Anahim Lake, first arrivals Apr. 22, 1932. Snow everywhere at this time. But Bowser, resident at Anahim for many years, says no young on the lake for 11 yrs. June 10-14, 1932 1-26 on Anahim. Never had kids on the lakes. Reports of scattered pairs in 6 lakes in Anahim Lake region. Charlotte Lakes, apparently more fond, in the Entawle Lake region where McCabe is going next year, there are reports of pelicans in numbers, but [illegible] no definite data. This sounds like ideal pelican country; semi arid, small timber, shallow lakes. None along mountainous coast. Powderson Lake, near Charlotte Lake a resident summer population of over 20. None known breeding.

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Yellowstone Pelican Banding Returns Oct. 17, 1932 Colorado River near Cibola Ariz. Nov. 9, 1932 20 mi. from Needmoreland, Imperial Valley, Calif. Nov. 11, 1932 Laguna Dam, Colo. Rd., Calif. Nov. 17, 1932 Calipatria, Calif.

H N J French Hill Farm Yorktown Heights, New York Kitchin E.A., Feb. 1934. Distributional Check-list of the Birds of the State of Wash., Northwest Fauna Series, No.1, Pac. Northwest Bird & Mamm. Soc., Seattle, Wash., 50 cts. (Old P.O. bldg. Olympia) Report, March 1933, by C.C Olsen & Signar Ols on elk field investigations. Bell Terminal Bldg. (foot of Bell St.) asks for calendar. Report on Elk Hunting Season in the Olympic Mts., by Leo M. Couch & Foster Steele, Oct. 31, 1933. (Ask Bryant for this) See Judge Riemen? in Tacoma for road i Probably Manzanita Arctostaphylos platyphylla

B. H. Thompson 1929-1957 Journal 1933 Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Petrified Forest N. M. Canyon de Chelly N. M. Colorado: Mesa Verde N. P. Colorado: Rocky Mountain N. P. Wyoming: Yellowstone N.P. Utah: San Rafael region

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Counts made Mar. 4 - 16, 1933 Kailali Deer Totals 3/4/33 Slide Point to Table Rock 837 7 dead 3/5/33 White Rocks area 892 2 dead 3/6/33 Jumpup Point & north 1006 3/7/33 Jumpup to Little Springs, and the region east of Jumpup Canyon to the point west of Jumpup Point: 888 3/8/33 Jumpup to Sonata Camp 36 3/9/33 Sonata & northwest to Sonata Canyon & Sonata Point 421 3/10/33 Sonata to Little Saddle & west to Kailali Creek, also includes Sand Rocks down, in Kailali, Jumpup, & Sonata Creeks 419 3/14/33 Kane & vicinity south 173 3/15/33 Moved to South Canyon 31 3/16/33 Saddle Canyon & vicinity north to South Canyon 105 Total no. of deer seen on the trip: 4798

326. Grand Canyon Lodge at Lee's Ferry Bridge, Arizona Feb. 28, 1935. Today Cliff Ranger Brookes and I drove from the lodge to Burches, a distance of 26 miles into Horseroock Valley. The snow is usually gone from valley floor and lower winter range at this time, but today snow lays over the entire valley about 6 inches deep, melting down into snow patches at certain places. Roads almost impassable. At the recent buffalo hunt 2 bulls and 7 cows were killed. Two of the cows had foetuses. 95 buffalo are now in the herd. They water at the "Pool" a spring at the base of Vermillion Cliff opposite Burches store. Water is also found in the valley at Cain, Horserock and at the "Seeps" which are just north of the corner of Vermillion Cliff. The Grand Canyon Cattle Co. still holds water rights in the valley. There is very little dry grass on valley floor & a small type of arid shrubs. Range in very poor condition. Some cattle, horses, and sheep & goats winter in the valle Mrs Burch told me how she raises the fawns which are caught

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327. Grand Canyon Lodge Feb. 28, 1933. on the Kaibabe and turned over to local residents to raise and sell. 1. Take sedan and goats to place of capture. 2. Place hold goats head & allow fawn to suckle. 3. Transport goat & fawn back. 4. Keep fawns in net pen. 5. Allow fawns to suckle either goats or four morning and evenin' and drink all they want. 6. Feed each fawn bottle of milks (cold & undiluted) at noon. Bottle looks like liquid bottle. 7. If fawns scower, feed them raw egg beaten in milks. 8. Kill them at about 3 months or when spots begin to disappear. Note: cow will take to them do to her own calf but goats heads must be tied up selfort at all times or they will bite the fawns tail off, or bite them anywhere possible. Kaibabe Forest Supervisor Walter J. Mann and party failed to arrive today.

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328. Reference Yellowstone Park Feb. 28, 1933. Chief Ranger Brookes told me at Grand Canyon Lodge this evening the following account: In winter of 1918-19 the first trappers (Jones & another man from Cody) trapped an area adjacent to south boundary of Yellowstone (about 12 miles south by 20 west, covering Thorefare district.) Brookes visited their camp. Their furs were on poles outside of tent. About 50-60 martin skins, 2 beautiful cross fox, and several coyote skins were there. Brookes bought the fox skins for $150. When his wife took them to furrier in Denver she was offered $800. Each man that winter cleared around three to four thousand dollars. Charlie Fessler was trapping in the region south of the park in those years. He started with practically no capital. Brookes has also informed me that he planted fish in the lake along the Arlton Freight Road both inside & outside of the park.

329. Cain, near South Canyon March 2, 1933. This morning I talked with Bill Crooby, an old cattleman and deer guide on the Kaibale. He has been in the region many years. The following is the gist of the conversation: Grizzly Bear: An Indian killed one bull in South Canyon about 75-100 years ago. This is the only one known to visit the region. Black Bear: Three blacks have been known to wander into the plateau in Indian or White annals. Timber Wolf: A few were there when white men first came. Mule Deer: Probably as many deer in the forest in Indian times as are here this season. As we drove down from Jacob's Sales, about 4 miles north of the post, I saw a Goshawk fly through under the pines. The ground is covered with snow on the plateau, on an average of 1 foot deep - 3 feet deep in some places + 2 feet deep at the north rim near the hotel. We saw no other life in the forest. A Prairie Falcon I was seen in the early morning just north of Cain.

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330. Next Kaibab Winter Deer Range March 4, 1933 Deer counted by all parties Total 837 recent dead 7 By parties: Willow Canyon 172 Table Rock 353 West Slide 312 Our trip to Willow Canyon west, south to back to Slide disclosed deer always in small bands hidded in juniper pockets protected from a cold north wind. Bands ranged in number as follows: 14, 9, 16, 13, 27, 9, 9, 29, 15, 21, 10, 10. The range shows improvement everywhere, as compared to its condition 2 years ago. It gets progressively worse toward the points on Snake Gulch. Cowania, sprouts range up to 11 foot long, especially on the lower browseal stumps. But out toward the points these sprouts are browsed almost to nothing. Same is true of Cphedra, much of which has been actually killed. Sage shows the most marked recovery. It is literally covered with new brush shoots.

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331. Forsalesea has been heavily browsed, but is abundant. Not much grass anywhere. The deer were in excellent condition - only one laggard seen. Several (perhaps 6-8) fflckes still carried antlers. Many fresh dropped antlers were scattered over the range. Six old skeletons were seen. Marfn counted lambs and estimated them to be about 1/4 of the total no. seen. Other things seen: 3 coyote tracks 4 bald eagle, adults Many Pion jays, bluebirds, and quateatchers. Members of the party: Walter G. Marfn, supervisor Bob Parfkes, district ranger Dick Julander, range specialist Chas. Murray, Ariz. game warden Molly McDermott, Forest Service Jim Brookes, Chief Ranger, Grand Canyon N.B.H.I. Wild Life Division, Park Service.

332. West Kaibali March 5, 1933. From Slide to White Pockets Area. The range seen today appeared, in general, to be more heavily overgrazed than much of that seen yesterday. Everywhere, the sage showed marked improvement, but most of the Coruania new shoots were severely browsed. That is, where it was untouched it would range from 6"-12" new shoots, but where browsed, most shoots were 2"-4" long. The range, while showing some improvement, still shows too heavy utilization. Julander, the range specialist, says that cattle browse Ephedra more than deer do, but that Coruania is choice forage for both. Most of the grass in the region is Stipa. Some Atriplex canescens is on the range and is choice cattle food. It shows heavy browsing. Green grass is just appearing. Snow 1-2 feet deep is on all shaded slopes, but sunny slopes are clear. Other items seen: 6 bald eagles 10 ravens titmice, bluebirds, robins, junco jays. 1 coyote

Jeg har læst en stor del af "Drengene fra Nordsjælland" og det er en fantastisk bog. Den handler om tre drenge, der vokser op på Nordsjælland i 1970'erne. De tre hovedpersoner er Mikkel, Thomas og Anders. De har alle tre forskellige baggrunde og personligheder, men de har meget til fælles. De er alle tre søde og venlige, og de støtter hinanden gennem livet. Bogen handler om deres venskab og hvordan det udvikler sig over tid. Den viser også hvordan de hver især kæmper med sine egne problemer og udfordringer. Jeg synes bogen er meget interessant og jeg kan anbefale den til alle, der gerne vil læse en god bog om venlighed og fællesskab.

333. West Kaibab Deer Range March 6, 1933. Today we rode over the jumpup pasture, from the cabin, west to the Point, then north along the points on Kaibab Creek & then diagonally back to Camp. The whole range is very poor, heavily browsed, much of Cowania killed, what remains is scarce and heavily browsed. Juniper & sage constitute the most of it. There appears to be no recovery anywhere. This is the worst we've seen in the three days ride. 2 Jacks Rabbits seen 2 Bald Eagles (immature or else golden Eagles). Jump Up to Little Springs, March 7, 1933 The range seen today showed very little recovery, as a whole, and out on many of the points it appeared to show no recovery. Everywhere the plant composition is the same, except that perhaps more Cowania was around Slide. Four recently dead deer were seen by us & 1 by the other parties. Coyote tracks were all around the carcasses, and perhaps 10 other tracks were seen. Last night

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334. several coyotes howled near camp. They seem to be more numerous in this section than in those covered previous. The terrain covered today is more open over a large part than most of that we have covered, yet we found 326 deer in the juniper hollows. Some herds numbered 50. Singles are very rare. One single seen today had a broken leg. Whether they will not tolerate it or whether it is simply unable to keep up, we could not say. Jubander examined the stomach contents of one of the kills and reported (estimated) 87% Cownia 3% weeds unidentified 5% grass 2% juniper 1% piton 2% sage. Numerous ravens, flocks of Piton Jays, 2 Towhees, juncos, 2 Crested Jays, 1 jackal rabbit, were seen. Tomorrow we leave for Isawa Point to be in that region 2 days. Most of the west side range

335. has been covered in the 4 days riding thus far and the deer seem to be mostly west of the Slide-jump-up road; from there to the breaks or points along Snake Gulch & Kanali Creek. That means that perhaps a little over half of the range west of the bare hills is used by the deer during the critical part of winter, and it is this critical portion of the range which does not show sufficient improvement, it seems to me. There has been some discussion of the percentage of the deer we see in our counts. In some restricted sections, such as the points, we probably see from 1/2 to all of those present but in the broken country all back of the points, it seems to me that we do not see more than from 1/5 to 1/10 of the deer present. The counts are not taken automatically by cross section but we go out to hunt for deer consequently we do not get a true cross section. This makes the estimate problematical.

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336. Jump-up to Sowats Camp, Mar. 8, 1933. Today we rode up the canyon from the waterhole at Jump-up. 29 deer were seen enroute and 7 near Sowats Camp, making a total of 36 for the day. This was no cross section of the range because we were down in the canyon most of the way, and so large a party makes a deer count impossible. Coyster howled last night once and again this morning about 7:00 AM. Sowats Canyon to Sowats Point Mar. 9, 1933. The range in the Sowats region has been the most heavily deforested of any of the winter range. This took place when the whole range suffered. Since that time the deer have been fewer than in the Jump-up-Slide area. But this is still the worst region. Shantz figured that 80% of the range productivity was destroyed. Certainly, a look at the browse of the area would confirm this statement. I counted the live and dead Cowania duplex in several of the browsed areas

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337. this afternoon, (several hundred plants counted) and found about 2 dead to every one alive, and the live plants have had a great percentage of dead branches on them. The Quercus which is alive and recovering shows close brows; Perhaps 75% of the new growth has been utilized. This is considered by Jylander to be approximately normal utilization. But it should be remembered that this is 75% utilization of the remaining 20% of the normal range. Hence in round figures, the range should support at present only about 1/5 of the normal deer population. By "normal utilization" I think Jylander means that utilization which will allow of range recovery. However it seems to me that "normal" utilization should apply to sustained yield of an undamaged aged range; and that utilization of the present reduced range should be enough less than "normal" to allow of recovery from range improvement. The Soyalas region is reported to be the cougar area of the

"REE" "lärjung (Larvae)" (mässets) "hela barna" (det naturla) "att bara" gälla en "engt" och, "förr" i "langt" avseende till det, "sällan" med "hand" & "spat" förs "gula" vi, "därigenom" att "påff" ingår "varel" svaga "varar" "personer" "åt" "tvärs" men "alt" "håller" "skulle" "vi" "förf" "bägge", "sekt" "att" "varda" & "det" "sällan" "påff" "till" "barne" "Hägg" "vit" "i" "lilje" "barnar" "döma" "vänt" "fält" "parad" men "del" "blanda" "personer" "alt" "&" "naturligt" "påff" "grytt", "sann" "lafvar" "eftersom" "det" "soll" "vara" "fatt" "sann" "bara" "för" "mi" "1/2" "år" "&" "lär" "tro" "påff" "tröskor" "vit" "delad" "med" "därunder" "att" "&" "i" "mitt" & ""förstörde barna"" (d "naturligt" "fält" & "sann" "del" "skäl" "sågar" "förr" & "målla" "därunder" "gått" "eftersom" "&" "renung" "löp" "på" "alla" "naturliga" "i" "barnar" "lämnar" "mig" "&" "sällan" "för" "det" "naturligt" "fält" "bara" "sågar" "bägg "sann" "parad" "till" "därmed" "vittje" "mått" "och" "litterne" "del" "helt"

forest. Twenty-five cougars are estimated as being in the forest. Juleuder saw one cougar track last year and one track was seen the year previous. In 1927-28, Jack Butler, local lion hunter, killed 49 cougars in the Sowats Canyon region. I cannot consider the estimate of 25 as anything more than a guess. But everyone has faith in Butler's estimate. The years Butler took the lions from Sowats Canyon area, it is reported that he made $ 9000. one winter from two hunting parties. Last summer, Butler & Brooks hunted cougars in the Powell Saddle area. They "turned up 2 or 3 fresh tracks" but the heat caused the dogs to play out before the cougar could be streed. Certainly, cougars are not a controlling factor at present. Last year, Butler trapped about 250 coyotes on the forest. This is reported to have considerably controlled their numbers. Several coyote tracks were seen today, but it was impossible to keep a count of them. Butler used decapied fish heads & entrails as Coyote bait.

Tompson 337. Other Observations for the day: 2 recently dead deer 8 dead cows 1 live jack rabbit. Cowats Camp to Little Saddle March 10, 1933. No change in range was noted today except that more jumpers & less Coyania grow in this area. Hence it was more difficult to count deer. I am sure that we saw less than 20% of the deer today. We would often see fresh deer tracks showing where the deer had bounded away from me, yet we caught no sight of the animals themselves. Everywhere along the canyons to the west, the high points & ridges are browsed the most severely. The so-called "points" are no inconsiderable part of the winter range. Dropping down on to the Sandrock, after the blaze event, we saw 13 deer on this area in one band. It soon grew too dark to see others. We frequently heard coyotes howl from the Sandrocks. Cattle are more numerous here. Still, only about

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340. 1800 head of local cattle roam the forest as a whole, and they are not considered as a heavy factor in range destruction, owing to their numbers. March 11-12 were spent enroute to and in Kane. March 13 was spent in moving the horses from Ryan to Kane. March 14, 1933. Ride in Kane region. Kane is about as far north as the East Side Winter Range extends. Deer are not abundant there. Many tracks were seen, & the consensus of opinion was that we saw only a small percentage of the deer in the region. 178 deer seen for the day. Cowana is scarce, but none of the range shows utility to amount to anything during the last 9 years. Our enclosure 5 miles south of Kane showed hardly any perceptible improvement over the region outside the fence. Jumper & Johnson dense. One Coyote been.

1948 Elt, voor eltoo veel te laag, zo valt leno druk de natuurs vatele meer zo beekbuis te of fife nietentse op aan maal ten riet at et alere tweeja even sp-11 doorf - danaf mi bi elt pivoan in tweeja sow 81 doorf smai it nogt nogt varen mij D roiper eest ni donj EEP H1 doorf altso fttuur na actuele vi smet me@ electri gafal retwij elk trob mijn greeft h elmodo ten ena gunbonas elt 5 meer even sleant lno rwo en fatt vow nontje & leek elt & geel wrog fflannf f of, een geel sp1 , wijder elt su if onera en onwag Op beltt Elt is moedegener elt jo even j krib 0 ftto st framot geprogne fuq. groep P thal elt kwale snel & elfor gelwar S mijf eelt te gefied mins olcar softt et electue kapert elt reus stoge of Giepe soelo wroff 3 regning seel

Cain Home to South Canyon March 15, 1933. No count today because we moved to South Canyon: 31 deer seen by Julander & Robber enroute. In the South Canyon area, Covania sage & juniper are in excellent condition! In fact there is more range than deer. Many of the junipers which had been denuded in 1924 are now covering these bare branches again with foliage. I have never seen this before and it is generally thought that the "juniper" would not replace itself. Deer sign everywhere. The snow has been off the ground scarcely two weeks hence these tracks are all recent. Saddle Canyon Mar. 16, 1933. Day's deer total 105. The range covered today is so densely overgrown with juniper & pinus that it was impossible to make a count. Fresh deer tracks were seen constantly, but we rarely saw the deer themselves. Range in excellent condition. Cougar, fox

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342. and coyote tracks seen today. The cougar tracks was near the junction of Saddle Canyon & Marble Canyon. Now that the count is finished, we have decided on a 35% count on the west side estimating a total of 12,900 deer there and a 10% count on the east side, estimating 3,100 deer here. The grand total, 16,000 deer. We have agreed that it would be best to keep the east side closed to hunting in order to build up the herd, but that the west side herd should certainly not be increased at present. See Mann's report and my report to the Director.

343. 15 Miles east of Barstow Two desert tortoises Apr. 23, 1933. each about 5 inches long were seen within half a mile of each other: They were crossing the road. About a mile further east a side-winder was crossing the road. This was about 10:00 A.M. In contrast to other snakes which I have seen on pavements, it could move as fast on the asphalt pavement as on the ground. Its locomotion appears like a rapid writing obliquely forward, its body always kept in "S" loops, never out longitudinally. Its head was kept up and it rattled con- tinuously. The horns were quite conspicuous.

245 21 May 1981 Replies No. Material to two replies: devote travel and new fuel economy tools. Do not plan a global multi-year with primary focus on merits of multiple lines of flight. Keep all primary new release close to Madrid tools now in use. Do not introduce into it the work of an atmosphere as more gradual or at a slower pace. Also no too large number below 5000 tonnes for these flights. It is normal that temperature fluctuations higher than 3K should be included at learning two heavy local "E"s is hoped your best efforts to maintain a better start than for flight A even in the desert would give.

344. Zion Nat'l Park Interview with Harold Russell April 29, 1935. Hopsians who graze sheep in n.w. corner of park said that a cougar which they saw killed 14 sheep in one night in fore part of August and on other nights other killed - 7 in one night. Deer seem to be increasing. About 18 died from some unknown cause last summer - thought to be from a disease caused by eating too many Probably no coyotes in the canyon, but are on rim. Bobcats getting fewer. Much trapping around park - have caught bobcats, foxes, ringtails. Racoons used to be abundant in Zion before it was a park, but now have gone almost. No coon tracks seen in last few years. Coons plentiful in prefat West Canyon. Mt. Sheep: One female caught east of park & brought into park & fed all winter. Released this spring & not returned. Nothing known about those Round Ridge Mt.

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345. Zion Apr. 29, 1933 Supit. Patraw says that deer are increasing so rapidly that he is not worried about the number which are shot around Springdale & Rockville. Tracks were seen throughout the valley. Deer are tame enough that they are often seen aloft the houses & lawns. This is much more noticeable than when we were here in 1931. We saw deer today several times while driving up the valley. There appears to be a grazing or growing line on all the forest aspen in the river bed. Mr. Brookes suggests this is due to high water. I did not get to examine it because of the constant & heavy rain. Supit. Patraw says that does far exceed bucks - [illegible] perhaps 14 to 1. This needs investigation.

and extends well into the moment,

Arizona. 346. Fredonia to Toroweep Valley May 7, 1933. Today it snowed intermittently for about 2 hours while we were driving towards Toroweep. An exceeding cold wind blew all day and snotsne( (probably snow) fell all around us. U.S.B.S. Poison signs well posted. The range all the way to the Toroweep Valley has been so overgrazed mostly by sheep, that it is almost bare. Only rush shrubs as sagebrush & chrysothamnus remains. The grass & herbs are almost entirely gone. Juniper has been browsed as high as stock could reach & all young stuff is killed outright. Erosion, little sheet & gulley, is very noticeable. An area perhaps 15 miles long shows old fire scars and the jumpers in it are mostly dead. This is about 10 miles north of the monument, toward the west half, and as near as I could tell, reaches to the north boundary of the monument. The area covered today is Public Domain & the main winter range for local stock - perhaps 60,000 head of sheep. It is utterly destitute.

