Field notes, v569

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

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Cogswell, Howard L. Donner Pass, Lake Tahoe, Calif., and adjacent western Nevada. June 17 - Aug. 26, 1950. 1. Catalog 2. Journal 3. Species accounts

Cogswell, N.L. Catalog nos. 146-150

Cogswell 1950 Catalog June 21 - 6200 ft. 6½ mi. W Donner Pass, Sierra Nevada Mts., Placer Co., Calif. 146 ♂ ad. sk. Empidonax wrightii - testis June 28 7000 ft., Sugar Bowl Lodge, 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 147 ♂ ad. sk.: Vireo gilmourus R. testis 6 mm. L " 7 mm. July 29 same locality 148 ♀ ad. sk. Dendroica auduboni brood patch 2 x 3 cm. ovary small, ovules < 1 mm. Aug. 7 same locality 149 nestling, alc. Myadestes townsendi and Nest (abandoned) with 3 eggs (2 broken) Aug. 26 7100 ft. ½ mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 150 Nest (empty) Pinicola enucleator

2. Co 13/42075 Cogswell, H.L. Journal

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 1. DONNER PASS, LAKE TAHOE, and nearby areas in the north- ern SIERRA NEVADA and immediately adjacent western NEVADA valleys. All notes in this notebook being of observations made while I was employed (June 17 - Aug. 26) as in- structor in "Birds" at the Audubon Camp of California, Norden, Calif. NO REGULAR JOURNAL OF ACTIVITIES WAS KEPT, the task of recording as many "habitat" and "stage of breeding cycle" notes for each bird species (as well as simple occurrence of the less common ones) taking more time than I could spare. Consequently the entries under the species accounts were made at various times -- from the very moment of observation in certain cases to sev- eral weeks after camp closed in others. Records of the latter type are almost all simple statements of occur- rence, and were taken from the daily tally record of birds seen on the various class periods, which record I kept in my personal roll book all summer. A LIST OF LOCALITIES VISITED follows, arranged alphe- betically, with descriptions of the major vegetation and/or rock types of each and the dates on which they were visited by me. For a complete log of my observa- tion times, see pp 18-24 of this Journal. See also map of region covered, with routes marked in red, fol- lowing page 34. dirt road American River Canyon Road --/extending south from Soda Springs, past Ice Lakes (Serena + Dulzura), etc. Stops were made for bird-finding at 3 mi. W., 2 mi. S Donner Pass, 6800+ feet; at 2 1/2 mi. W, 3 1/4 and 3 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, 6500 ft., & 6300 ft. respectively; and (on Aug. 22) in bottom of Onion Creek Canyon (q.v.). VEG. TYPES: 6800 ft.-- red fir- lodgepole and Jeffrey pine forest, with considerable manzanita and Ceanothus cordulatus & Quercus vaccinifolium understory in more open parts (density of trees very variable from spot to spot due to logging history); a few large sugar pines downslope; 6500 ft.-- white fir, Jeffrey (& yellow ?) pine forest, with few in- cense cedars & lodgepole pines; a large chaparral area just below road continues into next; 6300 ft. -- extensive montane chaparral (Prunus emarginata, Arctostaphylos patula, Ceanothus cordulatus, Quercus vaccinifolium, Castanopsis sempervirens) with few young black oaks protruding thru it, & scattered few Pinus ponderosa ssp.; a few Juniperus occidental- is on rock outcrop. Large, glaciated valley below this spot. including here, however, several species frequent

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Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 2 American River Canyon road (cont.) VISITS: July 11, July 28, Aug. 20 (includes long trip all way to Placer Co. Big Trees (q.v.), Aug.22. Angela Lake, 7250 ft., 1/2 mi. N Donner Pass, Nevada Co., Calif. (= Southern Pacific Lake no. 1 of local resi- dents, since Angela plus small lake just S of it as shown on topo map are now confluent due to dam placed below latter). forest of VEG. TYPES: sparse, patchy, lodgepole & Jeffrey pines, with red firs in most humid situations also, and scattered Sierra juniper on rockier ones; much low shrubbery in the wide spaces between trees, is mostly Quercus vaccinifolium, Arctostaphylos neva- densis, & Ceanothus cordulatus, with Cassiope quite abundant near the several small lakes in the area; the ridge top (Sierran crest) here consists of many huge rounded (glaciated) granite outcroppings, with gravelly hollows between & the vegetation noted above. VISITS: July 13 (but see also Donner Pass, N of) Bear Valley, 4570-4600 ft., in Nevada & Placer Cos. along State highway 20, Calif. (T 17 N, in Secs. 25 of R 11 E and Sec. 30 of R 13 E). VEG. TYPES: dense forest (Pinus ponderosa, Libo- cedrus decurrens, Quercus kelloggii, & few Pseudo- tsuga taxifolia); forest border (with many young pines or firs & scattered very large Quercus kelloggii) open meadow (grasses to 3 ft. high, plus various forbs in drier or more heavily grazed portions) with columns of the "forest border" types about several outcrops (residual boulders) of granite; a few large Acer macrophyllum & much more abundant shrub under- s tory in forest bordering meadow on SE. VISITS: June 17, 23; July 7, 21; Aug. 4, 18. Big Bend Camp Ground, 5750 - 5900 (latter on slope N of camp ground), along S. Fork Yuba River, in Sec.28, T 17 N, R 13 E, Placer Co., Calif. (approx. 11 mi. W Donner Pass). VEG. TYPES: a few acres of tall dense forest, the trees being of many ages (= climax ?)(Pinus pond- erosa jeffreyi, Abies concolor, Libocedrus decurrens, Pinus murrayana, few Abies magnifica & Quercus kel- loggii, the latter among shrubs under power line clear- ing); interstitial understory near river of Quercus vaccinifolium, Arctostaphylos patula, Ceanothus cor- dulatus, Populus tremuloides; denser, nearly chapar- ral shrub growth under clearing along S-facing slope below several parallel power lines (Prunus emarginata, Spiraea, Ceanothus velutinus, Castanopsis sempervirens in addition to above mentioned shrubs

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 3 Big Bend Camp Ground (cont.) VISITS: June 17, 30 (twice); July 28; Aug. 11. Boca Reservoir, E. of, 5560-5600 ft., N of village of Boca (mouth of Little Truckee River), eastern Nevada Co., Calif. -- most of our time was spent in Secs. 15 & 16, T 18 N, R 17 E. VEG. TYPES: Great Basin sagebrush formation (Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata, Chryso- thamnus nauseosa, various sub-shrubs & sparse herbs); grassland (in moist swale near head of E. arm of reservoir); arid conifer forest (Pinus ponderosa jeffreyi, Artemisia tridentata, etc., the trees being of moderately open spacing); open water of reservoir (built within last 15 years). VISITS: June 22, 28; July 10 (stop also at Union Mills on Truckee River ENE Truckee); July 24; Aug. 7. Camp Pahatsi, 6680 ft., 5 mi. W Donner Pass, near Nevada & Placer Cos. line, Calif. -- A Boy Scout camp situated near N brink of glaciated plateau which is liberally strewn with erratic boulders; S.P.RR. & South Fork of Yuba River in canyon N of it. VEG. TYPES: sparse conifer forest (Pinus murray- ana, Pinus ponderosa jeffreyi, Abies magnifica) with scattered clumps of shrubs between (Quercus vaccini- folium, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Spiraea, etc.); small pond with heather & Labrador tea abundant near it; much open rocky ground in sparser forest areas. VISIT: July 22 ( similar area, with small "lily pond", about 3/4 mi. S of here visited briefly on July 3 -- NW Palisade Lake). Camp Spaulding, 1/3 mi. S of, 5200 ft., along State Route 20, Nevada Co., Calif. -- in extreme S. mid- part of Sec. 21, R 12 E, T 17 N. VEG. TYPES: small area of tall dense conifer forest (Abies concolor Libocedrus decurrens, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus lambertiana) with fairly dense under- story near the road (Cornus nuttallii, Ceanothus int- egerrimus, Ceanothus cordulatus, Rubus parviflorus, etc.); cleared areas now regrowing to Sambucus caer- ulea, Acer macrophyllum, Quercus kelloggii, etc. are mentioned in notes on some species -- these are with- in 1 mi. or so to west or east of this dense forest. VISITS: June 23; July 7 (plus passed by in cars on all other visits to Bear Valley (see above)

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 3a Carson City, 4700 ft., Ormsby Co., Nev. -- plaza of the State Capitol (one small block) and the highways S & N of town were only areas in which observations were made. VEG. TYPES: plaza -- exotic broad leaved trees of various kinds, Populus fremontii, shaded grass below tree canopy; highways near town -- dry or irrigated grassland; Great Basin sagebrush formation on all upland slopes (see Aphelocoma caeruleascens). VISITS: Aug. 6 Carson Valley, W. side, 4800-4700 ft., Douglas Co.,Nev. -- coverage was only along road thru Walleys Hot Sprgs; Genoa & north toward Carson City. VEG. TYPES: Great Basin sagebrush formation (Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata, Prunus andersonii, & few other shrubs, sparse dry grasses & forbs); dry or irrigated grassland (bits here & there); marshes in distance below road; irrigation ditch bordered by tall grasses & scattered Populus fremontii trees. VISITS: Aug. 6 Daggett Pass, 7450 ft. (at summit), Carson Range E of S. end Lake Tahoe, Douglas Co., Nev. VEG. TYPES: semi-arid conifer forest (Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus murrayana, Abies magnifica) with broken but abundant shrub understory (Ceanothus cordulatus, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, etc.) merging into more arid conifer - sagebrush woodland (Pinus jeffreyi, Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata, Arctostaphylos glauca patula) on steep E. slope of range, and into pine-fir forest (Pinus jeffreyi, Abies concolor) in Haines Creek canyon, down which the road rund just before reaching Carson Valley. VISIT: Aug. 6 Galena Creek Camp, 6600 ft., in mouth of Galena Cr. canyon, E. base Carson Range NE Lake Tahoe, Washoe Co. Nevada. -- camp area is justW Nevada Route 27. VEG. TYPES: on alluvial fan-- mixed conifer & broad leaved forest (Pinus jeffreyi, Abies concolor, Populus fremontii) with openings filled with shrubs (Prunus sp Ceanothus cordulatus, Arctostaphylos glauca, Ceanothus velutinus) or tumbled, waterworn boulders; bits of riparian thickets (Salix sp.) along turbulent stream. VISITS: (lunch stop on our all day trips with campers)-- June 27; July 12, 26; Aug. 9, 23.

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 4 Chubb Lake, 5250 ft., N of State Highway 20 about 1 mi. E Camp Spaulding, Nevada Co., Calif. -- in middle of Sec. 22, R 12 E, T 17 N. VEG. TYPES: (S side of Lake)-- patches of forest (Abies concolor, Pinus ponderosa and/or jeffreyi, Libocedrus decurrens, Quercus kelloggii) with mixed chaparral on old cleared or burned slopes (Prunus emarginata, Ceanothus cordulatus & integerrimus, Arctostaphylos patula, Quercus kelloggii). Denser forest N & NE of lake not visited. VISIT: June 17 (scouting trip, not repeated, the lake not being suitable for Transition zone forest + meadow) Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S Fork Yuba River, Placer Co., Calif. -- in Sec. 29, R 13 E, T 17 N; about 12 mi. W Donner Pass. VEG. TYPES: riparian woodland (tall Populus trich- ocarpa, shorter Populus tremuloides (few), Salix sp.; understory of Salix sp., Cornus californicus, Rosa sp. & stream-drifted debris. The understory of the wood- land has been largely cleared out on S side of stream, where grasses & forbs alternate with sand or gravel substrate. Coniferous forest (Pinus murrayana, Pinus jeffreyi, Juniperus occidentalis, Abies magnifica) covers adjacent slopes and some of the valley flat as well, mixing with cottonwoods just N of river. The stream is slow-flowing thru most of the 1/4 mi. we usually covered; it meanders noticeably, with debris piled up at intervals (see Melospiza melodia). This is the highest altitude riparian woodland west of Donner Pass which is not too much mixed with coni- fers, although the cottonwoods occur on up to Kingvale, 6060 ft., about 6½ mi. W of the pass. VISITS: June 24; July 5, 8, 22 (twice); Aug. 5 (twice), Aug. 16. Cold Creek Road, 5850-7800 ft., W side Carson Range, eastern (extreme) Eldorado Co., Calif. -- starting from "Sierra House" (now abandoned) as shown on 1893 USGS Markleville quad. map & running easterly to High Meadow; the creek it parallels is not the Cold Creek la- belled such on this map, but a longer one just S of it. VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest (Pinus jeffreyi, Abies concolor, & much shrub understory at lower eleva- tions; Abies concolor and/or magnifica, Pinus jeffre- yi, Pinus murrayana with more scattered shrubs at med- um elevations; Pinus murrayana, Pinus jeffreyi, Abies magnifica at higher elevations, with very open structu-re & low sagebrush or scattered chaparral patches) Aspen groves along stream and in seepage areas. VISITS: July 9, 23.

Cogswell 1950 "journal" 5 Cowgill Meadow, 6900-7000 ft., W of Sugar Bowl Lodge (across creek from it), approx. 7/8 mi. S, 1/2-1 1/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. -- in & adjacent to SW portion of Sec. 20 (Sec. 19 missing), T 17 N,R 15 E VEG. TYPES: wet ground (very wet early in season) bearing riparian thickets (Salix of 2 sp., Alnus tenu- ifolia, the latter only near permanent streams); bog- gy areas with few or scattered willows have very lush herb growth (Delphinium sp., Aconitum columbianum, Lupinus sp., Dodecatheon sp., Pentstemon sp. & Mimulus 2 sp., etc.); drier hummocks are mostly succeeding to patches of conifer forest (Abies magnifica, followed by Pinus murrayana); a few adjacent drier slopes (?? cleared ?) are merely narrow bands of [illegible] between conifer forest (see Disney & Crow's Nest peaks) and willow thickets. VISITS: June 17, 19 (twice), 23, 24, 26 (twice); July 1, 3 (twice), 7, 13, 17 (twice), 25, 27, 31 (twice Aug. 2, 3, 8, 14 (twice). Besides which certain notes in regard to the extreme E. end of the meadow may be entered under Sugar Bowl Lodge & vicinity. Crow's Nest Peak, N. base of, 7000-7200 (peak is marked 7900 ft. on Truckee quad. USGS map, 1932), just S & SW of Cowgill Meadow (q.v.), Placer Co., Calif. -- summit of the peak is in Sec. 36, R 14 E, T 17 N. VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest, moderately dense to dense (Abies magnifica, Pinus monticola, Pinus mur- rayana, with scattered few Tsuga mertensiana, which forms almost solid stand on higher slopes just NE of peak); riparian thickets (Alnus tenuifolia) form nar- now bands of shrub vegetation in the steep draws, the largest single thicket being between Crow's Nest & Disney Peaks; understory of conifer forest similar to that near Sugar Bowl Lodge (q.v.). VISITS: June 20, 22, 23, 24; July 7, 25. On Aug.10 in company of F.A.Pitelka & several Audubon campers, I hiked from the lodge up the N. slope of the peak to the summit, thence along the ridge to Ice Lakes Camp Ground (q.v.). Daggett Pass -- see p. 3a. Disney Peak, N. base of, 7000-7500 ft., just S of E part of Cowgill Meadow (q.v.) and directly across Sugar Bowl stream from Sugar Bowl Lodge, Placer Co., Calif. -- for E. slope of Disney Peak see "Sugar Bowl". VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest of same type as on Crow's Nest peak (see above); but with more of this cleared for ski trails,such areas being covered with a variety of forbs and few low shrubs (Sambucus race- mosa, Ribes sp.) except where too steep; outcrops of of volcanic agglomerate above 7200 ft. are without sig- nificant vegetation. Many felled trees along forest edge.

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Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 6 Disney Peak (cont.) VISITS: June 20, 22, 24, 26 (twice); July 1, 3, 7, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27; Aug. 2, 3, 8, 10, 14. Donner Lake, 5930 (-6100 ft. on trips around it), 3 to 6 mi. W Truckee, southern Nevada Co., Calif. -- areas from which observations are recorded are the sandy valley at W. end (inlet) of lake, and the dirt road steep mountainside immediately S of lake. VEG. TYPES: W. end -- coniferous forest (Pinus murrayana, in solid stand on older alluvium, mixed with Pinus jeffreyi on rockier borders and in present stream flood area); riparian woodland (scarcely de- veloped, the Populus tremuloides trees being only dis- continuously present along stream & with conifers every- ywhere admixed, a few Populus trichocarpa near SW & NW corners of lake); riparian thickets (Salix sp., Cornus californicus) and grassland (narrowly, along stream flood plain only). S. side -- coniferous forest (Abies concolor, Abies magnifica, Pinus murrayana, Pinus jef- freyi) with well developed understory on most (moist) slopes (Populus tremuloides in draws & over seepages, Ceanothus cordulatus, Prunus emarginata, Ribes sp., etc). Forest at SE end of lake (on flat) is similar to that at W. end. VISITS: W. end -- June 24; Aug. 10 S. side -- July 4; Aug. 10, Aug. 11 Donner Pass, 7135 ft. (7189 just N of Highway 40), on Nevada Co.--Placer Co. line, Calif. -- between Secs. 16 & 21, R 15 E, T 17 N. Donner Pass, 1/2 mi. E of, 6500-6600 ft., on Co. line yet. VEG. TYPES: large rounded (glaciated) granite out- crops with scattered trees & shrubs (Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus murrayana, Juniperus occidentalis, Arctostaphy- los nevadensis, A. patula, Ceanothus cordulatus, Spi- raea densiflora, Populus tremuloides near stream); the shrubs forming almost solid chaparral at base of large talus slope just above where I observed (below So. Pac. R.R. tracks) (Lloyd Ingles & Ferd Ruth saw & heard Ochotona princeps on this talus slope; but I did not). VISIT: July 30 (plus driving past this general area on all "Donner Pass to Reno" trips & those to Boca Reservoir & Lake Tahoe, Donner Lake, & Truckee). Donner Pass, "just" N to 1/3 mi. N of, 7200 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. -- for description of veg. see Angela L. VISITS: July 7, 8, 13; Aug. 3

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 7 Donner Pass, 1/3 - 2/3 mi. S of, 7100 (7050 ?) - 7200 ft Placer Co., Calif. -- (= NE to SE of Mary Lake, in W edge of Sec. 21, R 15 E, T 17 N. VEG. TYPES: patches of coniferous forest (Abies magnifica, Pinus murrayana, Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus monticola, Tsuga mertensiana) alternating with subal- pine chaparral on rocky slopes (Quercus vaccinifolia, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Prunus emarginata, Spiraea densiflora, etc.) and small thickets of Populus trem- uloides in moist draws; riparian thickets (Alnus ben-uifolia, Salix sp.) near lake; small lake (artificial, but of 184 years existence). Several cabins along route followed near the lake. VISITS: June 29 (twice); July 7, 13, 18; Aug. 11, 24, 25 (twice), 26. Donner Pass, 3/4 - 1 mi. W of, -- see "S. slope Signal Hill Donner Pass to Reno ("enroute"), via U.S. Route 40 thru Truckee, down Truckee Canyon, thru Verdi, Nevada. VEG. TYPES: vary from similar to last 2 described near the pass, to arid conifer forest (Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus murrayana, Abies magnifica, the latter 2 sp. dropping out soon) both W & E of Truckee, this with more & more sagebrush formation (A. tridentata, Pur-shia tridentata, Chrysothamnus sp.) in interstices & along preclimax slopes in gentler topography E of Truckee. The narrower canyon which follows (Hirsch-dale's to beyond Floriston) has various stages of forest regrowth from fires & logging, with a low, dense chaparral of at least partly deciduous species, and with Populus tremuloides thickets over seepages. Cercocarpus ledifolius occurs as pioneer shrub on volcanic talus slopes up to at least Union Mills, 5900 ft., and on benches in lower Truckee Canyon. On NE facing slopes in canyon, there is a scattering of Abies concolor & Libocedrus decurrens mixed with the widespread dominant Pinus jeffreyi, and near this same area patches of tall shrubs (Cercocarpus, Prunus demissa, Prunus emarginata, Arctostaphylos patula) give the forest a woodland character (Magpies, Scrub Jays, Brewer's Blackbird seen regularly here). Riparian growth changes from Populus tremuloides near Donner Lake, to P. trichocarpa & Salix sp. below Truck-ee, to Populus fremontii & Salix sp. before Reno is reached. Upland areas from near Verdi on to Reno are mixed low sagebrush-grass formation, the lowlands being grassland maintained by irrigation. VISITS: June 27; July 12, 26; Aug. 5, 9, 23. Also, the upper portions at higher altitudes were tra-versed by car on all trips to Boca Reservoir (q.v.) & Prosser Cr., Sierra Valley, & Little Truckee River (q.v (on these last, only on this route as far as Truckee) Call from car or on brief stop

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 8 Emigrant Gap, N. slope of, (town is on S slope), 5200- 5000 ft., between Highway US 40 & State Route 20, Placer Co., Calif. -- Secs. 31 & 30, R 12 E, T 17 N. VEG. TYPES: (in order, from usual stop at gap it- sel, where S.P.RR. & highway 40 cross) downslope to the north) -- road & other grading (NYack Lodge) talus; montane chaparral (Arctostaphylos patula, Ceanothus cordulatus, C. integerrimus, Prunus emarginata, etc.) with scattered young trees (Quercus kelloggii, Pinus ponderosa, Libocedrus decurrens) coming up through it in lower portions; coniferous forest (Pinus ponderosa, Libocedrus decurrens, Pinus lambertiana, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Quercus kelloggii), with interstitial & understory of Cornus nuttallii in moist draws, & Acer macrophyllum, Acer glabrum locally; forest very dense at 4900' VISITS: June 17 (no stop), 23; July 7, 21; Aug. 4, Aug. 18. Freel Peak, 10,900 ft. (at summit), Carson Range, SE of Lake Tahoe, Eldorado-Alpine Co. boundary, Calif. VEG. TYPES (on portion visited by us): alpine fell-fields & cliffs (with very little herbaceous veg- eation in this, apparently a very dry, year); subal- pine forest (Pinus albicaulis) visible on slopes below; krummholz (Pinus albicaulis) in cirque between this peak & Job's Sister (q.v.). VISIT: July 23 Galena Creek Camp -- see p. 3a. (omitted here by error). Geiger Lookout (on Geiger Grade), 5500-5560 ft., approx. 2 mi. E Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co., Nev. -- along Nevada Route 17 on W slope Virginia Range (labelled Washoe Mts. on some maps). VEG. TYPES: pigmy conifer woodland (Pinus cembro- ides monophylla, Juniperus californica utahensis) with low sparse shrubs in interstices (Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus sp., Ephedra nevadensis, Eriogonum, etc.) and several nearby islands (on altered andesite rocks) of sparse, low pine woodland (Pinus jeffreyi, & almost nothing else); dry grassland (narrowly in canyon & on "mesa" just above lookout); Great Basin sagebrush formation (A. tridentata, Purshia tridentata, Chryso- thamnus sp., Prunus andersonii) on alluvial fan & very base of the "Grade" VISITS: June 27; July 12, 26; Aug. 9, Aug. 23 (this last trip did not include the "lookout" & vicinity, but only the sparse pinyon-juniper area where it thins out to sagebrush of foothill.