"N.A. Kent was first in the region around 1914. [illegible]

347. Toroweep or Tuweep Valley May 2, 1933. Interview with H.A. Kent. The Kents came into the valley to homestead about 5 yrs. ago. They are cattle people. The valley above H.A. Kent's homestead is mostly homesteaded. Gardening and cattle raising supply a living. The places are neat, clean, & fairly well improved. The valley is fertile - produces excellent potatoes, beans, sorghum, corn, & gardening products. It is of course overgrazed. Hence houses & barns are up. Water is scarce. The stock driveway appears to serve no purpose. It may have been just over by a shepheman to spite the cattleman - at least, such is the view taken here. The area as wide as Mt. Trumbull Nat. Forest & extending from the Forest south to the Colo. P. is a State game preserve. Has been so since 1930. Kent procured the step. He saw a local inhabitant kill 30 deer and feed them to the chickens. Deer are not as abundant in the Trumbulls as on the Kanbah but he reports them common. Last fall he saw a band

On our trip of May 4, I did not find this to be the case. Although deer browse is excellent toward the southern end of the Trumbulls.

of about 35 deer on the north side of Mt. Trumbull. Forage is about the same type as on the Nigah, but has entirely recovered from previous years of overgrazing and browsing. The deer winter down along the Colorado & not in Juwee Valley. Very few deer are east of Juwee due to heavy sheep grazing. Antelope were abundant in the valley 20 yrs. ago. They are all gone now. A band of six antelope were on the west side of Mt. Trumbull until about 5 yrs. ago. Since then they have not been seen. Mt. Sheep are common along the cliffs east of Juwee. A week ago two sheep were seen close to Hent's Homestead. He says they are found east along the cliffs of the Colo. and around Toroweep Point. Coyotes are common. Yesterday morning a calf was dropped close to the east cliff. When I went there the cow was standing over it and two coyotes were within 100 yds. lying down watching. Another calf recently born was eaten by coyotes. Coyotes are trapped through the winter.

Band Tailed Pigeons are reported common.

349. They are not as abundant as former when the Kents first came. At that time they used to see them almost daily. Trappers also report getting Gray Foxes & Kit Foxes, badgers a few, bobcats a few. Squirrels, apparently the little spotted, are numerous. Cougars used to be bothersome in Mt. Drumbull but have been so diminished that they are no longer hunted. Prairie dogs not found north of the river. Jack Rabbits & Cotton- tails were very abundant until about 3 yrs. ago when they seemed to disappear almost at once. However, A Mr. White, 7 miles north of here reports Jack Rabbits as damaging garden crops. Mourning Doves plentiful. We saw a flock of 5 this afternoon by Father Kent's place. Gambel? Quail reported common here at times. The Bio Survey has not been poisoning in the valley for 4-5 yrs, although they are still operating on the territory we crossed before getting to the valley.

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350. My first impression is that this region is lost to game. The valley is fertile and will be cultivated. The range around it is so denuded that I don't think it suitable for antelope in its present condition. It does not seem that anything much can be done for wildlife at the moment as long as the grazing is continued. The Mt. Sheep & sheep of the canyon are of course excepted.) They will probably benefit as well as what other life is in the Canyon. And it may be possible to re-introduce antelope in the valley portion between (south of) Kent's place to the river, if so, it would perhaps provide a great attraction.

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351 From W.A. Kentis to Joroweep Point May 3, 1933. It has been suggested by Mr Tillotson that the south boundary of Kentis homestead be the deadline for grazing in the valley - that all land within the valley south of this line be reserved for antelope range. This morning we drove over the area. It is well covered with grass and white sage, but very closely cropped. It would return to normal in a very few years if given protection. The area in question is about 3 miles wide by 5-6 miles long. There would then be about 15-20 sq. miles of antelope range available. The forage appears to be excellent for antelope. A seep is located at the east side of the valley about half way to the river. This would supply some water at times. The antelope may have wintered only in the past in this valley, but I cannot say yet. Anyway, any such arrangement would confine them there the year round. The experiment might be worth trying. At the north foot of Vulcan Peak is an artificial dry lake. It may cover about 160 acres. By building a low dam - say 6-10 ft. high, the water

132 Lina 7 december att störa D.O.M:s mark\n.zepi & majl\n\nmetallik. Vi på betrapparna med vad tl\n störet i realitet. Låt oss allt klart\n piggare mig tillbaka till det boetervad\n lågades klart - vilket vi ni\n avil mitt 2 ettas velsat till just nu\n, zepanj egoletna på förvarar el\n åt ägar gravlön primform vid\n\n varje störra krosso blev vi tl pers\n belägra pleado var. tid 3par störst bona\n väl omi landran st möfter belova tl\n vår portatorf mig up på snarj mig\n vilin 2 tuolo vi nättans ni perlb\n bemovavell, paral vilin 5-8 vid våmm\n & vilin da 05-31 tuolo el mitt\n\n sjöb alt. skifolious zepanj egaletna\n egoletna rfg tudlere fdl at näldqgo\n skal tore att to betrod ni gero D.O.\n att it var fred tvola vella, vid &\n återkomma afffua belova vidt. medla\n\n\nsad vara skoletna alt, verint to\n sätt mi fråd att vi mins boetivres\n\nmo teppas par tumads til pellov\n i pelipio fuenqvaros daun juna\n, tannar racs allt sadt mellt enighras\n gimit störsel el tlame tnairadtl alt\n\nwattbivdel. & togl ätran att tl\n man th. gafel yeh beirjtra ma si\n\nspekelmd vid, zepas 311 Atvolsa sera\n\natovr att felped att 5 par - mab mig

352 Draining 27 miles of Juweef Valley could perhaps held permanently for antelopes. As much as their normal movements would be prohibited this seems to me as a justifiable compensating step. Kent reported that he had just taken 1500 head of cattle out of the antelope area & driven them up toward the Hummulles. The range shows severe over-grazing, although the porous character of the soil seems to prevent erosion. The cattle however must have been exceedingly poor because 12 of them were so weak they bogged in the lobo bed & died. Locoweed was quite common on the range, although not nearly so prevalent as on the range between there & Fredonia. On the Sandrockes today 2 Cinnamey Ground Squirrels were seen and tracks of one coyote. Birds seen were: White-throated Swifts Pintor Jays Sharpow Hawks, a pair courting Gnat Catchers Wormed Sarks Rocke Wren Olive Sided Flycatcher Purple Finches?

Barberry probably (related to Oregon J Epiedra sp. Forcellisia

353. Ivor rather poor spring found on Sandrocks. Chief plants observed on the Sandrock were: Juniper (Wtahensis) Pinyon A scrub oak (Quercus wilcoxii?) Cowanisia Fallugia paradoxa 3 species of Yucca Agave Chrysothamnus (the smaller form) Cylodra (E. torreyana?) Cercocarpus (a narrow leafed variety) Ribes Ceanothus Artemesia tridentata & Atriplex canescens Snowberry a ground hugging mustard a spiny leaved phlox scarlet penstemon Castilleja wild four-o'clock an unidentified shrub similar to Cerco- carpus - an unidentified shrub similar to Cylodra except having dark purple double seed pods (viz. of a small pea) and a very strong odor similar to ragweed. - An unidentified shrub resembling Forsselia, except that the leaves were alfalfa-like alternate, small, slender and caduate.

{ "text": "\"[illegible]\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

354. Trip upon Mt. Trumbull May 4, 1933. Today we followed a trail from H.A. Kentis' homestead up to the ridge of the Trumbulls. The range, from the valley floor to the Manzanita district above Little Spring showed heavy grazing and very little grass. Main species of vegetation were: juniper, pinon sage (tridentata), ephedra, atriplex canescens on valley floor, and Chrysothamnus. A brother-in-law of Kentis has a homestead at Little Springs. There is a good supply of water for household limited garden use although the water is hard. Just above the Chrysothamnus valley of the homestead begin Gambel oak and Manzanita, interspersed with juniper, pinon & sage. Toward the top of the mountain are the following predominate species: Yellow Pine, Gambel oak, Manzanita, service berry (very abundant), Garbaya flavescens (not heavily browsed except in over-browsed areas and there utilized heavily). Toward the southern half of the Trumbulls, Snowberry, Purshia, Cowania & a thorny species of Ribes are added to the list. Deer forage is excellent on the east side of the Trumbulls within the Monument.

One yellow-haired porenpine was seen in a bush near the south end of the mountains near valley floor. A few porenpine scars were noted on several yellow pines upon the mt. Porenpine damage is negligible in the region we traversed.

355, I saw no deer tracks throughout the day, in spite of the fact that this area has been in a refuge since 1930, I believe deer must be very scarce. One coyote track was seen (although it may have been the track of a sheep dog. Cinnamon ground squirrels were numerous. On the valley floor, jack rabbits and cottontails were occasionally seen, perhaps 3 of each in 4 miles of riding. This area can become valuable for deer & some of the carnivores, such as coyote, cougar, fox, bobcat, but at present it is pretty heavily grazed by sheep & cattle. Plateau east of Juniper Valley May 5 1933. This today was from Father Pentic's home- stead, northeast to top of plateau, and about 4 miles over top of plateau to cinder hill close to north boundary of the monument. From the top of this hill we could see the entire monument. The plateau area of it is all juniper, pinon & sage country with large sage valleys interspersed. Some Coyamite & ephedra are fairly well scattered. the region resembled the "horse-pasture

"it kind of what we want was to see if it felt like it's okay, I guess I got some good stuff from my friend who was very into fashion and made something (we'll see about that) and got a lot of what went on in the past and also (somebody) anti-fashion stuff at first. So if you're really interested in being a different kind of person, you can find out about it. And then there's this kind of weird stuff that goes on with the pop culture and what not. hello friend! I love martial arts I got to see it at first hand and I was like oh man I want to do that and actually try out some more stuff and also try out all kinds of other stuff. So yeah, if you can get a good feel for it, it can be so cool. I'm going to try martial arts and got to see this stuff in person too. So I want to go to a gym or something.

356. or Jump-up Point in the Kaibab winter range. It is in much better condition as regards grazing than the territory between the monument & Fredonia but it is already over- grazed & erosion setting in. Very little grass is present in the portion we saw. It is the best winter sheep range in the region. Possibly 40,000 sheep winter in the region. There is no water. Sheep leave as soon as the snow goes. A few deer are reported down on the points of the plateau at the river. Sheep will have to be permitted in the area for many years but their numbers should be restricted. The area will never support a great number of deer. There the region is to arid and the browse is limited. It is similar, in general, to the South Rim.

Grand Canyon May 28, 1933 Interview with D.E. Hogan who first came to Flagstaff in 1890, came to Canyon in Nov. 1890. Has been in region ever since. Cattle ranged from Flag. to Canyon in winter only. Power's Hill dug for 1890. Grass/limber grass was abundant everywhere on the plateau, & all through the cedars. Peavine abundant in the canyons: Not nearly so much now. More underbrush then than there. Down on Forts Plateau, Bicycle Grass & bunch grass abundant. Not near so much now. Deer more abundant then than now. Supairs hunted deer & traded buckskins for Navajo blankets. Many wintered along breaks of Canyon. More water holes now than then - They went long distances to water. Mt/Sheep used to be abundant in Canyon or, Used to be abundant on S.F. Mts. Hogan killed 6 in one bunch on S.F. Mts. None on SF Mts since 1898 approx: Two sheep at Hogans spring now - seen a month ago. Are in good condition. Domestic sheep wintered south of canyon but not along runs

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358. Antelope never came up to Canyon, didn't come as far as Morse place. Plenty on Cataract Canyon to along little Colorado in winter. Didn't come into cedars. Used to come near Little Point tank & into old burn area north of WA ranch. Sheep herders get them. Cougars were few here then. Not so many now. Bobcats were plentiful along breaks & canyon or rims, not so many now. Coysters more abundant than foxes (gray) were abundant. Still plenty of foxes. Rabbits (Cottontails) plentiful on rims, jackas further breaks. Don't know what has become of cottontails but are scarce now. Predators are not responsible for fewer deer at present. Hogan thinks it is more hunting. Turkeys! John Hayse saw 2 gobbler near Graged View about 18/90. Thinks these two were transients. Food: juniper berries, pinon nuts, acorn, insects etc - plenty of food but thinks they wouldn't stay here because no water.

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357. Grouse seen on North Rim, but never south of river. Porcupine winter below south rim. There are more now than formerly. Beaver plentiful in part in Shinumo & Bright Angel, & in Hermit, along river. Otter seen at mouth of Bright Angel creek in early 90's. Cubs see one winter & one another winter. Tracks seen about same. Band-tailed? Pigeons, saw 2 last year. Very rare. Gambel Quail always very scarce. Wolves never along canyon, but around S.F. mtns. Elk: Navajos say that elk used to be on S.F. Mtns. One winter in heavy snow, elk forced down & Indians killed them all. No bear ever on South Rim.

The small Chrysanthemums is everywhere, and Apache Plume (Fallugia paradoxa) is at the upper edge of the Route.

360. Kaibab Trail to Phantom Ranch. May 31, 1933. Just as I started down the trail, 7:00 A.M., a yellow haired porcupine was seen in a cave about 100 ft. below the rim. Crested Jaye, (Cyanocitta stelleri diademata) were common. While in the junipers of the Kaibab Limestone belt I scouted for sheep signs and felt reasonably sure that the numerous tracks and bedding down places at the bases of ledges were of mountain sheep. Serviceberry (Amelandiers utahensis), & Cowania standuliriana were abundant Down in the Cocouino Sandstone, Mock' Orange (Philedelplus serphyllifolins) was in bloom & abundant. Amblepithier goldmani replaced the utahensis, and a shrub appearing like Ribes was plentiful. These also extended into the Hermit Shale & hop brush (Ptelea bali- winnii) was added. Down on the Tonto Platform, Coleogyne or Burro brush predominates, with a scattering of Atriplex canescens, Antemeria tridentata, Catsclay, Agave, Gucca luesata and flowering ash (Fraxinus sp.). Grass is scarce. Deer tracks were seen seldomly along the trail all the way to the Tonto.

"I love nature and I at heart, dedicated Mar 31 / 1976 as if right out from the book between lo, so true, we saw one singling away, perhaps wrongly or, M.A. wish out what we did to see, two also under a mi (stumble into lets attention) (quaff between) measuring and no likely I, marshmellow grew between but feel certain not dedicated at all away, glimmering to if. have more speed, so place related, surrounding with tall good out to see old wood probably feels mistaken & ever grabbed is (\

361. Kaibab Trail to Phantom Ranch. Bright Angel Creek is lined with willows and Baccharis glutinosa. Desert vegetation of Lower Sonoran type predominates. The stream is not cold - to the hand it felt about 68-65°. Has fairly steady flow throughout the year. Stocked with Rainbow trout and Loch Leven trout - there may be other kinds, but not certain. In the spring of 1932 three beavers (Castor canadensis floridator) came to the ranch from their colony about 8-10 miles up the creek, and gnawed down 2 or 3 small cottonwoods near the ranch headquarters. Moore, the ranch manager, complained Brooks had them trapped with steel traps and sent to the museum as specimens. I did not get to the beaver area, but Moore reported them as "bank beavers". This is probably due to the grade and mountain flow of the stream. He says they live mostly on the cottonwoods up the stream. June 1, 1933 I returned via Indian Gardens. There are 23 antelope at the garden. The caretaker says kids were born about March 15, and he believes there are at least 4 of them. The antelopes are fed rolled oats.

Other birds seen on the trip : 1. Rockwren (well distributed) 2. Lazuli Bunting (Indian garden) 3. Golden Eagle 4. Purley Flycatcher 5. Ferruginous Rough-leg ? 6. Black Phoebe (Bright Angel Crease) 7. Black-headed Grosbeak -- rimm 8. Mountain Chickadee 9. Great Crested 10. White-throated Swift 11. Violet-green Swallow 12. Cliffing Sparrow 13. Aridland Warbler 14. Slender-billed Nuthatch 15. Pion jay 16. Numerous desert birds heard down on the Forts which I could not identify.

Indian Gardens June 1, 1933. [illegible] are kept in the troughs day & night so that they may eat it whenever they want. They do very little browsing of native forage. During the morning I saw 4 of the bucks browse for a few minutes up on the slope. The bucks sparred with each other all morning, drove the does out of the shade, and were continually restles with the heat, flies, confinement and unnatural concentration of too many bucks. The show is poor. Rock squirrels (Scopemophilus g. grammus) were constantly at the feed troughs. 15 were eating at one time. One Ringman ground squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus [illegible]) was seen on Tonto Platform. Coming up the trail to Bright Angel I heard Canyon Screes frequently. At Indian Garden a long tailed chat squawked conspicuously. Humming birds (perhaps broad tailed) were numerous. Range, as a whole, down in the canyon or the Tonto, is very poor. I consider the antelope a failure. No bobcat [illegible] seen. Sign of one coyote seen on Tonto. Bike was barren from wild life point of view.

363.) Between El Tovar & Desert View June 4, 1933. The area east of the village over- browzed in the past shows recovery obtained in the last 2-3 years. Cowania, sagebrush, the little jakes, service- berry, young yellow pines, etc., are showing new herbage on the lower browzed limbs. In general all the area south and east of the village which I saw is improving. There is an area covering perhaps 5 miles east & west along the pine road, near Grand View, near the water holes, which is severely overgrazed at present. This is the concentration area of Buggelin's cattle. Cowania is just about as hard as on the Kaibabi winter range. Cales, & all else, is browzed to stubble. Brookes reports that Buggelin browzes runs 400 head of cattle from south entrance road, east to Lippins Point, 5 months of the year - June 1 - Oct. 31. This, in lieu of 200 cattle all year, as former Babbits run 110 head west of village. 900 head of sheep also perambulated in western portion of park.

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USGS Reports 1897-98 pt I, II, IV, V & the Atlas, III 1898-99 pt I, [illegible], V, II, IV, VII 1899-1900 pt III, VII, I, V 1890-1891 pt I, II 1891-92 pt II, F, 1893-94 (15th An Report) 1894-95 pt. I, II 1898-99 pt III 1896-97 pt IV, I, III, II 1895-1900 pt II, IV 1889-1890 pt I, II 1895-96 pt I, II US Geographical Survey (Wheeler) 1889. Geographical Report Vol. I, App. F 1875 Geology Vol. III 1881 Geology Vol III Supplement Exploring Exp. from Santa Fe to Junction of Grand River 1859 Macomb — Geological Report Newberry Explorations & Survey, NM & Arizona A.A. Humphreys, 1871 (printed 1872) Report on Fl. B. of the West Joseph C. Ives 1864 Washington

"2162 5092" [illegible] Geological Report New York – General and Special (1881) – A.A. Humphreys, 1881 exploration, 1881 published. Exploration of the Great Lakes to connect it Geographical Survey Vol I, App F, 1880 1872 Geological Vol III 1861 (Supplement) [illegible]

of Ethnology Reports 11th Annual (Unbound) 9th Annual ( " ) 3d 1881-82 4th 1882-83 (Unbound) pt I 1900-1901 Ah Reports Smithsonian Ins. 1896 (2 copies) 1898 1899 1903 1897 (2 copies) 1893 1896 1900 1897 1895 1894 1914 1911 1892 1899 1900 1901 1909

(chocolate) to 10 ( ) ( ) 57-62 3 (chocolate) 59-64 4 at Robert Gwinnett 2nd 2 copies 1891 1891 1891 1691 (10 copies) 1871 1881 1891 1891 1891 1894 1894 (10) 1895 1891 1891 1891 1891

Smithsonian Walter Hough - Archaeology of Eastern Arizona An. Rep. Dep. Int. 1897 Rep. of Com. of Indian Affairs 1901 vols I, II, III, IV } 22nd An. Rep. USGS 1902 23d " " " " 1903 24th " " " Message & Documents of Int. Dept. Vol 4, pt II, 1893-1894 Rep USGS Survey Rep of Sec of Int., Messages & Documents Vol 4, pt I 18th USGS Misc. Doc. House of Rep. 1st Session 52nd Congress, 1891-1892, Vol. 50 pt. III Indians taxed & Indians untaxed in U.S. Congressional Directory 61st cong. 1st Session Proceedings Am. Forest Cong. 1905 Am For. Ass Yearbooks Dept. of Agr. 1902 1906 1908 1910 1912 1917

Personal Memoirs of P.H. Sheridan Vol I & II 1888 (1st Ed ?) (leather bind, fair) Univ. of Penn. Illustrated 1936

14. Sparrow hawk - common 15. Hutton gape - abundant 16. Raven - common

364. Fredonia to Toroweap Point June 9, 1933. Between Fredonia & Pipe Spring: Fallugia paradoxa - in bloom, common Ambrosia sp. - common Atriplex canescens - in bloom, abundant Chrysothamnus spp. - abundant Antennaria trichotata - abundant Soco weed - seeded, abundant Grasses (slender wheat, bunch grasses and others) - common Juniperus utahensis - locally The range, as everywhere north & west of the plateau, is good at this season but the undesirable forage plants (resultant from over-grazing) are abundant everywhere. Birds seen on the whole trip: 1. Montezuma horned lark - abundant 2. Resident Sparrow - common 3. Sargo sparrow - common 4. Chestnut-backed bluebird - rare 5. Western robin - few 6. Shrikes - common 7. Mourning dove - common 8. Vesper Sparrow - few 9. Lousebird Solitaire - few 10. Mountain bluebird - abundant 11. Prairie Falcon - rare 12. Western red-tailed hawk - rare 13. Meadow lark - common

365. In Toroweap valley the genera of forage plants listed previously were rejected. The only error found was that Falugia paradoxa was on the sand- rocks rather than Covania stansburiana. Otherwise everything appeared the same. Ammospermophilus leucurus cinamonaeus common. Jackrabbits seen, few. Kaibab winter range June 10, 1933. Trip as follows: Ryan to Slide & half way to jump-up; thence return to road from which Slide road branches & south to Pine Flat & Sawtooth Point. thence to VT Park via Dry Park ranger station. The range may be treated as a whole. The range looks much better than in March. Service berry and the low oaks are in full leaf & they greatly hide the over- exposed Covania & junipero. The intermediate range everywhere shows marked improvement. Between Ryan & the Pine Flat turn-off, however, great quantities of Covania have been killed outright.

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366. My Feb-Mar impressions are not changed for Covania. The other (less desirable) forage plants of course look better in leaf than when seen bare. However, I still cannot recommend an increase in deer - & perhaps for many years. In VT meadow this evening we counted 52 deer in the herd. They were too wild to approach, but appeared to be in good condition. Aspens are just beginning to leaf on top of the plateau although they are in full leaf lower down. We saw very few aspen sprouts. One goosable seen near Pine Flat. North Rim, Grand Canyon June 11, 1933. Trip: Headquarters to Cape Royal to Point Subline. Five deer seen between Checkin' station & headquarters. One coyote in fine pelage seen near Cape Royal. One Kayhalfquirrel at headquarters. Flock of 60-70 ravens feeding in VT meadow all day. Ferruginous Rough-leg Swanses, Healtail hawks seen in the park. The range from Headquarters

367. To Cape Royal is superb, grasses very abundant, forest abundant. Serviceberry & low sables also abundant. For many miles, however, there is no aspen reproduction, but out near Cape Royal it is abundant for 2-3 miles along the road. All this portion of the range shows signs of over-browsing in past years, with notable recovery in recent years. All large aspens appear to have been browsed as high as deer can reach. It is our opinion that the range is being utilized to the maximum, without deterioration at present. For about a mile by Cape Royal past overbrowsing has been as severe as any place on Kaibabi winter range. Immense amounts of Cownania killed outright. Near the neck of the point little recovery is evidenced but out on the main body of the reefed point Cowania shows recovery where protected by snow & some utilization above the snow line. Forage components on the point are almost identical with lower winter range (Kaibabi) & sandrock.

368. This point has suffered damage to perhaps 75 years of growth. Utilization is still so heavy that it may take 50 years to recover provided overbrowsing does not recur. The north rim should support no more deer than at present, for many years. The range between headquarters and Point Sublime is, as always, not very productive. Grass is present in sparse fleck. Not much forage of any character in yellow pine belt. Point Sublime proper shows some recovery (especially cowania) except at peaks of point. Its rate of recovery is almost the same as at Cape Royal. Camp equipment - tables, benches, comfort stations, incinerator & signs have been placed on the point. They are unsightly and unnecessary, & greatly detract from the point.

North of U.S. 66 Highway

367. Petrified Forest June 14, 1933. Range shows overgrazing. Cattle have grazed in the area for years. Some cattle still graze in the monument. Range characters: Blender wheat grass, widespread Other bunch grasses present Atriplex canescens, some Atriplex confertifolia, common Chrysothamnus sp. plentiful dogbrush Either Gutierrezia or small Chrysothamnus Antennaria tridentata rare? common " " common but not abundant. The range looks good for antelope. Supt. Smith reports that antelope have always. George Hennessy, a cattle inspector says the range dwellers of antelope have have been here for 50 years. Roy Duberville, state live stock comm. has about 2,000 head of cattle. About 200 antelope ranging on his property & he wants to get them into the monument. 38 antelope on Aytee Land & Cattle Co. at southwest corner of park. Another band of 30 antelope range just southeast of park on State & U.S. Lands.

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370. These bands of antelope range near Petrefied Forest about 6-8 mths. of the year. In winter they move southward toward the higher lands nearer the 21 Suite Mtns. It is apparently warmer there -- this being a cold pocket. Charlie Cooley, an Apache Indian in Hillbrook, says the antelope have held aloft their same numbers for the last 30 years. Mrs. Smith - 1929 in late May two antelope does dropped fawns at waterhole just inside southeast corner. In 1932 in late March, Smiths, Tll & La Combe saw the band of 38. There were two fawns then. Mr. Turnbull says that antelope eat his rock salt.

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371. Canyon de Chelly / June 15, 1933. Boundaries of the monument have not been located, although specified. A road leads along the top of the canyon but none up the canyon bed. We drove up the sandy bed of the way in a Ford with air wheels. This mode of locomotion seems quite satisfactory over the sand. It was agreed by all of us there that no road should ever be constructed up the canyon floor, that people should be transported by a supervised fleet of air-wheeled sport cars, leaving their own cars outside unless they had proper tires. This would insure preservation of the primitive state, & prohibit rifling of the ruins. The area is suitable for wild life development. However the few forms such as birds & reptiles are interesting to the tourist & add to the pleasure of a trip. The white palace needs protection from undercutting by the stream. At least half the lower ruin has already been swept away. A low brush & stake buffer about 12"-15" high has been installed but is insufficient. Most of the valley floor is sandy stream bed.

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372. Mesa Verde June 17, 1933. Arrived yesterday afternoon. The mesa is extraordinarily densely covered with green browse. Serviceberry (2 species?) poles and purplea are abundant, and in full leaf. We have never seen such qualities of deer browse & no signs of utilization. Deer are reported to & have been abundant last fall moving down toward Mancos Canyon. During the winter various deadways were reported fresh buckskins on the Ute Indian reservation. Few deer were observed returning in the spring. This leads Paul Fraule to believe that the Ute Indians take a heavy toll of the park's deer. We have seen no deer today nor tracks. Supt. Finman still hopes to develop water holes for deer. Perhaps the experiment is injurious, and appears to have no undesirable effects. Porcupine damage was observed at Cliff Palace. Although far less recent damage was in evidence than in 1931, many old & young pinon pines directly beneath vital to the ruins were badly damaged last winter & this spring. It seems to us that someone should be delegated or

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373. hired if necessary in winter to stay at Cliff Palace & shoot every porcupine in the canyon immediately brought the ruin. Damage is already so severe that no further damage can be tolerated. What appeared to be a porcupine den in the boulders below Cliff Palace was seen. Coyotes were heard howling last night down Spencer Tree Canyon. They are reported numerous. Mancoos Canyon July 6, 1933 Canyon floor sheep grazed (Utex) barran, no grass. Athriplex canescens and some G. shadscale. Tetrameria tridentata abundant. Large quantities of a seedum-like bush. (Sheep camp). As we progress up the canyon between Navajo & Soda canyons box elders become plentiful along the stream interspersed with a few cottonwoods (narrow leaf). Plus trilobite is abundant everywhere and covered with the red berries. Small oak thickets (Quercus gambelii) are numerous and have been heavily browsed by late sheep & horses. There are dense ground thickets from the type of browsed twigs

(Castor canadensis fundator) work are numerous all along the portion of the Mancos traversed by our party. Beaver cut trees range all the way from very old stumps, almost obliterate to last years workings. They are not numerous as one progresses up the canyon.

beneath the stems 10 ft. high, juniperus occidentalis common, J. scopulorum occasional. Grass is mainly absent but in the sheep camp 2 miles west of Navajo Canyon we found grass roots of stultis beneath the top soil. Bunch grass was probably sparsely but generally scattered over the floor of the canyon. Artemisia tridentata & Chrysopele canescens remain fairly constant up the canyon. Old burned areas come back in a course grass resembling bear grass. The burning here is evidently a failure. Numerous willows thickest 7 are found along the meandering Mancos river - Pine canyon between Soda and Prater, is a few miles, perhaps 3 long gorge-like & picturesque. We found 4 groups of ruins within the first mile. A strip of bunch grassland a few hundred feet wide extends along both sides of the stream in the lower reaches of the talus slopes. Crocosmum montanum, Melanthera sp., Phryx trilobata, abundant, Purshia tridentata common. This canyon possesses excellent winter forage for deer & Mt. Sheep; at such times as shown on the mesa might drive the deer down in the canyons. It should be in the park.

375. Mesa Verde July 7, 1933. Today we climbed north out of Stevens Canyon, crossed the late Reservation portion of the mesa to the south boundary of the park, following up Big Mesa between Prater & Stephens Canyons. Much of the Reservation part of the mesa is old brush with an abundance of bunchgrass, penstemon, Mamposia Lily, Careocarpus, Fendlera Amelanchier Petrshia, with higher up within the park an admixture of Gambel Oak. Grass becomes more abundant within the park. Two little tanks (water holes) were found, as we thought just within the park. Domestic sheep graze this whole area, both park & reservation, in summer although no overgrazing is evident as yet. This is the greatest portion of the mesa. It is the finest deer range I have ever seen; grass at groups beneath the juniper & pine forest just as it flows in the brumal areas. This is reported to be the deer winter range of the mesa. It is here that most hunting & poaching occurs. This should be taken into the park. Boundary should follow Mancos R. all the way.

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376. Rocky Mountain National Park July 13, 1933 Arrived July 10th, Spent 2 days in clearing upmail & reports. Rogers reports in informal interview, that: Elk are increasing. Probably around 450 now. Range, especially winter range, is improving since portions of Moraine deaver & Horseshoe Park have been purchased & many fences eliminated. The elk seem contented in winter to remain in those areas. Porcupines have greatly increased. They are all over the park. Rangers are instructed to kill them when they see them. Bears are still no great problem although they usually invade civilization after a dry spell. Wolves are apparently not here. The previous reports may have been erroneous.

377. Rocky Mountain At end of Fern Lakes road. Grass & forage are very abundant. The following species are herewith identified: 1. Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Fern, common in shade of aspens about camp ground & along streams. 2. Phleum pratense, Timothy, abundant under aspen fall around camp ground. 3. Agropyron spicatum Bunch wheat grass commonly mixed with other grasses. 4. Carex fastiua? Sedge common around camp. 5. Poa ? (about 1/2 - 2 ft. tall) very abundant. 6. Aremonum canadensis (Northern anemone). 7. Heracleum lanatum (Cow Parsnip) abundant. 8. Rosa sp. (Wild Rose) abundant 9. Geranium richardsonii (Wild White G.) common 10. Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) few 11. Trifolium pratense (Common red clover) common 12 " repens ( " white " ) 13. Aspen thickets showing little browsing. 14 Populus angustifolia (narrowleaf aspen) common, at west edge of Moraine Park. 1. Rasciphora fruticosa (Bush cinquefoil) few & largely browsed. 2. White flower panicled 4-opposite leaved, square stemmed mustard common 3. Willows sp. show considerable browsing; 4. Artemisia frigida (Fringed Sagbrush) not abundant.

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378. 5. Betula fontinalis (Mt. Biel,) common along Thompson River but not browsed. 6. Grossus everywhere abundant. 7. Physogonum umbellatum (Sulphur flower) abundant all over Moraine Park. 8. Alnus tenuifolia common along roadside. Does not show browsing. 9. Purshia tridentata, common on rocky slopes. Shows heavy browsing. 10. Ribes cereum (Scrub currant) very common under yel. pine on rocky hills throughout Moraine Park. Shows universal browsing but never heavy. About 1/2 way over cut-off from Mt.P. to highdrine. Aspen thickets. Every aspen barbed by elk, but not sufficient to endanger tree. Far more elk marking than when here two years ago. Young aspen repro. abundant, apparently where hidden by snow, but with tips browsed. Purshia tridentata taken most heavily. Artemisia

377. find just what elk population this area bears support. Dasiphora fruticosa (Bush Cinquefoil) and Ribes cereum taken universally, & about evenly, but stunting is not serious. About 1 mile further north. Large aspen groups east of the cut-off are severely barkless. Small clumps have died from barkless. Peepers Hope badly mutilated. Willows eaten to stubs & many dead. Grasses not abundant, Sedges abundant. Dasiphora (Cinquefoil) & Ribes abundant & only moderately browsed. Purshia but hard, & is scarce, except on hill tops. From Estes to Phantom Ranch July 14, 1933. Mr Saughlin reports seeing 23 elk [illegible] in" upon Trail Ridge last March. One skeleton remains. What became of the others is not known. 7 ft. of snow fell & no wind came to blow it off. HE thinks there may be around 200 elk in winter around Moraine Beaver & Horseshoe Parkes. It is his opinion that deer & not elk eat browse the Purshia & Sage Brush. Deer remain on the exposed rocky hillsides whereas the elk feed in the meadows. High

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380. winds, lasting sometimes for days, seem to drive the elk into the aspen groves where they remain during the periods of wind. It is at these times, I think, that elk bark the aspens. About a week ago he saw about 85 elk upon Trail Ridge, above timberline south of the road. This is above Forest Canyon & about where J. Dixon saw them in 1930. Near the North Sleet (just south of Flat top Mountain) on Andrews Peak, Denyer reported seeing over 100 sheep about 2 yrs ago. He did not get an actual count. Mac also reports seeing 75 Mt. Sheep above timberline on Trail Ridge in this spring. Between 4:00 and 5:00 PM this afternoon we watched a band of 9 "Bighorn" at Sheep Lakes. One young ram was seen among them; it was impossible to tell whether the others were all ewes or mixed. They were shedding their winter coat, pieces of which lying down in tags and shreds. There was no sign of scabies or any other disease noticable to me. All were fat and in excellent condition. One remained "on guard" above the flock the entire hour we were present.

380 [illegible] 1930 [illegible]

381. Two Band-tailed pigeons flew about the trees over the Sheep lake. Sheep Lake July 17, 1933. About 7:30 PM Father & I drove by Sheep Lake. Two female mallards were observed in the lake, each with a family of about 12 young (it was impossible to get the exact number because of the water growth). It is reported that one or two raise a family there every year. I have seen no sign of the muskrat so commonly seen in these ponds in 1930. Grand Lakes July 18, 1933. This afternoon John Mac Laughlin, Mother & I drove to Grand Lake. Not even a marmot was seen along Trail Ridge. The day was cold and stormy. At Grand Lake, John & I about drove 2 miles southeast of the Outlet and climbed the trail to the fire look-out on the ridge just south of the lake. The outing route lay through medium sized lodgepole pine, characteristically dense.

.182 furthermore I was told that he had said that he did not want to be sent out. I think it is likely that the decision was made on Tuesday or Wednesday last week. However, and perhaps equally, the place of the meeting was known only to a very few people: myself, Tom and the chairman, and Mr. C. W. S., who was not in attendance. It is possible that there were other members present, but I am not aware of this. I hope that we may be able to get some information about the matter soon. I think it is likely that the decision was made on Tuesday or Wednesday last week. However, and perhaps equally, the place of the meeting was known only to a very few people: myself, Tom and the chairman, and Mr. C. W. S., who was not in attendance. It is possible that there were other members present, but I am not aware of this. I hope that we may be able to get some information about the matter soon.

382. Underbrush is scarce in this forest. A few Canthorus velutiny shapes were found: Two Snowshoe rabbits were seen about 9000 ft. el. One was eating horse manure in the trail; Deer tracks were seen 4 times on the 3 mile trail. This lodgepole area does not appear to be very valuable from the wildlife angle. Mac Laughlin says it is characteristic of the whole southwest corner of the park beyond Grand Lake. It is valuable as a protection or buffer area. Baker Gulch July 19, 1933. This morning Chief Ranger John Mac Laughlin, Ranger Fred and I rode horses from Holgarths' Ranch up Baker Gulch. Holgarth's trail takes in the willow bottom area of the valley, a narrow dry rocky strip of lodgepole 'pine' is next traversed, and then one comes to Baker Creek. A miled mining road leads off Baker Creek. From here from the lodgepole stand one goes through numerous swampy areas.

"It's just that the whole idea of having a double standard and then applying it to other people is kind of silly." "But I think if you're going to have a double standard, you might as well have a single standard." "I don't know what your point is. You seem to be saying that there are two standards: one for men and another for women. But why should we accept that? Why not just say that all people are equal and treat everyone the same way?" "Because sometimes it's easier to make exceptions for certain groups of people than it is to try and find a solution that works for everyone. And maybe that's where our society goes wrong. We create these rules and regulations because we want things to be fair, but in reality, they often aren't. So instead of trying to fix the system from within, we end up creating more problems by making exceptions here and there." "That doesn't sound very hopeful. Do you think there's any way we can change this? Or do you believe that things will never get better?" "Well, I don't know about 'never', but I do think that if we keep doing what we're doing now, nothing is going to change. And until someone comes along with a new idea or approach, we'll just be stuck in this cycle of creating problems and trying to solve them with more problems." "So what's the solution? How do we break out of this cycle?" "I don't know yet. But I think it starts with questioning our assumptions and beliefs about how things should work. If we start asking ourselves why certain rules exist and whether they really make sense, maybe we can begin to see where things are going wrong and figure out how to fix them." "That sounds like a good place to start. Thanks for sharing your thoughts with me."

383. A dense forest of fir and spruce runs up the canyon interspersed with aspen groves, rocks and snow stiples. Undergrowth of Mountain Maple Alder grass and wild flowers is dense. The whole canyon area like the other cirques in the Never Summer Range is wonderful summer range for elk & deer and higher up for sheep. Oygadensus (death camas) is abundant in the canyon & along the damp places. About timberline we saw 3 bucks with antlers in the velvet perhaps 2/3 developed. All were grazing in little meadows, and were about 1/2 mile apart. Marmots & conies numerous. A small cirque lake lies west of Baker Guleh just above timberland. Pipits were numerous here with half grown young. Two of the young floated out into the lake and drowned. The canyon turns north behind & just west of Baker & runs into a natural pass down into North Park. Indian arrowheads were numerous too. This area is within the Routt National Forest. Trails are numerous.

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384 as to indicate domestic sheep grazing lined the hills around the parks. This section of the country presents magnificent scenery, is ideal wild life ranging summer & furs bearers habitat, and should, I think, be within the parks. It would remove civilization influences, a step further back from sheep, elves & fur bearers. There is no winter range within the parks on the west side however and territory southwest of Grand Lake & around [illegible] Mt.) would be a necessary correlate of additional summer range. No elves are known of in this area. Returning over Trail Ridge at sunset we saw one ptarmigan (plumage still splashed with white) near the summit, one doe above Poudre Lake various jackrabbits all along the road and 14 elks grazing above timberline on the Forest Canyon side, about 1 mile east of the summit.

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385. Willow Park to Junction of Poudre and Chapin Creeks, into Hague Creek. July 25/1933. A brushed out trail, seldom used, leads from shelter cabin over Chapin Pass and blown into Chapin Valley, a grass & willow swampy valley between two ridges both reaching about Timberline. Forest bordering most of Chapin Valley & indeed over most of north end of park is dense lodgepole pine with thick carpet of grass & dwarf buckthorn. Deer trails follow the meadow. Deer tracks frequently encountered. At junction of Poudre & Chapin Creeks, about 16 miles north of Fall River Road, was a series of deserted beaver ponds in the willow thicket. The ponds had been deserted sometime this spring. It looked as though high water had been responsible. The area did not appear to have been occupied more than a few years. Possibly there were the beavers from Poudre Lake, which are reported to have departed there 2 yrs ago. The mud bottoms of all the ponds were covered with deer & fawn tracks, 1 coyotes tracks, 1 spotted sandpiper with fuzzy young one. Quail seen just before we reached the ponds & 1 faint deer trail. Ranger Wilson overtook us here. Said he had seen 6 fawns this morning en route

from Poudre Pass, He believes the Specimen Mt. Sheep Herd to be about 23 nowt whereas in 1926 he counted over 300 there. Mac Laughlin believes the road construction has kept sheep from the Flattop Mt. area from crossing to Specimen as they were decomposed (he believed) to do in past years. Wilson has no suggestion to offer in explanation of their disappearance. From Junction of Hague Poudre Creeks to Head of North Fable Thompson, downhill to Ranger Station, south to McGraws & into Estes Park. July 24, 1933. The valley of Hague Creek is similar to that of Chapin & Poudre Creeks, namely grass & willow. About 1/2 mile below junction of Hague & Poudre is northwest boundary of park. Cattle graze right up to the bound. There is nothing to keep them from crossing into the park which they frequently do. He saw cow chips up almost to timber line along Hague Creek. A drift fence across the narrow Poudre Valley at this corner of the park would stop cattle from wandering up Chapin, Poudre, Hague and Long Draw valleys & be a most effective buffer to protect much of the North end off the parks.