{ "text": "VISITS: June 17 (no stop) : S3 ; July 1; Aug. 18.\n\nLake Tahoe, Eldorado-Aquarius Co. boundary, Calif.\nLILCO, Yarbrough, at summit), ft. 10,900 Jft. Press Peak, \n22 of Carson Range on portion visited by us) : S2 types :\nVEO. TYPES (with very little perspective variation in this, apparently a very dry year) : s2 types : \ntrumpet of flowers albidus (sibbaldia aurit) near the top of the ridge between this and newwed summit (in cirrus range)\n\nVISITS: July 23 -- see p. 30. (completes the tour)\nGlen Creek Camp -- see p. 30.\nGeyer Lookout (on Geyer Grade), 5500-5700 ft., approx.\nNev. -- along W mi. R Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co. Hwy. -- along Nevada Route 1 on W slope Virginia Range [labeled]\nWashoe Mts. or some maps).\n\nVISITS: July 23 ; Aug. 9; Aug. 18; Sept. 5 (July 23 : June 17, VISITS:\nbase of the \"Grade\".)\nChurns sp., Plumas under-senii) on alpine tan & very\n-cayuse, sjaunetii etiamri, sjatnebiari .A) doliation \"mea\" (Great Basin Sesspium)\nnorthern elev. : (see) ; dry grassland (plume) narrow in a novel & no & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sjaumel & sja [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" Hampshire Rocks Camp Ground, 5900 ft., on S Fork Yuba River, Placer Co., Calif. -- in eastern portion of Sec. 27, R 13 E, T 17 N; about 9 mi. W Donner Pass. VEG. TYPES: mixed conifer (Pinus murrayana, Pinus jeffreyi, Abies magnifica, Abies concolor) and riparian woodland (Populus tremuloides, P. trichocarpa, Ceanothus cordulatus, Salix sp., Cornus californica, etc.). Upland shrub areas (Arctostaphylos patula, Ceanothus cordulatus, C. velutinus, etc.) are extensive on S-facing slope across the highway (beyond strip of forest) but were not covered in our visits. Stream itself is here a series of deep pools separated by low waterfalls & short rapids (not very turbulent). VISIT: Aug. 17 High Meadow, 7800 ft., Carson Range, eastern Eldorado Co., Calif. -- 2 1/8 mi. N by W Freel Peak (q.v.), 5 mi. SE of SE end Lake Tahoe. VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest (Pinus murrayana, Abies magnifica, and ? Pinus monticola), with stringers of it (chiefly P. murrayana) here & there on the low sedge meadow; riparian groves (Populus tremuloides). VISITS: July 9 (meadow viewed from 1/4 mi. away on Cold Creek Road); July 23, including hike to Star Lake from meadow Ice Lakes Camp Ground, 6900 ft., just E of Serena L. & N of Dulzura L. as shown on Truckee USGS topo map (these 2 lakes now called "Ice Lakes"), Placer Co., Calif. -- approx. 3 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass; in Secs. 26, 27, 34, 35 of R 14 E, T 17 N. VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest (Pinus murrayana, Abies magnifica) in moderate to dense stands, except where broken or adjacent to: low sedge-forb-grass meadows; riparian thickets (Salix sp.) near lake. Forest upslope (S-facing) to NE is more open, with shrubs similar to those of Donner Pass (q.v.); open lake with aquatic vegetation moderately abundant in late summer. VISITS: June 29 (included hike around both lakes, which are confluent in middle); July 22; Aug. 10 (included hike along ridge from Crow's Nest peak, q.v., & into camp ground from NE); Aug. 24. Idlewild Park, 4500 ft., Reno, Washoe Co, Nev. -- this city park, located along the Truckee River near W end of town, was used for our group trips (4 station wagons of campers) for rest room purposes; but certain notes on waterfowl present on the lake (incl. wild Branta canadensis) or song birds in shade trees are recorded. VEG. TYPES: various planted trees (broad-l. & conifers); riparian woodland remnants (P. fremontii, Salix) Lake -- VISITS: June 27; July 12, 26; Aug. 9, 23,

{ "text": "VISIT : Aug. 17\nI saw a series of deep pools separated by low waterfalls & short rapids (not very turbulent).\nof forest) but were not covered in our visit.\nstreams themselves as well as the highway (bedrock strip)\nOceotoma canadensis, O. velutinae, etc.) are exten-\nsaw-toothed grasses (Achnatherum spp.)\nGeronimus cordulatus, Salix sp., Cornus californica,\ncan cover itself in a short time.\nHampshire Rocks Camp Ground, 2500 ft., on S Fork Yuba\nRiver, Placer Co.. III. -- in eastern portion of\nSec. 37, T 15 N.; about 9 mi. W Donner Pass.\nVEG. TYPES: mixed conifer (Pinus murryanae, Pines\n-needle-leaf Abies magnifica) and riparian\nwillow & alder (Salix sp., Alnus incana).\nCAMP GROUND : near camp there are 2 meadows; one of it (chiefly P. murryanae) here & there on the\nridge is covered with a dense stand of Abies magnifica, and ? P. monticola)\nVISIT : July 9 (measured from $ mi. away on\nGold Creek Road); July 23; Aug. 16.\nCAMP GROUND: Ice Lakes Camp Ground, 9500 ft., just E of Serena I &\nN of Dunites II, as shown on Truckee USGS tope map\n(chase S lakes now called \"Ice Lakes\", Placer Co.,\nCaLiF. -- approx. 3 mi. W T mi. S Donner Pass; in\nSecs. 26, 27, 35 of R 14 E, T 15 N.\nVEG. TYPES: coniferous forest (Pines murryanae,\nAbies magnifica) in moderate to dense stands, except\nwhere broken or adjacent to low shrub-forb meadows;\nriparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake.\nCAMP GROUND : similar to those of Donner Pass (v.p.); open\nto NE is more open with\nLake summer.\nVISIT : June 29 (included hike below); July 22 (which are confined in middle);\naug. 10 (in-)\ninto camp ground from NE).\ncampground from Crow's Nest peak, v.p., &\nof shaded hike along ridge from\nLake summer.\nVEG. TYPES: riparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake;\nvast stands of Abies magnifica in moderate to dense stands,\nextcept where broken or adjacent to low shrub-forb meadows;\nriparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake.\nCAMP GROUND : similar to those of Donner Pass (v.p.); open\nto NE is more open with\nLake summer.\nVISIT : June 29 (included hike below); July 22 (which are confined in middle);\naug. 10 (in-)\ninto camp ground from NE).\ncampground from Crow's Nest peak, v.p., &\nof shaded hike along ridge from\nLake summer.\nVEG. TYPES: riparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake;\nvast stands of Abies magnifica in moderate to dense stands,\nextcept where broken or adjacent to low shrub-forb meadows;\nriparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake.\nCAMP GROUND : similar to those of Donner Pass (v.p.); open\nto NE is more open with\nLake summer.\nVISIT : June 29 (included hike below); July 22 (which are confined in middle);\naug. 10 (in-)\ninto camp ground from NE).\ncampground from Crow's Nest peak, v.p., &\nof shaded hike along ridge from\nLake summer.\nVEG. TYPES: riparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake;\nvast stands of Abies magnifica in moderate to dense stands,\nextcept where broken or adjacent to low shrub-forb meadows;\nriparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake.\nCAMP GROUND : similar to those of Donner Pass (v.p.); open\nto NE is more open with\nLake summer.\nVISIT : June 29 (included hike below); July 22 (which are confined in middle);\naug. 10 (in-)\ninto camp ground from NE).\ncampground from Crow's Nest peak, v.p., &\nof shaded hike along ridge from\nLake summer.\nVEG. TYPES: riparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake;\nvast stands of Abies magnifica in moderate to dense stands,\nextcept where broken or adjacent to low shrub-forb meadows;\nriparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake.\nCAMP GROUND : similar to those of Donner Pass (v.p.); open\nto NE is more open with\nLake summer.\nVISIT : June 29 (included hike below); July 22 (which are confined in middle);\naug. 10 (in-)\ninto camp ground from NE).\ncampground from Crow's Nest peak, v.p., &\nof shaded hike along ridge from\nLake summer.\nVEG. TYPES: riparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake;\nvast stands of Abies magnifica in moderate to dense stands,\nextcept where broken or adjacent to low shrub-forb meadows;\nriparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake.\nCAMP GROUND : similar to those of Donner Pass (v.p.); open\nto NE is more open with\nLake summer.\nVISIT : June 29 (included hike below); July 22 (which are confined in middle);\naug. 10 (in-)\ninto camp ground from NE).\ncampground from Crow's Nest peak, v.p., &\nof shaded hike along ridge from\nLake summer.\nVEG. TYPES: riparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake;\nvast stands of Abies magnifica in moderate to dense stands,\nextcept where broken or adjacent to low shrub-forb meadows;\nriparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake.\nCAMP GROUND : similar to those of Donner Pass (v.p.); open\nto NE is more open with\nLake summer.\nVISIT : June 29 (included hike below); July 22 (which are confined in middle);\naug. 10 (in-)\ninto camp ground from NE).\ncampground from Crow's Nest peak, v.p., &\nof shaded hike along ridge from\nLake summer.\nVEG. TYPES: riparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake;\nvast stands of Abies magnifica in moderate to dense stands,\nextcept where broken or adjacent to low shrub-forb meadows;\nriparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake.\nCAMP GROUND : similar to those of Donner Pass (v.p.); open\nto NE is more open with\nLake summer.\nVISIT : June 29 (included hike below); July 22 (which are confined in middle);\naug. 10 (in-)\ninto camp ground from NE).\ncampground from Crow's Nest peak, v.p., &\nof shaded hike along ridge from\nLake summer.\nVEG. TYPES: riparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake;\nvast stands of Abies magnifica in moderate to dense stands,\nextcept where broken or adjacent to low shrub-forb meadows;\nriparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake.\nCAMP GROUND : similar to those of Donner Pass (v.p.); open\nto NE is more open with\nLake summer.\nVISIT : June 29 (included hike below); July 22 (which are confined in middle);\naug. 10 (in-)\ninto camp ground from NE).\ncampground from Crow's Nest peak, v.p., &\nof shaded hike along ridge from\nLake summer.\nVEG. TYPES: riparian thicket (Salix sp.) near lake [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 10 Job's Sister (peak), NNW to W slopes of, 9200-10,600 ft. (peak = 10,820 ft.), Carson Range, Eldorado & Alpine Co. boundary, Calif. -- approx. 8 mi. SE Lake Tahoe. VEG. TYPES: alpine fall-fields similar to those on adjacent Freel Peak (q.v.); high, more or less rectangularly broken cliffs; krummholz (Pinus albi- caulis); subalpine conifer forest (Pinus albicaulis, plus, at the lower altitudes, Tsuga mertensiana). VISIT: July 23. (See Leucosticte tephrocotis) Lake Tahoe, 6229 ft., Calif. & Nevada -- descriptions of the few spots visited on foot are given under more detailed localities below. Circuit of the lake by automobile was made on July 9; the W. side & S. end also on Aug. 6; the E. side (both coming & going to High Meadow, Freel Peak, etc.) on July 23. A few entries are made under certain bird species which were observed in the forests and/or chaparral areas along the roads around the lake. Lake Tahoe, S. end of, 6230 ft. (E. of Camp Richardson), Eldorado Co., Calif. -- area covered included a bit of upland forest near Camp Richardson (while at lunch) and marsh & beach E. of Camp Richardson in Sec. 6 & 5 (2 mi. sections N*S), R 12 N, T 18 E. VEG. TYPES: conifer forest (Pinus murrayana, in pure stand on high part of beach & similar sandy areas, elsewhere admixed with Pinus jeffreyi & Abies concolor) tall sedge marsh (with water to 3+ ft. deep); wet grass land & low sedge marsh; sandy beach; large, deep lake VISIT: July 9. Lake Tahoe, "enroute" past N. end of, -- including lower part of Mt. Rose Road (Nevada Route 27) above Incline, & W. from Incline to Kings Beach, thence N toward Martis Valley. VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest, dense except where cleared or where adjacent to riparian groves or thick- ets near lake shore in a few spots -- in most of this distance the conifers extend clear to lake shore. (Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus lambertiana, Abies concolor, Libocedrus decurens with understory of Ceanothus cordulatus, Arctostaphylos patula, Prunus emarginata, Salix nuttallii, etc.) (riparian: Populus tremuloides Populus trichocarpa near Kings Beach); golf course; large, deep lake. July 9 VISITS: June 27; /July 12, 23, 26; Aug. 9, 23. with stops on shore at Kings Beach on July 12, 23,

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" Lake Van Norden, 6760-6800 ft.(including meadow just E. of it), S. of Norden & Soda Springs, in Nevada & Placer Cos., Calif. -- in Summit Valley 2-3 mi. W. of Donner Pass. VEG. TYPES: open lake (artificial, with water partly drained out each year); short sedge, grass, & forb meadow; riparian thickets (Salix sp.); conifer forest bordering all these (Pinus murrayana, Abies concolor, the latter mostly back from the lake a bit more; small clumps of Populus tremuloides on few slopes nearby). As the water receded in August, extensive amphibious vegetation was stranded & provided habitat for foraging sandpipers & blackbirds. VISITS: June 18, 20 (twice); July 4 (twice), 18, 19; Aug. 1 (twice), 15 (twice), 20, 22, 26. Also numerous other trips by car past the north shore, on a few of which I recorded notes on a few birds. (See also "Soda Springs", near the L. Van Nørden dam). Little Truckee River valley, 5800-5880 ft., W. & N. of steel bridge on Truckee-Stampede Valley road, Sierra Co., Calif. -- 3 mi. E, 5 mi. N Hobart Mills, Nevada O. VEG. TYPES: on flood plain (less than 1/8 mi. wide) -- dense, but short (grazed) grassland, with scattered riparian thickets (Salix sp.) and cut-off pools with sedge-marsh borders; on adjacent uplands -- low Great Basin sagebrush formation (Artemisia tridentata, plus few other shrubs); stream is slightly turbulent here, flowing over mostly cobblestone-sized substrate; higher slopes to SW & N of the valley are covered with arid conifer forest (mostly Pinus jeffreyi, but with at least a few Juniperus sp/?? along its border to N) VISITS: July 27; Aug. 5 (from road only), Aug. 17. (first & last of these were searches for Sage Hens). Little (or Lower) Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., N end Washoe Valley, SW Washoe Co., Nev. -- just E US Route 395. VEG. TYPES: shallow lake without outlet (dried up to only narrow ditch in 1949) with sparse growth of tall sedges (Scirpus sp.) in south "arm" & along NE shore, much Polygonum amphibium in shallower portions and Potamogeton sp. in deeper parts (espec. late in summer, when remnant of lake was entirely weed filled). tree clumps SW & NE of lake (Populus fremontii); grassland narrowly along valley just W & S of lake; all other adjacent slopes covered with Great Basin sagebrush formation (Artemisia tridentata, here very tall, much less Chrysothamnus, Purshia, etc.) VISITS: June 27; July 12, 26; Aug. 9, 23.

{ "text": "VISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nI see Chrysophammus, Paraphia, etc.\nformation (Arctomelea tridentata, here very tall, much\nother adjacent slopes covered with Great Basin Sagebrush\nIlis; cedar along valley just W & S of lake;\nfree clumps SW & NE of lakes (Populus fremontii); grass\nsummer, when remainder of lake was entirely weed filled).\nin deeps. It is in deeper parts and Poteignomajon in shallow portions\nshores, much Polygona ampifolium in midflanks.\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake (or Lower) Washoe Lake, 2020 ft., W end Washoe\nValley, SW Washoe Co., Nev. -- Just E US Route 395.\nqpu up drefb (drifled)\nVISITS: July 27; Aug. 2 (from road only); Aug. 17.\n(First & last of these were searches for Sage Hen.)\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake Tahoe, SW & N of the valley on E side of gorge\nwith covered berries and nuts; no saguaro portage;\nmajor part -- on road platin) on food plan (less than 10 mi. drive from Reno, NV)\nVISITS: June 21; July 13, 26; Aug. 9, 23.\nLake [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 12 "Lodge" -- see Sugar Bowl Lodge "Mary Lake" -- see 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass Martis Valley, 5800-5920 ft., 1 1/2-4 1/2 mi. ESE Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. (our "coverages" only from road which traverses the valley enroute from Lake Tahoe to Truckee). VEG. TYPES: Great Basin sagebrush formation (Art- emisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata, & other shrubs) grassy swales near stream; arid conifer forest (Pinus, Jeffreyi, P. murrayana). VISITS: "enroute" thru valley on July 12, 26; Aug. 9, 23. Mt. Judah -- 8243 ft. peak on Sierra crest, 1/3 mi. E, 1 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass (see map). Not visited, but certain notes on birds seen near its lower slopes refer to it. Mt. Rose, 2 mi. S, 1 mi. E of (or 2 1/3 mi. SSE), 8700- 8900 ft., Carson Range, NE of Lake Tahoe, Washoe Co., Nevada. -- our observations limited to immediate vi- cinity of the road from Galena Creek Camp (q.v.) over the pass near here (8933 ft.) & down to Lake Tahoe; this high altitude stop of our all day trip was merely a brief excursion away from the road near an 8730 ft. Bench Marker just N of the pass. VEG. TYPES: subalpine conifer forest (Pinus murray- ana, Pinus albicaulis, Tsuga mertensiana, Pinus monti- cola) with extremely little in the way of understory; ground quite gravelly (decomposed granite); one small riparian thicket (Salix sp.) by a water seep. The summit of Mt. Rose is visible from here, with succes- sively higher zones of vegetation, including good krummholz (Pinus albicaulis) & a timberline. VISITS: June 27; July 12, 26; Aug. 9, 23. (I climbed this mountain from near here on July 11, 1948; birds recorded on that trip are listed in my personal roll book). (Ne L. Van Norden) Norden R.R. Sta., near, 6800 ft., approx. on boundary of Nevada & Placer Cos., 2 mi. W Donner Pass, Calif. VEG. TYPES: forest & border, riparian thickets (few) of same type as listed under Lake Van Norden (q.v.) only the lake & open meadow are not represented here, although a corner of the latter comes up to the dirt road paralleling the RR on the S at a point where there is a sheep corral (See Sialia currucoides, Certhia familiaris). VISITS: July 6 (twice) -- plus more briefly on each of the major visits to Lake Van Norden.

Ogden 1920

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 12a Onion Creek canyon, 6050-6100 ft., in SW corner Sec. 1, R 14 E, T. 16 N., Placer Co., Calif. -- along & just , E of American River Canyon Road (q.v.). VEG. TYPES: conifer forest (Abies concolor, Pinus j#effreyi and/or ponderosa, Libocedrus decurrens ) with open, forb-covered or bare areas (cleared ?) in canyon floor; riparian woodland (barely developed) along stream (Populus trichocarpa, P. tremuloides) and thickets between the scattered trees there & a- bout a seep on bench S of creek (Alnus tenuifolia, Salix sp.). Shrub areas in openings of forest up- slope to S were just skirted. VISITS: Aug. 20 ("enroute" to Placer Co. Big Trees, /A see below); Aug. 22. Placer Co. Big Trees, on N-facing slope & draw between it & opposite one of headwaters of Mosquito Creek, a tributary of Middle Fork of American River, in Sec. 18, R 13 E, T 14 N. ---- this trip to the northern- most grove of Sequoia gigantea took nearly all day from S.B. Lodge & Soda Springs, via the American River Canyon road from the latter -- a bumpy dirt road, some spots on steeper switchbacks so bumpy the chassis of our Chev. suburban bounced a lot. Until the logging areas S of Robertson Flat were entered & road became many inches deep in dust, it was a beatiful trip; but since we took no detailed note of just where vari- ous vegetation was I cannot outline it here. The Sequoias are at about 5200 ft. elevation, in a moist (still) glen on the N side of a round-topped, forested promontory which justs southward toward the Amer. River. We saw 6 or 7 trees (see photos ). The rest of the forest is more or less typical Transition zone conifers, but with much more abundant shrub understory than is found near Bear Valley. Azaleas, Chinquapin, & bush-sized Tanbark Oak were distinctly new items. While we were wandering around after lunching in the shade of 3 of the Big Trees, an old dead fir bole some 100+ ft. tall crashed suddenly to the ground be- tween two parts of our group, which had scattered out to take pictures & for other purposes. No one had a narrow escape, however; and we all marvelled that such an event would take place on a very quiet, almost wind- less day just when we were there. See Map for few locations of birds seen or views enroute. VISIT: Aug. 20. Pierce Meadow, S. of -- see W/ Signal Peak, W. base of

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 13 Prosser Creek valley, 5650-5700 ft., 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. -- in west. part of Sec., 25, T 18 N, R 16 E. VEG. TYPES: Great Basin sagebrush formation on upland slopes N of valley (Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata, Chrysanthmus); coarse grassland on valley floor (few hundred feet [illegible] wide), with few scattered willow clumps; slopes S & NE of valley with arid conifer forest (Pinus jeffreyi, Artemisia tridentata). Stream is gentle, but riffles over cob- blestone rapids at places. Whole area similar on small scale to Little Truckee River valley (q.v.). VISITS: June 27 (

VISIT : June 21 Reno, NV ("annex") only ; July 25, Aug 1. Lima scale to Little Truckee River Valley (v.v. ) no similar or shore . Where some places . placeton rapids at places . . "saints." :TITIV : June 25 (July 25) with a few other forest (Pinus) trees. scattered with clumps ; grasses & U.S. N valley few hundred feet to east (see below for map). northern part of valley (Artemisia tridentata, saints) : Great Basin eared tortoise on Reno, NV: 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Hitchcock, Nevada Co., CA. -- at west end of Sec . T16 N R 16 E. Prosper Creek valley, 2050-2700 ft., 1 mi. N of "annex" : June 21, July 25, Aug 1. Reno, NV: 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. -- see below. Reno, ID (see under "I") . Reno, ID (see under "D") . Sierra Crest N of Donner Pass -- see Donner Pass, N of Sutter, N of (see Sierra Valley) oroute , Donner Pass to Reno Reno, ID (see under "I") . Sierra Valley, 1800-3000 ft., at E. end of S. of Sierra Nevada Mts. -- see above for route from S. of Sierra Nevada Mts. (at Truckee) to S. of Sutter Valley Ranch, near center of valley, on N side of the valley and to E of US Route 395 & 2 to Reno. NVR TYPES : in valley ( ) ; above-below-see below: above: no or not a few species of trees (Pines) beneath: some grasses & shrubs; see below for map. . June 21, July 25, Aug 1.

{ "text": "Cogswell\n1950\n\"Journal\"\n14\n\"Signal Hill,\" S. slope of, 7100-7300 ft., 3/4-1+ mi.\nW Donner Pass, on & near Nevada - Placer Co. boundary.\n VEG. TYPES: mixed montane chaparral (Prunus emarginata, Ceanothus velutinus, Populus tremuloides,\nAcer glabrum; &, in drier areas, Arctostaphylos patula, A. nevadensis, Ceanothus cordulatus, Quercus vac-\ncififolia, Ceanothus prostratus, etc.); patches of\nconifer forest & scattered trees (Abies concolor, A.\nmagnifica, Pinus murrayana, Pinus jeffreyi, Juniperus\noccidentalis); small forb (many columbines, thistles,\nWyethia, etc.)-covered slopes, just above Highway 40.¹\n VISITS: (via hike a short distance to ½ way up\nthe road leading to airplane beacon on top of 7758 ft.\nhill): June 21; July 5, 8, 25, 27; Aug. 2, 3, 24.\n (This was one of best areas for warblers & finches\nmost of the summer). it forms an interesting contrast\nwith N base of Disney & Crow's Nest peaks straight\nacross Summit Valley from it, but of opposite expos-\nure. Snow here was all all gone by June 16 & appar-\nently had been for some time.\nSignal Peak, W. base of, (= Red Mtn.), 5500 ft., in Secs.\n24 & 13, R 12 E, T 17 N, about 13 mi. W Donner Pass,\nin Nevada Co., Calif. -- an exploring trip in late\np.m. looking for \"Pierce Meadow\", which we learned\nlater was actually there, but on beyond over a still\nbumpier road than the barely traversable one we had\ngone over from 1¼ mi. below Cisco Grove on US 40.\n VEG. TYPES: mixed Transition - Canadian zone forest\ntypes; also extensive chaparral on Signal Peak above,\nwith stringers coming down to road we were on here &\nthere.\n VISIT: July 6\nSnow Lab (see next page)\nSquaw Valley (& NE slope Squaw Peak via ski lift from\nhead of valley), E side Sierra crest NW Lake Tahoe,\nPlacer Co., Calif. -- 6300- ft. at head of Squaw\nValley where lift starts, approx. 7900 ft. at top\n(price $1.50 round trip, with stop-over at top).\n VEG. TYPES: not examined critically, but includes\na lot of montane & subalpine chaparral on slopes below\n& near the lift. Scattered remnants of red fir-\nlodgepole & silver pine forest are being cleared for\nimprovement of skiing. Denser forest still remains\non N-facing slopes to the S of Squaw Valley. Top of\nlift is on steep slope with only a few scattered trees,\nbut hardly a true timberline, since good-sized trees\nexist on higher, but flatter land toward Granite Chief\nto the north. The Sierran crest from here N & S would\nbe well worth some investigation, botanically & for\nbirds & mammals.\n VISITS: July 5; also by Bessie Cogswell Aug 3 (ta sugar bowl)\nsta\n``` `mike hike` `(w)` `bowl)` `l` `r` `g` `a` `n` `d` `y` `i` `s` `h` `o` `p` `e` `r` `i` `c` `k` `e` `t` `o` `m` `u` `l` `l` `e` `a` `n` `d` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s` `y` `w` `o` `r` `k` `i` `n` `g` `d` `a` `y` `s` `.` `t` `h` `e` `r` `e` `w` `a` `s` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `t` `h` `i` `n` `g` `a` `n` `d` `a` `l` `l` `o` `f` `b` `u` `s [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

"Skiing family" - in the 1950s, a group of friends from New York City decided to take a ski trip to Colorado. They packed their bags and headed west, excited for an adventure. As they traveled through the mountains, they saw breathtaking views of snow-capped peaks and lush forests. The air was crisp and clean, filled with the scent of pine trees and fresh snow. It was like nothing they had ever experienced before. On their first day of skiing, they found themselves at a small ski resort in Aspen, Colorado. They rented some equipment and headed up to the slopes. At first, it was tough for them to keep up with the more experienced skiers, but as they practiced and gained confidence, they began to enjoy themselves. As the days went by, they explored different areas of the mountains, discovering new trails and hidden gems along the way. They met other skiers who shared their passion for the sport and became friends on the slopes. By the end of their trip, they had covered over 20 miles of terrain and learned valuable lessons about perseverance and teamwork. They returned home with memories that would last a lifetime and a newfound love for skiing.