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387. Two batches of deserted beaver ponds were seen up Hague Creek. They appeared to be temporary habitats of the beaver, probably washed out by high spring water. Just before we left the valley by climb the left hand ridge we found a newly built occupied beaver pond. It is possible that this is still the same Poudre Falls set of beavers which has migrated this year. Forage all over the northern end of the park is very abundant. It is superb summer range. Considerable Carexcapus is mixed with the willow, Zygadenus is common. The Forest Service wants this section of the park. Discussing Research Reserve areas with Mac Laughlin, we both thought that the upper end of Hague Creek would be a good possibility. It is enclosed & isolated on every side by high hills, except the egress from downstream. Above timberline by Mummy Pass, Mt Sheep tracks were numerous. We saw at least 10 mt. sheep upon the shoulder of Hague's Peak. Judging from the abundance of tracks, there might be 50-100 sheep in the region. Pipits & White-Crowned Sparrows numerous above timberline. Numerous birds fluttered over

388. the willows frequently. One Starmigan seen near the Pabo. Conies & Marmots were heard incessantly above timberline. Just north of Goat Lake and about down to timberline elk tracks & droppings became numerous. This must be a part of the summer range of the McGraw or Cow Creek Herd. Mac Saughlin reported seeing 11 elk a year ago grazing in the cirque above Goat Lake. One Golden Eagle seen on trail here today. Down in the valley of the North Fork of the Thompson river, for about 3 miles down the ranger station, willows in the meadow showed signs of hard browsing. Whether this is due to elk or domestic stock in past years is uncertain. The willows show improvement. From the Ranger Station to McGraw, the trail crosses bridges & Goose West and Cow Creeks. Lodgepole, Timberline, Doug. Fir, Engleman Spruce, Yellow Pine, Aspen, Alders, Cercocarpus, Jamesia, Ribes, Raspberry, Thimble-uckle, Purshia & grass make up the cover. This is the more arid rocky portion of the park and the only part so far seen which is suitable cougar country. Mac Saughlin.

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389 says it is the cougar area. However it is evidently too near the park boundary to be a refuge. At McGraws the leavers have been trapped out of Cow Creeks.

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Rocky Mt. Some common grasses of Moraine Park. Aug. 2, 1933 Stipa vaseyi? Porcupine grass Bartelona gracilis. Gramma grass Muhlenbergia montana—resembles slender wheat, but florets not sessile Poa pratensis? along road in Moraine park Bromus same place, coarser leafage & head's. Koeleria cristata, June grass, resembles Junothy head, but more of a panicle Aunthonia, oat grass. Big grains away out of heads of lupuna See Appendix, 1912 American Bison Society Report for Wind Cave data before going to Wind Cave.

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Bighorn Mountains to Yellowstone National Park 371.A. Aug. 9, 1933. Yesterday this morning we drove through the Bighorn Mountains enroute from Sheridan to East Yellowstone. Their extensive meadows are even where brown with drought, confounded with the wingless real grasshoppers, and heavily grazed by cattle or sheep. Grass & browse is abundant but beginning to show unmistakable signs of over-grazing. The grass & weed stages have appeared, and recent erosion gulley's are showing on exposed hill sides. Willows show much breakage & browsing and present a shabby appearance. Yarrow & Chrysanthemums are widespread. This region because of its open, rolling character and extensive meadows, willow thickets, browse and water, is one of the most favorable game or wild life areas we have ever seen. It is no wonder the trappers found it so. The bighorns, however, for which the range was named, are gone. Purglies are gone. Some deer & elk reported. The country west of the range is arid badlands.

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391.B Yellowstone Park Aug. 11 1933. From 1:00 to 4:00 PM, LaNake Wright & I looked over the new horse pasture on J Sapine Creek. The pasture is located about 3-4 miles (estimated) distance south of the Tower Falls road. It appears to be on the upper edge of the elk winter range. Grapes & weeds are abundant. Some aspen groves and lodgepole pine surround the area. But most of the pasture is meadowland. Aspen refors has been heavily browsed and almost killed out. Old aspens have been severely vandalized. Many of the groves are falling to pieces. The pasture is to care for about 30 horses during the summer in order to have them readily available in case of fire. This is not important so far as actual forage consumption goes, but it is unfortunate in that it makes it almost impossible to further object to the company holding their 200-300 horses in the same vicinity.

392. Yellowstone National Park Aug. 9. This evening about 6:00 PM we saw a Great Gray Owl in the meadows about 1/2 mile east of Square Lake. The owl was in plain view, standing among the grass of the meadow. We watched it for about 4 minutes, during which time it perched on various stiles and posts, swooped once to the ground as though after a grouse, or mouse in the grass, apparently got nothing, and finally flew to a clump of trees too far away to see. About 10:00 o'clock this evening we heard Great Horned Owls hooting out on the parade ground at Mammoth. Aug. 14, 1933 This afternoon, from 4:00 to 7:00 we were at Swan Lake. A pair of Trumpeter Swans has nested on the lake this year, for the first time in many years, and has been seen with 3 cygnets. We think it may be a young pair nesting for the first time, perhaps the pair seen there last summer in July & then seen mating at

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393. Lake of the Woods long after the regular mating season. At least all these unusual factors suggest such an explanation. The swans have already lost all their cygnets. No sign of them was found. Wright walked around the lake & found no sign of a nest. It is probably in a slough on the far side where he was unable to go. Their breeding ground is also on that side of a promontory. About 30 ducks, too far out to identify were on the lake. Aug. 15, 1933. From 5:00 to 7:00 P.M. & drove from Mammoth to Old Faithful. A coyote in fine tawny reddish pelage was seen by the road at 7-mile bridge; about half a mile north, two does were seen. A black bear was at Apollinaris Spring; a bull elk with antlers in the velvet, fully developed at Norris; about 12 elk in Gibson Meadow. About 40 elk and 3 sandhill cranes (immature) in lower geyser basin and marsh lawns

Aug. 24, 1933. Referring back to this note, it may be said that the game notes for the evening of Aug. 15th are fairly characteristic of the game we have seen every evening since, whenever we have been on the road at this time of day.

seen in several of the meadows. At 9:30 P.M. 3 pronghorns were seen along the road between Madison & West Yellowstone? [illegible] were each was alone; one was about 1/2 growing! Aug. 16, 1933. Elk Range inspection today with Harry, Montana State Game Warden; Sanford, "Commissioner Mabson, Supervisor U.S.R.P., USNPS. Wright, Chief U.S.D., USNPS.. Tom Danner, Montana game deputy. As would be expected from this summer's drought in northern Wyoming, the elk winter range in Yellowstone, from the great Reservation Ranch to Tower Falls, is almost bare. The grass simply did not grow this summer. Everywhere the hills are bare & brown and every stone shows. The aspen & coniferous repro. was hit harder last winter than ever before. Little douglas firs, junipers & firs along the roadside, are chewed to rag. The aspens are stultified. The mature aspen groves are dying

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395. out and no repro. is succeeding. It appears as though the mature aspens which have been heavily harbored by elk in past years are dying prematurely. They may be weakened sufficiently that in a period of drought they succumb more easily. Sagebrush, especially in the Mammoth region & below is largely killed outright, Chrysothamnus & the tripalatable rye grass are everywhere abundant! I see no hope for this range unless the elk are drastically reduced. The aspen groves will be gone in a few years. It is agreed by all present in the inspection party that at least 3,000 elk should be removed this winter. If the winter is severe, a heavy loss is feared. Harrs is now committal but it is believed that he will not oppose the hunting. Antelope were seen frequently in the Tower Falls, Drumpter Lake & Slough Creek regions.

396. 27 Yellowstone Park Yellowstone Lake & Upper river. Aug. 18 1933 Trip with Fred Foster, Madson & Wright: No pelicans were seen at the Fishing Bridge nor anywhere in crossing the lakes. Numerous American Mergansers were seen in little flocks at intervals along shore-line in the southeast arm. Taking an outboard motor we drove up the Upper Yellowstone river about 3 miles, from 4:00 to 6:00 P.M. Mergysers were along the river by dozens. He saw perhaps 50-60 in the distance covered. A family of 4 immature Buffleheads encountered. Three beavers and numerous seagulls (California) seen, as well as several muskrats, a Swainson Hawk & a Marsh Hawk. One bull moose in perfect condition with antlers in the velvet was found up the river about 1/2 miles. Someone had shot it about 4-5 days previous. The banks of the river are frequently & abundantly lined

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397. with beaver trails, and bank burrows are numerous. Beavers must be in this region by hundreds. Their trails lead from the bank tracks into the willow thickets. The willows are eaten noticeably on both banks for a distance of about 50 ft. back from the river. Moose and elk trails are very numerous through the willows. Moose tracks were frequently encountered along the river. This is in reality a moose and elk paradise. Grass is abundant throughout the willow patches. Bromers, Grass grass, wheat grass, Redtop and possibly Poa were seen. There were others as well as Quinquefoil wild geranium and juniperus unidentified weeds. Black bear tracks frequently encountered. Aug. 19 1933. Last night we fished in the west bay at south end of the arm. 5 spotted trout from 12-14 inches long, in good condition & not worm infected were

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caught within half an hour. California gulls, both mature and young of the year, gathered in front of the camp. We visited both of the pelican nesting islands. They nested on both this year, which they have not done in several years. About 100 young pelicans swam afar. They cannot yet fly. Perhaps 75 adults were with them. Since no other adult pelicans have been seen, it is probable that they are fishing in Redrock Lake at this season of the year. Two Cormorants flew from the island at our approach. A Spotted Sandpiper and a Wilson Phalarope were just off shore. Several hundred Canada goose were seen in large flocks at the southeast arm and the Flat Mountain arm of the lake. They were in flocks of over a hundred each. No cranes or swans were seen or reported.

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399. Yellowstone Parks Antelope Creek Buffalo Pasture Aug, 23, 1933, Party of inspection: Baggley, McCarter, Ford, Wright & Thompson. Plans have been drawn up for the corral & survey made. The main pasture is to include about 600 acres of meadow land on the watershed of Antelope Creek. Lodgepole pine & paper thickets are included as well as the willow thicket along the creek. This latter is good moose country & has been much browsed, but presumably more so by elk than moose! We have suggested that the long narrow neck from field to show corral be considerably widened to prevent trampling of grass & erosion. This will probably be done. The pasture will contain between 700 & 800 acres in all. Grass is very abundant over this area and it is above the elk winter range. Considerable sage brush exists in the portion next the road. I think however, that the paddock should not be stocked with more than 50 buffalos until

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400. the carrying capacity of the range is determined by experience. Some few elk may be sought and killed in the saddle each year, although I see no necessity for doing this since elk are so readily seen along the roads mornings & evenings. A bull moose was browsing along the stream this morning as we looked over the area. His antlers were still in the velvet although apparently full size, and probably close to shedding. Small bands of antelope were seen west of Tower Falls station, around Trumpeter Lake and near the Buffalo ranch. This evening between 5:00 - 7:00 P.M. we drove to Old Faithful. A bob-tailed coyote ran across the road by Sylvan Lake. The swans were in the middle of the lake. A bear (black) was seen near Apollinario Spring, one bull elk at Norris, no elk in Gibbon Meadows but about 50-60 in Lower Geyser Basin. In this basin 2 families of Sandhill cranes, 3 each, were 200 yds.

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401. west of the road and about ½ mile apart.] They ignored the passing cars. At the A.F. bear show, 11 blacks and about 9 grizzlies with 3 sets of twin cubs & 1 single came in during the evening. The bears were very quiet; there was practically no fighting. Returning about 11:00 PM, we saw 2 does by the river just 5 miles west of Norris. August, 24, 1933, Trip to Game Preservation Ranch with Bagley & Bright. Most of the [illegible] land made available to the park by act of congress has been purchased and the fences & building destroyed. Bagley said that 5800 acres of the possible 7000 were now park property. Everywhere over this area are the unmistakeable signs of over-grazing. Grass is scarce & sagebrush if heavily taken. About 20 acres of wheat and mowed grasses (alsike clover, [illegible] Hungarian Brome & Timothy) have been planted where irrigation

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402. was possible. This crop has grown well & the grasses are well started. It is Baggley's intention to leave the area alone & not attempt to farm it. Another area of about 20 acres has been cleared of sagebrush in an experiment & oats sown. Unfortunately the seed was impure & the future patch is a tangle of lamb's quarters. It is Baggley's purpose to try planting grasses there to see whether forage can be produced in sufficient stand to effect a return on the sage. I think that the experiment is doomed to failure: 1. The region is too arid. 2. Sagebrush is very persistent. 3. Irrigation would be necessary. 4. It is apt to accelerate erosion by demanding the soil. The acquisition of this area cannot materially relieve the elk situation at present, because elk wandered over the region before it was acquired. By stopping its use for domestic grazing herds more forage will be available to elk in the future.

403. From Mammoth, we drove to Canyon. 3 moose were seen in Triflow Park about 6:00 PM. Several elk were at Norris, and two bears seen between Norris and Canyon. Bears at the Canyon Feed Platform: Grizzlies: 3 lost yrs. cubs. 2 families with 3 cubs each 2 " " 2 " " 3 " " 1 cub 3 without cubs. Blacks: 6 without cubs. It was reported during the lecture that 5 sets of grizzly triplets have been seen at the show. The triplets of last year are the cubs of the grizzly shot for attacking fire watcher. This proves in one instance at least that they can care for them selves during the first winter without their mother. Two of them appears to be normal size; one is slightly smaller. The 3 still stay together. A strong woven wire fence has been run back from each end of the ramp to well

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behind the audience, It has been left entirely on the back. This is unfortunate because cubs have several times gotten in behind the fence and are very difficult to drive out. The grizzly mothers usually get some frantic and on one occasion charged to within 5 feet of the ranger then turned away. This fence should be closed in back. About 10:00 P.M. as we returned from Canyon, a marten ran across the road in front of the car, perhaps half way between Canyon to Norris. For Trumpeter Swan data see notes of G.M.H. For Glacier Park notes, see notes of G.M.H.

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405. Yellowstone Nat'l Parks From Mammoth to Tern Lake. October 6, 1933 Last night while making two trips for Dr. Budoff to Old Faithful no bears were seen. But several visited the garbage cans back of Hamilton's O.F. store. Two coyotes were seen during the night between O.F. and M.T. The Sandhill cranes were not seen in Lower Tever Basin. It is possible that they have left in migration. Elk and deer were seen constantly along roadside throughout the night. Observations were made in great haste because of hurried medical trip. This morning we left Mammoth about 8:30 A.M. Elk & deer numerous around Mammoth. Near Lake Junction no cranes seen where they were usually to be found. Geese still plentiful along the Yel. River. Mergansers, Mallards golden eyes, few Puddys still present in all along the river. At the lagoon on Mary's Bay at least a thousand ducks were present. They flew at our approach so that few identifications were

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406 possible. Mallards were heard, two Buffle-heads seen, perhaps 50 Canada geese. On the bay, 12 swans (probably Trumpeters) were swimming in pairs. They moved out toward open water but did not trumpet or fly. About 1 mile west of the Oxbay nest on EE road, a great gray owl was seen by the road. It flew among the trees & was soon lost from sight. It appeared to be larger than either of the two seen previously this season. In Pelican Creek meadow opposite mouth of Astrigint Creek, a very large coyote watched us from about 4 mile distance. Up Pelican Creek all throughy it flows through timber, cells were heard singing continuously from every side. Sometimes several at once. Cell & fresh buffalos tracks everywhere seen. Judging from the sign, perhaps 100 buffalos had recently (within a week) moved into the valley. Time precluded our visiting Fern Lake. Fern Lakes covered with a thousand!

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407 or more ducks - mallards, goldeneyes, scampes, eoste, ruddlys, and a few Canada geese identified. One Sora Rail seen and one Wilson Snipe. The snipe identification is quite certain, and is the first definite seen in the park. White Lake also Term (swan) very low this year. July 2 marsh grass very plentiful but the future swank (white) growth at the south end of the lake (where swans nested last year) was out of the lake water and now constitutes a mud flat. It seems to me that the lack of water may possibly have interfered with the swan's nesting this summer. At any rate, no cygnets were seen on Term or White this season, and all swans had left these lakes by the time of our visit today. Since 10 swans were reported from here this summer, and 2 from Mary's Bay lagoon. It is possible that the 12 seen on Mary's Bay this morning accounts for this lot. As we returned down Pelican Valley about sunset, hundreds

405 of elle were out in the valley, Each group of cows & calves was accompanied by a buggling bull, and the woods in back rang with their calls. A few lone yelle bulls & cows were seen. Four or five buffalo were seen at the edge of the timber (certain count impossible). About 3 miles from these, one lone buffalo bull stood a very large gaz on the roadside & refused to move when we drove within 20 feet of him. One coyote seen in Sugar Lake Flats opposite Swan Lake about 8:00 PM. The day was clear & cold. Heavy frost in the morning. The range seen up Pelican Valley is badly denuded. We never seen the hills so bare, Every rock stood out & the hills were practically bare. Considerable goose lay on the floor of the valley. Little springs & lake seeps usually so wet were mostly dry. Pelican Creek itself is almost dry.

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tompson 409. Mammoth to Trumpeter Lake Oct. 7, 1933. Trip from 1:30-6:00 PM. Day sunny and warm. Two miles west of Floating Island Beaver Pond a Dwarf Weasel (Mustela vison) was observed running about in the talus below the road. Its breast & under side of neck were a yellowish buff. Tail black tipped. Appeared to be 8 or 9 inches total length. Movements absolutely silent. From the same point I saw the Trumpeter Swan leave family over on a pond by Hell Roaring Creek. Ben Arnold reports that they started flying last Monday Oct. 2, 1933. He says that on the first flight the cygnets could hardly fly to the adjoining lake. Since then they have flown all over the region. The gray ones are getting noticeably lighter, but there is still a difference in color. A coyote seen by Junction Butler. The water in Trumpeter Lake has receded until it is possible to walk to the island on dry ground. Coyote & elle tracks led

thompson Mammoth to Trumpeater Lakes Oct. 7, 1933 out to the island. Mallards, Coote Golden-eyes, Ruddleys & an Eared Grebe were seen. The fowls were so thick an accurate census was impossible but perhaps 200 ducks were on the lake. Numerous elk, antelope and deer were seen along the return trip which was too hurried to make a census. The Arnolds report seeing 4 wolves in early December 1932 a few miles south of the station. The wolves were at coyote bates and 4 coyotes were also present. Ben Arnold said the wolves came lopeing, lopeing along the trail, nodes down, taking long bounds as a normal travels. The following evening Mrs. Arnolf visited the bite ground and reported the same observation. She said that one of the wolves came within 40 feet of her. Ben thinks they leave the park for lower territory when heavy snow comes. He says the cannot travel in snow as a coyote does. However I think this point is open to question.

Thompson 411. Mammoth to Floating Island Lake Oct. 8, 1935 Day sunny warm & clear. Beaver pictures were taken at the lake this afternoon between 2:00 and 3:30 PM when the sun got behind Crescent Hill. One large adult beaver was about 150 feet west of the lake cutting open when I arrived. I took 3 pictures of it, during which time it appeared rather unafraid. 9 beavers were seen at the lake. 6 or 7 of them were working out from the pond where I came. One beaver in the lake slapped its tail and immediately all the beavers on land scurried down into the water. Here they swam around for about half an hour watching me & slapping the water. Two beavers at the bark off of open logs in the water. If beverer another beaver would come near those eating would growl. It sounded somewhat like a cat's growl. They were never seen to use their tails for anything except to slap the water, and of course for swimming as a balanced part of their anatomy.

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Mammoth to Heart Lake Oct. 9, 1933 Day clear, sunny & cold, A few clouds. No large game of any sort seen after leaving Mammoth, except one large black bear on the shores of Heart Lake. Bear tracks numerous. No swans found at the lake though George Bagley says 3 cygnets were seen there in Sept. It is thought that the swans have left for the winter. One beaver house seen at the southeast bay of the lake. This appears to be the only suitable swan nesting grounds in the lake - it is marshy whereas the rest is sandy or rocky beach. Mergansers, C. geese, Mallards and grebes seen on the lake. Two porcupines seen together by the road in Hayden Valley.

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Mammoth to Specimen Ridge October 11, 1933. After noon I drove to Gardiner and returned via the old road. 53 antelope were counted near Gardiner. 11 Bighorns were upon the top of the west slope of Mt. Evart. 38 more antelopes were counted out in the Trumpeter Lark region, making a total of 91 seen during the afternoon. Buffalo tracks numerous around Specimen, Mt. although I saw no buffalos. One coyote seen 3/4 mile west of Tower Falls ranger station. Chapmans were at the Beaver pond taking pictures. They had cut numerous sections of aspen trunks yesterday & throwing them into the pond. Today the geavers stayed in the pond all day eating the bark from these logs. Muskrats and several C. geese are in the pond also. It is worth noting here that every night at Mammoth several coyotes howl about the Parade Ground & on the hill. Last night they came down to the stables & howled. 4 or 5 are here at a time.

Bear & Coyote tracks seen near Lake corralls. Coyote howled about 8:30 AM. One Bald Eagle seen hovering over Mary's Bay. It kept a stationary position against the wind without perceptible motion for about 5 min 16 8.5 88

Tompson 414. October 16, 1933 Lake to Thorofare Leaving Lake at 9:00 AM we rode through ice covered grass, covered from a wet snowfall during the night and heavy frost. Ice on streams and puddles forking everywhere. Day windy and cold but clear until evening when it became cloudy. No game seen until late in the day, except the Canada geese, ducks 7 12 swans at Mary's Bay lagoon. Numerous Rocky Mt. Dogs, and Chickarees and chipmunks were the constant company of our trip. Two Ruffed Greaves were seen east of the Lake and two at Calvin Creek. One Calif. Gull was still flying over the lake. Two moose were seen about 3 miles north of Calvin Creek. They were very wild. In spite of there being excellent forage in the meadows no other moose were seen. It is thought they are more constantly in the timber since the beginning of the rut. About 2 miles below Calvin Creek we heard what I thought to be an elle bugling. Bagger suggested that it might be a wolf or some other animal. It was a strange call.