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 15 Snow Lab, above (= Central Sierras Snow Laboratory operated by U.S. Civil Engineers), 3/4 mi. E Soda Springs, Nevada Co., Calif. -- 7000-7100 ft., in eastern part of Sec. 23, R 14 E, T 17 N. VEG. TYPES: dense to patchy coniferous forest (Abies magnifica, Pinus murrayana, Pinus jeffreyi, the last chiefly on higher, drier slopes); moist montane chaparral, similar to that on Signal Hill (q.v.) but with less solid stands (Prunus emarginata, Populus tremuloides, Ceanothus velutinus, Arctostaphylos patula etc.). VISIT: June 22. Soda Springs, 6750 ft., near (N of) Lake Van Norden dam, and on S.P.RR. & U.S. highway 40, 3 mi. W Donner Pass, Nevada Co., Calif. -- in western part of Sec. 23, R 14 E, T 17 N. VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest border & scattered trees (Pinus murrayana, this only near dam, plus Abies magnifica elsewhere); bits of grassy meadow & slope of earth dam; cleared, bouldery & forb-covered ski slope; riparian thickets (Salix sp., Alnus tenuifolia); stream with few large pools & rocky bed below this; lake (see L. Van Norden); horse corral & environs of buildings. VISITS: near dam -- June 18, 20 (twice); July 4; Aug. 1 (twice) to "town" portion, including up highway to Norden & Donner Pass -- (transporting campers to & from Sugar Bowl Lodge) -- June 18; July 2, 16, 30; Aug. 13, 26. Star Lake -- see p. 16 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. (perhaps closer to 6900 ft.) 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. -- near S edge of Sec. 20 (Sec. 19 missing), R 15 E, T 17 N. VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest (Abies magnifica, Pinus murrayana, Pinus monticola) in moderate to dense stands, the trees averaging about 70-90 ft. tall, with occasional old, broken topped firs much taller; apparently regrowth since near-complete logging in 1870's(?). understory is scanty (? because of deep snows)(Ribes viscoissimum, Ribes sp. of currant, Ribes sp. of gooseberry, (Lonicera conjugialis), plus abundant late summer growth of herbs); forest border areas modified by chalet-type buildings; stream or drainage-channel areas with riparian thickets (Alnus tenuifolia; Salix sp.); cleared ski slopes in front of lodge (across stream from it) nearly bare in early summer, but with abundant herb growth progressing thru many aspects in few weeks of summer (Corn Lily, Columbine, Senecio sp., Eriogonum, Potentilla, Epilobium, various Pentstemons, Mimulus, Castillejas, & Lupines among many others).

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 16 Sugar Bowl Lodge (cont.) The stream itself, a raging torrent in the first few weeks of camp when 50 ft. deep banks of snow up in the Sugar Bowl fed it, became a trickle by end of August; it apparently held no aquatic life of significance until midsummer (see Cinclus mexicanus). VISITS: (include trips from lodge into forest N thereof for approx. .6 mi., i.e. to mouth of Mt. Judah tunnel on E.-bound S.P.RR. tracks, and similar distance along access road NNW of lodge; also around various cabins in forest & edge E to SE of lodge; also in immediate vicinity of stream or 6n flattish alluvial slope just across it) (For more distant visits to the Sugar Bowl on the SE, see below; for those to adjoining Cowgill Meadow & N. Base of Disney Mtn. & Crow's Nest peaks, see those names). -- June 17, 18, 19, 21, 28, 30; July 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 31; Aug. 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26. Sugar Bowl Lodge (= "Lodge") to Sugar Bowl, 7000-7400 ft., the latter being the in the "pocket" rimmed with mtns. on three sides -- 8243 ft. Mt. Judah to the NE, 8401 ft Mt. Lincoln to the SE, and 7950 ft. Disney Mtn. to the SW -- the area included on the visits listed below being in Sec. 29, R 15 E, T 17 N., Placer Co., Calif. VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest, grading from similar to that around lodge (see above) to denser, where not cleared, (Abies magnifica, Pinus monticola, Tsuga mertensiana, Pinus murrayana); subalpine chaparral, but scarcely developed on only a few rocky slopes (Quercus vaccinifolia, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Spirea densiflora, etc.); riparian thickets (Alnus tenuifolia, Salix sp.); tall herbs in late summer on cleared or naturally open moist slopes; cliffs & boulders of the "walls" of the Sugar Bowl are of volcanic agglomerate, but provided habitat for only a few birds (Salpinctes; Nucifraga) VISITS (includes "part-way" hikes, if these extended beyond area around cabins): June 21; July 19, 20, 24, 29 31; Aug. 2. Star Lake, 9210 ft., & vicinity, on High Meadow-Freel Pk. trail, Carson Range SE of Lake Tahoe, Eldorado Co., Cal. VEG. TYPES: subalpine forest (Pinus albicaulis, Tsuga mertensiana, & few Pinus murrayana up almost to alt. of lake); narrow line of low shrubs around part of lake shore; otherwise rocky; cliffs SE of lake (see Job's Sister); mountain lake (with lots of trout). VISIT: July 23

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 17 Tahoe Valley, 6250- 6500 ft., S of Lake Tahoe, Eldorado Co., Calif. -- traversed (but observations only casual from roadsides) as far as Meyer's on the S., and along main highways around Lake Tahoe; also from Meyer's along dirt road to "Sierra House" SE of the lake (start of the Cold Creek Road, q.v.). VEG. TYPES: semi-arid conifer forest (Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus murrayana, Abies concolor, many interstitial & understory shrubs, but these not in dense array, much Artemisia tridentata included on eastward side); moun- tain meadows & small streams therein; cabins & vicin- ities. VISITS: July 9; Aug. 6; (also the extreme E part on July 23, but with no observations as I recall). U.S. Highway 40, W of Emigrant Gap (q.v.) to lower alti- tudes on W slope of Sierra -- not covered on any of our field trips. A few notes entered for observations made on rapid trips here on June 16; July 19; Aug. 19. U.S. Highway 40 E of Donner Pass (see Donner Pass to Read). Yuba Gap, 5 00 ft., just S of U.S. Route 40 VEG. TYPES: coniferous forest (Abies concolor, Libo- cedrus decurrens, Pinus jeffreyi) with scattered large shrub clumps along borders (Ceanothus cordulatus, Arcto- staphylos patula, Prunus sp.); riparian grove (Populus tremuloides, mixed with the conifers); small artifici- al pond nearly filled with floating & emergent plants. VISITS: June 17; July 7, 21; Aug. 4, 18.

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Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 18 LOG OF LOCALITIES VISITED & TIME SPENT AFIELD IN DONNER PASS - LAKE TAHOE - western NEVADA region. (all times are Pacific Daylight Saving) (for description of areas see preceding pp/) June 17 0800-1100 - Cowgill Meadow; forest near Sugar Bowl Lodge (= "Lodge" henceforth in this log) p.m. - Big Bend Camp Ground; Chubb Lake; Bear Valley (SE end + midway of N side); Yuba Gap (very casual cover- age of all these -- a scouting trip). June 18 var. times- Lodge & vicinity p.m.- Lake Van Norden (N. side) ; Soda Springs (near dam) June 19 - Lodge & adjacent forest a.m.- Lodge & adjacent forest; Cowgill Meadow June 20 0800-1000 - Lake Van Norden (meadow E of it, plus along N shore by car); Soda Springs (near dam). 1500-1700 - repeat: Lake Van Norden & Soda Springs 1030-1145 - N. bases of Disney Mtn. & Crow's Nest peak. June 21 - 0820-0955 - S. slope Signal Hill 1010-1210 - Lodge to Sugar Bowl (up via W side, back via E) June 22 0815-0950 - above Snow Lab (only visit here). 1010-1205 - N. base of Disney & Crow's Nest 1910-2030 - E. of Boca Reservoir June 23 0900-1120 - Emigrant Gap (N slope); Bear Valley (N side, plus briefer stop at SE end); "S. of Camp Spaulding" 1400-1600 - Cowgill Meadow; N base Crow's Nest peak. June 24 0358-0630 - Cowgill Meadow (S border); N base Disney & Crow's Nest peaks (for morning bird song chorus -- see p. of this Journal for recording of awakening times, etc.). 0830-0945 - Cisco Grove 1025-1145 - W. end Donner Lake June 25 0900 & ff.- enroute (no observations except from car) from Truckee to Sierra ville via State Hwy 89, thence W & N to Sattley, Sierra Co. (stopped about ½ hour about 1 mi. N Sattley) 1000-1400 - Sierra Valley Ranch (Mr. Macmillan, owner) (spent most of this time wading across flooded grassland of central part of valley) 1400-1745 - enroute from last thru Vinton, Plumas Co., & E to US Route 395, S. to Reno & W. to Donner Pass. June 26 0800-0940 - N bases of Disney Peak; Cowgill Meadow (S. border) 1510-1640 - " " " " " ; " " " "

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 19 June 27 0755-0920 - enroute: Donner Pass via US Route 40 to Reno, Nev. 0920-0930 - Idlewild Park, Reno 0932-1045 - enroute from last to,and at: Geiger Lookout 1115-1240 - Little Washoe Lake (from SE side) 1240-1310 - enroute: N from last to Reno Hot Spr., thence up Mt. Rose Road to next. 1310-1415 - Galena Creek Camp, Carson Range, Nev. 1450-1515 - 2 mi. S, 1 mi. E (= 2 1/3 mi. SSE) Mt. Rose, Carson Range, Nev. (may also be listed in some sp. accts. as "N." or "just N." Mt. Rose-Slide Mtn. saddle). 1515 & ff. - enroute: from last, via N. end Lake Tahoe, to Donner Pass. June 28 - 0850 0850-1105 - E. of Boca Reservoir (plus "enroute" via Truckee) earley a.m. plus p.m. - Lodge & vicinity. June 29 0810-0950 - 1/3 - 2/3 S Donner Pass (= E. of Mary Lake) 1020-1200 - ditto. 1445-1645 - Ice Lakes (hike around them, counter-clockwise). June 30 0825-0920 - Big Bend Camp Ground 1525-1640 - " " " " other times - near Lodge (casual observations) July 1 - 0500-0610 - Lodge vicinity & forest NW (to RR crossing) 1030-1215 - Cowgill Meadow (S portion); N. base Disney Peak. July 2 a.m. - Lodge & vicinity (casual) p.m. - enroute: Lodge to Soda Springs, Donner Pass, & Truckee (picking up arriving campers) July 3 0800-1000 - Lodge & vicinity; Cowgill Meadow (N & middle parts) 1010-1210 - " " " ; Cowgill Meadow (S. border); N. base Disney Peak. July 4 0805-0955 - Lake Van Norden (NE end & meadow adjacent ) 1510-1700 - " " " " " " " and NW end (near dam) & adjacent Soda Springs. July 5 0810-0950 - S. slope Signal Hill 1040-1140 - Cisco Grove 1500-1620 - Squaw Valley (rode up "Sky chair" ski lift, off at top at about 7900 ft., & looked around, & return). early a.m. & earl.p.m. - Lodge & vicinity. (casual observations) July 6 0800-1000 - Lodge & vicinity; near Norden R.R. Sta (NE of lake) 1010-1210 - " " " ; " " " " " " " (see Certhia familiaris notes) late p.m. - W face Signal Peak, S of Pierce Meadow (exploring trip)

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Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 20 July 7 08100-1210 - Yuba Gap; Emigrant Gap (N. slope); Bear Valley (N. side); 1/3 mi. S Camp Spaulding. p.m. - Lodge & vicinity (casual) 1900-2030 - 1/3 - 2/3 mi. S Donner Pass (Mary Lake area); ridge (Sierra crest) just N Donner Pass. July 8 0815-0950 - S. slope Signal Hill 1035-1140 - Cisco Grove 1910-1945 - ridge just N Donner Pass var.times - Lodge & vicinity (casual) July 9 0910-1900 - to S. end Lake Tahoe (where we waded in marsh & walked beach E of Camp Richardson, 1050-1240), up Tahoe Valley to Meyers, via Trout Creek Rd. to Cold Cr. road & up it nearly to High Meadow; return to Donner Pass via E. side Lake Tahoe. July 10 0840-1100 - E. of Boca Reservoir 1115-1130 - Truckee Riv. & vicinity, 5600 ft. alt. (just E. of July 11 0500-0645 - "Union Mills" of Truckee Quad. U.S.G.S. map); p.m. near Soda Springs & S. along American River C. road to switchback at 6300 ft. (= 2 1/2 mi. W, 3 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, or 3+ mi. S L.Van Norden) var.times - Lodge & vicinity July 12 0755-0940 - enroute: Donner Pass to Reno, Nev.; Idlewild Park, Reno. (approx. 15 min.) 0940-0955 - enroute: S. along US 395 & Nev.Route 17 from Reno to: 1010-1045 - Geiger Lookout, Virginia Range, Nev. 1140-1230 - Little Washoe Lake (from NE & N sides) 1300-1340 - Galena Creek Camp 1415-1515 - 2 mi. S, 1 mi. E Mt. Rose 1515 & ff.- enroute: from last via N. end Lake Tahoe, Martis Val., & Truckee to Donner Pass. July 13 0800-1000 - Lodge & vic.; N. base Disney Peak; Cowgill Meadow (S/ 1015-1200 - 1/3-2/3 mi. S Donner Pass (E & SE Mary Lake) 1520-1700 - Sierra crest N of Donner Pass to beyond Angela Lake (approx. 3/4 mi.) July 16 all day - Lodge & vicinity; also enroute from it to Soda Springs, Norden, & Donner Pass (picking up new campers). July 17 0800-1000- Cowgill Meadow (N & NE sides); Lodge & vicinity 1015-1210- Cowgill Meadow (S side); N base Disney Peak. July 18 0810-0957 - Lake Van Norden (NE side) & adjacent meadow 1508-1655 - 1/3-2/3 mi. S Donner Pass (NE to SE Mary Lake) on p. Peaks (song chorus record, Crows Nest N bases Disney,

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 21 July 19 0450-0700- Lodge to Sugar Bowl (up W side, back E side of creek) 0805-0952- Lake Van Norden (NE side) late a.m. & all p.m.- enroute: down US Hwy 40 to Sacramento (few observa- tions on fast trip) July 20 0450-0700- Lodge to Sugar Bowl (sim. trip to yesterday) but no record of song chorus kept. (also 1 hour here in pm) 0900-1030- N. base Disney Peak July 21 0850-0930- Yuba Gap (N side of pond); Emigrant Gap (N slope). 1000-1140- Bear Valley (N side) early a.m. plus p.m. - Lodge & vicinity (casual) July 22 0830-0935- Cisco Grove 1035-1140- 1445-1640- near Camp Pahatsi, 5+ mi. W Donner Pass; E of Ice Lakes oth.times- Lodge & vicinity (casual) July 23 0740-0900- High Meadow to upper end of Canadian Zone below Star Lake, Carson Range, Eldorado Co. (all day hike) 0900-1030- from last, to Star Lake & up ridge of Job's Sister (peak) to cirque between it & Freel Peak (timberline) 1030-1420- above timberline on Freel Peak (1 1/2 hrs. on summit) and Job's Sister (see Leucosticte tephrocotis) (return hike more rapid; few to no observations). July 24 0840-1110- E. of Boca Reservoir 1500-1630 & other times - Lodge & vicinity; also / 1/2 mi. toward Sugar Bowl. July 25 0500-0700- N bases of Disney & Crow's Nest peaks; Cowgill Meadow (S. border) (for bird song chorus record see p. ) 0820-0945- S. slope Signal Hill, 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass July 26 0800-0950- enroute: Donner Pass via US Hwy 40 to Reno; Idlewild Park, Reno. 0950-1040- enroute: S. from Reno along US 395 & Nev. Route 17 to: 1040-1105- Geiger Lookout, E. of Steamboat Springs, Virginia Range 1150-1240- Little Washoe Lake (from SE shore) 1310-1420- Galena Creek Camp 1420-1540- 2 mi. S, 1 mi. E Mt. Rose, Carson Range. 1540 & ff.- enroute: from last via N. end Lake Tahoe, Martis Val- ley, Truckee, to Donner Pass. July 27 0810-1005- S. slope Signal Hill, 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass 1030-1140- N base Disney Peak; Cowgill Meadow (S portion) 1400-1530- Prosser Cr., 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee 1610-1640- Little Truckee River, 3 mi. E, 5 mi. N Hobart Mills

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 22 July 28 American River Canyon road, 1020-1145- 2\frac{1}{2} mi. S Soda Springs (= 3 mi. W, 2 mi. S Donner Pass) 1525-1640- Big Bend Camp Ground & N of it July 29 all day- Sugar Bowl Lodge & vicinity; also \frac{1}{4} mi. toward Sugar Bowl (in late p.m.) July 30 0940-1010- \frac{1}{2} mi. E Donner Pass (= from Highway to N base Donner/ other times- Lodge & vicinity; also enroute to Soda Springs, Norden, & Truckee (picking up new campers). Peak ) July 31 0800-1000- Lodge & vicinity (forest N. of it); Cowgill Meadow (NE border). 1010-1210- reverse of last sequence. 1330-1415- Lodge to about \frac{1}{2} way to Sugar Bowl Aug. 1 0810-0950- Lake Van Norden (E. end & adjacent meadow, plus along N shore to:) ; Soda Springs (near dam). 1510-1655- ditto last. Aug. 2 0815-0950- S. slope Signal Hill, 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass 1020-1130- N base Disney Peak; Cowgill Meadow (s. portion) 1345-1450- Lodge to Sugar Bowl (up via E side, back via W of creek Aug. 3 0815-0950- S. slope Signal Hill, 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass 1030-1130- N base Disney Peak; Cowgill Meadow (SE border); Lodge & vicinity. 1530-1700- Lodge thru forest N of it to W. end Mt. Judah RR tunnel 1915-2000- ridge just N of Donner Pass. Aug. 4 0830-0850- Yuba Gap (N side of small pond) 0900-0930- Emigrant Gap (N slope) 0945-1142- Bear Valley (N side; SE end) p.m. - Lodge & vicinity Aug. 5 0825-0940- Cisco Grove " " 1035-1150- p.m. - enroute: Truckee N. across Little Truckee River on dirt road to Stampede Valley, thence NE to ridge SE of Dog Valley (Sierra Co.), thence E to Verdi & Reno, Nev. ; Virginia L. in S. part of Reno; farm- land S. & E. of Reno (covered mostly from car); return to Donner Pass up Highway US 40 (at dusk). Aug. 6 0910-1030- enroute: Donner Pass via W.side Lake Tahoe to North of Bijou. 1045-1245- Daggett Pass (Carson Range) & down Kingsbury Grade (Nev. Rt.19) with stop in Haines Cr. canyon, and along W. side Carson Valley thru Genoa, Nev. 1330-1415- Carson City (plaza of capitol) 1415-1610- E.side Washoe Valley E of Big Washoe L.; from N.end of lake also \frac{1}{2} mi. NW

I0152-360- I0147-070- Dinner: Donner Pass & down Kinsley Grade (Carmen River) 3.6 mi. to North Fork of Salmon on main stem of Salmon River, near town of Salmon. I0147-070- - [illegible] - Donner Pass & down Kinsley Grade (Carmen River) 3.6 mi. to North Fork of Salmon on main stem of Salmon River, near town of Salmon. I0152-360- - [illegible]

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 23 Aug. 7 0845-1130- E. side of Boca Reservoir 1500-1700- Sugar Bowl Lodge & thru forest N of it to W. end Mt. Judah RR tunnel (approx. .6 mi.) Aug. 8 0810-0940- N base Disney Mtn.; Cowgill Meadow (S portion) other times - near Lodge Aug. 9 0810-0932- enroute: Donner Pass to Reno, Nev., via US Route 40 0932-0945- Idlewild Park, Reno. 0945-1000- enroute: S. along US Route 395 & Nev. Route 17 to: 1005-1055- Geiger Lookout, E. of Steamboat Springs, Virginia Rg. 1115-1230- Little Washoe Lake (from NE corner along E side) 1240-1540- enroute from Washoe via dirt road to Galena Creek Camp (approx. 1 hr. there) & up Mt. Rose Road, with 3/4 hr. at 2 mi. S., 1 mi. E Mt. Rose, then via N end Lake Tahoe, Martis Valley, & Truckee to Donner Pass forest near Aug. 10 0820-0935- Donner Lake (W. end, briefly, &/middle S. portion) 1030-1145- Ice Lakes Camp Ground Aug. 11 0810-0945- 1/4-2/3 mi. S Donner Pass (NE to SE Mary Lake) 1525-1645- Big Bend Camp Ground & slope N of it. early p.m. - Lodge & vicinity & late p.m.- S. shore Donner Lake & Prosser Cr. valley N of Truck- ee (after dark). Aug. 12 all day - Lodge & vicinity (casual) Aug. 13 all day - Lodge & vicinity (casual); enroute to Soda Springs, Lake Van Norden, & Truckee. Aug. 14 0800-1000- Lodge & vicinity; N base Disney Mtn. & immed. adjac. border of Cowgill Meadow 1010-1210- Lodge thru forest N of it & W to NE border Cowgill Mdw. Aug. 15 0805-0955- Lake Van Norden (meadow E. of it, plus along N shore) 1505-1655- " " " " " " " " " early a.m. plus p.m.- Lodge & vicinity. Aug.16 0825-0940- Cisco Grove (N side of river only) 1010-1200- & other times - Sugar Bowl Lodge & vicinity. Aug. 17 0820-0945- Hampshire Rocks Camp Ground (only visit here) 1010-1210- Lodge & vicinity a.m.& p.m.- enroute: along N shore Lake Van Norden 1500-1630- Little Truckee Riv. valley, 3 mi. E, 5+ mi. N Hobart Mills, Sierra Co. (Sage Hen search)

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 24 Aug. 18 0835-0850- Yuba Gap (N side small pond) 0855-0930- Emigrant Gap (N slope) 0940-1135- Bear Valley (SE end) 1510-1700- Lodge, & thru forest 1/8 mi. N of it. Aug. 19 all day - enroute: to Sacramento, Berkeley & return to Donner Pass (few observations on fast trip). Aug. 20 0910-1720- Lodge, along N shore Lake Van Norden, past Ice Lakes & along American River Canyon road S thereof, to Wabena Cr., Sunflower Hill, Robertson Flat, & North Grove of Big Trees (Placer Co.); return. (expedition to see the northernmost grove of Sequoia gigantea) (a long, rugged trip by very bumpy and/or dusty dirt road). Aug. 21 0840-1140- Frosser Creek val., l 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee. p.m. - Lodge & vicinity; slope just SW Mary Lake (fighting fores t fire) Aug. 22 0830-1135- American River Canyon Road, south of Soda Springs, with stops at 6500 ft. (2 1/2 mi. W, 3 1/4 mi. S. Donner Pass) and 6300' ft. (2 1/2 mi. W, 3 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass); Onion Creek Canyon near the Am. R. C. Road. - enroute: along N shore L. Van Norden (to & from last) p.m. - Lodge & vicinity.; after dark -- along N. side L. Van Norden o am. River Canyon Road to beyond Ice Falls. Aug. 23 0810-0930- enroute: Donner Pass to Reno via US Route 40; Idle- wild Park in Reno (to 0940) 0945-1100- enroute: S of Reno along US Route 395 & Nev. Route 17 to slope of Virginia Range N of base of Geiger Grade (this stop being N of & slightly lower than Lookout) 1120-1245- Little Washoe Lake, (from E. shore & wading therefrom) 1310-1430- Galena Creek Camp 1500-1530- 2 mi. S, 1 mi. E Mt. Rose ff. 1530- enroute: from last via N end Lake Tahoe, Martis Valley & Truckee to Donner Pass Aug. 24 0810-0950- S slope Signal Hill (3/4 mi. W Donner Pass) 1025-1150- Ice Lakes Camp Ground & vicinity var.times- Lodge & vicinity 1345-1445- 1/2 to 2/3 mi. S Donner Pass (E & SE Mary Lake) Aug. 25 0810-1000- 1/3-2/3 mi. S Donner Pass; thru forest from RR crossing to Lodge. 1015-1205- reverse of last. Aug.26 all day - Lodge & vicinity (casual); 2 trips to Soda Springs via N shore Lake Van Norden.

American River Canyon Road, 5 mi south of Soda Springs 0820-1137- Aug. 82 with slopes at 9700 ft. (5) mi. W.; 7 mi. E., Donner Pass) (5) mi. and 6300 ft. (2) mi. W. & 35 mi. E. Donner Pass) Chalon Creek Canyon near the Mt. A. D. Ranch. - simulate: along N shore I, .1 mi from Van Hornen to - .m.p. - after dark - 'gainfully' & egboI - - emulous: Donner Pass to Reno via US Route 395 but life- 0810-0760- Aug. (0) mi. in Reno (to Reno) with Park in Reno Route 395 & Nevada I-8 along US from Reno to 0915-1100- of slope of Virginia Range N of base of Sierra Nevada) (Little Washoe Lake, (from E. shore & winding thence) (the course being N of a slightly lower mountain peak) (2) mi. W. Rose Creek Dumps 1310-1410- 5 mi. & 8 mi. Rose 1500-1530- from East Pass to Lake Tahoe, Mariposa Valley & Truckee to Donner Pass 1530-1620- (2) mi. W. Donner Pass) (Donner Pass) Aug. 82 - 1025-1150- - 1345-1430- Aug. 82 & 35 mi. (to 3 mi. E. Donner Pass & 35 mi. Lake) (2) mi. W. Donner Pass & 35 mi. (to 3 mi. E. Donner Pass) & 35 mi. (to 3 mi. E. Donner Pass) Aug. 82 - 1025-1150- - 1345-1430- Aug. 82 & 35 mi. (to 3 mi. E. Donner Pass & 35 mi. Lake) (2) mi. W. Donner Pass & 35 mi. (to 3 mi. E. Donner Pass) & 35 mi. (to 3 mi. E. Donner Pass) Aug. 82 - 1025-1150- - 1345-1430- Aug. 82 & 35 mi. (to 3 mi. E. Donner Pass & 35 mi. Lake) (2) mi. W. Donner Pass & 35 mi. (to 3 mi. E. Donner Pass) & 35 mi. (to 3 mi. E. Donner Pass)

"Journal" 25 Morning Bird Chorus Record SE Border of Cowgill Meadow, Sugar Bowl Lodge area. June 24 - 0258 P.S.T. to 0440 P.S.T. 0319 - Hammond Flycatcher - 1 note. ("hee-sie") 0320 - Lincoln's Sparrow - song 0322 - " - " - again sang, closer to us 0323 1/2 - Hammond Flycatcher - 2nd "hee-sie" note 0324 1/4 - " - " - 3rd " - " 0326 1/2 - White-crowned Sparrow - song, repeated regularly 0329 - another " - answered by call note 0330 1/2 - several " - " - " - " - " 0332 - Lincoln's Sparrow - sang from close to us again 0332 1/2 - a 2nd White-crowned Sparrow sang in answer to first. 0335 1/4 - Western Tanager - "put-it" call - repeated 0336 - Lincoln's Sparrow - sang close to us again - White-crowned Sparrows in full chorus. 0338 1/4 - W. Wood Pewee - called "pee-er" - repeated twice by 0339 0340 1/4 - 2 more Pewees 0350 1/2 - Tanager sang briefly. 0331 - Green-tailed Towhee - sang from outlying clump of firs. 0334 - Robin - 1st song , near lodge 0335 - Hermit Thrush - heard singing, & another calling after observers changed position. 0348 1/4 - Junco - called - followed by song 0350 - 1 small bird seen flying 0350 1/2 - Chipping Sparrow - 1st song 0351 - Hammond Flycatcher - 1st full song 0355 - observers moved on 100 ft. 0357 1/2 - Citedulated Warbler - 1st song

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 26 June 24 (cont.) 0400 - Mtn. Chickadee - 1st call (Chick-a-dee) 0404 - Cassin's Finch - Sang from forest w of creek 0405 - Warbling Vireo - " " willows + few firs. 0405 1/2 - Audubon's warbler - " " forest 0407 - Mtn. Quail - 1st "quawk" 0410 - Robins, Tanagers, Juncus, Dilated warbler, Chipping Sparrow, Hammond's Flycatcher, Hermit Thrush, Lincoln's Sparrow all in song. White-crowned Sparrows silent 0415 - Observers moved some 500 ft. on across creek into edge of main forest , arriving at 0417 - Golden-crowned Kinglet - singing already 0421 - Ruby -crowned Kinglet- 1 song in forest below us, repeated at intervals of few seconds 0422 - Pine Siskin flew over westward, calling 0430 - Cassin's Finch - commenced singing again after lapse 0434 - Williamson's Sapsucker - flew past alighted in firs call. 0438 - sun shining on Crow's Nest (7200 ft) 0440 - End of Record

Coppell (+18 hardly) 1950 (campers) "Journal" 27 Morning Bird Chorus Record July 7 S.E. border of Cowgill Meadow & forest along N base of Diardy Peak & Crow's Nest, mosquitoes already out. 1 0330 - Pacific Standard Time - Start of Observations 0336 - Lincoln's Sparrow sang - the first bird heard 0339 - " " " (2nd individual) 0339½ - Traille's Flycatcher - call note 0340 - White-crowned Sparrow - 1st song, thereafter steady 0340½ - Traille's Flycatcher - sang 0346 - W. Wood Pewee - " 0348 - North Star now barely visible 0349 - Hammond's Flycatcher - gave 2 "see-jit" calls 0351 - Robin - singing near ledge (one near us began several minutes later) 0353 - Chipping Sparrow . . song 0354 - Black-capped Warbler - "tzip" call note still at observers moved 150± ft. farther on edge of forest 0358 - Hammond's Flycatcher - full "see-jit" peak tzip song 0400 - Hermit Thrush - singing in forest below us. may have been doing so some time; extraneous noises came trouble. (S.P.R.R.) 0401 - West. Tanager - "jit-tit" calls, followed by song steady chorus 0403 - Audubon's Warbler - song 0405 - Black-capped Warbler - 1st heard singing 0408 - Evening Grosbeak - calls heard north star Venus, Jupiter, & the moon are still bright. invisible.

Coysewell 1950 "Journal" 28' July 7 (cont.) 0515 - white crowned sparrow not singing now. 0520 - observers moved upslope into forest. Ruby-crowned Kinglet } singing there when a Oregon Junco { we arrived. we also saw the Hermit Thrush singing from 15 ft down, on outer edge of canopy of a tall red fir. 0530 1/2 - 2 birds seen flying over (sp?) 0532 - olive-sided Flycatcher - sang 0527 - Pine Siskin - flew over, calling. observers moved W. to lower N slope of Crow's Nest Peak, crossing an alder-lined stream enroute. New post in forest again. 0530 - Cassin's Finch - song heard enroute to 0532 - " " - individual singing new post.) 0535 - Venus still visible 0537 - observers moved on W in direction of hypothetical Pine Grosbeak (which turned out to be Cassin's Finch song). 0540 min. Chickadee - call heard. End of Record of Chorus - Golden-crowned Kinglet - song heard enroute back thru forest. Warbling Vireo - song heard in willows. 0602 - Sun rose on lower (N) end of Cowgill meadow,

Cogswell 1950 'Journal' 29 July 19 7000 ft. Sugar Bowl Lodge, to lower 'flat' (7400 ft.) in Sugar Bowl near base of Mt. Lincoln, Placer Co., Calif. weather 0355 to 0520 Pacific Standard Time clear, cool. Incomplete record of time of beginning of song of various species of birds heard: (Cogswell and 16 other 'listeners') - (Group B) 0355 - white-crowned Sparrow - began singing in willow thickets some time during last 5 min. 0356 - Traill's Flycatcher } W. Wood Pewee } both in song, forest edge and willow thickets. 0357 - Robin - first song; full chorus within 2 or 3 min. 0401 - Lincoln's Sparrow - 1st heard in distant willows, but may have been singing earlier not distinguished (cf. ) 0409 - Western Tanager - calls heard Observers moved across open slope to neared patch of forest. 0411 - Olive-sided Flycatcher } Oregon Junco } all in song upon Chipping Sparrow } arrival at new post. Observers moved again 0422 - Audubon's Warbler - several already singing in next patch of trees (larger) Green-tailed Towhee - singing from shrubs far up slope. Observers moved on into denser forest 0428 - Hairy Woodpecker - calls heard (bird flew) 0430 - Sapsucker (species ?) - heard drumming. End of record of beginning of singing.

Cogswell 1950 "Journal" 30 July 14 (cont.) Other species heard (or seen) thereafter included: Rufous Hummingbird - 2 Calliope (?) Hummingbird - 1 - active about paintbrush by 0435. Hammond's (?) Flycatcher - 2 (no full "song" heard) or Wrights * Red-breasted Muthatch - 1 * Mountain Chickadee - 2 * Brown Creeper - 1 singing, + 3 others calling House Wren - 2 (call-notes only) Dusky * Hermit Thrush - 1 heard singing, 1 seen. * Golden-crowned Kinglet - 5+ (no songs) * Ruby-crowned Kinglet - 2 singing Pileolated Warbler - 2 " from willow thickets in floor of Sugar Bowl. Lazuli Bunting - 4 singing & (2 seen) in willows and young firs in Sugar Bowl. Cassin's Finch - 2 singing. Dusky Siskin - many Species starred (*) in above list were in denser red fir, hemlock silver pine, forests, which we did not reach until after all birds had awakened. other items of interest: 2 mule deer (14, 10) grazing on skyline in saddle between Mts. Lincoln & Quincy. 3 large dark swallows (martins?) flying around them.

Cogswell (+ 4 other listener-observers) "Journal" 1950 3) Morning Bird Chorus Record July 25: along N. base of Disney mtn. & NE base of Crow's Nest rix. its former bordering on willow thickets of Cowgill meadow, 2000-7050 ft, 1.3 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. Time when a particular species was first heard singing (or calling, if so stated) is recorded. Repeated songs thereafter are assumed. all imes are Pacific Standard: 0401 - Traill's Flycatcher 0401 1/4 - W. Wood Pewee 0403 1/2 - Lincoln's Sparrow 0405 - White-crowned Sparrow - 0409 - Robin - only 1 singing for some min. subsequent to this time. White-crowns now in full chorus (607) observers moved on to new post, nearer forest by 0413 - Hermit Thrush. by 0520 - Chipping Sparrow 0421 - Hammond's Flycatcher - called several times, then gave full song. oregon 0425 - Juncos 0426 - W. Tanager - called "prit-it" only wheeees. 0430 - Rufous Hummingbird - 7 active about, 0433 - Calliope Hummingbird - 9 active. Observers now at 4th listening post, still cannot hear within dense forest on slope of Crow's Nest. 0434 - Paleolated warbler - 1 called in willows 0438 - House Wren - " " 0443 - " " - calling & another one giving subdued song.

Logwell 1950 "Journal" 32 July 28 (contd) After 0445 observers moved on upslope and into forest out of hearing from meadow. No awakening times kept since it is felt that all species were awake before this time. Additional Species recorded were: Warbling Vireo - singing Audubon Warbler - " Mountain Chickadee - calls only Lazuli Bunting - songs Ruby-crowned Kinglet - " Golden-crowned Kinglet - calls only Purple Finch - 1 song + calls Cassin's Finch - calls only Hairy Woodpecker - " " Red-breasted Nuthatch-

Aug. 16, 1950 p. 33-1 by Dorothy C. Stoner, (+ companion whose name I don't remember) Observation: One hour in woods Location: Alder thicket one half mile back of Lodge. Riparian woodland. Lodge pole pine, red fir, willows Flowers: Paint brush, Queen Anne's Lace, Corn Lily, Senecio, lupine, aster, checker blooms. Area: 100 ft X 50 ft. 10:35 1 Audubon Warbler - foraging thru alder 1 Rufous Humming bird, immature, resting mole branch lodge pole pine. 10:40 1 Ruf. Hum. gathering nectar from Indian pt. br. 10:45 1 Audubon Warbler - foraging 1 Chickadee - looking in hole the che-de-d- 1 Western Warbler Vires - forg. wh. pine 10:46 Ruf. Hum. returns to perch 10:47 Chickadee - parent + yg. looking in hole pine 10:50 Immature Orange Crown Warbler responds

Aug. 16, 1950 33-2 to squeaks 2 Mature Org. Crwn. Warblers respond to squeak Started to chase each other 1 Female Tanager - food in bill sitting in white pine. Desip. t ret. - food gone 10:55 Golden Pileated - foraging 10:56 1 Orng. Crwn. Warbler feeding in willow 10:58 1 " " " foraging " " 10:59 Audus. Warb. flew t rested in wh. pine overhead 10:59 1 Calaveras Warbler feeding in willows - flew to perch on l. pole pine. 11:00 1 Ruf. Hum. Sm. male on alder - stuck out trump. tongue 11:01 1 G. Pileated Warbler feeding on alder 11:02 1 Orng. Crwn. " flew t rested overhead 11:02 1 Ruf. Hum. flew from alder to l.p. pine 11:02 Mom. Cloak + Checker Spot - feeding on senecio 11:03 Shaggy dog crunching bone. Ruf. Hum. mov. to another l.p. pine flew out of sight

Aug. 16 1950 33-3 11:05 1 O. Crown Warbler - flew overhead to alder foraging 11:10 1 O. Crown Warbler foraging in alders 1 " " " " " " 2 Calaveras " " " 11:12 Im. Ruf. Hum. back on l.p. pine exercising wings - flew away 11:15 1 Calv. Warbler foraging 1 Ruf. Hum. moved to wh. pine - seems to have 4 regular perches. 11:16 Calav. Warbler - worm or caterp. off l.p. pine 11:20 G. Peleates Warbler - quite near - foraging in alders 11:20 Chickaree - ran down pine. 11:21 4 Orange Cr. Warblers foraging in lupine 11:22 1 " " " overhead - looking us? 11:25 2 " " " foraging in alders 11:26 Ruf. Hum. back on reg. perch on l.p. pine shakes out tail & wings

Aug. 16 1950 33-4 11:27/ Or. Cr. Warbler foraging in grass 11:28 1 Calav. " " in alder-flwacrn 11:30 Or, Cr. Warbler foraging on current buck- flew in fir - then to l. p. pine 11:31 /Ruf. Hum. flew over h. to reg. perch just sat 11:35- 1 Gol. Pil. Warbler foraging low down in alders - chirped 11:36 1 Chickadee foraging in l.p. pine 11:36 1 Or. Cr. Warbler overhead 11:37 1 " " " fleeing on hypine 11:38 1 Purple Finch foragin in l.p. pine 1 Audu. Warbler " " " " 11:39 1 " " " " " "

SIA THE ORIES TRUCKEE 48 MI. WENNER LAKE 24 MI. 1R12E COLFAX QUADRANGLE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLIGICAL SURVEY 1R3 E 2 R10E 1 R16E Sierra Valley trip June 25th JUNE 24TH ON LAKE TAHOE DIARRHYVAL LIVERPOOL STATE OF CALIFORNIA REPRESENTED BY THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS Sierraville? TRUCKEE VALLEY TRIP TO ORO VALLEY, YREKA, BENA 1R7E CALIFORNIA-NEVADA TRUCKEE QUADRANGLE LADYBUG PEAK CABWALL T. 9 N. T. 8 N. T. 10 N. T. 11 N. T. 12 N. CALIFORNIA FOREST NEVADA A D A N E V A D I A AMERICAN AGATE BAY BROOKDAWY STATE LINE POINT CARNATION BAY Nevada continuation

Tahoe Agate Bay Brookley Cornelian Bay State Line Point Nevada continuation Lake Forest Tahoe Pines McKinney Bay Homeswood McKinney Sugarpine Point Meeker Bay Lake Tahoe GARDONVILLE MINDEN D45

289 Nevada continuation June 25 (Sierra Valley) trip only Webber Pk. Weber Lake Mt Loa White Rock L Independence Lake L Var Norden Donner Lake TRUCKEE Summit Anderson Pk Soda Spa PAINTED ROCK Tinker Knob Needle Pk Squaw Pk Five Lakes Ward Pk TAHOE CITY WALESWOOD LODGE CEDARCREST SNUG HARBOR HOMWOOD HOTEL CHAMBERS LODGE PINECREST EDWARDS LODGE TAHOMA DOMINS MEADOW PARK MECKS BAY RESORT Rubicon Bay EAGLE LAKE VIEW RESORT Cascade L. Mt. Tallac Fallen Leaf L. FALLEN LEAF LODGE GLEN ALPINE SPR. Talking Mt. CAMPING LAUGHING WATER CP. Meyers TO QUINCY & CHESTER To Carson City HOBART MILLS FLORISTON Granite Pk Lady Bug Pk Crystal Pk Canal Verdi RENO Mt. Lawton River Moana HOT SPR BROWNS Seiger Lookout Washoe TO LOYALTON To Chester FOURTH SECOND PARK TO SUSANVILLE & CHESTER Peavine Alkaline Lake LEMNON DRY LAKES VALLE US 40 I 9 395 EL. 4500 0 46 BENDON MEADOWS Huffakers 9 365 Reno NOT SPR. Steamboat Springs 135 25520 US 395 3 7 Lower Washoe L. Aug. 6 Washoe ONLY Lake Mt Davidson VIRGINIA city GOLDMILL Silver City DRUMBY EAGLE ALLEY Mound House CARSON NOT SPR. 2A CARSON River DODGE US 80 15 82 8390 87 89 TAHOE LODGE Tahoe Park TAHOE TAVERN VALENTINES TAHOE LODGE CARNELIAN BAY Martis Pk. LOOKOUT Mtn Martis VAL. Mt. Diablo Watson L. SANDY BEACH VINEYARD LODGE GLENARROW LODGE BROCKWAY CALAVERAS camping BOAT ELK HILL Bay 28 15 685 58 25 34549 28 5557 38945 35948 36 475 42 41 44 39 50 BISMARK PK. Mineral Pk US 40 I VERDI FLORISTON TO WASHOON MILEAGE IN CIRCLES FROM GARDNERVILLE WITHOUT CIRCLES FROM RENO OR TRUCKEE SCALE IN MILES MAP SERVICE AUTOMOBILE AND TOURING

{ "text": "THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS OF THE UNITED STATES\nThe United States Geological Survey is making a series of standard topographic maps to cover the United States. This work has been in progress since 1882, and the published maps cover more than 47 percent of the country, exclusive of outlying possessions.\nThe maps are published on sheets that measure about 10½ by 20 inches. Under the general plan adopted the country is divided into quadrangles bounded by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. These quadrangles are mapped on different scales, the scale selected for each map being that which is best adapted to general use in the development of the country, and consequently, though the standard maps are of nearly uniform size, the areas that they represent are of different sizes. On the lower margin of each map are printed graphic scales showing distances in feet, meters, miles, and kilometers. In addition, the scale of the map is shown by a fraction expressing a fixed ratio between linear measurements on the map and corresponding distances on the ground. For example, the scale 1/62500 means that 1 unit on the map (such as 1 inch, 1 foot or 1 meter) represents 62,500 of the same units on the earth's surface.\nAlthough some areas are surveyed and some maps are compiled and published on special scales for special purposes, the standard topographic surveys and the resulting maps have for many years been of three types, differentiated as follows:\n1. Surveys of areas in which there are problems of great public importance—relating, for example, to mineral development, irrigation, or reclamation of swamp areas—are made with sufficient detail to be used in the publication of maps on a scale of 1/62500 (1 inch=one-half mile) or 1/31250 (1 inch=2,000 feet), with a contour interval of 1 to 100 feet, according to the relief of the particular area mapped.\n2. Surveys of areas in which there are problems of average public importance, such as most of the basin of the Mississippi and its tributaries, are made with sufficient detail to be used in the publication of maps on a scale of 1/12500 (1 inch=nearly 1 mile), with a contour interval of 10 to 100 feet.\n3. Surveys of areas in which the problems are of minor public importance, such as much of the mountain or desert region of Arizona or New Mexico, and the high mountain area of the northwest, are made with sufficient detail to be used in the publication of maps on a scale of 1/25000 (1 inch=nearly 2 miles) or 1/62500 (1 inch=nearly 4 miles), with a contour interval of 20 to 250 feet.\nThe aerial camera is now being used in mapping. From the information recorded on the photographs, planimetric maps, which show only drainage and culture, have been made for some areas in the United States. By the use of the stereoscopic plotting apparatus, aerial photographs are utilized also in the making of the regular topographic maps, which show relief as well as drainage and culture.\nA topographic survey of Alaska has been in progress since 1898, and nearly 44 percent of its area has now been mapped. About 17 percent of the Territory has been covered by maps on a scale of 1/25000 (1 inch=nearly 8 miles). For most of the remainder of the area surveyed the maps published are on a scale of 1/62500 (1 inch=nearly 4 miles). For some areas of particular economic importance, covering about 1,390 square miles, the maps published are on a scale of 1/12500 (1 inch=nearly 1 mile) or larger. In addition to the area covered by topographic maps, about 11,300 square miles of southeastern Alaska has been covered by planimetric maps on scales of 1/62500 and 1/31250.\nThe Hawaiian Islands have been surveyed, and the resulting maps are published on a scale of 1/62500.\nA survey of Puerto Rico is now in progress. The scale of the published maps is 1/24870.\nThe features shown on topographic maps may be arranged in three groups—(1) water, including seas, lakes, rivers, canals, swamps, and other bodies of water; (2) relief, including mountains, hills, valleys, and other features of the land surface; (3) culture (works of man), such as towns, cities, roads, railroads, and boundaries. The symbols used to represent these features are shown and explained below. Variations appear on some earlier maps, and additional features are represented on some special maps.\nAll the water features are represented in blue, the smaller streams and canals by single blue lines and the larger streams by double lines. The larger streams, lakes, and the seas are accentuated by blue water lining or blue tint. Intermittent streams—those whose beds are dry for a large part of the year—are shown by lines of blue dots and dashes.\nRelief is shown by contour lines in brown, on which a few maps are supplemented by shading showing the effect of light thrown from the northwest across the area represented, for the purpose of giving the appearance of relief and thus aiding in the interpretation of the contour lines. A contour line represents an imaginary line on the ground (a contour) every part of which is at the same altitude above sea level. Such a line could be drawn at any altitude, but in practice only the contours at certain regular intervals of altitude are shown. The datum or zero of altitude of the Geological Survey maps is mean sea level. The 20-foot contour would be the shoreline if the sea should rise 20 feet above mean sea level. Contour lines show the shape of the hills, mountains, and valleys, as well as their altitudes. Successive contour lines that are far apart on the map indicate a gentle slope, lines that are close together indicate a steep slope, and lines that run together indicate a cliff.\nThe manner in which contour lines express altitude, form, and grade is shown in the figure below.\nSTANDARD SYMBOLS\nThe sketch represents a river valley that lies between two hills. In the foreground is the sea, with a bay that is partly enclosed by a hooked sand bar. On each side of the valley is a terrace into which small streams have cut narrow gullies. The hill on the right has a rounded summit and gently sloping spars separated by ravines. The spurs are truncated at their lower ends by a sea cliff. The hill at the left terminates abruptly at the valley in a steep scarp, from which it slopes gradually away and forms an inclined tableland that is traversed by a few shallow gullies.\nOn the map each of these features is represented, directly beneath its position in the sketch, by contour lines.\nThe contour interval, or the vertical distance in feet between one contour and the next, is stated at the bottom of each map. This interval differs according to the topography of the area mapped: in a flat country it may be as small as 1 foot; in a mountainous region it may be as great as 250 feet. In order that the contours may be read more easily certain contour lines, every fourth or fifth, are made heavier than the others and are accompanied by figures showing altitude. The heights of many points—such as road intersections, summits, surfaces of lakes, and benchmarks—are also given on the map in figures, which show altitudes to the nearest foot only. More precise figures for the altitudes of benchmarks are given in the Geological Survey's bulletins on spirit leveling. The geodetic coordinates of triangulation and transit-traverse stations are also published in bulletins.\nLettering and the works of man are shown in black. Boundaries, such as those of a State, county, city, land grant, township, or reservation, are shown by continuous or broken lines of different kinds and weights. Public roads suitable for motor travel the greater part of the year are shown by solid double lines; public local roads and private roads by dashed double lines; trails by dashed single lines. Additional public road classification if available is shown by red overprint.\nEach quadrangle is designated by the name of a city, town, or prominent natural feature within it, and on the margins of the map are printed the names of adjoining quadrangles of which maps have been published. More than 4,100 quadrangles in the United States have been surveyed, and maps of them similar to the one on the other side of this sheet have been published.\nGeologic maps of some of the areas shown on the topographic maps have been published in the form of folios. Each folio includes maps showing the topography, geology, underground structure, and mineral deposits of the area mapped, and several pages of descriptive text. The text explains the maps and describes the topographic and geologic features of the country and its mineral products. Two hundred twenty-five folios have been published.\nIndex maps of each State and of Alaska and Hawaii showing the areas covered by topographic maps and geologic folios published by the United States Geological Survey may be obtained free. Copies of the standard topographic maps may be obtained for 10 cents each; some special maps are sold at different prices. A discount of 40 percent is allowed on an order amounting to $5 or more at the retail price. The discount is allowed on an order for maps alone, either of one kind or in any assortment, or for maps together with geologic folios. The geologic folios are sold for 25 cents or more each, the price depending on the size of the folio. A circular describing the folios will be sent on request.\nApplications for maps or folios should be accompanied by check, draft, or money order (not postage stamps) and should be addressed to\nTHE DIRECTOR,\nUnited States Geological Survey,\nWashington, D. C.\nNovember 1937.\nCULTURE\n(printed in black)\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n[illegible]\n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drame and climatic conditions are favorable for the growth of forest trees, and about one hundred thousand acres of these lands have been planted to timber. A topographic survey of Alaska has been in progress since 1890, and nearly 44 percent of its area has now been mapped. About 15 percent of the Territory has been covered by maps on a scale of 1/2,000,000 (1 inch = nearly 8 miles). For most of the remainder of the area surveyed the maps published are on a scale of 1/640,000 (1 inch = nearly 4 mile)-. For some areas of particular economic importance, covering about 4,300 square miles, the maps published are on a scale of 1/80,000 (1 inch = nearly 1 mile) or larger. In addition to the area covered by topographic maps, about 11,200 square miles of southeastern Alaska has been covered by planimetric maps on scales of 1/40,000 and 1/80,000. The Hawaiian islands have been surveyed, and the resulting maps are published on a scale of 1/640,000. The sketch represents a river valley that lies between two hills. In the foreground is the sea, with a bay that is partly enclosed by a hooked sand bar. On each side of the valley is a terrace into which small streams have cut narrow gullies. The hill on the right has a rounded summit and gently sloping sides. For 10 cents each; some special maps are sold at different prices. A discount of 40 percent is allowed on an order amounting to $5 or more at the retail price. The discount is allowed on an order for maps alone, either of one kind or in any assortment, or for maps together with geologic folios. The geologic folios are sold for 25 cents or more each, the price depending on the size of the folio. A circular describing the folios will be sent on request. Applications for maps or folios should be accompanied by cash, draft, or money order (not postage stamps) and should be addressed to THE DIRECTOR, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. November 1937. STANDARD SYMBOLS CULTURE (printed in black) City or village Roads and buildings Ruins Cliff dwelling Good Public road Poor Public or private road Trail Railroads Electric railroad Tunnel Power transmission line Wharves Breakwater and jetties Bridge Drawbridges Ferry (point symbol) Ford Dam Dam with lock Canal lock (point symbol) U.S. township and section lines and recovered corners State line County line Civil Township or district line Reservation line Land grant line City village, or borough line Small park or cemetery line Trangulation point or transit traverse station U.S. mineral monument Boundary monument Bench mark (point symbol) Cemeteries Church, School (point symbol) Cake ovens Tanks and oil reservoirs Oil and gas wells Mine or quarry Prospect Shaft Mine tunnel (showing direction) Mine tunnel Light house or beacon Coast Guard station RELIEF (printed in brown) Elevation above mean sea level (point symbol) Contours Depression contours Levee Streams Falls and rapids Intermittent streams and ditches Canals or ditches Aqueducts or waterpipes Aqueduct tunnels Lake or pond Unsurveyed stream and abandoned canal Wash Cliffs Mine dumps Buildings or mining debris Sand and sand dunes Intermittent lake Glacier Spring Well Marsh Submerged marsh WATER (printed in blue) WOODS (when shown, printed in green)