One bull moose & one cow ran through the timber ahead of us about 3 miles above Calvin Creek. Five deer (does) were seen on a sagebrush hills a few miles above Calvin Creek.

415. Today we left Calvin Creek for Thorofare about 9:00 A.M. About 10:00 light snow began to fall & fell intermittently the rest of the day. Toward night the temperature raised to 40° F. and the snow turned to rain. Again the moose meadows were deserted. See Colman & Harry Irishman report a large Grizzly hanging about the Thorofare Goldlight. I have seen no sign of it today. Left the station at 3:00 PM & made about a 10 mile circuit up Thorofare creek, back by Bridger Table & across to the cabin. Ten moose were seen. Of those 2 were this year's calves & two were bulls. Only two of these (2 cows) were seen outside off the park and they were in the protected area around Bridger Table. All but the bulls were quite tame & stood till we were within about 100 feet of them. One occupied hunter's cabin was at Bridger Table. Three Buffalo heads, about 100 Barrows Golden-eyes #3 Mallards and 5 American Mergansers were observed on Bridger Table. The whole upper Yellowstone and Thorofare valleys are ideal

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4/6. moose habitat — extensive willow marshes with abundant grass. The region supports a great number of dravers [beavers] also. Numerous beaver ponds were seen just outside the park boundary in Thorofare valle[y]. They appeared to be occupied. The region is also good summer range. Girguoil is abundant in the grassy meadows. A few sagebrush flats were also encountered, But grass whether in the forest or the marshes or the meadows is much better than in the rest of the park, Buggley reports that mosquitos infest the area until the middle of August.

214 [illegible] att vi studerade litteratur som är relevant för att utveckla kunskap om genetik, särskilt om genetikens betydelse i samhället. att vi har ett stort intresse för genetiken och dess tillämpning i medicin och andra områden.

Hornpsoon Yampa Canyon, Colorado Oct. 21, 1933. Oct. 22, 1933. See following small sheets, [illegible]

214 [illegible] [illegible] Oct 23, 1933 Oct 22, 1933 See following small charts, [illegible]

418. San Rafael Region, Utah Oct. 27-28, 1933 Oct. 27, 2:00 PM., we left Ferron. Party of Roger M. Toll, La grande Suvasie (guide), and I. Direction southeast toward San Rafael Swell, or the Sinbad region. The first 10 miles were through a Sarcobatus bad land, similar to bad lands around Julia City. Route then leads up Coal Wash to its head. Terrain rises; endless Zion formations through rarely over 400 to 500 ft. height. Water holes scarce along the creeks & water alkaline. While region heavily overgrazed by sheep, cattle & wild horses. Near top of Coal Wash juniper & pinyon country entered. Few extensive grama grass flats. Area appealing as a wild frontier but seems unsuitable as a park or monument. It is exceedingly desolate, alkaline, devoid of vegetation, dry and reported very hot in summer & cold in winter. Outstanding flora: Pinus ponderosa Pseudotsuga taxifolia few

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419. San Rafael, Oct. 27-28 1933 Pinon abundant higher up jumper "

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420. San Rafael, Oct. 27-28, 1933 Faunal composition: cougar? coyote numerous tracks, one howl. bobcat commonly reported deer reported scarce white-tail jackel few cottontail few porcupine abundant signs-tracks badger few holes seen kangaroo rat reported common antelope ground squirrel, abundant Few birds seen or heard: junco common pioneer jay " robin scarce crossbills? one flock horned lark common golden eagle 2 raven 1 Ivancie says range has deteriorated. He reports that when he was a boy, he used to gather white sage and grass in the Sinkad for several head horses. It was only a short task then. Now it would be impossible.

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421. San Rafael Canyon, Utah Oct. 29, 1933. This morning & climbed the butte at the head of Sinbad. The entire southwest corner of Utah is here visible. Henry Mts. & Sa Salles rise on the east to southeast. Navajo Mt. is reported to be visible from the southern shoulder of the butte, where I could not go. The view is magnificent. Coming down from the head of Sinbad via Reel Wilson valley, the Horseshoe & down Cain Circle to Little King Canyon, we came through junipers, pinons, shypeothamnus, and grofna grass all the way. Some Purshia tridentata and Apache Plum was seen. Also some broad leaf mountain malroqany. The course is down hill into a canyon with sides perhaps 700 ft. deep and very picturesque. The entire area has been over grazed. Wherever sage brush once grift, only its dead stufes remain. Eight wild horses were seen. Horse tracks are everywhere as well as cattle & sheep tracks. The entire area is stock winter

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San Rafael Oct. 29, 1933 range & has been since first settled. Swasey left about 600 wild horses here about 15 yrs. ago when the business became unprofitable. They have since multiplied although no one knows how much. Sheep herders are reported to kill them. The land is Public Domain and everyone uses it. Four years ago Swasey saw a mountain sheep about 5 miles northeast of the head of Sinbad. This is the only definite highhorn record of which I know. No deer nor tracks were seen today. So far the area is becoming wildly picturesque but hardly seems of national monument caliber unless we see more spectacular country down along the San Rafael river. Swasey reports that antelope horns were once found in the region. Certainly the range covered today was suitable antelope range, & there is hundreds of square miles of it.

423. San Rafael Oct. 29, 1933 No mammals seen other than the horses. Bird life scarce. Birds seen today: Pintor jays - numerous Rock wren - 1 raven - 1 horned larks - 12 juncos - 2 Chickadee - 3 San Rafael Canyon to junction with Ferrof Creek October 30, 1933 The gorge was perhaps from 700 - 1100 ft. deep in jolaces, red sandstone, vertical cliffs and a few domes; several large side canyons from the south. Withal very picturesque, wild & desolate. Water anywhere in the vicinity is strongly alkaline. Soil & rocks covered with dry alkalai dust. Rickers and aluplant along river course. Canyon may have cliff dwelling ruins. One probable one was examined superficially. It netted 2 corn cob, a burnt fragment of earth and one partial arrowhead. The masonry was too disturbed to reveal more

H3 Oct 28, '63 San Rafael The paper was published in the Journal of Physical Chemistry and it states that the authors found that the rate of decomposition is first order with respect to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction is catalyzed by iodide ions. 1 - methylbutanol 1 - hexanol 31 - dial butyl 5 - octanol 3 - ethanediol San Rafael Company, CA This material was prepared from a mixture of ethanol and water. Oct 28, '63 The paper was published in the Journal of Physical Chemistry. The authors found that the rate of decomposition is first order with respect to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction is catalyzed by iodide ions. The paper was prepared from a mixture of ethanol and water. I have tried to find the reference for this, but it seems to be related to a study on the kinetics of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iodide ions. The authors suggest that the reaction is first order with respect to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and zero order with respect to the concentration of iodide ions. I have also found a reference to a study on the kinetics of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iodide ions. The authors suggest that the reaction is first order with respect to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and zero order with respect to the concentration of iodide ions. I am not sure if this is the correct reference, but it seems to be related to the topic. I have tried to find the reference for this, but it seems to be related to a study on the kinetics of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iodide ions. The authors suggest that the reaction is first order with respect to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and zero order with respect to the concentration of iodide ions. I have also found a reference to a study on the kinetics of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iodide ions. The authors suggest that the reaction is first order with respect to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and zero order with respect to the concentration of iodide ions. I am not sure if this is the correct reference, but it seems to be related to the topic.

424. San Rafael Canyon to Ferron. Oct.30,1933. thana probable location. This site was perhaps 1 mile down stream left hand side below junction of Salt Wash. Excavation probably justifiable U.S. Biological Survey poison signs were recently posted in Hulle's valley and above. Poison for coyotes have been distributed for several years in the region. Swasey says there is considerable loss of sheep due to coyotes. The area covered today was everywhere marked by horse, cattle & sheep tracks. A few head of cattle were seen at the upper end of the gorge. The region is almost barren of visible fete animal life. Signs seen: coyote tracks - common porcupine ears - few bobcat tracks - one pack rat nests - few chipmunks - 2 unidentified Birds, very scarce; those seen: gnat catcher - one flock guncox - common chickadees - heard twice ravens - 9 redtail hawk - 1

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425. San Rafael to Ferron Wash, Oct. 30, 1933. Flora of the canyon floor similar to that seen throughout the 4 day riding. Characteristic forms: Salsagaria - common Chrysothamnus sp. sp. - abundant Ambelchiar - abundant junipers - " Pinyon - common cottonwood - " yucca baccata - few Ephedra - common Single leaf ash - abundant Atriplex canescens - " Sarcolatus - scarce Three-lobed sunae - abundant Prickle pair cactus - common Pin cubhion - few Clematues - common Grana grass - " br heat grass - scarce grass (unidentified) - fence high white sage - scarce millewheal - few Purulia tridentata - common willow groves - common gutierrezia - common Russian thistle - everywhere Rosa - sparse tamarish - " sagebrush - "

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426. San Rafael to Junction Ferron Wash Oct. 30, 1953. castilleja - scarce Rocky Mt. Bee Plant - common Yellow paint - few high up Douglas fir ? - scarce pimple leaf perennial unidentified - common.

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B. H. Thompson 1929-1957 Journal 1934 Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P. Petrified Forest N. M. New Mexico: Bandelier N. M. Carlsbad Caverns N. P. Texas: Big Bend Washington: Mount Olympus Montana: Redrock Lakes N.W. R.

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Kailbah Deer Census 1934 Date Place Total 2/27/34 Rane 101 2/28/34 Tater Canyon region 182 2/29/34 " " to South Canyon 39 2/30/34 South Canyon 60 3/6/34 White Pocket to Table Rock 473 3/7/34 Table Rock to Willow Spring 365 3/8/34 Rock Canyon & Slide Canyon 296 3/9/34 Jump Up 470 10/34 White Pockets & Pine Hollow 1007 3/11/34 Sowato, north & west 145 3/12/34 Sowato, south & east 295 Total 3433 West Side 3051 East Side 382

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427. Kane Canyon, North & South Feb. 27, 1934. Total deer count for the day # 101. The deer are located as they were last year, that is, within the first mile of the canyons which cut into the plateau. They seem to concentrate within this narrow strip of winter range regardless of weather conditions. This winter there has been practically no snow. A light snow, perhaps 6" fell on top of the plateau on Feb. 23-24. No snow lies around Kane, and only a few light patches, perhaps 1" deep, upon top of Little Mountain. Yet the deer are in the same locality where we saw them last year. The range appears to be supporting more cattle this year than last; the Forest Service, however, is fencing the entire forest, which will make it possible to regulate the number of stock utilizing the forest. Cougar is showing utilization in spots on the ridges, particularly in sunny open places relatively free from juniper and pinyon. But only certain plants show browsing, although a number of deer had concentrated at these & stripped others nearby.

Tompson 428. Kane, North & South. Feb. 27, 1934 Ephedra viridis shows too heavy utilization by cattle probably on those same ridges. Sage brush shows hardly any browsing. Cofania and Junipers which were once stripped today over-browsing show remarkable recovery in an abundance of new shoots growing from the lopped over parts. I see little difference in the range this year, compared with last except for the normal growth of last year and a slight utilization generally. This east side range still appears to me as capable of supporting many more deer than it does at present, provided cattle are limited to the permits given. Last night I heard several coyotes howl out off the plain toward Mobile Canyon. Warren Hamilton saw one coyote north of Kane by a freshly killed buck.

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Thompson Tater Canyon Region 429. Feb. 28, 1934 One jack-rabbit One cotton tail seen today. Murray saw a bobcat's tracks. Tracks of [illegible] coyotes seen by Hamilton. Billy Crosby, resident here, interjects that cats are more abundant around South Canyon. He also says coyotes seem to traf[illegible] in a definite route through the valley, through the hills, & circle back into the valley, taking several days for the circuit. The range inspected today at the head of and around Tater Canyon has more Cowania than I've seen anywhere except in thickest of the west side. It was terribly stripped years ago, but shows unusual recovery -- that is, in rootcases, the whole plant is now covered with new shoots from a few inches to a foot long. Many plants did not recover. Much sagebrush was also killed outright then. Sage is still stubly but in good condition. Numbers of cattle are found out on nearly the points. Bob Parks says they are not permitted there & will be removed when the fence is completed. The range shows considerable utilization.

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Tompson 430. Tater Canyon & Region Feb. 28, 1934 Birds seen: 1 golden eagle 1 prairie falcon numerous ravens 1 canyon wren several chickadees numerous horned larks " juncoes Tater Canyon to South Canyon Feb. Mar. 1, 1934 Eight coyote tracks seen enroute today. Three cottontails likewise. Range in excellent recovery condition but no great quantity of grass. In some of the wash beds growth was twice high & luxuriant in growth. Covajia juniper & sage recovering remarkably. Deer tracks not numerous. It seems to me that the range is not nearly normally stocked with deer. South Canyon March 2, 1934 Feb. 30, 1934 Nine coyote tracks seen today and 2 cottontails, 1 jack rabbit.

magen + regnal rot i med d Dag meldt I vold i navn af I person, faren navn samt vidkaldt heder vidkaldt navn samt ". Omtale af sagens retfærdighed at finde næsten almindeligvis tilgivet om muligt at illustrere fuldt på det tilbuddet væger tilsyneladende imod den sag, at man i praksis har taget som et bevis på, at de fleste at opfatte som en fejl og primært for at opnå en form på den samme tilbuddet om særligt ret til at give os et tal, men det er med dette forudsætning, denne PEPI S. Dødt fem 1950-årene for alene nævne et par eksempler tilbage i dag / instruktør

Tompson South Canyon Mar.2. Feb.30/1934 The range covered today is densely covered with juniper, pines, Cowania, Pinusia, yucca glauca?, and in spots sagelmutb & clupothamne. The canyon are filled with gambel oaks. Cowania and Pinushia are almost entirely recovered. The region has been closed to domestic stock for 8 years. We saw a few horses however, +a few cow tracks. The rang south of Saddle Canyon is the best and it follows that it was hard hit when deer were most abundant. Deer tracks were numerous everywhere. Our census of 60 deer for the day must be a very small percentage of the deer actually present. Barque plants, however, showed no sign of browsing. This east side range, particularly the South Canyon area is certainly not stocked with deer to capacity. I believe that the range is supporting only a small percentage of the deer which it is capable of supporting.

Slide March 6, 1934 Yesterday I rode from Kanale to Ryan across the sagebrush flat. The lower part of the valley is covered mostly with Atriplex confertifolia. As the valley rises, Artemisia tridentata predominates. The region is without grass except in a few localities. Three jackrabbits and several coyote tracks were seen. Signs of one flock of domestic sheep in the region previously were observed. Today I rode from Ryan to Slide and then over into the White Pockets area. In general, the Cowania has been utilized just as heavily this winter as last, in spite of the fact that the winter is unusually mild (there is no snow where we rode). Such at least, is my impression from the day's ride. To be specific, on the more heavily used ridges, the current growth on Cowania has been browsed to stubble 1" long in many instances; the average is perhaps between 2"-3" of new growth left. And the range looks still deplorably over- browsed.

Tompson 433. Table Rock to Willow Canyon to Slide Mar. 7, 1934. The points covered today have been hit as hard as anything on the winter range. Sagewash & Coyote are only stubs. There is new growth put out every year, but it is eaten almost to the lobe each year. It did not look to me as though it were recovering fast enough to save a large percentage of the plants from dying. Deer or cattle tracks were everywhere. Forbesia, Ephedra, Fallugia & Cowania are all heavily browsed. Sagewash is recovering more than the others. The day was warm with a cold wind. Deer are fairly well scattered, but still concentrated on the points with a higher reach on the upper end of the range. Slide to Horse Spring Canyon Mar. 8, 1934 Down the north side of Slide Canyon the range was the same as yesterday. Slide Spring is a good trickle, cascading over 200 ft. down to the bottom of the canyon. Its water is slightly gyp flavored. Perhaps a 2" pipe could carry it. Horse Spring is barely more than a stop. Five deer were seen down in the bottom of Slide Canyon about half a mile above the spring. These were thin desert

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mp5017 434 Mar. 8, 1934. down in any of the canyons I have yet observed. Cattle range in Slide and Horse Spring west of the fence at the spring. West of this fence is all year range. Fescue seed is plentiful down in the region of the springs. Alfalfa is showing green all over the winter range. Some grass is green also. The long ridges just south of Slide canyon west of Jump up divide, are about the longest Coffania stretchers in this part of the winter range. They have very little jumper and are in general open for miles. Here the browsing damage has been extreme. The recovery is very slow. Most of the Coffania shoot are eaten to stubble 1" long. This was decidedly the most heavily utilized area did seem to date. Four jackrabbits seen today. A Marsh Hawk was frightened from a jackrabbit carcass. This is the first instance I know of where this hawk has been known to eat carrion. The carcass was perhaps 3 days old. No marks upon it gave any clue to its death. The hawk had just torn into the shoulder region.

P8 48 P1, 8. xIV huvud att to rang att & parallellt av sangfält & mfr att vi med luftmull & parallellt mfr minde av mfr or varffendz. qvar intefr et lille & ttvas tung vplund vald ett stols ofo gläntb de ffnef & tfar t-- intet är sentatets valmofst? tospal? var oved mllt, qvar intefr att få fråga lardrep mifera hans rofnir fattil ad genomab mfforvad ett ark fvelthar r mols per di manae elt., smärte nea at mette eufstads ainomd att i toge att elbeliade son vildt, pval "I glüte at med lile nemo hystlun afjand tonen etale albet mer stilladöp mof var de tidpig som stund dånle & alt är attk, varanne tilldäröga itt arde & mande sanatori tefl mirsactas at? nmand nead od skua falo qvabg sfolred var yvarne ett att det ado mer frofthi madi slamm of stir mot tpy had fward elt., attak måper sedelade att

435 Jump Up March 9, 1934. The ride today covered the jump up peninsula. I rode west from the cabin to Kanab Creek and covered the area for perhaps 3 1/2 miles south. Deer were mainly scattered from about the middle of the peninsula to Jump up Canyon. Few were seen, & tracks were few, down on the points to Kanab Creek. The portion which I saw showed an improved range as compared to last year. Cownia shoots were from 4" to 6" long and in many cases appeared to be untouched. Ephedra was improved everywhere, & fairly plentiful. Artemisia is in excellent condition. Perhaps the reason for this range improvement is in the fact that deer are scattered over the winter range this year and are not concentrated as they were last year. I saw 2 coyotes down near Kanab Creek. They were together. Coyote tracks were reported common by the other members of the party, A Bald Eagle was reported seen.

Tompson 436. White Pockets of Pine Hollow Mar. 10, 1934. The long points east & jump up for perhaps 3 miles east, are extend[illegible] Cuyahoga Ridge. The Cowania has been & still is heavily used. Most of the stubs or shoots were browsed close to the plant. For perhaps 3 miles west of the Pyron-Dowata road was intermediate range area. Here Cowania is covered with shoots from 8'-12" generally, jumper & pinion predominate here. It is my opinion that the ridges within the fighter range covered today, are still too heavily utilized to allow recovery. Three coyotes, 1 cat tracks, & 2 Golden Eagles seen this afternoon. Last night coyotes howled just east of jump up. One dead porcupine, eaten from the belly was found with a dead Albert squirrel? We could not explain it. The squirrel was within 1 foot of the porcupine but nothing had eaten the squirrel.

JEH walked and studied stuff . HEP1,01.night feeling of feeling & tears sitting pool all reglith airfield dinedfuge was toobdeline barn plinck or oltar wood and around all and burned even stood as white into light & then silence & speaking at finally felt the difference i was heard turning up a bit. this because an immense softness came down - say of pleasure 21-8, and study and something more seems all to tell nothing now as the valley becomes yours nothing all winter I walked at bay after plucked out bits and pieces of Bubbles & a scant tool, yet was easily stages again too, in another night more He found & some they looked all at my watch of self-fury hard bent Lucinda tabled back a few to hand over leaving all & it needed to take itself as the finding all & that winter, saw Lucinda still after had painted

1017775017 437. Dowats March 11, 1934 This morning we moved camp to Dowats. Roads were clear of snow so that we could drive cars all the way. There is a new cabin at Dowats. In the afternoon Shumacher and I rode the points north & west of the cabin. The range appears just about as it did last year. Recovery is too slow. Shumacher agreed privately with me that the range is still being too heavily utilized, and that further reductions in livestock or game would be desirable. He outlined a plan of his whereby the west side winter range points might be fenced against deer & domestic stock, leaving lanes down into the sandrock (such as the Nail Trail) where animals might go in case of severe winter. Otherwise they might pile up against the fence occasioning range damage and perhaps severe losses.