3. Cogswell, H.L. Species accounts

Cogswell 1950 Gavia immer June 28. Boca Reservoir, 5550 ft. Nevada & Calif.- [presumed to be things] 2 loons a near each other both in white fore-meshed plumage, were diving at 1/2 to 5 min. intervals near the east shore of the reservoir, which is bordered by an open sagebrush flat. This is in Sec.16, R 17E, T 18N, Mt.Diablo base meridian. There is no island in the lake so it seems unlikely that this species would breed there, altho lakes higher in the Sierra Nevada a few mi. to the W. would be suitable. July 24. in similar plumage I seen somewhat more toward middle of reservoir. It was turning on its side to preen.

Cogswell 1950 Colymbus caspicus June 16 5350 ft. 1 mi. SW Emigrant Gap, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 adult on 1/4 x 1/8 mi. reservoir which is skimpily bordered by sedges. June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft. Washoe Co., Nevada - 2+ pairs seen on this 30-acre lake, which has abundant aquatic flora, scattered patches of tules, and presumably many small fish. Several miles of marshy land lie between this lake & Big Washoe, probably providing good nesting habitat, but we had no time to explore. July 12 about 70 adults on the N. end of the lake, many of them on or near the 30+ mostly NESTS which were floating in an area of Polygonum amphibium in 4-5 ft. deep water. The nests here were made of the same plant wound around in a small dome which barely protruded above the surface, a few nests in nearby Scirpus stand were made of that. All nests seen closely (6+) held eggs which the adults covered with wet Polygonum when leaving them about as I approached some 50-60 ft. away. July 26 50+ ads. sat. on N. end of lake (which, however, was not visited this trip, so nests not checked). Aug. 7 E side Boca Res. 5560 ft. Nevada & Calif. - 1 on large reservoir, diving occasionally. None here on prairie visits. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L. [see above] - about 50 ads & 20+ small young seen on weed filled lake. Aug. 23 Still numerous. Many downy young 1/2 grown young.

Coppell 1950 Alchmophorus occidentales June 22 - Boca Reservoir, 5560 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - 4 seen in small bays along E. shore, near low marsh vegetation at one spot. 2 were together (= paired ?). June 27 Little Washoe L., 5030 ft. Washoe Co. Nevada - 1 seen on open water of 30+ acre lake, + another slipping thru tall and brotweed of shallow marshy arm of same lake (probably nesting nearby). July 11 Boca Res., 5560 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - 3 on open water near middle of reservoir. July 12 Little Washoe L. [see above] - 3 + seen. 2 of them engaged in a brief run along the surface together (courting activity ?) July 24 Boca Res. [see above] - close flock of 9, diving frequently in deep water. This lake is well supplied (by stocking?) with "whitefish". July 26 Little Washoe L. [see above] - 5 on the lake now, altho the water has receded markedly in a; aug. 7 Boca Res. [see above] - flock of 7 aug. 9 Little Washoe L. [see above] - 2 (separate) seen. aug. 23 - One seen by Dorothy Groner. The lake is now reduced to a slimy mass of Botamogeton o Polygonum amphibium over most of the area. Lake now only about 15-20 acres in extent & is only 3 ft. deep about 1/3 the way across.

Cogswell 1950 Podilymbus podiceps July 12.- Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft. Washoe co., Nev. 2+ present. One of these was seen chasing the other across a stretch of open water by a stand of sparse Scirpus from which long "cow - cow - cow - cow" calls had just come. Later 2 different sets of such calls were heard at once. Aug. 9 2 seen. [These are the only ones recorded on 5 visits made to the lake this summer].

Cogswell 1950 Pelecanus erythrorhynchos June 25. Sierra Valley, 4900 ft., Sierra & Plumas Cos., Calif. - During the latter 1/2 of the forenoon several flocks totalling over 100 individuals soared & flapped their way southward up the valley. They were first noted entering the air above the valley from the NE (from Pyramid Lake nesting colony ?? - which is mi. away) and disappeared in the direction of Lake Tahoe. There were apparently good up-drafts over the hot sagebrush areas of the valley which they used to gain altitude. July 9 S. end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft., El Dorado Co., Calif. - 1 and 2 flew low over marshes S of lake. July 19 Loomis, 410 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - flock of 24 circling at about 300 ft. altitude over blue oak covered low foothills about 11:30 a.m. They seemed to be moving gradually northward. July 26 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 on water, taking off when group of people near the lake on foot. Aug. 6 N. end Washoe L., 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 15 were sitting on sandy mud shore, but flew off across water (with many geese also present) when 3 of us came to within 300 yards of them. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L. [see above] - 2 seen, flying into away from lake. Aug. 23 About 25 -- were swimming along & scooping up something from water occasionally, the lake now being a shallow reed & animal filled haunt. They flew away & up toward Tahoe when we approached.

Cogswell 1950 Phalacrocorax auritus July 24 Boca Res., 5560 ft, Nevada Co. Calif.- 2 adults flying low across center of reservoir. Aug 5 Reno, 4500 ft, Washoe Co. Nev. - 1 flew west-ward over the business district of town (upstream along Truckee R. but high above buildings). Aug. 7 Boca Res. [see above] - 1 adult & 1 immature plumaged birds on the water.

Cogswell 1950 Ardea herodias July 3 6680+ ft, ½ mi. NW Palisade L., Placer Co., Calif (SE¼ Sec 29 R14E, T 17 N) In early p.m. one flew northward across the spindly lodgepole pine forest of this glaciated plateau, which is dotted with small lakes & has several up to ½ mi. by. July 26 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft. Washoe Co., Nev. - 6 birds, foraging along shallow water edges of dirt clods by deeper ditch. [none here on June 27th or July 12]. Aug.9 only 1 bird here late this a.m. Aug.23 4 present, in middle of lake, which is now shallow enough (or weedy enough) for them to wade out that far.

Cogswell 1950 Casmerodius albus June 25 - Sierra Valley, 4880 ft. Sierra Co., Calif. - 1 seen flying over marshy pastureland in central part of valley. Aug. 23 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft. Washoe Co., Nev. about 8 present, wading well out in the shallow, weed filled lake now receded to about 15-20 acres in size. none were found here on 4 previous visits this summer. They are apparently post-breeding visitors. [In 1948 one was seen here in early July, & a few thru Aug.]

Cogswell 1950 Leucophoyx thula June 25 Sierra Valley, 4880 ft., Sierra Co., Calif. - 2+ seen flying low over marshy pastureland in central part of valley. Aug. 23 Little Washoe Co., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 10 in 2 small groups (later all together) among am. Egrets in shallow weed filled central part of pond, 5 other along mud clods by ditch dredged out in 1948. These, the first seen here this year, are much later than the first post breeding visitors in 1948 (July 9,29)

Cogswell 1950 Nyctiorax nyctiorax June 25 Sierra Valley Ranch, 4880+ ft., 1 mi. W. 7 mi. N. Sierraville, Sierra Co. Calif. 2 hrs later 3, possibly different birds) seen flying from a small tall cat-tail pond + over marshy pastureland.

Cogswell 1950 Botaurus lentiginosus July 9 - S. end Lake Tahoe E. of Camp Richardson, 6230 ft., Eldorado Co., Calif.- 5 or 6 flushed from borders of extensive tall Scirpus marshes in a 1 hr. walk along same.

Cogswell 1950 Branta canadensis (presumably all moiffitti) July 26 - Reno, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 8 in Idle-wild Park (some questionably fully wild birds) in W. end of town - a park fully developed for city recreation, s with pond full of the usual semi-domestic mallards, white geese, Muscovies, etc. Also: in residential area 1/3 mi. S of center of town, a flock of 9 flew over headed northward (roughly toward the park). Aug. 6 N. end Washoe L., 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 150 which were standing on the sandy-mud of the lake shore (with some Pelicans & ducks). All these flew when we (3) approached within 200 yards of them. On dry flat grassland about 1 mi. NW of the lake another flock of 120-130 seen - these flying to the lake also. Another 20-30, in small groups, were flushed from nearby marshes, now dry except for a few pools. Aug. 9 - Reno, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - a few on Idlewild Park pond (wild?) - Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 19 on water s on far shore, most of them not flying until long after the ducks were thoroly disturbed. Aug. 23 - Reno, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 40 present this a.m., most of them flying in (flow over lawns s onto lake) honking as they came. They promptly swam up to receive food (almost from the hand) from a park visitor.

Cogswell 1950 Anas platyrhynchos June 20 Lake Van Dornen, 6770 ft., Placer & Nevada Co., Calif. - a pair alighted on east end (near inlet) of this B.Y. & E. reservoir during mid. a.m., 9 were seen [illegible] near a pine-covered island there in p.m. Mr. Gordon Hooley, a resident in the area, says that the species nests in some years on the island. He and his wife also both reported to me that 2 and 3 mallards were on land at a tiny spot of open water near the E. end of the lake in May 1950 when snow was still covering otherwise all the ground nearby as well as the ice-covered lake. June 22 Boca Reservoir, 5550 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 lone females flew from shallow bay bordered by short sedges & grasses. June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nevada - an estimated 20 individuals on this 30+ acre lake in sagebrush + grass valley area. One & (possibly Hadwall) with brood of 6 downy young on the water. No nests were found in marshy S. arm of lake by Wilbur Twining who waded waist deep to get to, tules which were only three deep in early July 1948. No "greenheads" among those seen today. June 28 Boca Res. 5550 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 19 in same portion as on 6/22. July 9 S. end Lake Tahoe, E Camp Richardson, 6230 ft., Colorado Co., Calif. - about 10 females, all well spaced, were flushed up by 3 of us walking for 1 mile along the borders of the extensive tall tule marshes & adjoining wet grassland. Some put on a fair diversionary display. No males were seen. July 12 Little Washoe L. [see above] - number present among other ducks - very way.

Cogswell 1950 Anas platyrhynchos 2 July 16 L. Van Norden, 6770 ft., Blazer Co., Calif - 1? flew up from SE end (near conifer forest) - the shallower end July 19 3 ??-plumaged birds swam close together along this same shore. July 26 Little Washoe L., 5025ft, Washoe Co., Nev. - about 200 adults (mostly in 4? plumage?) on lake ? marshy arm at S. end. The latter held many downy young of various sizes (none well feathered yet), and 4? attached to them put on extensive wing flapping displays. Aug.1 L. Van Norden [see above] - 1? accompanied by 9 three-quarters sized young which could not get into the air when they tried to fly. The early date at which this brood must have hatched (cf. much later ones at lower elev. on July 26) may be the result of early arrival of breeding pairs here (see June 20) Aug.3+5 Apparently the same 4?, now with only 8 young. They feed regularly along the N shore where, sedge & other herb-covered flats are being exposed or brought into shallows by gradual draining of the lake. Aug.6 N end Washoe L., 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 30 shore in several small groups by drying marshes or on open lake, Aug.7 Boca Res., 5560 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 9 in 4? plumage swimming lined up in a close group (= family of grown young?) on E side. Aug.9 Little Washoe L. [see above] - 400 est., all in dull plumage. Aug.13,15 Lake Van Norden [see above] - some(?) flock of 9 + 2 others.

Coysswell 1950 Anas platyrhynchos 3 Aug. 17 I. Van Norden, 6750 ft., Placer + Nevada Co., Calif. - flock of 21, all in full plumage, feeding in shallow water over sedgey bottom along N shore. - Little Truckee R. valley, 3 mi. E, 5 mi. N Hobart mills, Sierra Co., Calif. - 2 females flushed from tall, bunchy grasses near winding stream. There is little or no "marsh" left here now, altho the 200-300 acre grassy valley was obviously quite wet earlier in the season. Aug. 21 Crosser Cr., 7 1/2 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. 1 immature (proper speculum, but small) was flying downstream accompanied by a ? Pintail !! The region is similar to the last - dry grass near stream. Aug. 23 Little Washoe L., 5000 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 300 est. on the weed filled lake, now not over half the size it was in June. Some broods of young still following & , but all large enough to fly, or at least spatter over the surface.

Cogswell 1950 Anas strepera June 27 Little Rainbow Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nevada - an estimated 20+ on this 30+ acre lake & adjacent marshy south arm. Some flew in obvious pairs (2+ males seen), others were in small flocks, apparently all ?? July 26 At least 2, perhaps many more, among the flock of several hundred ducks - all so wary that they flew before we could get close. Aug. 9 at least 1. Aug. 23 Now that the lake is so shallow & receded to half-size, I could make out close enough to the ducks to get a more careful estimate. An estimated 100 Gadwalls were mixed in the 800+ ducks here today. None were in the gray plumage of the breeding ?; several were seen flopping across the water but they were unable to take off (= eclipse molt ?). Some of the several broods of partly grown young on the lake may have belonged to some of the 4 Gadwalls seen. I think this number of birds may rep- sent some influx from marshes S of the lake (now dried up); but there have undoubtedly been many Gadwalls present here all Summer, at the not identified on each visit because of their wariness when our group of 25-35 persons approach.

Cogswell 1950 Anas acuta June 25 - Sierra Valley Ranch 4880 ft. 1 mi. W 7 mi. N Sierraville, Sierra Co., Calif. A ? flew from a NEST containing 8 eggs, and with only a weak diversionary display disappeared into marshy pastureland. The nest is situated on dry grassy island of about 2 acres extent, with marshland of sedges and grasses all about. There is a 1/2 acre fenced area on the highest part of the island, the nest being just within the barbed wire fence. (my neg. # 50-4-7) June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 3020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 3+ seen in flight (several times) over marshy S arm of this 30 acre lake. July 26 about 20 seen in same area. Aug. 6 N. end Washoe L., 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 50 (commonest duck) in drying marshes, on the two small pools open on lake shore. Aug. 7 Boca Res., 5560 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1? on shallow bay near small grassy swale. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 50 present now, all able to fly well, all in dull plumage. Many of them are apparently immigrants from breeding grounds elsewhere. Aug. 21 Crossen Cr., 5650 ft., 1 1/2 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Ca 1? flying downstream over narrow valley of dry grassland along winding gravelly stream. Aug. 23 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - numbers still going up, altho lake is receded greatly; now being weed filled all the way across. Est. 150 (all in dull plumage) seen today.

Cogswell 1950 Anas cyanoptera June 25 Sierra Valley, 4880-4950 ft., Sierra Co., Calif. - about 8-10 flushed in groups of 2 & 3 as we walked across wet pastureland. June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 30 seen, 88 & 94 flocking together, in escape flight at least. The most numerous of the dabblers here today. July 12 About 10 in one small flock of ducks which stayed closer on S shore while we were on N shore. There may have been many more present among many ducks which flew away. July 26 about 40 seen in marshy S end of lake, at least 2 & 4 putting on extended display displays when I walked among the many young ducks [some mallards, some teal]. Aug. 6 North Washoe L., 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - Group of 3 (1 recognizable as male, all but not in full, bright plumage) flying over drying marshes just N of the lake. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 70 present now, everywhere on the lake except the S. arm which is practically dry now. Aug. 23 200 + present now, altho the lake is still smaller a completely weed-filled (Potamogeton, Polygonum amphibium, etc.). The increase in nos. must be due partly to influx.

Cogswell 1950 Mareca americana July 26 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft. Washoe Co. Nev. - 5, flying close together, seen well among the several hundred ducks present. There were two ??, ?? plumaged birds. They settled into marshes at S end of lake. I thought I glimpsed some of this sp. among ducks here on June 27 but was not sure of them. These 5 I am; they are perhaps best considered as stragglers until evidence of breeding is uncovered.

Cogswell 1950 Aythya collaris June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - at least 2 pairs were on the open part of this 30 acre lake when we arrived on shore with 4 autos. They flew off to the marshy S arm along with the many Redheads. [None seen here on 4 subsequent visits during summer; hence, above were probably stragglers]

Cognwell 1950 Aythya americana June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co. [illegible] - over 100 present, far more than the few we saw at this same time of year in 1948. The lake is a foot or two higher than then. The 20+ which were on the open part of the lake flew as soon as we stopped our 4 cars on shore; + the 80+ which were in the closer part of the marshy S arm of the lake all flew when we (group of 20 people) appeared on that shore some 500 ft. from them. Both sexes were numerous, but I did not have time to check ratios. July 12 - none identified today; but we visited only the N-end of the lake & most of the ducks were in marshy S arm. July 26 about 150 est.; all flying en masse from lake as we came out on peninsula between it & marshy S arm. Aug. 23 about 70 seen on the lake (S arm is now almost dry) which is now weed-filled & not over 6 to 8 feet deep in deepest parts. adults [adult plumage]. Many were apparently incapable of flight altho with primaries quite well developed. Other 4+ were very demonstrative when I neared their broods of 1/3 to 1/2 grown young, but were able to take off after I chased them.

Cogswell 1950 Aythya affinis June 27 - Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - at least 2 [illegible] were on open part of 30 acre lake - did not fly with other ducks when we got out of our cars. Perhaps they are wounded or sub-standard individuals. A few brown ducks far off across the lake may have been 4 geese. Latest record for this species here in 1948 was June 16, when 2 were seen.

Cogswell 1950 Oxyura jamaicensis June 27. Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - About 15 seen, both on the open water & marshy portions of this 30-40 acre lake. Several groups of 2♂♂ & 1♀ were noted in flight, the ♂♂ all being in bright plumage. July 12 - none seen [only 1 end of lake visited] July 26 at least 2♂♂ & several♀♀ seen. Aug. 9 8♂♂, 5+♀♀ seen, some in flight. Aug. 23 About 10 seen, all in dull plumage (but possibly some dull ♂♂ among the more distant ones). The lake is now quite low & very much choked with weeds. In 1948 this sp. disappeared when the water receded this much; but I am not sure whether they nested here in either year.

Cogswell 1950 Cathartes aura 1 June 25 - Sierra Valley, 4900 ft., Sierra & Plumas Cos., Calif. - 5 seen at various points over sagebrush, wet pastureland, & open Jeffrey Pine forest. June 27. Gone to Little Washoe Lake, 5000+ ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 4 seen over moist grassland (farms) and sagebrush slopes. July 12 Seiger Grade, 5500ft. SE Steamboat Sprys, Washoe Co., Nev. 1 cruising over juniper-juniper woodland in mid- a.m. July 19 U.S. Route 40 enroute to Sacramento, Calif. - Several seen at various points below 3500 ft. alt. over forest brush (2 perched in dead trees), & grassland. July 26 - Seiger Grade [see above] - 1 over Little Washoe Lake , 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 flying over sagebrush slopes and marshlands. July 27 Little Truckee R., 5800 ft., 3 mi. E, 5 mi. N Hobart Mills, Sierra Co., Calif.- Block of 6 ~~ flying in close circles & peeling off from top of updraft as tho migrating ( SW'ward). Aug. 5 5700 ft., 4 mi. NE Hobart Mills, Sierra Co., Calif. - 1 flying over arid Jeffrey pine forest and sagebrush. meat Verdi, 4900 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 high over grassy valley of Truckee River, Aug. 6 W. Side Carson Valley, 4700 ft., Douglas Co., Nev. 3 over sagebrush & grassland. (pastured). -Washoe Valley, 5000+ ft., Washoe Co., Nev.- about 10 overhead on ground (2) by drying marshes. Aug.9 1 over Little Washoe Lake [see July 26],

Cogswell 1950 Cathartes aura 2 Aug. 21 Donner Cr., 5700 ft., 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 over sagebrush slope with few scattered pines. Aug. 23- 4580 ft., 1 1/4 mi. N Steamboat Sprgs., Washoe Co., Nev. 6 were perched low in rows of cottonwoods along a ditch by dry grassy field - appar- ently gathered by a carcaass. One flew up from the ground nearby & 1 was flying over sagebrush slope of Stege Grade a few mi. SE of here. Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. about 5 soaring over valley, which now has extensive marshes in a very dry condition. Summary: The observations above indicate a greater restriction of nos. to desert- type of vegetation than we found to be the case in 1948. Foraging birds were seen over dense forests of both Lake Tahoe & Donner Pass areas in 48, same year.