DET VEP1,11 Barvik t fjerne leveren en gammel vilj on sags & nød over alver. at om det lga. var sind blive en te stund to mils men og i f ovelande Hv til en e atten et i dyrt skab go tildt temp vorede op arbed mind elved at an meget, jeg taal lib thi det også besdte fdrmande priel. elty af gamle att fatt velting talt hos fejltier plused folnow enop o located in guatand vidt malt o faelltue H , elleried ghvar atimer slartrev alt plevd sebb tonige besed al tilpine stum senal fised. flote efterneb vo den) filsoberad att ste men Hlynn damme sedu (lidt lidt sifusitO ) stuv enop & 200 mi og alt tempo dr slid flpinn ud havo gansfold opaf min visdar fresal fremst og fdrn

Thompson 438 Sowata March 12, 1934 Today the ride took me from head of the Hail Trail to Saddle, Indian Hollow & Rice Hollow. The range shows heavy current utilization. Particularly near the water hole in Rice Hollow, Cliffrose is utterly stripped. In the areas of forest utilization, Russian Thistle covers the ground. This is its first appearance on the range, as far as I have noticed, but it indicates what can take place if further range abuse occurs. In summary: it is my opinion that game must be reduced further; that a reduction of domestic stock would be desirable if it can be affected; that the range is being held in an unproductive state. March 13-14, 1934 enroute to South Rim Grand Canyon. March 15th wrote Rival report and answered accumulated mail.

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Thompson 439 Grand Canyon March 16, 1934. Today, Brooks and I drove over much of the area within the new fence which circles the village site, running from the south boundary east about 7 miles from the village and west about an equal distance. This will totally exclude domestic stock from an area (I estimate) to be about 45 sq. miles. Brooks has dug 8 waterholes and plans to do about 8 more. There are so far within the fence. He contemplates constructing some outside. Water run-off is uncertain & usually slight in this region. Lack of transpiring within these ponds may allow water to seep away for the first few years. There are major four factors to induce deer to remain in the parks, South Rim: 1. waterholes in an arid region. 2. improving a fenced range. 3. hunting outside & protection inside. 4. salting Locally (at the village) there is feeding of hay & grain, and the remnants of the tame herd imported & rearing its young each year in the vicinity.

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Thompson 440 Grand Canyon March 17, 1934. Today I drove over the Grand View region, down into the Tuzayan Forest about 10 miles on the old Cameron road & the old Flagstaff road, as well as around the quarry & down to Berry's ranch. This gave a good cross section of the worst grazing area. Within the Park, near Grand View, the range is in deplorable condition. Gamble Lake is a mass of dead stubs. Cowania killed outright in some places, left stably in others, etc., showing all degrees of utilization. Within the national forest, the same condition exists for several miles south of the park boundary. Logging is recent & selective here, but it has not obliterated the signs of over-grazing. Further south, a good grass country is entered. Grass grows abundantly under the yellow pines.

Thompson Grand Canyon Horse Thief Tank & Pasture Wash. March 18-19, 1934. The 18th Art Brown & I went to Horse Thief Tank in the Hermit Basin drainage. Seven deer ran out of the tank as we approached. Burro tracks are abundant all around the Hermit Basin vicinity. Brown intends to shoot them. Browns, particularly Gambel oak & Ceanothus, show all along this divide that at some time in the past they have been heavily over-browsed. Many dead stubs remain. The range is not a big browse producer. Dripping Spring canyon on the west side of Hermit was also visited. Deer tracks were common in the area. The 19th, Art & I drove to Pasture Wash. By the ranger station, perhaps 1/4 mile north of it, is the neat antelope paddock, constructed of woven wire & iron posts, enclosing 2-3 acres with water troughs. This paddock lies within the newly fenced horse pasture which is about 2 miles long by 3/4 mile wide. It is planned to introduce antelope kids in the stockade; to release them when they are mature. Antelopes are not far from here - in head of Cataract - so that it is felt that the wild adapt themselves to the Pasture Wash region.

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Thompson 442. Pasture Wash continued. March 19, 1934 Range within the parks appears to be good antelope range – sagebrush flats in comparatively open juniper-piñon country with good grama grass stands. The most open country however lies in the forest just south of the parks. It seems a gamble to me whether antelope will stay within the parks unless hopefully domesticated. However, I think the experiment worth trying – it may work. A new water hole has been constructed about a mile north of Pasture Wash ranger station. Up at Bass’s cisterns (new galvanized iron troughs have been placed). The cisterns are blasted out of solid limestone & are too vertically sided to be used other than by jumping. It is planned to pump water periodically into the troughs. Such course strikes me as futile. Cowania, Ephedra, Artemisia, juniper & piñon are in normal growth about Bass cisterns. They show no browsing. All ages & sizes of Cowania repro. are to be found, but without exception, the young plants were deep browsed, there showing why

.5+1 no39 leintusoo look autoor 42 Pi Pi leoff el t' wedgas draf ett mittin gmar? landelpbb - edmar efolet fo b jennny med de mittin fende vi atg, som lampe ogo et i, itivso nori, slipp, til tanf ell, havete 2 "Etten tawittany? ett mi sial ti ellem o gmeer llb, draf ett mittin atell efoletno matter, fen fotvitee folo daveliff? welme slary et kunndje eft glintt i peufund slow for ti - pient itten need vald eld retfwerfen P 2 Etten slim o tolo beteutenan god, viteto gmar look sutto, befinldap evetj suttio a'ara. Pi dvaldfjed ed eald ejvent mari lila jltu betald exp suttine bela i llaftha et eno t rutrenil miff el mellt metts karned et fakali found et kennald vi te ruse, sed att det ell linnfuneig ett? so enn valgte carved sismeto fabald, minned ittirplanen in eno f r miging en folo yild suttio skal skuld minned og seie reno llD, pionsard truffet til hunnel et also arder een stald purg att nitteke pre gurede det llam med kebb

Thompson Pasture Wash continued March 19, 1934. There is no repro evident on the Kaibah winter range. The stand of Cowana & other growth is exactly now what the Kaibah west side range must have been at one time and the revelation is worth seeing. Deer could not possibly be counted in this heavy growth. When the Kaibah range returns there can be no count there, nor will it be necessary. March 20th to Petrified Forest. Petrified Forest March 21, 1934. Today, Sup't. Chas. J. Smith has taken me along the south end part of the west fence. The fence is just recently completed. It is 14 barbed wires, juniper posts 1 rod spaced, lower wire approx. 1/6" to 18" above ground. I think this is a little low but it will probably not impede antelope movements very much. Only a few domestic cattle are still within the fence. Grass is well scattered, much grama in seed, but looks as though a few years

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thompson Petrified Forest March 21, 1934. protection would greatly improve it-- [i.e. thicker, closer & taller] growth. Erosion gullies are small but numerous. Grove cover may stop the erosion. Antelope are reported seen commonly within the monument, along approach roads just outside and along the west side. Range is just barely perceptibly improved inside over that currently grazed outside. Water holes are to be provided when funds are available. These will be north of the administration center several miles. One to be over along the west boundary perhaps, and one just east of the road. Permanent water is to be had just west of the monument--water hole. Prarie dogs may be in the monument although data is indefinite.

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445. Bandelier Nat'l. Monument March 28, 1934. Last night I came out with Custodian Evansstead from Santa Fe. He drove in over the new highway which is being built down into Frijoles Canyon. Evansstead wants to fence the south and east sides of the monument to exclude trespass stock. He reports that turkeys have been commonly seen along the approach road near the north rim of the canyon, but have not been seen down in Frijoles this winter. The winter is so mild that there has been no necessity for their seeking lower terrain. This morning, Evansstead, Lyle Bennett & I hiked into the north section of the monument, as far as Alamo canyon, -- up Alamo about 3 miles, across toward Frijoles, striking the trail near the top of Frijoles. This is an old Forest Service trail. An open, picturesque Ponderosa pine forest covered the top of the mesa with a mixed understory of pinion, juniper (repulorum, Utahensis & possibly occidentalis), Cornaria, Quercus of various species, Cercocarpus abundantly, cacti of cholla & prickly pear varieties, Amelanchier & willows along streams,

Thompson Boulderier March 28, 1934 and an excellent ground cover of grama grass somewhat utilized by other cattle & horses, and an abundance of mountain Muhlenbergia - a tall very coarse bunch grass of little forage value. Cattle & horse tracks are common in the forest and the browse shows heavy grazing a few years ago. Much of it still looks stubby although there has been a marked recovery. Fencing it seems desirable to me. Up along Alamo canyon & across to Friggles, perhaps 2 miles west of the telephone line, there is a solid mat of Ponderosa Pine reproduction ranging in height from 3' to 15'. Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus macrotis) tracks are numerous throughout the forest. I jumped 3 deer in a bunch about half way to Alamo. One turkey feather was also picked up. It was fresh & clean, indicating recent passage of turkeys through the forest. This was along phone line. A duck hawk was nesting in a hole well up in the south cliff of Alamo canyon. One of the birds flew up & down the canyon calling repeatedly.

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Thompson Bandelier March 28, 1934. Once it flew to the supposed nest site and it sounded as though two birds were making a sort of churring noise together. Possibly the other was on the roof. Three cottontails were seen during the day. Several ravens, red-shafted flickers, and numerous passerines not recorded. Few porcupine scars were seen. Fry, the concessioner, has poisoned & killed them at every opportunity in past years. They cannot possibly be abundant in the monument. A few coyote tracks were seen, but not many. Perhaps twice during the day. Predator animal control is practiced in the Santa Fe National Forest surrounding the monument, and there are numerous private grants of great extent adjacent & near to the monument. Cougars have been killed in the forest for years according to local report. They are now probably scarce. No water was flowing in Alamo, and there was no sign of beaver habitation there. I doubt that beavers are ever more than sporadic here. There is a dense stand of douglas fir in Alamo.

.THH celebrate July 1975 this team began to act as it will to carry out the project or belonging to law serves guidance & tries a problem even it was open, felt felt pleased, next year . it should be seen as a solution could quickly followed by other lessons benefit from experience and programs but more are available now with a broader and more recent set of fundamental efforts to meet both the needs of the future and those of the past the members act to see new roles that can be all kinds of people who want to or have a plan to establish a pattern of action that is best for both themselves and others too just as stated before, we need full effort here also to try the term and equal support for minimum growth or interest in building so they offer a better picture of our own personality and history of what it would mean if you can observe more as overall talk with each other or well seek a change what are concerning all groups & future

448. Tompson Bandelier March 28, 1934. Bighorns may have been once present. None have been heard of within the region in many years. There is not sufficient territory within the monument to attempt re-introducing them at this time. Fry told us upon our return that the heavily over-grazed portion of the monument lay south of Alamos canyon where we were unable to go. The mesa top is dotted with mounds and chipping, & potter sherds. Evansstead is interested in wild life and is going to try to get a survey made within the monument if he can get a trained person to do it. There seems to be no particular game management plan to institute there at present, other than to fence & patrol the area & give adequate protection As the situation becomes better known, some cooperative steps with the Forest Service & game department may be worked out for a larger game production scheme.

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Thompson 449. Carlsbad April 2, 1934 From Carlsbad, up Rocky Arroyo, to Dark Canyon watershed, over Queens Mesa to Lincoln Forest fire look-out. Practically all of the mesa country lying north of the Cavern is unsuitable for parks purposes. It is utilized by cattle and goats and is of no outstanding scenic value. Grass & browse range are generally good, except in spots near ranches, water-holes or camps, where overgrazing is in some cases severe. Particularly is it bad around ranchers. Characteristic vegetation: Pino edulus, Juniperus monosperma, J. pachyloia, several other junipers unidentified by me, Pinos ponderosa on higher or protected sites, great variety of oaks, Cercocarpus lanatus, yuccas, Sagavos, ephedra, etc. This region appears to be serving its maximum utility at present and should not be considered for park purposes. Ranger Perry Corvis accompanied me.

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450. Carlbad April 3, 1934. McKittrick Canyon. Accompanied by Ranger & Mrs. Perry Lewis of Carlbad. Most of McKittrick Canyon is privately owned. Near McCloud has very picturesque old home about a mile out from foot of Guadalupe. Mr. Pratt from Houston Texas has the second house, up in the canyon. He uses this for summer home, riding, general recreation. His house is picturesque & substantial. The third holding up the canyon is less developed but holds the elk above a fence running across the canyon. Each place is fenced against the public. The elk, introduced from somewhere in Montana or Wyoming, are now about 60 in number. They tend to remain in McKittrick's canyon, ranging near the stream bed, eating, rubbing and trampling the vegetation along the stream course. They act like true exotics, ill adapted to their present environment. I saw two elk, but tracks & sign of more were in evidence all day. I'd feel that this region cannot support but five elk, & would be better without them at all. The stream was stocked with an abundance of rainbow trout, ranging

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Thompson McKittrick Canyon April 3, 1934 from 4 or 5 inches to a foot long. Pools are numerous & fish food seems to be abundant, particularly Caddis fly larvae. Perry reported: bears few; deer common (Odocoileus h. cactus Merriam) and we saw numerous signs. Bighorn or tracks were not seen, but bighorns are still thought by local residents to inhabit the canyon walls. One coyote track seen. McKittrick is very scenic; a delightful camping & hiking area with an abundance of flora of many varieties (see Bailey's "Flora of Southwest Arizona"). Big Bend of Rio Grande Texas April 5-6, 1934 April 5th about 1:15 PM left Alpine for Big Bend in company with James Corry pres. of Alpine Chamber of Commerce, Joe Moore local resident for many years, Frank Callan, and John Hartman a "water witch" of many years in Alpine & vicinity. Enroute, we discussed wild life of the region, and the following is the gist of the conversation: Peccaries (species not sure) are still common in the lechugilla-covered foothills of the Chisos & surrounding mts. Reported to eat

"Odocoileus virginianus" (Ariz. white-tailed deer) probably finds its eastern limits in Chisos Ovis mexicana, MEX. Bighorn (Baird's Bailey) have been killed on north side of Chisos & come into Santa Helena canyon from MEX. side. Probably very rare, if not extinct in the region.

1077P501 Big Bend April 5-6, 1934 Agave lechuguilla. Mule deer (O. h. canus) commonly hunted in Chisoo region. "Fan-tailed deer" (O. teyaneus) also commonly hunted in Chisoo. Pronghorn & Bighorn moose seemed to know anything about, although I think it probable that pronghorn were here in former days because the range looks suitable, but probably not down in the proposed park proper. In the evening, bats began flying about over "Hector's" place on north edge of Chisoo. I took these to be the Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Smaller bats were common at dusk also, although I could not identify them. Black Bears (Ursus americanus) are reported still found in Chisoo. Mexican raccoon (Procyon lotor mexicanus) reported common along Rio Grande. Texas coonmistle (B. a. flavus) also common. Skunks (M. meunelas varanus and Spilogale leucoparia) common. The Hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus macdensus whearni) must also be present, although no one seemed to know. Badgers (Taxidea taxus berlandieri) reported present but not common.

.534 D271, 2-9 krig brevet gik allmædeligere betændelsemæssig (juniør 2. D) med sk. skolelærer, -cand. (Cny, østfrits kollegium) opdragende til (trængt 1) "selvbestyrelse" var det nok betænkt? (At lærerne også har fået at gøre mere i og f.eks. får de lov at fritale, såvel som for at få det til at gælde. opdragelse af alle børn, der skal opdrages og undervises, men ikke alene men også til "alle tiders" socialt og pædagogisk fritidsliv (børnskab) samt sin plads i folkeskolen. Man må altså primært tillade selve at træffe mere eller "fastere" men også det, at alt det er det, der skal gøres, alligevel (manglende konsistens?) kan også skulle to afgørende event. stå i det fælles for bl.a. de såkaldte sø (skolevæsenets søster) og almindelige var det nu lang tid, der gik, (manglende stil), -f.eks. også i slagsart, men da mannes tekstens og (manglende 2) alt i mere nævnt. men afgørende, som var det, at man ikke kunne (man er) (medlemmer af et ærkeligt) værdibud manes tomt til tværs betjener

HOMPSO Big Bend of Rio Grande April 5-6, 1934 Coyotes (C. l. texensis or C. micropus) possibly both species, are common and are of course limited. One (appears like C. micropus to me) was killed by a gas station perhaps 30 miles south of the Chisos. Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus zeotii)? common in the region. Three were confined in a pen at the same gas station. Gray or lobo wolf (Canis mexicanus vulpinus) was once common in the region. It is several years since any have been reported according to my information. Most of them were killed prior to 1920. Swift or kit fox (probably Vulpesvexata) neomexicana) reported to be in the region. No book which I have seen however gives its range in Big Bend, although Barton places it about as near as Presidio. Bobcats (sp.? ) are reported common. Cougars (Felis concolor azteca) have been hunted and killed in the region since white man first came. They are probably very scarce now. No one seemed to know anything about ocelots or jaguars. Beavers (Castor canadensis mexicanus) reported along the Rio Grande. Jackrabbits (Lepus californicus texianus)

Ammospermophilus interjace, Texas antelope squirrel, seen along Rio Grande. Ammodillos probably not present. Neotoma micropus, Baird woodrat in dese .. mexicana Mex. .. in Chisos.

454. Trompso Big Bend Rio Grande Apr. 5-6, 1934. were frequently seen in the desert and mountains. Cottontails (Sylvilagus robustus), Davis Mountains Cottontail common in the Chisos higher up: (S. audoboni minor) Little Cottontail in the desert foothills. Several seen. This area has been grazed by domestic stock for perhaps 50-60 years. It is over-grazed. Hardly a blade of grass was to be found anywhere around the Chisos near Hector's camp. Grama grass, closely cropped, was common near the entrance of the ruts. Mules, cows, and horses were seen eating the 'little leaves of oaks (sp.? )' around Hector's place, and the stock was poor for flesh. April 7-8, 1934. Leaving Alpine about 10:30 A.M. Dr. J.S. Steger, Biol. Dept., Sul Ross Teachers' College, Alpine, and Dr. Benj. F. Berkeley accompanied me to Berkeley's cabin on the banks of the Rio Grande near Boquillas. We returned about 11:30 PM, Apr. 8th.

24 Okt. 5 - 8. kl. hesterade att ni, som p.t. verkar över sätt (utredningsuppladd) till attto i att ni varken platsat eller minuter är för redigering av till att to (varumärkesbroschyr) Omsorgslägen, då det står att man har godt förhållande med barn och unga p.t. 2 - 30 kl. 15-18. Första intervju med [illegible] (varumärkesbroschyr) förlängd at en nyckelordet 'hälsofrämjande' sammanlagt 30 att ta med i förslag och ladda upp som annat. Fanns svårt att till var man kommer från början av varje kl. 14, stämmer att göra en helt ny intervju som övergripande (barns ålder) (3) och sedan förvara ett till att att ha sett i skrivelse hemmavarande här, ifrån varumärket. Okt. 7 - 8 kl. M.A.65:10-tvålo medlemsgrupper G.I.2 (G.I.2), vartefter P.L.P. m.fl. varumärkesbarn i Göteborgs universitet Först en lärandeupplevelse för de flesta av godt varvar (att inte vara med) och tillfallande (i vissa fall) att G.I.2 (M95:10-tvålo hemmavarande)

Tompson Big Bend Rio Grande April 7-8, 1934. He drove down by way of the eastern-most road to Boquillo and returned by the one which passes just east of the Chisos mts. On the 8th Steger & I hiked over to the mouth of the Chisos. Boquillo's canyon, part way up on the north side mts. & back'd to Boquillo's by the river. Birds seen: reported: Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) American Merganser (Mergus merganser, americanus) a couple on river. 3. Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura septentrionalis) common. 4. Black Vulture? (Coragyps atratus) two. 5. Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis) few. 6. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis) several. 7. Marsh Hawk (Circus hudsonius) common. 8. Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius) common. 9. Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) one 10. Ariz.Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata pallida) abundant in desert. 11. Merri's Quail (Ayrtox montezuma meameri) reported, a few still up in Chisos. 12. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia) few seen along river- 13. Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) few along river and near springs- 14. Western Meadow Lark (Sturnella magna marginalis) common

Black Phoebe (Sayornis nigricans) was seen at river. Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus borealis) heard along river.

Trompson 456. Big Bend Rio Grande April 7-8, 1934. 15. Eastern White-winged dove (Zenopelia a. asiatica) few seen along river. 14. Band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata) said to be found in Chisos. 15. Humming birds are said to be numerous. He saw none. 16. Cassin's Kingbird (Tyrannus vociferans) common 17. Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) common along river. 18. Woodhouse jay (Apelocoma californica woodhousei) common in Chisos. 19. American Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus) common in desert. 20. Cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus cuneii) common along Rio Grande. 21. Canyon wren (Catherpes mexicanus alligros) common along Floquillo Canyon. 22. Marsh wren (Cistothorus sp.) common in reeds along Rio Grande. 23. Western mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos leucopterus) common 24. Thrashers, probably Curve-billed (Toxostoma curvirostro) common shore. 25. Western robin (Turdus migratorius profugae profingulus) few. 26. Chestnut-backed bluebird (Sialia mexicana bairdi) common 27. Mt. Bluebird (Sialia currucoides) few seen in Chisos.

424 [illegible]

457. Tompson Big Bend Rio Grande April 7-8, 1934 28. Pyrrhuloxia (sp?) common along Rio Grande. 29. White-rumped shrike (Lanius ludovicianus migraans) excutorides )common. 30. junco?, English sparrow, sparrows; There were many birds which I could not identify by song and did not see sufficiently for good diagnostic characteristics. Two turtles were seen swimming in the river. They may have been the Sonoran Mud Turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense.) A large bullsnake (Pituophis sp.) was found along the river. He threw it into the water and it could swim about 3 times as fast as it can crawl. It was brightly colored as though it had recently shed. Characteristic vegetation of the region: 1. Bulbilis dactiloides, Buffalo grass, in a few spring areas between Alpine & the Big Bend, but none seen in Big Bend area. 2. Sparse scattering of grass, some grama, in area staples) but most has been grazed to death. 3. Agave lechuguilla very abundant throughout the region, but thickest in foothills. 4. A. wislizeni in foothills & Chisos. 5. Agave lep. A third one with reddish edges (both the leaves; very slender leaves, about as tall as lechuguilla. Steiger did not know the name + she had no way of identification.