Cogswell 1950 Accipiter gentilis (?) Aug. 17 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 6908 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - A large accipiter in brown plumage flew over the open ski slopes & into forest SE of lodge. altho not seen close enough to tell by plumage or direct size judgment, my impression was that it was well big enough for this species. In 1948 we observed them regularly here, & in 1949 messrs. Geo. Tweedel and Maurice Richter found a pair nesting near L. Van Norden about 2 mi. w. of here. No cooperi have been en- countered by any of our Audubon camp trips above 5800 ft. (American River canyon, N. Fork) Aug. 26 A similarly plumaged bird was seen 3 times as it flew out across the ski slope near lower lift mechanism, returning each time to detached clump of 60-70 ft. high pines & firs just NE of it. This is the area where many Sparrows & finches have been feeding lately. A great exodus of finches from there across by the lodge 600+ ft away was probably cased by a movement of the hawk. We saw it catch nothing. It eventually flew very low across the slope & under the dense firs on steepes N facing slope to SW.

Cogswell 1950 Accipiter striatus Aug. 10 "Crow's Nest" peak, 7400 ft., 2 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif.- In early p.m. I flew from its perch on the outer limb of a scraggly fir - circled round the rocky peak, then soared out on breeze blowing up over the cliffs S of the peak, disappearing eventually on beyond them over the valley of Onion Cr. Aug. 14 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SS W Donner Pass. I flew along edge of red fir - silver pine forest, It was in gray plumage of adult. Aug. 16 I circling high over Disney Mt. (just E of "Crow's Nest") together with 2 sparrow hawks which made a fine size criterion at this extreme range of ½ mile, I was using 9x binoculars to watch the 3 hawks "play" in the breeze which was apparently quite suitable for easy buoyant flight.

Cogswell 1950 Buteo jamaicensis June 24 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. in early p.m., an adult flew low over the cleared ski slopes on N & NE face of Quincy Peak in front of lodge, which are now mostly free of snow. June 27 Geiger Grade, 5200+ ft., 2 mi. E Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co., Nev. an adult soared round & round over pinon-juniper woodland on W face of the foothills of Washoe Mts. June 29 Ice Lakes, 6900 ft., 2 mi. S Soda Springs, Placer Co., Calif - 1 flying northward over lodgepole pine-red fir forest near lakes meadow July 11 Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 1 adult soaring over ski slopes bordered by patches of red fir- silver pine- lodgepole pine forest. July 12 8600 ft., 3/4 mi. E, 2 mi. S Mt. Rose, Carson Range, Washoe Co, Nev - 1 adult flew from a tree top bordering a small wet meadow of a Galena Cr. tributary. July 18 L Van Norden, 6770 ft., Placer & Nevada Cos., Calif - 1 adult cirled high over broad meadow E of lake -> went on N. July 19 U.S. Route 40, Emigrant Gap to Auburn, Placer Co., Calif 3 seen during late a.m. from car - apparently it is commoner at these lower elevations (transition zone) than in Donner Pass region high up. [July 23] - Freel Peak, 10,900 ft., Eldorado & Alpine Cos., Calif - 1 ad. was seen circling over the peak, above timber line, by others with me [Geo Treidel, John Bristow] July 27 Little Truckee Cr., 5800 ft., 3 mi. E, 5 mi. N Hobart Mills, Sierra Co., Calif - 1 circling over sagebrush & grass & willows of river valley between forested slopes.

Cogswell 1950 Butes jamaicensis 2 Aug. 4 Bear Valley, 4580 ft., Placer + Nevada Cos. Calif. - at least 2 immatures flying in short, circling jaunts from tall trees just S of valley, which is a broad grassy valley. I think it likely these are this year's fledglings, as they were doing a lot of screaming. Aug. 5 E side Dog Valley, 6000 ft., eastern Sierra Co. Calif. - 1 ad. & 1 imm. flying together low over a chaparral -covered slope just above an irrigated pasture. Aug. 6 Washoe Valley, 5000+ ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 seen in flight. Aug. 9 Tahoe Meadows, 8800 ft., 2½ mi. S, 1 mi. E Mt. Rose, Carson Range, Nev. - 2 immatures flying over wet meadow bordered by lodgepole + silver pines. Aug. 10 E side Donner L., 6000 ft., Nevada Co. Calif. - 2 adults, apparently a pair, flew from steep forested slope out over Little Truckee R, 5800 ft. [see p. 1] - 2 seen, soaring separately. Aug. 21 Grosser Cr., 5700 ft., 1⅓ mi. E, 3½ mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 ad., 1 imm., seen over similar arid valley. Both of these last 2 localities are Swainson's Hawk breeding areas. Aug. 23 6700 ft., 3½ mi. E Mt. Rose, Carson Range, Nev. - 1 adult over and Jeffrey pine forest on steep S slope. - [Tahoe Meadows] [see above] - 1 imm. seen.

Cogswell 1950 Buteo swainsonii June 17 Donner Peak, 8000+ ft., Placer Co., Calif. - I seen soaring high over rocky crest of the Sierra here, just N of open, smooth-topped Mt. Judah (a likely foraging area now bare of snow). June 22 5650 ft., 2 mi. N Boca, Nevada Co., Calif. - Just before and after sundown one flew low over the open Jeffrey Pine forest (which has low sagebrush in all interstices) and returned to perch repeatedly in the tops of 3 tall pines overlooking the head of Boca Reservoir. On each flight it was harassed by Brewer's Blackbirds and/or a Sparrow Hawk, the latter also performing several, power dives at the large hawk while it was perked. A 15 minute search revealed no nest. June 25 W side Sierra Valley, 4880 ft., Sierra Co., Calif. - a pair, both in light phase, soared over sagebrush and wet pasturland of the open valley. 2 were seen at separate points along Route 89 S. of Sierraville also. July 9 Martin Val., 5850 ft., Placer Co., 3 mi. E, 1 1/2 mi. S Truckee, Calif - 2 flying over broad sagebrush valley where there was a pair present all summer in 1948. July 12 6800 ft., 3 1/2 mi. E Mt. Rose, Carson Range, Nev. - I flying low over open Jeffrey pine forest at base of steep E slope. July 23 Martin Val., [see above] - 2, both in light phase, July 26 1 light phased individual perched on a 7 ft. high shrub. - Geiger Grade, 5500 ft., 2 mi. E Steamboat Springs Washoe Co., Nev 1 soaring over sparse juniper: junipers woodland. July 27 Crosser Co., 5700 ft., 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif - I flying over sagebrush + grassland between arid forested slopes.

Cogswell 1950 Butes swainsonii 2 Aug. 5 Stampede Val., 5700 ft., S.E. Sierra Co., Calif. - 1 (light phase) standing on ground at crest of slight knoll in rolling sagebrush flat with numerous grassy swales (still wet, in part) and boulders here & there. Aug. 9 Martis Val. [see p. 1] - 1 seen. Aug. 17 C. end L. Van Norken, 6800 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 1 (light phase) flew over broad meadow where one used to be found regularly in summer of 1948. There are lots of Bellings &d. Squirrels, Gophers, & mice. -Little Truckee R. Val. near Stampede Val. [see above] 1 soaring over sagebrush, grassy swales between and Jeffrey pine forested slopes.

Cogswell 1950 Aquila chrysaetos July 11 E. of Boca Res., 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 sailed low over dead pines of a 1+ year old burned-over slope in arid Jeffrey pine forest. Aug. 26 "Sugar Bowl", 7100 ft., 1.4 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 immature-plumaged individual soared over red fir-lodgepole pine-silver pine forest v cleared ski slopes, finally disappearing on over rocky ridge of divide between that N. drainage & S. slope of Am. River drainage. [The above 2 being only ones noted by me during the summer indicates possible lower numbers than in summer of 1948, when I saw several at frequent intervals throught a similar period in this same region].

Cogswell 1950 Circus cyaneus June 25 Sierra Valley Ranch, 1 mi. W 7 mi. N Sierraville, Sierra Co., Calif. - 1 in ? plumage flying at 50 ft., then down to 10 ft., over wet a marsh land of central part of open valley. July 26 Little Washoe Lake, 5000 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 in ? plumage beating over marshes S of lake at noon. Aug. 6 N side Carson Valley near Reno, Douglas Co., Nev. - 1 - Washoe Valley, N of Washoe L, 5000 ft., Nev. - 3 see. Aug. 7 E side Boca Res., 5560 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 ? flying low over a small grassy swale adjacent sagebrush flats. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L. [see above] - 1 over. Aug. 21 Grosser Cr., 5700 ft., 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif 2 (both dark plumage) flying over, 1 low over the grassy valley, the other "travelling" fairly fast across sagebrush or past scattered pines, headed SSW. Aug. 23 8800 ft., 2 1/2 mi. S, 1/2 mi. E Mt. Rose, Carson Range, Washoe Co. Nev. - 1, in very bedraggled plumage, was riding the stiff breeze over brush-covered slope just S of the Mt. Rose - Slide Mtn. ridge. Occurrence at this altitude must indicate definite migration underway, at least altitudinally.

Cogswell 1950 Falco peregrinus July 1 Lake Van Norden, 6800 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - about sunset (20 min. before) an adult flew leisurely eastward toward & out across the lake, which is surrounded by red fir and/or lodgepole pine forest, with an open meadow at one end. The bird's large size, pointed wings, & slate blue back leave no doubt as to its identity. July 21 Bear Valley, 4570 ft., Placer-Neveda Co., Calif. - 1 in adult plumage was found perched near the top of a tall dead tree along the "river", here a creek at the bottom of a 10 ft. gully thru the middle of a broad grassy valley with scattered clumps of black oaks and a few pines. A Robin was scolding it from a range of 20+ ft. Upon approach of one observer (Geo. Treubel) to about 300 ft. the hawk flew and passed almost over him & on past a number of us watching - going out of site "up valley" to the East.

Cogswell 1950 Falco sparverius June 22 C side Boca Reservoir, 5600' ft. Nevada Co., Calif - 3 seen, 2 of them over open sagebrush flats & 1 over Jeffrey pine forest, chasing a Swainson's Hawk (see acct. of that sp). June 25- Sierraville vicinity, Sierra Co.; Beckwith, Plumas Co., Calif; and 5 of Reno, Washoe Co., Nev - 1 to 3, in farmland areas in each locality. I also in latter locality on June 27. June 28 5770 ft. 2 mi. W Boca Res. Nevada Co., Calif - a ♂ flew from Jeffrey pines (open forest) bordering a mile-long sagebrush & grassland valley. June 30 Soda Springs, 6800 ft. Nevada Co., Calif - 1 flew low thru open lodgepole - Jeffrey pine forest near Lake Van Vora, hotly pursued by 3 Brewer's Blackbirds. July 6 # Norden D.R. Sta. 6800', Placer Co., Calif - a ♂ was found with a broken wing, lying on its back under the many-wired telephone lines and being beset by about 20 Brewer's Blackbirds. They made short thrusts from nearby stances on the ground, or hovered over the crippled hawk. Their calls were raucous & the reason I went over to investigate. I re- trieved the hawk & turned it over to Byron Davis at the Audubon Camp who kept it alive about 10 days; but gangrene developed in the wound so he dispatched it. I think the hawk may have been fleeing from the blackbirds when it hit the wires. July 8 "Signal Hill" 7500 ft. 3/4 mi. WNW Donner Pass, Nevada Co., Calif. 3 cavorting together on breeze over open herb-covered slope

Cogswell 1950 Falco sparverius 2 July 10 E. side Boca Des. [see p. 1] - I seen. July 12 Steamboat Springs, 4600 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - I seen flying over dry (alkaline) grassy flat below hot springs. July 19 near Norden R.R. Sta. [see p. 1] - 1 pair together sedge & grass soaring in circles over broad greasy meadow. July 23 Truel Peak, 10,900 ft., Carson Range, Eldorado & Alpine Cos. Calif. - I flew over, "playing" up & around this above timber line peak on the brisk SW wind. July 24 E. side Boca Des. [see p. 1] - 2 seen (there in Aug. 7) July 26. 5800 ft., 3 mi. E, 1½ mi. N Truckee, Nevada & Calif. - I seen Aug. 9) in s over scattered, half-burned pines on a low grass & sagebrush-covered slope. July 26 Seiger Lookout, 5540 ft., 2 mi. E Steamboat Sprgs. Washoe Co. Nev. - I flew over, coasting rapidly downslope across pinions & jumpers toward sagebrush valley. July 27 Grosser Cr., 5650 ft., 2 mi. E, 1½ mi. S Hobart Mills Nevada G., Calif. - 1 pair over grassy valley along stream between sagebrush & arid Jeffrey pine forest. - Little Truckee R., 5800 ft., 3 mi. E, 5 mi. N Hobart Mills Sierra Co. Calif. - 2 in bigger, but similar valley. Aug. 2 "Sugar Bowl", 7300 ft., 1½ mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. A pair in flight over semi-barren slopes about forest. Aug. 5 Stampede Valley, 5900 ft., SE Sierra Co. Calif. - 2 over as perds open grassland & sagebrush, using rocks & fenceposts. Aug. 6 Carson Valley, Douglas & Ormsby Cos. Nev. - fairly common, 6-7 being seen in 2 hrs. auto travel. Washoe Valley, E or NE of Washoe L., Nev. - about 5 over open sagebrush-antelope brush.

Cogswell 1950 Falco sparverius 3 Aug. 15 E. end Lake Van Norden, 6780 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 flew over large meadow at considerable height - perched in top of tall pine in dense forest just SE of lake. Aug. 16 "Dinkey mtn." 8000 ft. 1 3/4 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 2 circling on breeze high over this city, which is open on S side, & partly cleared on N. They were accompanied by 1 Sharp-shinned Hawk (q.v.). Aug. 17 Stampede Val. & nearby Little Truckee R., Sierra Co., Calif. [see p. 2] - 3 seen in 1 1/2 hrs. spent on foot in open country. Aug. 21 Grosser Cr., 5650 ft. [see p. 2] - 2 seen Aug. 23 Truckee to Reno via US Route 40, Calif. & Nev. - about 5 seen from car as I drove - this is a definitely greater no. than on any of our previous 5 trips down this road this summer. - Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 foraging out over flats exposed by receding lake from the few cottonwood trees nearby.

Cogswell 1950 Dendragapus obscurus [---] around dates = records of other observers. [July 6]-7100 ft. 1 1/2 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - William Kirscher of Sacramento said that boy "Shaggy Dog", who accompanies hikers regularly near Sierra Bowl Lodge, flushed one (appx. a ?) from her8 slope into dense alder thicket in the draw between Disney & Cross West peaks. I went it with Bill there about 2 hrs. later but did not find. [July 13] 9000 ft. 1 1/4 mi. NW Job's Sister, Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif - 2 were flushed by Denis Cogswell & Tommy Harville in open fir & pine forest near upper limit of former & a few hundred feet (or yards ?) above a willow alder dotted meadow. [Aug. 3]-7800 +/- ft. 7/3 - 1 1/2 mi. SE Mt. Lincoln, Sierra crest, Placer Co., Calif - 2 & seen with families of 1/2 grown young, by Bessie Cogswell, Mrs. Triceles & others. [Aug. 4] S. side Donner L., 6000 ft. Nevada Co., Calif - ? and 4 young seen well by Margery Anthony and her plants class - the birds were in moderately dense conifer forest near an extensive seepage of water above the lake. Aug. 20 7100 ft. on road to Robertson Flat, in Sec. 32, T16 N, R14 E, Placer Co., Calif - 1 & with a 2/3 grown young were stalking along edge of road by scattered Ceanothus cordulatus in open area of fir & pine forest. They allowed approach to about 6 ft. then flew Aug. 23 Mt. Rose Rd, 6500 ft. E base Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. 1 imm., about 1/4 grown walking along paved road from which I flushed it but nearby Jeffrey pine.

Cogswell 1950 Lophortyx california June 27 - 6000+ ft. 4 3/4 mi. W Steamboat Sprgs, Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 flew from roadside as our car approached border of said Jeffrey Pine forest. It settled into sagebrush down slope & away from the pines. Aug. 6 5000 ft. NNW Carson City, on [illegible] Washoe Co. line, Nev. 1?, standing on large rock by side of the highway in an area of low, very dry sagebrush. [altho these are the only ones I saw on any of our trips this summer, other people saw a few in other spots of the same region in western Nevada]

Cogswell 1950 Oreortyx piuta May 18 - Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1/2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 pair reported seen on this date by Mrs. Gordon Hooley (a resi-dent of Grass Valley) who says they were walking in the deep snow near Prospecting Gulch. June 17 - Yuba River, on Highway US 40, Nev.-Placer Co., line, Calif. - 1 heard singing from border of white fir-cedar-Jeffrey Pine forest near a small lake. June 20 - 6800 ft., 1/2 mi. E Lake Van Norden, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing in open lodgepole pines-Jeffrey pine forest on gentle S-facing slope where there are scattered shrub patches. June 21 - 7200 ft., 1/2 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing from dense shrub area with scattered conifers (S-facing slope). June 22 - 7000 ft., 3/4 mi. E Soda Springs, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 singing in slightly more moist area, with more soft-leaved shrubs (cherry, aspen). also 1 flushed later from shrub-rock area. June 24 a.m. - 6850 ft., 1+ mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 singing from fairly dense lodgepole pines-red fir forest, with a few mtn elder shrubs along a turbulent stream as the nearest other vegetation. A nest was found near a road thru this forest near this same spot in 1948 according to George Treichel (Univ. of Miss. student). It is about 300 yards from the 1948 nesting site which I observed, the latter being in dry grassy portion of a meadow irregularly dotted with fir clumps & many willow thickets. p.m. - 6000 ft., 1/2 mi. W N.end Donner Lake, Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 heard singing in lodgepole-Jeffrey Pine forest near (or in) interrupting strips of willow & aspen along Donner Cr. June 29-30 July 1 - Donner Pass to Ice Lakes area (4 mi. WSW), 6800-7200 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - songs heard from various locales, all in moderately open forest with at least some (often dense) shrubs including cherry, aspen, manzanita, & twinberry.

Cogswell 1950 Oreortyx picta 2 July 7 7100 ft, ½ mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 scolded (?) us from edge of chaparral (huckleberry oak, manzanita, Eleanthus) and conifer forest SE of Mary Lake. July 9 at least 1 heard giving the “quark” song in this same area; but such songs have the in general region, pretty much ceased. July 11 6500-6300 ft, 3+ mi. S L Van Norden, Placer Co., Calif. 2 “singing” birds heard in forest - chaparral areas on an early a.m. visit. July 13 7100 ft, ½ mi. S Donner Pass - call notes of mild alarm, the only ones heard here today [with absence of singing ??] I did not encounter the species again until : Aug 8 S side Donner L, 6000 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 1 adult accompanied by 3+ downy YOUNG which had considerable wing feather showing. They ran slowly along road s into moist shrub-herb understory of opening in fairly dense forest of fir (red or white ?), Jeffrey Lodgepole; Aug. 10 7100 ft, ½ mi. S L Van Norden, Placer Co., Calif - an adult and 7+ YOUNG flushed from a lone outlier fir tree by forest edge, across a nearly bare slope s into cherry & willow thickets at the base of the gravelly S-facing open ridge. The young were only about ½ size but flew well. Aug. 25 7100 ft, ½ mi. S Donner Pass [see above] - about 10 flushed or ran into chaparral of same area as July records; several of them were well-grown immatures.

Cogswell 1950 Julia americana June 27 - Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 50+ seen on marshy S arm of lake. About 10 NESTS were inspected, most of them floating and attached to the sparse emergent tules in knee-deep (to waist deep where Julian Twining went) water. Two were at the water's edge on the open shore. All were made of partially dry tule stems & contained from 3 to 11 eggs. No young birds were seen. July 12 N. end of lake, only, was visited. There were about 30 birds scattered among the more numerous Carel brebes; 3+ NESTS with eggs of the Coot were found. July 26 The NESTS found on June 27 in the S arm were mostly abandoned - some undoubtedly because the receding water level left them exposed, but there were 3+ still floating among tules which contained old eggs. Aug. 6 N. end Washoe L., 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - In the few pools (not over 5 A. in max. extent) left in the drying marshes NW of the lake there were about 70 Coots, including several juvenals. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - About 20 individuals seen, including a few in gray-breasted plumage of juvenil. The S arm of the lake is now nearly dry. Aug. 23 Est. 400 present on the lake, which is now a mass of Potamogeton, Polygonum amphibium & Ranunculus. Evidently Coots are migrating.

Cogswell 1950 Charadrius vociferus June 22, 5600 ft., ½ mi. N Boca, Nevada Co., Calif. – a pair "on territory" June 28 at a 2+ acre wet seepage area in sagebrush flat. June 25, 4980 ft., 1 mi. N Battley, Sierra Co., Calif. – a pair in wet grass+ sedge meadow of the broad Sierra Valley. parts of it visited. June 27: Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. – 1 pair with 3+ downy young and another pair with a NEST with 4 eggs on E shore of marshy south arm of lake. The 2 pairs were not over 200 yards apart. July 9, S end Lake Tahoe E of Camp Richardson, 6230 ft., Eldorado Co., Calif. – 2 on sandy beach between marsh lake. July 10 E side Boca Res., 5560 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. – 1 seen on shore of reservoir by grassy swell July 11 1 adult + ½ grown YOUNG seen in same area as those of June 22, 28. This is several hundred yards from the reservoir, but a trickle of water runs along edge of the grassy area. July 12: Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. – close flock of about 15 along sandy shore, no young or separate pairs noted. July 24 E side Boca Res. [see above] – 2 July 26 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. – about 40 pre- sent, apparently some influx above breeding pop. Aug. 1 E end L. Van Norden, 6760 ft., Placer Co., Calif: 2 foraging on muddy shores of lake adjacent to meadow. They do not breed at this altitude, more being found here during earlier coverages this yr. Aug. 6 W side Carson Valley, Douglas Co., & near Carson City, Nev. – daily common on wet grassland.

Cogswell 1950 Charadrius vociferus 2 Aug.7 E. side Bosa Res. 5560ft. Nevada Co. Calif - 2+ Aug.5 along shore of small grassy swale. Aug.9 Reno area, 4500ft, Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 on lawn of Idlewild Park, + several (on 5th) in wet grassland (farms) E -> SE of town. Aug.9 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft, Washoe Co., Nev.- about 20 seen along NE -> E shores of the main lake (S arm now nearly dry). Aug.17 Little Truckee R. 3 mi. E, 5+mi. N Hobart mills Sierra Co. Calif - 1 on gravelly stream bank in broad valley - the bottom of which is grassland, tho slopes sagebrush. Aug.21 Crosser Cr., 5650ft, 1 1/4 E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co. Calif. - 2 in similar, but smaller, stream -> valley. Aug.23 Reno - about 5 on Idlewild Park lawn. Little Washoe L., 5020ft, Washoe Co., Nev. - only 5 or 6 along same area in which 20 found on Aug.9! The invertebrate life along the water's edge is very abundant, yet numbers of this sp. seems to have dropped off.

Cogswell 1950 Squatarola squatarola July 26 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft, Washoe G. Nev. one individual, in full black bellied plumage, was standing on shore by edge of dredged ditch — along with several Killdeers & 1 Willett. [The above is only record I have of this sp. at this locality for summers of 1948, 1950]

Cogswell 1950 Capella gallinago delicata June 25 - Sierra Valley Ranch, 4890 ft., Sierra Co., Calif. - In the broad wet (0 to several ft. of water) pastureland of this valley, we finally traced a mysterious "woo- woo- woo- woo- woo- woo- woo- woo" call to the Wilson's Snipe - in "nuptial" flight. It was first heard at 1 mi. N Battley, where 2 were flushed from the wet sedge-grass area. Here at the Macmillan Ranch we waded across a mile or so of marshy ground and had a snipe circling about us at about 250 ft. altitude. As it circled counterclockwise it alternately rose and fell gradually in altitude in an up & down sine-curve course. On the down slopes it "poured on the steam" and the whinnying sound emanated from its direction. This performance was continued, with but slight interruptions of the noise-making, for fully 10 minutes. The downward parts of the flight (a hence the noise) came at about 6 to 8 second intervals. 2 other snipe were flushed in this same area, over which the performing bird was describing a circle of perhaps 1/3 mile diameter. Aug. 5 E side of Reno, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - I standing on a fence post at border of a wet meadow in edge of residential - farming district. There is a grove of tall trees on 1 side of the meadow.

Cogswell 1950 actitis macularia June 17, June 20 6900 ft. 1 mi. SW Donner Pass, Glacer Co., Calif - 1 foraged along mud & debris-littered banks of the 3-4 ft. wide creek within forest where trees have been cleared for several paralleling power lines. This is 1 1/2 miles from nearest likely nesting locale (J. Van Norden). June 20 E. end Lake Van Norden, 6770 ft., Glacier Co., Calif - 3 adults were flushed from lake shore, here bordered by open grassy sedge meadow & some willow thickets. They foraged chiefly along the lake edge itself, over half-submerged logs, etc. Another was flushed from wet grassy area near pine forest border of meadow nearly 1/2 mile from the lake. In the p.m., we found a NEST with 4 eggs, placed on dry (barely) point of land about 3 feet from shallow water at minor indentation of the lakeshore. There are 6 inch sedges sparingly hiding the nest. An adult bird ran & then flew away from the nest without making any fuss as a group of 7 people came up toward it. This is in the same area where 3 birds seen this a.m. Eggs of Buteo boreas very abundant in shallow water near nest. June 30 This nest site is now under water, the level of the lake having risen a few inches (6±), and there is no sign of its eggs. Adults still in vicinity. July 2 July 18 July 24 " " " " E. side Boca Res., 5560 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - an individual with unspotted breast walking along stick littered shore.