RORPSON 458. Big Bend Rio Grande Apr. 7-8, 1934 6. Yucca glauca 7. " baccata 8. Covillea glutinosa, Creosote bush 9. Ephedra, at least 2 species, probably torreyana and nevadensis and possibly a third, antisyphilitica. 10 Prosopis glandulosa, mesquite, common. 11. Fallugia paradoxa, Yacache plume, commo 12. Celtis occidentalis, Hackleberry, and " very probably C. pallida. 13. Seborgyrea sp. few. (2 species present). 14. Opuntia [crossed out] prickly pear several species 15. [illegible] pin cactus Echinocactus x Echinocereus, " " Periocerus (the "night-blooming Cerena") is reported present. 15. Fouquiera splendens, Acotillo, abundant. 16. Diospyros texana, Mexican persimmon, common 17. Odoctemon, probably fremontii few. 18. Chilopsis saligna, desertwillow- common 19. Candelaria or rubber plant. Cant find this in Coulter, but Steiger calls it Candelaria and says Mexicans make a gum [crossed out] or wax from it. 20. Clupothamnus, common In the Pinos: 21. Pinus ponderosa in Ojo 22. " chilwalmana, reported

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Tompson Big Bend Rio Grande 459. Apr. 7-9, 1934. 23. Pinus edulis, pincón. 24. Pseudotsuga taxifolia 25. Juniperus occidentalis, reported 26. " " monobahama, reported. 27. J. pachyphloea, Alligator bark juniper. 28. J. I. glabrida, creeping juniper. As far as I can ascertain this is found only in the Chisos mts. for Texas. 29. Quercus many species. Miller, a botanist at the U. of Texas says there are 8 species new to U.S., found here. He has not published yet, but has worked on flora of the region. 30. Acer grandidentatum, maffle. 31. Arbutus xalapensis, madrone. 32. Prunus serotina or salicifolia or both. The latter is a Mex. form extending into mts. of western & southern Texas. 33. Cercocarpus parvifolius + possibly parvidentatus. Of course, there is much more, but these are representative.

Høst Bog P.7-3. og mild, milde omr., 85 miljøet, østl., 145 betræder, østl. (s.) 75 betræder, omr. 25 afgivet, 0-300, østlig, p. 75 for at, afgive, vindh., almind. 1, 4, 85 flodning, ordrift, vinteren, med b sket og stv. omr. alt m. a udfløt, vedtagne mæren, østl., p. 2 sættes op på det til to total ved brug, 5, alt men vinkler 8 er i del at bekræftes for båd af måger alt i østl. og vestl. ofte, 10-40, østl., 95 område, østl. omr. 13 stil er milde og skitserede omr., 85 miljøet, mbr., i alt en total af ved væsten i vinteren 6, omr. str. dileg, 0-40, østl., 85 østlig, østl., 75 kun, ordrift, eller i østl. (s.) østl. østl. og vestl.

Tompson Mount Olympus 460 April 23, 1934. This afternoon I attended a meeting in Forks of Izock Walonians, local game protectors, foresters, one member of the state game commission. Resolutions were proposed by the I.W. league local chapter and unanimously passed. As near as I can recall, they expressed the sentiment of the community, it were in the main as follows: 1. Bounty system should be restored on cougars & other predators. Note: there was no faith ifr the govt. hunters. Everyone keeps a pack of trained cougar hounds. They like cougar hunting but also want the bounty to help defray expense of hounds. Approx. 32-34 cougars supposedly killed on the peninsula each year. Black bears should be killed as predators. 2. The Olympic Natl. Monument should not be any larger than at present. Note: this also expresses sentiment generally. The monument is not favored by these people here. 3. Various lengthy proposals to produce better steelhead fishing fly, larger rearing ponds & more transplants. 4. Best game management books should be brought by county & taught in public schools.

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017p5047 Mount Olympus April 23, 1934. Hoh River Today Mr. O.J. Marie & I drove from Forks to the CCC camp which is about 10 miles up the Hoh River. From there, we hiked up to South Fork of Hoh and several miles up the south fork. We were perhaps within 5 miles of west side of Mt. Olympus Nat'l Monument. He talked with a Mrs. Richmond who has lived all her life on the Hoh. Her points were fairly expressive of local sentiment: 1. The monument should be kept small enough that roads would be unnecessary and it could be hiked across. 2. Predators should be exterminated. 3. Elk & deer should be hunted in order to keep the range from being over-grazed. 4. Big concessionaires should forever be kept out. Let the locals take care of public. 5. Let the peninsula remain a frontier as it is so that these people will in no way have to modify the way they have lived for 40 years. 6. Any animal which is not seen, such as fur bearers or predators, should be trapped & killed inside or outside of the monument. 7. Bears are predacious & should be killed.

Hammers hielalis pacifera [illegible]

Holm River Apr. 23, 1934. The forest which covers this side of Olympias is mainly Pseudotsuga taiifolia, Picea siticensis, Abies grandis, Thuja sp., Tsuga sp., Alders and maples, with an understory of Salmonberry, 2 species of huckleberry, Devil's Club, Gymnocladus, vine maple, and a ground covering of various mosses, opalis, bracken and sword fern and a smaller variety locally called "Clle Fern" (considered very palatable) to elle), Salal, Osostemon, Phyllodoce berry and much coniferous reproduction. Everything is soon covered with green growth. Winter wrens are the most persistent bird in the forest. Two American Mergansers seen in Holm. Water Owls seen twice. Crows (common) Robin common Varied Thrush " Aplodontia holes seen a few times, Deer tracks generally distributed, but nowhere abundant. Clle tracks common everywhere above the forks of the river. A band of 10 coup & 2 fulvus was seen about 6 miles up South Fork of Holm. Clle sign and grooming on wind maples & Salmonberry indicate rather heavy usage along streams in some areas. The Holm is

Här Jag ska äntligen börja att skriva Om det är något som jag har skrivit tidigare, så är det inte mycket. Men jag har försökt att skriva ner mina tankar och känslor. Jag har varit väldigt trött den senaste tiden, och jag vet inte varför. Jag har försökt att sova mer, men jag kan inte få mig att sova. Jag har också varit väldigt stressad på jobbet, och jag vet inte vad jag ska göra. Jag har försökt att prata med min chef, men hon har inte hjälpt mig. Jag har också blivit väldigt ledsen av allt som hänt i mitt liv. Jag har förlorat mina föräldrar, och jag har varit ensam under en lång tid. Jag har också blivit väldigt sjuk den senaste tiden, och jag vet inte vad jag ska göra. Jag har försökt att ta mediciner, men de har inte hjälpt mig. Jag har också blivit väldigt rädd för framtiden, och jag vet inte vad som kommer att hända. Jag har försökt att tänka positivt, men jag kan inte få mig att göra det. Jag har också blivit väldigt trött på allt som händer i mitt liv. Jag har försökt att ta lite ledighet, men jag kan inte få mig att släppa taget om arbetet. Jag har också blivit väldigt ledsen av allt som hänt i mitt liv. Jag har förlorat mina föräldrar, och jag har varit ensam under en lång tid. Jag har också blivit väldigt sjuk den senaste tiden, och jag vet inte vad jag ska göra. Jag har försökt att ta mediciner, men de har inte hjälpt mig. Jag har också blivit väldigt rädd för framtiden, och jag vet inte vad som kommer att hända. Jag har försökt att tänka positivt, men jag kan inte få mig att göra det. Jag har också blivit väldigt trött på allt som händer i mitt liv. Jag har försökt att ta lite ledighet, men jag kan inte få mig att släppa taget om arbetet. Jag har också blivit väldigt ledsen av allt som hänt i mitt liv. Jag har förlorat mina föräldrar, och jag har varit ensam under en lång tid. Jag har också blivit väldigt sjuk den senaste tiden, och jag vet inte vad jag ska göra. Jag har försökt att ta mediciner, men de har inte hjälpt mig. Jag har också blivit väldigt rädd för framtiden, och jag vet inte vad som kommer att hända. Jag har försökt att tänka positivt, men jag kan inte få mig att göra det. Jag har också blivit väldigt trött på allt som händer i mitt liv. Jag har försökt att ta lite ledighet, men jag kan inte få mig att släppa taget om arbetet.

463 Tompson Hole River April 23, 1934. reportedly the most heavily utilized by elk. Mrs. Richmond said she had seen a band of approx. 75 just above her place recently. Bear tracks seen once. One cougar track followed along trail for over a mile. Otter, bobcats, minks, martens are all trapped, and Fisher are occasionally caught. Myrke saw a fisher tracks shortly below Mosquito Creek on Bogachiel River. Wolves are probably gone entirely. Coyotes & foxes are probably not in this part of the peninsula. Gruse heard 3 times during day. Bogachiel River April 24, 1934: Trip from Crispin's place to Guard Station, about 8 miles. Vegetation much the same as on the lower Hole. Elk browsing on Salmon berry & Vine maple becoming noticeable about last 1/2-3 miles of trail. Elk tracks common from about 2 miles above Crispins. Deer tracks fairly common though never numerous. Bear sign seen twice. Bobcat & cougar tracks once each. Wintergreen is still about only bird heard in forest. Occasional Varied Thrush & Crow Warsaw- 2 Am. Mergansers on river.

[illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible]

Dempson Bogachiel Guard Station to Calawah River & Return April 25, 1934. Marie picked up 5 bobcat and 1 cougar droppings today. We saw no tracks, howe- ver elk tracks numerous all the way. Browse abundant, especially vine maple, huckle- berry (most of this), and some salmon berry. Deer tracks seen only a few times. There was no sign of over-browsing which I could detect, although numerous signs of browsing. A salmon, 1 perhaps 2 ft. long was playing in Calawah River by trail crossing. Certainly there is no scarcity of browse in the woods at present, but this has been a mild winter with early spring. It is reported that snow is abundantly found all over region we have covered this time of year. During dead of winter I imagine food in the forest would be scarce for deer & elk. It is at such times that the reported starvation & over-browsing must take place. As one proceeds up rivers, notably the Hoh, underbrush thins out & disappears. Old timers say it has been killed out by elk. There is no remnant of it, but than wood rots rapidly in this damp forest. The question is: Has this been done by elk, or if it a normal transition from brushy to open forest?

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Tompson 465 Bogachiel Guard Station to Hyack & Return April 26, 1934. It is about 11 1/2 miles from Bogachiel G. S. to Hyack. Trail leads up river and ups North Fork. All the way (and Muriel reports it for about 3 miles beyond) there is a dense undergrowth of huckleberry, Salmo- berry, vine maple, ferns (both sword and "elfe brake" and some bracken), salad and oxalis as well as others of less forage value. There were signs of elfe browsing but no over-browsing. A band of perhaps 10-12 elk was flushed about 6 miles up the river. He could not get an accurate count in the dense underbrush. Elk tracks were, however, numerous all the way. The bulls are reported to winter higher, in the mts. We saw only a few bull tracks. A few deer tracks were seen, but on the whole, not abundantly. One or possibly two cougar's tracks were seen at intervals along the trail. Aplodontia holes are common. Muriel picked up 3 bobcats droppings and one bobcat's tracks were seen on the trail. A flock of crossbills was heard. On the whole, the forest trail has

466 Thompson Bogachiel Guard Station to Hyacks & Return April 26, 1934 meager bird life at this time of year. En route back to camp we met a young fellow with 2 cougar hounds & girl who is hunting for cougar & bobcat. He reports having killed two cougars this month along the Bogachiel. The Forks Isaac Walton League pay a $15. bounty on cougar. They report enough money left in the treasury for 2 more bounties. April 27, 1934 Returned to Forks. April 28, 1934 Today we drove to Clearwater and a few miles up the new CCC-built road. The vegetation is the same as before. We interviewed a Mr. Crippin & his wife who have lived at Clearwater since 1901. They reported that elk inhabit the forest all around Clearwater, par- ticularly during fall & rutting season. They hear the bulls bugle. Mrs. Crippin said she saw a large band of shy/elk a few miles above town about 5 years ago (some 200 she estimated). They both say that several miles (perhaps 15) up the

Thompson Clearwater 467 April 28, 1934. river there are large grassy bottoms with little underbrush, and that elk inhabit these considerably. They didn't think there was any great seasonal movement of elk except that elk leave the vicinity of the town in winter and are found further out from the river or ridges. Their explanation of the elk drift is to be doubted, I think. They say, as do all early inhabitants whom we've interviewed, that elk were not as numerous when this country was first settled as they are now. They attribute the increase to predatory animal control. From Clearwater we drove to Quinault and down to an old logging road in the lower south of Olympic Natl Forest to Burnt Peak on West Fork of Humptulips. At Quinault, we interviewed Fulton, District ranger for Quinault District. Fulton reports elk numerous all along Humptulips River in fall & winter and adds that 4-7 bulls were slaughtered at Burnt Peak during the open season last November. He says that there are still plenty of bulls left. Those elk were accustomed to people & were easily shot. When we got to Burnt Peak a

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468 Tompson Quinault April 28, 1934. fisherman, who said he had worked there for several years told us that from 150-180 bulls were shot there last fall. Whether he was referring to unofficial & un- calculated killing or whether his figures were wrong we do not know. He also said that herds totaling several hundred were always to be found in the burnt over area along the Humptulips in fall or winter, and that the bulls were higher in the timber. Fulton said elk were common on all the main drainages of his district; that they wintered down in the river bottoms and summered up even to timberline in the monument. Trappers he indicated, had in past years taken fisher, mink, martin, all around the higher country around the edges of the monument and in it. One trapper's cabin he indicated was just within the monument up on the North Fork Quinault. It is evident that fur bearers have been taken from the monument for many years to the same extent as outside it. He seemed to have no definite plans or notions of game or wild life management, and I feel that the monument has been used

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Thompson Quinault April 28, 1934. just as the Forest except for hunting legally, which is of course forbidden within the monument. - At Burnt Peak we saw 4 Sooty Grouse and one rabbit (dark reddish in color) which we thought was the Washington Varying Hare. The burnt area is reported to be a favored haunt of bear, deer, grouse, elk, and birds generally. It is covered with a greater variety of underbrush and appears to present more animal habitat than the mature forest. In the evening we drove to Squar Elson's. He is one of a large family which has lived here over 40 years). He lives approximately 3 1/2 miles above Quinault. He is reputedly reliable, and best informed on game in the area. He owns the chalet in Enchanted Valley within the monument, East Fork Quinault, and Graves Inn, also on East Fork. He takes hunting & camping parties through the mountains. Points of the interview were as follows: 1 Olympic black bear. Only certain bears got the farm killing habit. Others may go all around farms & domestic sheep without touching them. Elson said he had seen a band of elk

Thompson Quinault April 28, 1934 leave a certain watershed during the course of a day and wander over to the next stream. Toward evening a bear would come out of its day's sleep at the original elk site, pick up the elk trail by scent and follow the trail as a dog would do until it comes up to the band again - this, the antics of the fawn eating bear. Martens, skunks, fisher have been trapped for years in the Olympics. Fishers and martens are now rare in the moment. Most of them were trapped out of the monument 15 years ago! Cougars are the worst enemy of martens. When the snow is deep, martens in crossing open areas are easily caught and killed by cougars. Otters are common along streams of the region. A few years ago on the Skamptupips, otter were not trapped for several years. Trout below the dam were practically cleaned out by the otters. Coyotes. Coyotes have never been on the west side of the mountains, to Olson's knowledge. A few years ago a forest fire on the east side somewhere in the Rosewallips region,

Thompson Quimault April 28, 1934. sent the coyotes higher up on the ridge, I judged, quite the monument. Olson stated he heard them howling all around where they had never been before. He did not know whether they later went back down. Timber wolf. Wolves may or may not now be on the peninsula. They were poisoned everywhere, even 40 years ago, by settlers who shot elk and dosed the carcasses. By 25 years ago, they were practically gone. Olson commented that the areas where this poisoning was done were worthless for fur trapping for many years afterwards. Foxes, he said, were never known in the area. Cougar. Olson himself has killed about 50 cougars in the peninsula. A beautiful 8 1/2 ft. cougar tskin was mounted on the wall of the Olson dining room. He said that even larger ones had been killed. This one he said weighed weighed 180 pounds when killed 2 years ago a few miles up the river. Cougars are found sporadically. He said he had killed 5 within 2

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Thompson Deimant April 28, 1934. Days in a limited area and that his brother had returned the next day and gotten a 6th. They may move 30 miles in a day. Sometimes they are gone for a week or so from an area where their tracks have been previously seen then they are again seen, indicating a definite "beat". He also reported that during the severe winter of 1932-33, when elk were practically "yarded", that he found where a cougar had killed 11 elk calves, eating only a portion of a few and apparently killing the rest "for fun". Evidence: those creatures were badly scratched all over the body but not severely bitten anywhere, indicating that the cougar had played with them in the killing process. Bobcats were discussed but Olson had nothing specific to offer except that they are common. Aplodontia he mentioned as often clearing vegetation out of an area around their burrows. Deer he said were not numerous and never had been since he could remember. However, he did add that they have always been hunted. He commented that many deer

{ "text": "\"Sv\" \n\"SEP 1942\" \"Din\" \"fornamne\"\n\"i fortællingens begyndelse, og nu er det tydeligt, at den har været meget påvirket af de nye tider. Jeg har aldrig hørt om nogen sådan, men jeg tror, det er en ny type menneske, som vi skal lære at kende. Det er ikke bare et spørgsmål om moral eller etik, men også om vores fremtidige samfund og hvordan vi skal leve sammen med hinanden. Vi må være villige til at acceptere nye ideer og værdier, selvom det kan være sværere end tidligere.\" \n\"Tabel 1\" viser en oversigt over de forskellige typer mennesker, der er blevet identificeret i denne fortælling. Tabellen indeholder også nogle eksempler på hver type menneske, samt deres karakteristika og adfærdsmønstre. Det er vigtigt at bemærke, at disse oplysninger er baseret på observationer og erfaringer fra fortællingen, og ikke nødvendigvis repræsenterer alle mennesker i verden. \n\"Tabel 2\" giver en mere detaljeret beskrivelse af hver type menneske, samt deres relation til hinanden og til samfundet som helhed. Det er værd at nævne, at nogle af disse typer mennesker kan være svære at genkende i dagligdagen, da de ofte har en kompleks og multifacettere karakter. \n\"Tabel 3\" indeholder en liste over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå andre mennesker. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 4\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå sig selv. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 5\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå andre mennesker. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 6\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå sig selv. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 7\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå andre mennesker. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 8\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå sig selv. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 9\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå andre mennesker. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 10\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå sig selv. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 11\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå andre mennesker. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 12\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå sig selv. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 13\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som folk gør, når de forsøger at forstå andre mennesker. Disse fejltagelser kan være meget farlige, hvis de ikke bliver rettet op på tidligt nok. Det er derfor vigtigt at være opmærksomme på disse fejltagelser og lære af dem, så vi undgår at gentage dem i vores eget liv. \n\"Tabel 14\" giver en oversigt over de mest almindelige fejltagelser, som [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Thompson Quinault April 28, 1934. were able to remain up in the Olympics During winter because they ate [the] moose which, brown in summer, turns white in winter & hangs from the trees. Snow even though 20-30 ft. deep, blows off the windward side of the beaks leaving exposed rocks & soil and where it does lie it is often hard- crust ed enough to bear the weight of a deer. Elle Olson says that elle do not ordinarily starve in winter. That a hard winter came in 1915-16 and again in 1932- 33 at which time snow came so suddenly and so deep that elle could not get out. They yarded up and tramped knees through the know so deep that only their heads & sometimes backs were visible above the snow. At these times they eat hemlock & fir boughs as high as they could reach until stubs as big as his index finger were left dangling from the [trees]. He estimates that 1,000 elle starved to death in the Quinault watershed in the winter of 1932-33. I think this figure too high. Many died over near Reflection Lake also. He reports the seasonal drift from timber line in the monument to river bottoms in winter. He says that

Sof Dura Hot Springs April 29, 1934 At the Sof Dura bridge a Western Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus h. pacificus) and its mate were feeding in the river. They dived and swam under water while foraging, apparently collecting food from the stream bed. Two dippers (Cinclus mexicanus mucolor) were also seen at the bridge.