Copwell 1950 Actitis macularia 2 July 27 Little Truckee R., 5800 ft, 3 mi. E, 5 mi. N Hobart Hills, Aug. 5 Sierra Co, Calif. - 1 adult walking along shore of gravelly-beded stream in open grass + bugebrush valley. Aug. 7 Boca, 5550 ft, Nevada Co., Calif. - I was on the concrete spillway of the reservoir, which has high walls + a slight trickle of water in the bottom. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 on early muddy shore of gradually receding lake. aug. Lake Van Norden [see p.1] - a few seen regularly. Aug. 15 About 10 seen, including several juvenals (or ads in winter plumage), along muddy E shore adjacant to broad meadow to along stream mouth. Aug. 17 3 along the wooded N shore,

Cogswell 1950 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus June 25 - Sierra Valley Ranch, 4890 ft. 1 mi. W 7 mi. N Sierraville, Sierra C., Calif. Two were scolding us vehemently from the tops of telephone poles near a small corral on a dry island amid the extensive wet pastureland here (same spot as Pintail nest, which see). Upon closer approach they flew, still Yelping, and flew around & around the vicinity & returned to the pole tops after we had gone on. We cross-crossed the area without finding their nest, altho their behavior was certainly that of members of a nesting pair. (or pairs) July 26 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe C., Nev. - One, still in breeding plumage, foraged actively along water's edge by dredged ditch. It was silent, apparently not being in any way connected with this site as a breeding area.

Cogswell 1950 Totanus melanoleucus Aug. 9 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. at least 3 present, among other shorebirds, They were wary & flew far off across lake. Aug. 23 1 yellow legs (this sp. ?) present.

Coysewell 1950 Erobia minutilla Aug. 15 E. and L. Van Norden, 6760 ft., Placer Co., Calif. 1 foraging along the sandy mud shores of inlet stream (here stagnant) from which the lake has receded (by partial drainage) in the last 2 weeks. It was seen at close range & the greenish legs noted. [ I saw one here also on Aug. 17, 1948 ] None were found this year at Little Washoe Lake, where 1 to 20 were noted in July to Aug., 1948.

Cogswell 1950 Creunettes mauri Aug. 6 N. of Washoe Lake, 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev.—flock of about 15 (all definitely this sp.) foraging along edges & into water of a several acre muddy pond, which is about all that is left of the marshes NW of the lake. [no records (by me) this year on any of our 5 trips to Little Washoe L., where up to 20 were found at a time in July & Aug., 1948].

Cogswell 1950 Recurvirostra americana July 26 Little Washoe L., 5030 ft. Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 in brading plumage foraging by picking & probing. They were not noisily alarmed by our presence, hence did not, I think, nest here. Aug. 6 N. end Washoe L., 5010 ft. Washoe Co., Nev. - about 120 seen, in various plumages including (perhaps) some immatures. Some were still reluctant in their objections to our approach, but all flew as a flock when we came close. This seems like the most likely nesting area in Washoe Valley, since it is marshy (now drying) with small ponds here & there, & is relatively undisturbed. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L., 5030 ft. Washoe Co., Nev. - about 10 on SE shore, accompanied by 1 Stilt Aug. 23 - 4 in this same area.

Cogswell 1950 Rhinantopus mexicanus aug. 9 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft; Washoe C., Nev. - 1 ad. foraging in shallow water near SE shore. aug. 23 8+ in the same area. The lake is now reduced to a weed-filled (Botamogeton, Polygonum amphibium, etc.) slough which is swarming with invertebrate life. The stilts, apparently, did not nest nearby,

Cogswell 1950 Steganopus tricolor June 25 4980 ft. 1 mi. N Battley, Sierra Co. Calif. - at least 4 ♂♀ flew around the heads of 4 of us who waded out across the wet sedge-meadow land here. These scolding birds, obviously with territories, if not nests, nearly would sometimes come as close as 8 ft. from us. When nearing us they would pull up in a brief stall, raise the head & neck, open the bill & emit a ridiculous puffed grunt or "peent" sound. This would be repeated every 30 to 50 feet or so while they zig-zagged or circled around us. A 1/2 hour search yielded no nests. I saw no ♀♀, but other observers also present claim they saw 1+. 4890 ft. Sierra Valley Ranch, 7 mi N Sierraville Sierra Co. Calif - Similar behavior on the part of at least 3 ♂♀ in the very extensive marshy pastureland here. July 26 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft. Washoe Co. Nev. - 1 group of 5 & a few scattered individuals. Included were some in such a streaked plumage that I thought (from a distance) they were sandpipers (= min.?) Aug. 6 N. end Washoe L., 5010 ft, Washoe Co. Nev. - 2 admixed in a flock of Northerns. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L. [see above] - an est. 400 present on the now considerably reeded, weed-filled lake. Aug. 23 200 left here today. Migrants, obviously.

Cogswell 1950 Lobipes lobatus Aug. 6. N. end Washoe L., 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. -- Flock of about 15 feeding on a wind-ruffled muddy pond in the drying marshy country NW of the lake. They bobbed about like corks, but were getting something from the water despite its roughness. When flushed, they flew up & around the pond & resettled a few dozen feet from us. (3 observers). Aug. 9 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. -- about 70% of the 500 est. phalaropes present were of this species. [illegible] The migration is apparently well under way. Aug. 23 about 300 est. on the lake today -- approx. as common as the Wilson's. Both sp. were feeding in the pondweed & water pursiana (which nearly filled the lake) masses, swimming rapidly & pecking at the plants which reach the surface. A sample of this vegetation disclosed hordes of tiny amphipods, snails, backswimmers, etc.

Coyssell 1950 Larus californicus June 20 Lake Van Norden, 6770 ft. Placer - Nevada Cos., Calif. - 1 resting on stump near middle of lake. Not seen on subsequent days. June 22 Boca Reservoir, 5350 ft. Nevada Co. Calif. - 150+ on or flying over the water & nearby sagebrush flats. Most were in adult or 2nd year plumage, a few in 1st year. Many were gathered on logs floating near the east shore, but all flew when I approached & resettled farther out on the water. With no island in the lake it does not seem a likely nesting area. June 24 Donner Lake, 5930 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 ad. (or 2nd year bird) resting on water of this 2 1/2 mi. long lake. June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft. Washoe Co. Nev. - 3 gulls circling high over marshes - probably this species. June 28 E. side Boca Reservoir - only about 30 seen on briefer (a.m.) coverage of 1/4 of reservoir (cf. June 22) July 4 Donner Lake - 5 (2+ ads., 1# 1yr. old) on water & flying up & down near S & E ends of lake. July 7,8 L. Van Norden, 6770 ft. [see above] - 1 adult. July 10 E. side Boca Res. [see above] - only about 10 seen today, but ad., 2-year, & 1-year old plumages were included. July 13 Donner Pass, 7200 ft. Placer-Nevada Cos., Calif. - flock of 5 seen flying W. through the pass, only 20-300 ft. above ground, in p.m. mid July Lake Van Norden & Donner L. - 1-2 at a time on different days included ad. & 1-yr old plumages. July 24 Boca Res. [see above] - about 50 seen, including 1, 2, & 3+ year olds - but none of this year's young.

Cogswell 1950 Larus californicus 2 July 27 Donner L., 5930 ft, Nevada Co. Calif. - several flying over the water, including 1 [illegible] so dark & mottled that it must have been a this yr's young. - the first such I have seen this season. Aug.6 N. end Washoe L., 5010 ft, Washoe Co., Nev. - about 10 at a small pond in the now drying marshes NW of lake. Aug.7 E. side Boca Res. 5560 ft, Nevada Co, Calif - many present — including 2+ birds of the year. Aug 15 L Van Norden, 6760 ft., Placer -Nevada Co, Calif.- 1 adult & 1 imm. (either bird of year ora 1 yr old).

Cogswell 1950 Larus delawarensis Aug.6 - N.end Washoe L., 5010ft, Washoe Co., [illegible] new. - 2+ ads.(or sub-ads.) at a small pond in the drying marshes NW of lake. (cf. L. californicus) Aug.9 Little Washoe L., 5020 ft, Washoe Co., new. - 1 adult on sandy SE shore - the only gull present here today. Aug.23 - ?? some present. 10+ gulls here not identified as between californicus & this.

Cogswell 1950 Sterna forsteri [June 29] Little Washoe L., 5030 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1+ white tern (probably this sp.) seen here by R. D. Hays of the Audubon Camp staff. July 26 6, resting on dike thru middle of lake or (2) flying & diving for fish. Some were with full black caps, others showed some whitish on the head. Aug. 6 N. end Washoe L., 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1+ flying about over muddy, wind ruffled pond in the marshes (mostly dry) NW of lake. Aug. 9 Little Washoe L. [see above] - 1, only present - fishing actively Aug. 23 3 on hand, 1 still with full black cap.

Cogswell 1950 Chlidonias niger (surinamensis) June 25 4980 ft. 1 mi. N Battle, Sierra Co., Calif - 1 full-breeding plumaged bird flew back & forth across the marshy meadow, here grown to short sedges & grasses & with open water, only in a few deep channels. There was, water among the sparse sedges, however. July 26 Little Washoe L. 5020 ft. Washoe Co., Nev. - 1, in changing plumage, was flying up & down over the open and weed-filled portions of this 40+ acre lake. In the weedy areas at several times it dropped to scoop something from the surface with its bill without diving at all.

Cogswell 1950 Columba fasciata July 19 - Emigrant Gap, 5300 ft, Glacier Co., Calif. 2 flew over U.S. Route 40 in a forest of black oak, yellow pine, & white fir. Aug. 18 3 on nearby N. facing slope which has many manzaneta - ceanothus - cherry thickets and a few oaks. The pigeons perched in top of tall pine facing the chaparral; 2 dropped down into the shrubs. Onion G. Canyon Aug. 22, 6000 ft., 3 1/2 mi. S L. Van Norden, Glacier Co. Calif. - 3 flew over yellow pine, white fir, black oak forest with many chaparral patches. They were all headed

Cogswell 1950 Zenaidura macroura June 22 5750 ft. 2 mi. E Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 flying along Truckee River in open grassland-willow valley between sagebrush & Jeffrey Pine woodland on slopes all about. - 5750 ft. 2 mi. W. Boca Dam, Nevada Co., Calif. - a pair were on the ground, presumably foraging, at the roadside in a narrow sagebrush-grassland-valley amid open Jeffrey Pine forest. June 25 Truckee to Sierra City via State Rt. 89 - several seen in similar country. June 27 Truckee meadows S of Reno, Washoe Co., Nev. - several seen along US Route 395 in pastures & hay fields. June 28 E side Boca Reservoir, 5600 ft, Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 flew over sagebrush covered flat near Jeffrey Pines. July 12 Reno v vicinity, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 3 seen from highway thru grassy farmland July 26 about 10 seen on similar trip over same, - Heiger Lookout, 5540 ft. [illegible] 2 mi. E Steamboat Sprgs. Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 flew downslope over juniper- junipes woodland. - Little Washoe L, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - flock of 4 flew across sagebrush slope near lake, & 2 from grassy flat beyond lake. July 27 Drosser Cr., 5650 ft. 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee Nevada (p.m.) Co., Calif. - about 5 flushed from willow-dotted grassland along stream; sagebrush on nearby slopes. (p.m.) Little Truckee R valley, 5800 ft., Sierra Co., Calif. - 3 seen in 10 min. walk across similar, but larger, valley. One was flushed from a NEST (2eggs) placed on a bent-over willow branch about 3 ft. from mys

Cogswell 1950 Zenaidura macrona 2 Aug. 5 - Reno & farmland E & SE of it, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - only 4 seen in 1 hr. drive along roads, seemingly in optimum habitat. Aug. 6 Carson Valley, 4700 ft., Douglas & Armstrong Cos, Nev. much commoner, in sagebrush & grassland areas in the valley's hot Spr. to Carson City area. Aug. 9 Truckee, 5800 ft., Nevada Co. Calif. - 1 flying over willow-dotted grassland of Truckee River valley. Aug. 12 2 in the same area. Aug. 17 Little Truckee R valley, 5800 ft., S.E. Sierra Co., Calif. (J.M.) Only 1 seen on a 1½ hr. visit to same area as on July 27. The nest could not be located however; with no cattle present it could easily have been destroyed by their browsing. Aug. 18 S.E. end Bear Valley, 4600 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 flew from a few white alders along the creek in grassy valley amid extensive Transition zone forests. This is my first record on W side of the pass this summer. Aug. 21 Drosseer C., 5650 ft., 1½ mi. E, 3½ mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 seen in 3 hr. visit (cf. July 27) Aug. 22 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 flew swiftly over the ski slopes. I saw it from the lodge porch - this being the only one due ever seen at this altitude.

Cogswell 1950 Bubo virginianus Aug. 12 - Drosser Cr., 5650 ft., 2 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - About 1 hr. after dark one was found on the cross-arm of a telephone pole over the grassy valley along State Route 89 here. It flew off across the valley into or beyond large willow thickets. There is arid Jeffrey pine forest on nearly slopes & sagebrush on higher ground fronting on the valley. The bird was silent. This is our only record for the summer - none heard on any of our about 5 or 6 nocturnal expeditions to seemingly suitable habitat!

Cogswell 1950 Asio otus (wilsonianus) June 25 4950 ft. 2 mi. W Vinton, Plumas Co., Calif.- 1 dead on road near 2+ acre patch of short willow trees along drainage in a broad grassy valley. The carcass was already infested with maggots so I did not save it. July 31 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif.- 1 found in dense area of red fir, silver pine, lodgepole pine forest just N. of lodge; it was being scolded by a mob of small birds, including 2+ Bobus (whose calls first attracted me to it), some Junicos, chickadees, Audubon warblers, etc. The owl was seen both while perched and in flight. This is almost the identical spot where one was seen in 1948 (July 22, Aug.6), the whole surrounding area being of coniferous close forest with cleared or meadow areas quite Aug.10 I seen in same area under like conditions. Aug.11 “ “ “ “ “ “ Aug.16 Mrs. B. Nielsen, while visiting camp today, found the owl perched quietly about 45 ft. up in a 60+ ft. lodgepole pine amid close growing group of same. Some 40 or 50 people turned out to see the bird, which just sat on the limb next to the trunk looking down at us. no small birds scolding it. 4 pellets found nearby were of size indicating this bird. I collected them (uncatalogued) for possible later study.

Cogswell 1950 asio flammeus Aug 10 Washoe Valley, 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nevada 2 were flushed from the now drying tule (Scirpus sp.) marshes about ¼ to ½ mile N.W. Big Washoe Lake. They flew around for some minutes after being scared up, but always kept over the short grassland or tules. A few small ponds still have water in the marsh.

Cogswell 1950 Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Aug. 22 w. facing slope Serena Cr. Canyon, 6700 ft., Placer Co. 3 mi. S Soda Springs (Nevada Co.), Calif. - at about 9:30 pm. (PDST) as Geo W Salt, Leo Treichel, and I stopped to listen for owls along the Soda Springs - Am. River Cr. road, we heard a distant note which when followed up, turned out & be a Boon-Will. It called several scores of times, in series of 10-100+ each. Most of the time it called from far down on a steep, chaparral (huckleberry oak, manzanita, ceanothus) slope with outcrops of lava rock. I tried to call it up by imitations; and it once alighted on a rock about 60 feet from me and called from there. We had it in flash-light beams several times. This occurrence undoubtedly is one of post-breeding up mountain movement, there being many extensive chaparral areas that the pine belt of the American River Canyon to afford it stepping stones. This is the highest altitude (in northern Calif) at which I have found the species.

Cogswell 1950 Chordeiles minor June 21 3:00 p.m. 6200 ft., 6 1/2 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - A ? was flushed from a "NEST", with 2 eggs, which was merely a slightly disturbed area on bare crum-bled granite amid irregular granite boulders on an old stream terrace 1/3 mi. S upslope from the S fork of Yuba River. The several acres surrounding the nest are of open lodgepole & Jeffrey Pine forest with patchy huckleberry oak, pine-mat manzanita, etc. a considerable bare ground. This is on a "knoll", with conifer forest on the lower areas around it. The eggs lie just outside the area under the canopy of a tall, lone Jeffrey Pine. When disturbed the first time, the bird flew off low above the bushes without a sound, evacuated the cloaca, once enroute, & disappeared beyond the pines eastward. In about 5 min. it (the same one?) was flying high over the pines & approached the nest area, only to veer away again. After we then moved away from the nest we saw no more of her until rechecking the nest about 4:10 p.m. She was on it then according to Denis Cogswell who scared her up again, but this time she only flew a few hundred feet and alighted length-wise on a lodgepole pine branch 1/2 way up an 80 ft. tree. Here George Treichel, Bob Frey, & I saw her well, noting the buffy throat. A few days later campers who went to photograph this bird found her still incubating.

Cogswell 1950 Chardeiles minor 2 June 22 - Boca Reservoir vicinity, 5550-5700 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. (just before dusk) 30+ hawking about over open sagebrush flat & Jeffrey Pine forest; many called "spee-wt" at frequent intervals. One was seen & heard "booming". June 25 1980 ft. 3/4 mi. N Battley, Sierra Co., Calif - 3+ flying about (mid-a.m.) over open Jeffrey Pine forest bordering sagebrush. June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 5+ flying (late a.m.) high over sagebrush & marshes of valley just E of [illegible] June 30 Big Bend on S. Fork Yuba River, 5730 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 1 heard in mid p.m., probably flying over some of the more open brushy cut-over slopes (we were in dense forest at the time) July 1 5400 ft., 3 mi. ENE Emigrant Gap, Nevada Co., Calif - 1 heard calling over brushy, sparsely forested N slope about 8 p.m. July 6 7250 ft., 1/4 mi. N Donner Pass, Nevada Co., Calif - A NEST depression containing 1 egg being incubated by a very demonstrative & was reported by July 7 2 campers & the & photographed by Dr. Lloyd Gingles (color movies) July 7 I visited this "nest", which is in coarse, (ceb) granite gravel & slab debris on a gentle W-facing slope just W of the actual boulders of the Sierran crest - which drops off to Donner L. valley on the east. The site is in full sun all day long so far as I can see, altho a sparse juniper 60 ft SE might possible provide early morning shade. The incubating & absolutely melts into the environment, except for her marrowed

Cogswell 1950 Chordeiles minor 3 July 7 (cont.) but still glistening eyes. The camouflage was much better than that of 4 on the June 21 nest, when we finally drove her off, after care- ful approach to within 8 ft.; she fluttered only briefly along the gravelly ground & came to a stop on a sloping boulder, with her wings still outspread against the rock. when approached again she repeated the procedure, but this time took to the air & circled the vicinity several times before alighting cross-wise (!) on the limb of a 30 ft. high Jeffrey pine about 100 + ft from the nest & down slope. she faced into the rather brisk evening breeze & seemed to have no difficulty [now 2] holding this perch. The eggs were of almost exactly the same hues & pattern as the large gravel pieces about the nest. Just as we were leaving, after 4 had been off about 10 min., the 5 drew closer (he had been "peenting" over open & brushy slopes in distance) & began power diving low over the nest area, swerving to chase the 4 when she flew slightly. He was not "booming" here, or at least not doing the pull-out; but was apparently trying to drive the 4 back on the nest. after about 4 such swoops, she went to the nest while we watched & he immediately mounted & ceased swooping.

Cogswell 1950 Chordeiles minor 4 July 7 (cont.) At least 3 other ? nighthawks were seen & heard in the same area whence this ? came. The call note given by all these ? by the ? when diving on the ? was the usual, strident "k-peent"; but the ? was also heard to utter a recognizable grunt note, altho it was much softer & seemingly lower pitched. July 10 (dusk) ? still incubating 2 eggs on this NEST. She flew away after a diversionary display. July 11 (early p.m.) E. side Boca Res., 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif.-another NEST discovered (by almost stepping on it) with ? incubating 2 eggs. It is placed on tan-colored gravel in midst of scattered, gray deal branches of bushes. The area is a broad flat covered only with sparse sagebrush & antelope brush with sparser grass. Open Jeffrey pine forest is on slopes 1500 ft away. (cf. activity in this area on eve of June 22). July 13 7250 ft., ¼ mi. N Donner Pass, Nevada Co., Calif.- ? still incubating on NEST (6th day since 1st egg laid). July 19 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1,2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif.- 9+ counted over meadow & cleared ski slopes on N & NE sides of Disney Mtn. These are the first noted here in evenings, altho the nesting areas are only a mile away. They seem to forage over those cooler, N-facing forested slopes only on certain evenings, & apparently never early in the season.

Cogswell 1950 Chordeiles minor 5 July 24 E. side Boca Des, 3600 ft, Nevada & Calif - In mid. a.m. (bright sunshine) one was flying over the sagebrush flat (see July 11) uttering the loud call described above (July 7) for a ?. Most individuals birds when out in the daytime are not so vocal. July 26 8800 ft, 2 mi. S, 3/4 mi. E Mt. Rose, Carson Range, Washoe Co. Nev. A ? was flushed (with diversion any display similar to those noted above) from stony ground under sparse whitebark & lodgepole pines on N. facing slope just over the Slide Mtn. - Mt. Rose saddle. Time was not available to search for the NEST, but another observer, (R. Hayes of Detroit, Mich.) (Audubon camper) had seen it previously & said it contained eggs. July 30 Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 4] - 8+ over in evening Aug. 3 6 + over meadow m front of lodge just after 7:15 p.m. P.S.T. Aug. 3 - 7250 ft, 3/4 mi. N Donner Pass, Nevada & Calif The eggs in the July 6-7 NEST hatched some days ago (reported by Audubon campers), about 6:00 p.m. (P.S.T.) tonight (approx. sundown) some 18 persons accompanied me to the area, & after a half-hour search we found the two DOWNY YOUNG huddled at the base of the sloping granite boulders which form the Sierra crest. They were about 100 ft. from the nest site, which had an egg shell lying beside it yet. I banded them #1 34-249684 & -685; one of them gave a low wheezy sound when handled, but was quiet when released. The ? displayed at our approach, but then was seen no more.

Cogswell 1950 Chordeiles minor 6 Aug. 5 Truckee River Canyon, 4900 - 5500 ft., Nevada & Calif. while driving up U.S Route 40 from Reno toward Donner Pass at 5 after sundown, more greaternumbers were seen than I have ever noted at one time in my life except in migrating flocks. (4500 ft.) Reno were active before 5 at sunset whilefrom Verdi to near Truckee (dark to seebeyond that) over 100 were counted foraging near the road - most of them close tothe river or the canyon floor & its walls. Included were several 37 with brightwhite throats. All were foraging indi-vidually, with no evidence of migratorymovement. Aug. 6 E. side Washoe Valley, 5050 ft., Washoe Co. Nev. 1 flying over sagebrush & grass valley inmild p.m. of this hot day Aug. 9 N. end same valley - about 5 seen in late arm. Aug. 7-1521, Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1/2 mi. SSW Donner PassPlacer Co., Calif - about 5 seen over meadow & adjacent forest on all evenings observed, when I Aug. 17 Hampshire Rocks, 5900 ft., on S fork Yuba R., PlacerCo., Calif - about 5 flying high over rocky,sparingly forested N-facing slope in mid-a.m. Aug. 21 Drosser Co. valley, 5700 ft., 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee,Nevada & Calif. - 2 flying over sagebrush & nearbyand Jeffrey pine forest with grassy swales. Aug. 23 Little Washoe Lake, 5010 ft., Washoe Co. Nev. - 3 +seen on 1 hr. mid-day visit Aug. 27 S. fork Yuba R., 6000 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 1 seenflying in a.m. (near Aug. 17 locality).

Cogswell 1950 Chaetura vauxi July 4 - Donner Lake, 5950 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - at least 4 (11:30 a.m.) were flying together (or 2 a few min. later) over the tall forest trees just S of the W half of the lake. They were obviously foraging & in no hurry to get on away from the area. A few weak chipping calls were given by 1 or more of them. July 11 E side Boca Reservoir, 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. at least 4 were seen (at one time) mixed in with foraging group of cliff & other? Swallows over sagebrush flat near the reservoir. There were silent while we observed them (Lloyd Ingles, John Willis & I).