Tompson Quinault April 28, 1934. the Duskabush, Rosewallips, and Skedoniel elk drift over into Quinault watershed in winter. The main wintering ground of the Quinault lies between Grays Creek & Enchanted Valley on the East Fork. Elk also winter all along the Humptulips and Nsynoochee rivers. But Olson says that the Quinault is the largest wintering grounds outside of the Hole. Everyone agrees that few elk live any length of time once they wander into the Quinault Indian Reservation. The bulls at this time of year are higher up in the mtns. April 29, 1934 In Forbes and to Sol Duc Hot Springs. April 30, 1934. From Sol Duc Hot Springs to Olympus Guard Station on upper Hoh. This trip lay over the High Divide. A trail leads up to the top of the Divide but none down the other side. Ranger Bill Dane reports that about 50-60 elk live in the Solduck watershed and that they usually winter a few miles below Sol Duc Hot Springs. He saw a few elk tracks as we went up the

Thompson Sol Duc Hot Springs to Olympus G. S. April 30, 1934. trail. Huckleberry is the most prevalent browse plant, with some Salmon- berry. There was no indication of anything but slight browsing. Snow lay in drifts & later in solid mass perhaps many feet deep from Sol Duc Park up through the 14 lake basin to the divide. On the Hole River side of the divide there was no snow. Aploodontia burrows were numerous as soon as we started down and continued almost to the Hole River. There was marked aploodontia utilization of huckleberry over the upper half of the g slope. In many places it amounted to most of the foliage of the plants. Their cutting were high indicating that most of it was done in snow of several feet depth. Twig cut by aploodontia are sliced off diagonally, clean as when a beast cuts them. All through the aploodontia sector was an abundance of elk and deer sign, much of it this winter's. It seemed to me that over-browsing was in its early stages. The aploodontia utilization was to such an extent as to take

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Thompson So Due Hot Springs to Olympics G.I.D. April 30, 1934. Perhaps even a critical portion of the forage during a severe winter. The question which occurred to me were these: 1. What preys upon aplodontia? 2. If it is bobcats wasco wolves fishers or cougars all of which have been trapped and hunted for many years, are the aplodontia more numerous now than formerly? 3. In other words, has trapping of fur-bearers resulted in over-grazing of elk & deer range? This needs investigation, but the thesis seems probable. Whether elk would winter so high on the slope in ordinary winters is doubtful, but this one of mild snow fall has allowed a possible higher range. The same may be true of deer. But this much is certain, a heavy utilization of range by both elk & deer had occurred this past winter almost to the top of the High Divide, on the Hoh River slope. Elk were also flushed down along Hoh River bottom in the vine-mable regions. Bobcat droppings were collected in Hoh River bottom along 2 miles of trail.

Hottopson Sold Deer Hot Springs to Olympus Guard Station April 30, 1934. There have occurred since Murie cleared the trail April 19. One was collected up near High Divide in the Cephodontia area. Five Sooty grouse were heard booming throughout the day. Winter wrens were less common on the Soleduck than on the lower Hoh and Bogachiel. Varied Thrushes (Ilexurus naevius naevius) were constant singers throughout the forest. Olympus Guard Station to Sold Deer Hot Springs via Deer Sales Trail May 1, 1934 This morning we walked down the Hoh River about 1 mile from the cabin and back. Altogether this gives us a cross section of about 4 miles along the upper Hoh elk winter range. This area is densely grown with vine maple, and with someuckle berry and salmoberry. Browsing appears to have almost extirpated the salmonberry. We found only little shoots of it, in some cases growing out of browsed stumps. The under-

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Thompson Olympus Guard Station to Soldier Hot Spring May 1, 1934 Growth has been considerably cleared out. All of this area is within the monument. It is possible that this extensive browsing has added to the recreational value of the area in making it more picturesque and habitable than the more densely brushy areas. It is difficult to say whether the area is overbrowsed because we could not determine whether the forage is still diminishing or whether it has reached a new balance. Muir collected in this mile, two b cougar scat and three bobcat scat. The cougar scat contained elk hair. Five more bobcat scat were collected between the station and Deer Sales. One of these (presumably bobcat) up near [Hol] Lake, contained farm hair and feet (deer), suggesting its no that if it were bobcat it was carrion. Summer elk sign was numerous on the top of the ridge above [Ho] Lake. It appeared that the bulls stay high on these ridges leading to Bogachiel Peak. At several places during the

"[illegible]" [illegible], "[illegible]", "[illegible]" "[illegible]" med en stor del av det som skulle vara gällt att ta till sig. Det har också varit ett stöd för mig, men det är också mycket svårt att fånga in i sig själv. Jag har haft många erfarenheter, både positiva och negativa, och jag har lärt mig att det inte alltid går att förutsäga vad som kommer att hända. Men jag har också lärt mig att det finns möjligheter till att ändra på saker och ting. Det är viktigt att komma ihåg att vi alla har olika erfarenheter och att det är okej att känna sig ledsen eller arg ibland. Det är också viktigt att ta hand om sig själv och att inte låta andra definiera hur man ska känna. Jag tror att det är viktigt att vara ärlig med sig själv och med andra. Det hjälper oss att bygga starka relationer och att lära oss av våra misstag. Tack för att du har tid att läsa detta! Jag hoppas att du kan hitta något nytt eller inspirerande här.

HOMPSOR Olympus Guard Station to Pol Due Hot Spring May 1, 1934. Last few days we have seen 2 old decomposing logs eaten by elk. At the hot near the calip, a 4 ft. diameter log long decaying, has been extensively dug into and eaten along the under side. Tracks indicate that elk get down on their knees to reach as far in under as possible. Murie is having some of this rotten wood chemically analysed to ascertain what ingredients it contains. A spotted skunk's (Spilogale phenax olympica) den was located under a log near by. Fresh bear sign was found on top the ridge above Holy Lake. Five different footy grouse were heard booming during the day. One California Creeper (Certhia familiaris occidentalis) was seen in Hot valley. It is reported to me that elk and deer summer in Bogachiel Basin at the foot of (and on the slopes) Bogachiel Peaks. A hunter in Forbes told me that he had gotten his deer there every fall for many years. Bill Dane, the Pol Due ranger, reported that two years ago a band of elk

PRH 1231 / maj Jeg har været en god modtagelse, eller deltaget på fællesmøde, og der er også andre steder, hvor jeg har været med til at lave noget. Jeg har ikke været med til at lave noget konkret, men det har været godt for mig. Jeg har været med til at lave noget i forhold til at få fat i nogle penge, og det har været en god oplevelse. Jeg har været med til at lave noget i forhold til at få fat i nogle penge, og det har været en god oplevelse. Jeg har været med til at lave noget i forhold til at få fat i nogle penge, og det har været en god oplevelse. Jeg har været med til at lave noget i forhold til at få fat i nogle penge, og det har været en god oplevelse.

Thompson 480 Olympus Guard Station to Sol Duc Hot Spring May 1, 1934. Came into the basin with approx. 25 calves, that two bears followed the head and killed every calf during the season. One Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos canadenis) ? was seen at Bogachiel Peaks. Snow lay from just below Hoh Lake to Deer Lakes. Large side-slope drifts covered the trail more than half the time. One bobcat tracks crossed the snow above Hoh Lake. Elk kills during hunting season Oct. 19-22, 1933. Humphulips 30 Quinault 3 Queets & Clearwater 28 Hoh 30 Bogachiel 3 Catawala 1 Sol Duc 1 Roosewallips 3 Skokomish 5 Ahyocche & adjacent 26 Scattered areas 27 Total 157

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ompson 481 Elkha River May 3, 1934 This morning we interviewed Ranger H - H. Vallad off the Elcha. Results: Estimate, 500 for Elcha drainage. Normally their winter range is outside of the monument. About 16 hunters went up last fall but got no elk because late winter had not driven them out of the monument. No overgrazing so far as Vallad knew. Large part of old winter range is now under reservoir, Lake Mills. 18 sections in the monument have never been in the game preserve. This sector is bounded by Bowman Creek on north, then south ½ county line & east to monument corner on county line. Cougars have been hunted in here this winter. Michaels, CWA predatory animal hunter under Couch has taken 6 or 7 cougars this winter in the region. Deer more abundant on Elcha than seewhere in forest. In recent years (2 or 3) a band of 52 has been seen at one time in Humge's field. Deer are hunted extensively here, particularly in the 18 sections inside the monument. In hard winters the elk have gone over through the farms within few miles Ocean & Port Angeles. Browse is same as on west side.

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482 Torrington Rosewallips River May 3, 1934 Road goes approx. 14 miles up the canyon. Vegetation is similar to west side, except for practically no huckleberry and with a preponderance of Odostemon, Cornus (Flowering Dogwood), Rhododendron, madrone, salal and thimbleberry. At the end of the road, elk & deer sign are common. Plants showing most browsing are: salal, Odostemon, vine maple and Cornus. Over-grazing is not apparent.

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483 Upper Redrock Lakes Aug. 17, 1934 Today, went out around East end of Upper Redrock Lakes over to Swan Parked, which was practically dry in company with Mr. Clarence E. Hunt and Mr. Archie Hayden. Mallard. 3 mallards were found death and 3 alive. Mr. Hunt dissected one dead mallard recently & found considerable shot in the gizzard. He feels that the mallards principally & other ducks too are dying of lead poisoning. B.D. Sear also says mallards are dying, but he does not know why. Swans. Sear says there are 3 pairs of swans with cygnets on Lower Redrock Lakes; one pair with 7, and 2 pairs each with 5. Mr. Hunt says he knows of 2 pairs of swans with cygnets on Upper Redrock Lakes, one pair with 5 and one with 7. All people interviewed say that Swan Parkers custodian Lakeview Gun Club, shot 9 swans last Fall & was not prosecuted because he swore they were Chinese Geese. Sear account of 17 swans having been killed last fall.

B. H. Thompson 1929-1957 Journal 1949 Wyoming: Yellowstone N. P. Nevada: Lake Mead National Recreation Area

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Death Gulch Data from E.T. Seton's "Lives of Game Animals, Vol. II., Part I. p.75. "Death Gulch is a well-known, small and gloomy ravine in the northeast corner of Yellowstone Park. Into this the wild thing are tempted by promise of food, water, and shelter. But they are led into a bath of invisible poisonous vapor in which each, in turn, sinks down to sleep his last sleep." "Twice it has been investigated by members of the US Geological Survey. In 1888 Walter H. Reed visited the place and wrote an account of it for Science, Feb. 15, 1899. After commenting on the volcanic origin of the gulch formation, he says: "Although no hot water no longer flows from these vents, gaseous emanations are now given off in considerable volume." Arnold Hague, his chief, was successful in obtaining evidence of the presence of carbonic dioxide gas in these emanations. Reed says: "The gulch ends, or rather begins, in a scoop or basin about 250 feet above Cache Creek - " p.76" The hollows were tested for carbonic acid gas with lighted tapers, without proving its presence, but the strong smell of sulphur and a choking sensation of the lungs, indicated the presence of

"[illegible] spasm, while a strong wind prevailed at the time, together with the open nature of the air, must have caused a rapid diffusion of the vapours." "Flora of Utah & Nevada" National Herbarium Vol. 25 Smithsonian Institution Gov. Printing Office

Lake Mead Recreational Area 1949 Aug 7-8 up Lake with Baggle, Belberop, Com. Strauss, McPhail (in charge of power for BP), Nielsen & Warren of Project Clearing, Poyser & Jordan. Spent night at Sandy Point, where incidentally most of northeast beach are gone by high water as driftwood & trash floats in cleaves. South side of Sandy Point exposed to wind still wonderful beach at high water. Aug 8 up Canyon to rapids - above Bridge Canyon Dam site, perhaps 44 miles above Pearce Ferry. Tremendously impressive canyon walls topped by thick strata resembling Redwall limestone about the same all the way as that near mouth of Canyon. About Quarter- master's ranch gorge of granite & gneiss begins to join up & finally shapes into gorge about 600 ft. deep at BCD site. At this muddy stage of upper end of Lake with 12 to 15 ft. thermal second gate of water about el. 1197, it is impossible to differentiate between end of lake reservoir & beginning of river. Silt apparently very close to surface all way to lower end of Canyon - A bit

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"sandbars several times were badly struck below Geans operations for about 45 minutes. Trip might not have been possible a week or 10 days later. Larson believes that construction of Bridge Canyon Dam will undoubtedly result in some channel clearing which should make possible float trips again. Had lunch at Separation Canyon & were photographed by plague com- memorating 3 who left Amelia port, Larson to sand 4 points of month of Havasu Canyon. He & I discussed our joint studies & I urged that so-called multiple purpose projects include recreation as one of purposes actually planned provided for, instead of merely writing off as irreparable a large part of project cost because of surrounding scenery, as at BC D. He agreed. He agreed that we in NPS needed to refine recreational evaluations further. Straus was non-committal on suggestions that BC bills should be amended to limit dam height to 1877. But both he & Larson say higher dams impossible. I do not

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believe this, however, & feel that NPS should again press for limitation on height of dam. Likewise he was noncommitted on suggestion that Jackson Lake dam be converted to dykes & spillway to hold level of lake constant. Only reasons he advanced were great cost of providing additional storage & fact that J S reservoir storage should not be lost. Believe we should now request Departmental consideration of this problem, in writing. Farson says planned to construct Cocino Reservoir at same time as Bridge. Senate has eliminated Bluff Reservoir. Says Cocino will hold back about 1/4 mile of lower Colo. R. Aug. 7. To Davis Dam & Eldorado Canyon with Dilatton & Art Brown. Davis Dam masterplan looks fine. But believe Eldorado Canyon plan should be revised to get lodge & residences up out of wash & for bluff overlooking lake.

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Aug 10 To BCD village site on south rim of Canyon, with Bill Belenap and his nephew in Dodge Power Dragbn. Last several miles of road recently built-dug out by Indian Service for Reclamation. One of suggested village sites is on mesa above dam site with spectacular canyon views in both directions. Believe that a town here might grow indefinitely because of mild/summer climate, ? resort attractions, accessibility to highway & railroad, & sport activities. Thom's rim, the difference between the river above Lake Mead and the upper end of the Lake is apparent, although not great. The lake looks still, muddy somewhat under the river and somewhat lacking in interest. The river has visible rapids which we could plainly hear and visible current. It undergo a narrowing and seems "alive." At Quartermaster Canyon, which we reached about sunset (perhaps 20 miles below Bridg Canyon) the reservoir is quite disappointing as seen from the rim. It is like "dead water", muddy, under, no

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"visible current; sand bars common. It was at its best at high water and must be even less attractive as the lake level falls, Possibly it will become more attractive after Bridge Canyon Dam is built and only clear water enters upper end of Lake Mead. The unattractive end of Lake Mead will then be shifted to the upper end of Bridge Canyon reservoir, from Havasu Canyon to Kanab Cany. For a few years, unless Glen Canyon Dam is built, the reservoir as seen from Toroweap Point may resemble that now seen at Quarter master Canyon. If Glen Canyon Dam is built, perhaps the muddy & undesirable features will be transferred to it, with resulting improvement in Grand Canyon park and monument. The Canyon scenery at Quartermaster, exclusive of Lake Mead, is impressive. Burnt Springs Canyon opens to the north, opposite mouth of Quartermast, and runs back to base of Twin Point on Shivwits Plateau. Good spot for campgrounds. We drove down past Duncan Pond.

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B. H. Thompson 1929-1957 Journal 1957 Kansas: Flint Hills

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Aug. 13, 1957 Dr. E.R. Hall, Chester Brown and I inspected the proposed Flint Hills long grass area on the west side of the new Kansas Turnpike southwest of Emporia, as described in 'Halls letter and included in the Belton Report. About midway of the area there is an overhead pass and cattle pens on the east side. The overpass provides access from the Turnpike to the Flint Hills area but passage is locked. Hall points out that there is a potential entrance, already provided so that people traveling the Turnpike could readily get into the area. He drove south to the first exit then north past Matfield Green to Bazaar, thence south some 4 or 5 miles into the area and diagonally northeastward across it following part of the time a service road for a gas pipeline. We crossed several small streams generally with pools of water but very little if any flowing. The area is!

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2. Flint Hills rolling, hilly, but without spectacular topography. Grass and forbes are dense, but recent years of drought have killed some trees and many branches in living trees. Erosion is fairly common in stream head- waters, particularly near northeast corner. Trees include walnut, elm, cottonwood', hackberry, sycamore, willow and others, are found only in stream bottoms and are scarce in the area. Cattle were seen in scattered small herds, unusually fat. $20. is usual annual pasture rental period. Land recently sold for $70. per acre. This was believed to be above average price. Hall says area has prairie chickens, upland plover, coyote, fox, various rodents. He would like to see bison, elk, deer, antelope brought back. I estimate that the land would cost from $1 1/4 to 1 1/2 million. It would probably have heavy visitation because of location! He also went into northeast quarter via Bloody Creek, a tributary of Cottonwood Creek.

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Aug. 14, 1957 Chester Brown and I saw Prof. Tomaneck at Hi-Hays State College and discussed the Pawnee Buttes area. He said sympathetically that although it is somewhat depleted it would recover to original conditions if protected. He would restore native plains animals slowly, bringing in bison last if the area under protection and study appeared to warrant it. He used term bio-balance, referring to the interdependence of plants and animals in creating and holding natural conditions. He seemed to feel, as I did, that there might be more practical chance of acquiring Pawnee Buttes area than the presently better grasslands areas described in the Albertson report, & which are now the base of thriving cattle ranches. Tomaneck suggested desirability of preserving perhaps 10 grassland samples of say 6/40 acres each at widely separated places to supplement one central area; these to be nicely fenced & protected with roadside exhibits to explain them. He cautioned against settling them when surrounding lands would be cultivated; soil would blow over into them & turn them to weed patches.

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Aug. 15, 1957 Chester Brown & I inspected the Pawnee Buttes area (Weld County, Colo. - #3 of Colorado's) via New Raymer along south & east sides to last good road in northeast corner below escarpment; Thence west & south through center generally; Thence north between Pawnee Buttes and out northwest corner; thence back into western middle and out southwestern parts below escarpment; The area is pleasantly scenic with the escarpment and Buttes always stand out as the dominant landmarks from nearly portion of it. Grass is generally fair to good, with few streams, few trees, scattered herds of cattle and relatively little cultivation except up on top of northwest portion of escarpment. Here one gets the impression of new maize and grass crops, probably as result of wet winter and spring. The Great Plains are green this year after several years of drought; We saw 1 golden eagle, thousands of lark bunting, numerous doves, but no antelope, ground squirrels or prairie dogs - all of which were reported in the area in 1954. This area looks very good to me as potential G.P. area but if wet years continue it probably will get beyond exploitation.

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Aug 16, 1957 Area #2, no of sheep, The western portion of this area, largely or entirely west of Highway 87 is much the best - magnificent vistas, interesting topog- raphy varied cover of grass, antelope, jumper & pinon on bluger ridges, one (at least) small grove of Ponderosa pine northwest of Chugwater Creek, cottonwood & willows in stream hollows and several running clear streams. The Chugwater Creek is murky, - there is a railroad along it and numerous ranches, some prosperous appearing, however, most mediocre. The Horse Creek Oil Field contains perhaps 25-30 derricks, some pumps working, but all we saw remarkably clean and actually affecting the surface very little. Perhaps some 400 sq. miles north of the Oil Field & west of Highway 87 is the best. We did not get into the southwest corner but it appeared very similar to the northwest portion west of highway 87; Ownerships appear to be very large cattle ranches, cattle in good condition but not as fat as those in Flint Hills. We saw 2 small groups (6-10?) of antelope in northwest corner, also 1? golden eagle, & fewer dark birds than in P.B.

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Area #2 The eastern ? of the area is more beautiful, grazed, less interesting, generally flat to rolling; cut up into numerous small ranches. We were disappointed in it, except for seeing northeast corner composed of Bear Creek Mtle & Lone Tree Canyon. These however are less spectacular as landmarks than Palace Buttes! We both felt that area east of Highway 87 should not be further considered, unless a portion of it (few sq miles) north of center east of Highway 87 were found to be needed as supplement to western area. We saw 1 live rattlesnake crossing road some 20 miles north up Chugwater Creek below town of Chugwater and 1 dead rattlesnake in eastern portion. It is probable that all these grassland areas are well inhabited by rattlers, Guernsey Reservoir Recreation Area is now being managed by Nyo. The reservoir some 1/2 full of silt, would last another 25-30 years if Glendo Res were not being constructed above it. Guernsey in need of much maintenance and rehabilitation. B.R has permitted several private cabins to be constructed in good public use areas. Water nearby but setting unusually scenic.

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Aug 17, 1957 Jt. Laramie proposed extension to include 364 tract north of Laramie River and including historic route to Fort appears desirable. Former Gov. Miller has looked at it, says N.M. should have it and has authorized local real estate dealer to take options on proposed addition. Owner north of 364 tract holding out for $50,000. Seals bluff boundaries approved by M & G Ad. Dom. appear desirable except that irrigation ditch in southeast corner should be the line.

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Area #1 Aug. 17, 1957 Area #1 largely in cattle ranches, Scene along Niobrara River which is small (say 15' across) clear stream generally north of Scottsbluff. If State could acquire suitable segment of Niobrara River possibly east of Falls (far miles west of falls, including falls (which I did not)) that would seem desirable project. Chet Brown also feels that State should acquire suitable areas in Sandhills region, also, even though the Valentine Nat. Wildlife Refuge, in separated segments includes many of the lakes & marshes. Within the Refuge, however cattle ranching appears to go on the same as outside. Nat. Fort Niobrara Wildlife Refuge appears to include the principal falls on the River.

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Areas # 11 E, 11 W, and The Caladona Area. 11 E in the first Get. Plains Segment with magnificent rolling grassland hills, with pines & juniper ridges, and with very spectacular broadlands along the south side of the White River. While # is in the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, John Butter tells me that it is studded with cattle holdings (white ranchers) who also lease large areas for cattle and sheep. For all practical purposes, it is unavailable, in my opinion. 11 W is not quite as spectacular but very fine. However it is studded with ranches also, and, in my opinion, unavailable. The Caladona area is desolate and not the kind of Great Plains scene that would appeal to the public, Summarizing, it is my impression that the Caladona Butte area has the one most susceptible of its acre, for park purposes, but even if it is probable unavailable during the period of high cattle prices and wet years.

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