Cogswell 1950 Selasphorus rufus 1 July 1 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif - a (first I've noted this season) buzzed about the willow thickets of the wet meadow. A number of elephants snouts are in bloom, but little else yet in the way of tubular flowers here. July 4 C and Lake Van Norden, 6770 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 1 (?) flew across the ½ mile willow meadow with or thru the willow thickets near the N edge. July 8 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. w Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 3 ♂♂ and 1 dull one (?) or im. ♂ ?) seen in herb. felled open- ing at border of tree clumps & tall shrub thickets. July 11 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - still not numerous, 2 ♂♂ seen at border of cleared ski slope. July 17 much more numerous now, the ♀♀ & im. ♂♂ outnumbering the ad. ♂♂ for the first time this season. about 15 seen in 1 hr. trip over ½ mi. of forest meadow. July 24 Still more numerous, the flowers have in- creased, particularly the columbines. July 23 "Signal Hill" [see July 8] - about 10 seen in same adng. 7 4 acre clearing or vicinity, feeding at columbina- fir woods. s July 31 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - about 20 seen on 2 hr. trip along ½ mile of meadow bordering forest. Total nos. do not seem to be as high as in 1948 at this same time. The floral spread on the cleared ski slope is also less conspicuous. Aug. 2 about 15 on a similar coverage, including 2 ad. ♂ [See also original record of 3 Audubon campers' obser- vation of behavior of one individual on territory -sheets attached to this p.]

Observation of Rufus Humming Bird August 2, 1950 - Hedrick, Vaughan, Heimberger Miss Minta (Los Angeles) Legend-cl- circle Cmb- Columbine f.- favorite HB- Humming Bird. Our bird small Rufus Humming Bird. area corrected- about 1/4 acre (a circle 110 ft in diameter) Place - Open meadow dry (in front of Lodge) surrounded by willow thickets + forest Time - 10:26 to 11:41 A.M. (P.D.S.T.) 10:26 - H.B. flew to Cmb. sipped then darted to fir about 100 ft from where we sat

(2) 10:35 - Flew over meadow to W. 10:36 - Returned to climb for a few Tips - then to fireweed (12 times) Entered Flew N.E. lighted on fir 50ft to N of us & sat facing in our direction with head cocked 10:40 off to E. then to W on climb 15-ft. entered - 20 next bush, 8-in another 30ft away 10:42 Flew from fireweed back to climb (1 1/2 ft high) 10:43 Flew to top of tree with dead top 10:44 then top of another small seedling with dead top 60 ft N. of where we sat. 10:45 Another H.B. entered territory our bird at clockwise S & Chased him with scolding sounds.

10:46 Rested on iron Ski Lift chair 10:50 Returned to Tree 60 ft S. (favorite perch) 10:52 Another H.B. entered area & our bird flew at him. 10:53 Flew to climb & then to fir tow. always facing us. 10:55 Flew in cir. Counterclockwise to fire weed then to f. perch. Circled again lit on fl.(climb) 15 times & back to f. Perch. 10:58 Went to fire weed & back to f Perch. 11:03 Facing us Flew to climb n to E. (Favorite Columbine) 11:05 Back to f Perch. Then circled E af us & hovered over fir Big H.B. zoomed him 6 times - then 4 times more -

11:08 Flew back to f Perch. 11:09 Flew back to f Clmb By H.B. zoomed him again - Both flew high in air fighting & scolding 11:11 Lit on fir 10 ft to E of us then on to F. Clmb. By H.B dare on him again 11:12 Both flew straight up almost out of sight - Flew to high tree on edge of meadow then dropped down over meadow near millons 11:15 Back to f Perch - Then By H.B. flew to f. Clmb & our bird again attacked - Looping & circling over meadow E of us Trittering 11:19 By H.B. Still Chasing our bird running it off favorite Clmb.

Our bird tries to feed - Big H.B. Zooms over, but our bird fights for territory flying from fir to favorite Columbine sometimes within a foot of us. 11:23 Settled in little seedling 12 ft to E of us. 11:25 Back to F. C/m/b - Chasing, zooming, squawking going on. 11:26 Saw another H.B. in resting place - chased him out - then back to F. C/m/b. 11:27 Hovered over bush then fed at F. C/m/b Entered 1-5 in each flower 36 times. 11:30 Settled on fir near road then back to F. C/m/b. & up to SE clearing & chased Big H.B. up into high trees above.

11:33 Back to f Clmbn. hovered then rested on tree. 11:34. Back to f Clmb. - circled to W. lands on another clmb. Straight across in front of us to f. Clmb. & perched on tree 9 ft from us. 11:36 Circles into grass & back to tree near road this time on lower limb. 11:38 Back to f Clmb. Another HB comes - Our bird chases him away Back to f Clmb. Back to Perch on seedling near us. Back to f Clmb. - Perched while feeding. 11:41 Perched on Clmb.

Cogswell 1950 Selasphorus rufus 2 Aug. 3 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - Still numerous. Aug. 16 I had campers observing again, Mr. Wely & Mr. Guest turning in one of the best reports yet - as one would expect from their serious attitude & at least partly scientif[ic] background. Both are high school teachers. [See sheets attached to this page] Their original The male they observed was the latest date for an adult recorded in the region this summer. I saw none later than Aug. 2. early Augusts Donner Pass & Ice Lakes region, 6700 - 7000+ ft. Placer Co., Calif. - ?? & imm. ?? still common, beginning to feed on scarlet Gilia which is in increasing bloom & (on "Signal Hill") on thistles. Aug. 24 "Signal Hill" 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif. - About 15 seen in same area as mentioned on July 25 & Aug. 2. They are now feeding almost exclusively on thistles, altho those near the lodge (where there are no thistles) are growing scarcer with the waning of columbine & scarlet Gilia. Aug. 26 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - Still a few present, but numbers are decidedly down over 2 weeks ago (or even 1 week ago).

By Ed Welz & John Guest (Bakersfield) (Whittier) Aug. 16, 1950 - 10:00 to 12:00 A.M. (P.D.S.T.) Group A - Bird Study Weather - Clear, with streaks of clouds overhead; bright sunshine. Bird observed - Rufous Hummingbird Observations: 10:25 - Discovered bird feeding on columbine in open area to south of lodge, be- tween chair lift and stand of logdepole pine. Flew to perch at upper edge of area. Perch was bare branch of shrub about 3 ft. off ground. 10:27 - Left perch to chase another hummer Returned in about 15 sec. 10:28 - Chased another hummer. Returned to same perch. 10:31 - Flew toward observers; hovered near; flew to branch on pine tree about 12' high. Seemed to be watching observers. 10:32 - To bare twig in open field 12yds. from first perch. 10:34 - Returned to perch #1

10:36 - About 25 ft. to columbine Probes into each blossom 3-2-3-4-5-1-2-3-4-5 10:37 - Chased another hummer, chattering. Back to perch #2. Probing columbine 10:38 - Back to perch #1 - exact same twig. Off to chase another hummer, 150 ft. Feeding on columbine (4-9.) Wings beating on leaves - Bee bothered 10:40 - To same pinetree as before, same twig. Surveying territory and observers. 10:41 - Chasing another hummer, "Tzee!" in flight Back to perch #2 Other birds seem ok. in his territory 10:49 - Feeding on columbine 10:51 - Perch #1 again, facing south 10:52 - Chasing hummer about 100 ft. away 10:52½ - Perch #2, facing west. - Chasing hummer - Return to perch #2 - Flashing bright copper band on throat, with scarcely any body movements.

10:55 - Moved to lower perch on same shrub to avoid another bird (not hummer). Returned to perch immediately. Facing west - keeps turning head. Seems to face into the wind. 11:00 Stretching, scratching self with left foot. Repeat. Flew up in air about 6 ft. 11:01 Returned to perch #1 (was at #2). Up in air and back again. Flashing copper from throat. Left perch - returned. 11:02 To columbine about 50 yds. away. Return to col. about 20 ft. from perch #1. Feeding - probing - 6-5-6-4-5. Back to perch #1. 11:04 Feeding, col. 20 ft. away. Feet hanging slightly - not retracted. 11:07 Chasing hummer. Back to perch #2. Feeding, col. — 5-5-5-5 - partly perched. 11:08 To Perch #1 facing south. 11:11 - To pinetree, perching. 11:14 - TO Perch #2.

11:12 - Perching in willows, 2ft off ground, on bare twig, facing south. Copper color shows occassionally. About 100ft. from previous perches, downhill. Preening tail and scratching self with right foot. 11:17 - Off downhill to ? Back to perch #2, but scared off by man passing on path. Back to #1. 11:18 - Feeding about 25 ft away. Back to #1. 11:19 - Off again, feeding. 11:20 - Perched on parsley twig bent over. Was scared away from feeding by workmen. Feeding again. - 6-5-3-3-4. 11:21 - Charged off down to ravine and ? 11:22 - Back into pine (#4) eastern limit, 11:25 - Off, squeaking, chasing hummer. 11:26 - To perch #1 11:27 - Feeding on col. - Back to perch #1, facing south. 11:28 - Feeding on col. - To perch #3, scared by workmen. 11:29 - To pinetree, scared by workmen.

11:31 - Returned to #2 perch after trip to electric wires about 50 yd from pinetree - then down into ravine. 11:33 Workmen had left previous to this. 11:32 - Feeding. Returned to #2 Flew thru opening of chair lift to other side, apparently feeding. Man walking down slope on other side of chair lift. Our Rufous flew up and away to? 11:35 - Back to perch #1 - facing south. Approximate measurements taken: Perches #1,#2,#3 about 3 ft off ground #1 to #2 ---- 12 yds #1 to #3 ---- 15 yds #3 to #2 ---- 12 yds #2 to pinetree - 25 yds #3 to pinetree - 15 yds Area of feeding territory about one acre.

Cogswell 1950 Stellula calliope 1.2 mi. 55 W Donner Pass June 17 - near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 6950 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - A & was catching insects from among & on twigs of lodgepole pines & red firs well within dense forest, which is still with 2 to 5 ft. of snow underneath. No males noted here or in meadow a few hundred feet away where they were common in 1948. June 21 same area, 7050 ft., - I flew over open herb-s low shrub-covered slope of Disney Gk. (very few flowers out as yet, altho snow is melted at this point). June 22 - 7000 ft., 3/4 mi. E Soda Springs, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 seen on S W-facing slope in edge of aspen, cherry, buckble-berry oak, etc. thicket surrounded on 2 sides by fir clumps. A J was reported by R.R. Keys at Donner Lake also ONLY NOTED THIS SUMMER! July 3 near Sugar Bowl Lodge (see above) - 1? in willow thickets at edge of meadow some 150 ft. from conifer forest. July 8 Cisco Grove, 5630 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. - 1? seen closely (including tail) as she perched on willow twig fronting on open grassy gravelly flat. Flowers are very scarce here. July 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge. [see above] - 2 + 9? seen in willows of wet meadow & nearby fir forest. July 22 Cisco Grove [see above] - 1? seen in a new black cottonwood trees (tall trees, but bird close to lower trunk). July 27 "Signal Hill", 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 1? seen at border of conifers, soft chaparral & herbs trail. (see S. rufus also). She perched on Acer glabrum by J Aug. 5 Cisco Grove [see above] - 1? (apparently the same one as before) in willows & cottonwoods along stream not seen closely this time, however.

Cogswell 1950 Colaptes cafer June 21 7200 ft. 1 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer-Nevada co., Calif. - 1 in open Jeffrey Pine - white fir forest on steep S. facing slope. June 22 7000 ft. 3/4 mi. E Soda Springs, Nevada co., Calif. - 1 in similar habitat on S.W. facing slope near denser forest (-lodgepole pine). N.E. end Boca Reservoir, 5600 ft. Nevada co., Calif. - 1 in open arid type Jeffrey Pine forest at border of open sagebrush. June 23 Bear Valley, 4580+ ft. Placer, Nevada co., Calif. - 3 seen in open "forest-border" habitat around broad grassy meadow. The trees used were yellow pine, Incense cedar, Black oak, white alder, a cottonwood along stream. One bird went into a nest hole in a tall cottonwood stub. June 25 Truckee to Sierraville, Sierra co., Calif. - about 5 seen in arid Jeffrey Pine forest along State Highway 89. U.S. Highway 395 near Calif. - Nevada state line, Washoe co., Nev. - one flew across open low sagebrush country without a tree or tall bush in sight. It went down toward an arroyo with steep banks, which may have held some water. There were 2 rows of short telephone poles nearby -- the only "woodpecker" substrate in sight. June 27 Truckee Meadows 5 of Reno, Washoe co., Nev. - 2 seen in farmland with tall cottonwood trees around some field borders June 29 7100 ft. 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer co., Calif. - long "yip-yip-yip" series of calls heard in open lodgepole pine-red & white fir forest. June 30 5800 ft. Big Bend, S Fork Yuba River, Placer co., Calif. - long call (both a.m. p.m.) heard in tall, old forest of Jeffrey & lodgepole pine, white fir, and N. White Pine. There are cleared shrubby slopes nearby. This particular bird weavers in pitch but was the same way here in 1948 - it was a stoker for sure.

Cognacell 1950 Colaptes cafer 2 July 1 - 6900 ft., 3/4 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - I heard ("hee-u" call) in moderately dense lodgepole pine forest with a few Jeffrey Pines & Red Firs admixed. July 4 6800 ft., S of RR tracks, Norden, Placer Co., Calif. - "Hee-u" call heard July 5 7200 ft., 1 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - I gave the long (9 a.m.) "yip-yip" series of calls from a tall Jeffrey Pine in open, +white fir pathy forest of same, on steep S-facing slope. Another flew over the area headed toward the "singing" bird. - Cise Grove, 5650 ft., on S fork Yuba River, Placer Co., Calif. - I heard call in Lodgepole - Jeffrey Pine forest near cottonwoods of riparian July 8 7200 ft., 1 mi. W Donner Pass (see above) - 2 seen, July 9 7800 ft., 1/2 mi. W High Meadow, Carson Range, El Dorado Co. Calif. - I in very open growth of pines, firs, & brush. July 10, 1/2 mi. E Boca Reservoir, 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - I heard July 24) calling from Jeffrey pines in, arid forest of same.. on 34° July 23 8000+ ft., SE High Meadow, El Dorado Co., Calif. - I in open lodgepole pine - red firs - silver pine forest. July 25, 27 - "Signal Hill". 7200 ft., 1 mi. W Donner Pass (see above) - I heard July 28 5800 ft., Big Bend Camp Sld. [See p. 1] - 2 seen (I gave long "yip" series of calls) in tall, dense forest path near openings created by power line firebreaks & stream. Aug. 6 Carson City, Ormsby Co., Nev. - 2 heard (1 seen) in exotic trees planted in the Capitol plaza. Aug. 9 E base Mt Rose near Helena Cr., 6000+ ft., Washoe Co., Nev. I in open forest of Jeffrey pine on alluvial fan. Aug. 10 "Ice Lakes". 6900 ft., 3 mi W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. I heard giving long series of "yip" calls in lodge pole pine forest.

Cogswell 1950 Colaptes cafer -3 Aug. 11 Big Bend Camp Ground, 5800 ft. [see p.1] - long call heard from 1 bird here today. Aug. 21 Grosser Cr., 5650 ft. 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co, Calif - 1 perched for several minutes (at least) on 25 ft. high, dead-topped willow on grazed grassy flat by the creek. Open Jeffrey pine forest (or woodland) or low sagebrush cover adjacent slopes. mid Aug. Aug. 24-25 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1, 2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif - 1 heard or seen on several dates in the red fir - lodgepole pine - silver pine forest or strings of it on the ski slopes. No long calls heard, however. In general, for the whole season, the Flicker seemed to be less common than in 1948. Certainly several nesting areas occupied 2 yrs. ago were without birds this year - e.g., at L. Van Norden dam, w end Donner L., and Angela Lake.

Cogswell 1950 Asyndetus lewis June 27 5800 ft. 4+ mi. E & slightly N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif - 1 flew between tall dead tree trunks of burned area in former arid Jeffrey pine forest - now mostly grass & sagebrush - on plateau just N Truckee River. July 12 5350 ft. 1 mi. SE Boca, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 flew onto trunk of a 8+ inch diameter Jeffrey pine at border of sparse forest & sagebrush along US Route 40. July 23 D reel Peak, 10,900 ft, Alpine - Eldorado Co. line, Calif. 2 flew over the fell-field area above timberline, coursed in wide, erratic sweeps in the rather stiff breeze & then plunged rapidly down into the forested headwater canyons above High Meadow. Geo Treidel, John Harville & others present said the 2 birds came up from the Alpine Co. side. Aug. 9 5800 ft., 3 mi. E, 2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif - 1 in partly burned, scattered Jeffrey pines on side of Truckee River valley.

Cogswell 1950 Sphyrapicus varius June 20 near RR Sta., 6800 ft, Norden, Placer Co. Calif. - about 9 a.m. one flew into tall Jeffrey Pines in open mixed stand of Jeffrey & Lodgepole Pines. It called a few times, then dropped almost to the ground alighting on [illegible] stem of a willow in the 8 ft. high thicket falling a low wet spot here. The stem it utilized did not appear over 1/2 inch diameter. as we approached to check just how it managed to cling there, the bird flew on to another willow clump 200ft away, perching crosswise of a sloping stem there. It soon hopped up, wood- pecker fashion onto a more vertical willow stem - still small in diameter. A few minutes later, it flew to a nearby telephone pole & drummed intermittently for several minutes. June 21 - E base Disney Peak, 1.3 mi SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. - 1 seen in patchy Red fir - Lodgepole Pine - White Pine forest near 1/8 to 1/4 mile broad, cleared ski slopes. June 23 - N base Disney Peak (see above) - 1 in denser fir + pine forest. July 5 SW end Squaw Valley, 6300 ft, Placer Co. Calif. - 1 flew across base of new ski lift & into scraggly white fir on slopes recently partly cleared. July 6 - Norden, 6800 ft, Placer Co. Calif. - drumming heard at about 9 a.m. from same area as on June 20. Bird not followed up today. on June 26 [record of observations of a bird at a feeding tree, made by Mr. & Mrs. Virgil Rosentbaum is appended] July 7 N side Bear Valley, 4580ft, Placer Co. Calif. - 1 ad seen in dense yellow pine - incense cedar - black oak forest on flat [illegible] edge of broad meadow.

bird observed: Red breasted sapsucker. Place: North shore of Lake Mary. (1/2 mi. SW Donner Pass) Time: June 26, 1950. Times are P.D.S.T. 7100 ft. 8:16 a.m. Arrived at study area. 8:30 a.m. Red breasted sapsucker appeared on white fir about 50 feet from shore. 8:30 1/2 a.m. Sapsucker flew east across lake towards bluff. Feeding holes were on middle third of tree. Many holes were on south side of tree; one small feeding area on north. No evidence of feeding on other trees in vicinity. Squirrel in tree all during time of observance 9:13 a.m. Sapsucker returned from east bluff. Ate sap. Drilled a new hole. 6 min. 9:19 a.m. Flew around tree and cleaned bill, 9:20 a.m. Came back for more sap, 9:22 a.m. Flew to bluff, 9:23 a.m. Came back to same holes. 9:23 1/4 a.m. Left towards bluff. Indications are nest is located on bluff about 1/4 mi. away. 9:34 a.m. Squirrel getting sap out of same hole. 9:35 a.m. Squirrel came back, ate sap and peeled some bark. 9:35 1/2 a.m. Sapsucker came back from bluff. We left the study area. M. & V. Rosenbaum (members Colorado Bird Club, Denver, Colorado

[illegible]

Cogswell 1950 Sphyrapicus varius 2 "Signal Hill" July 8 7100+ ft. 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 flew across several hundred yards of brushy sparsely forested mountainside, alighting on trunk of a tall white fir (abies concolor). July 9 7700 ft. 1/2 mi. NW High Meadow, Carson Range, Eldorado Co, Calif - 2 in open ff Jeffrey pine, white fir, [illegible] pine, with stringers of aspen along stream. July 13 7100 ft. SE side Mary Lake, near Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 juvenile (brown-headed) seen in broken-topped ff in wide "ski trail" swath thru denser forest of red (+ few white) fir, lodgepole & silver pines. This bird stayed almost motionless in typical vertical clinging posture for over 20 minutes. This is very near the locale of the Rosenbaum's observations of June 26. July 19 near Norden R.R. Sta., 6800 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 1 adult seen drumming on metal band at top of a telephone pole over willow thickets near edge of lodgepole pine - red fir forest. (same spot as on June 20) Aug. 1 1 adult seen in this same general area. Aug. 3 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 2 juveniles seen in red fir - lodgepole & silver pine forest. Aug. 4 N. slope, 5000 ft., NE Emigrant Gap, Placer Co., Calif. fresh sapsucker work on the stems of a young trees macrophyllum here were of the "lattice" type, i.e. enlarged rectangles open up in series, a narrow strips between them with bark remaining. Sap oozed from many of them & attracted numerous small fleas.

Cogswell 1950 Sphyrapicus thyroideus June 21: lower end of "Sugar Bowl", 1 1/2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif a pair flew thru dense fir & pine forest near creek. The ♀ went on after a short, tortuous chase thru the lower parts of 2 trees; but the ♂ alighted on the trunk of a fir close to my class of 7 people. He gave a nasal squealing call - not so long as the similar one of S. varius. June 24 NE base Crow's Nest Pk., 1 1/2 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. a ♂ flew thru dense red fir - lodgepole & white pine forest, giving this same call as he alighted on the trunk of a tall fir some 40 ft. up. June 29 (a.m.) 7100 ft., 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - a ♂ flew from near Mary L. into stand of tall firs on W-facing slope. (p.m.) Ice Lakes Camp Yrd., 6900 ft., 3+ mi. W, 1 mi S Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif - a ♀ seen returning to a NEST tree twice. The nest hole was discovered on June 20 by Bird Ruth, who saw both birds go to it then. It is about 60 ft. up in the dead, spire top of a lodgepole pine. The ♀ worked her way around the tree so adroitly that today I did not see her go into the hole; but it is the only fresh looking hole of ♀ which are in that tree. The second time (about 4:30 p.m.) she was foraging on 15-20 ft. high lodgepoles just E of Oulzura L. (one of the "Ice Lakes") & flew several hundred yards to the nest area. The forest in the area is a mixture of a few very tall, old red firs & lodgepole pines & many younger trees from seedling to 70 ft. height, the lodgepole predominating.

Cogswell 1950 Sphyrapicus thyroideus 2 6400 ft. July 9 1 mi. NE Meyers, Eldorado Co., Calif - 1 ad. ♂ flew onto the trunk of a small lodgepole pine, lighting very close to the ground. The forest is sand- and lodgepole - Jeffrey pine type. July 14 7100 ft. 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 im- mature (white-throated) male seen in border of dense firs & pines near Mary Lake. July 26 Nevada Creek Camp, 6600 ft., Washoe Co., Nev.: 1 ♂ in Jeffrey pine amid fairly dense stand of same + many white firs, + black cottonwoods. Aug. 6 N side Lake Tahoe, Eldorado Co., Calif - 1 ♂ flew across road & alighted on bole of Jeffrey pine in edge of dense forest. Aug. 11 7100 ft.; 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass - 1 ♂ (ad. ?) seen in same area as on July 14 Aug. 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1+ ♂ seen in dense red fir - silver pine forest on N facing slope. Aug. 25 7100 ft., 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass - 1 ♂ seen near Mary Lake (see July 14, Aug. 17),

Cogswell 1950 Dendrocopos villosus June 17 6850 ft., 1.4 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 seen, another heard in lodgepole pine - Jeffrey red fir - Jeffrey Pine forest with many cleared areas about the road, railroad & power line areas. June 20 6800 ft., near Norden R.R. Sta., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 ? on tall pines (Jeffrey & lodgepole) near border of meadow. June 23 N Base Disney Peak, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 5SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 in dense red fir - white pine - lodgepole pine forest, near a cleared ski slope. June 24 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba River, Placer Co., Calif 2 seen (1 at least was a ?) in cottonwoods along river, Both of them were noisy, giving short, sharp "peck" & frequently the long, rattled series also. W of W. end Donner L., 6000 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 1 in scattered lodgepoles & Jeffrey pines among aspen & willow thickets on flat 1/3 mi. W of lake. June 27 Galena Cr. Camp, 6600 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 ? foraging on trunks of Jeffrey Pines, white firs, & Black Cotton woods. June 28 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 5SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif One gave the long, rattled call several times from the dense red fir - lodgepole pine forest N of the lodge. June 30 "peck" calls heard in same area. July 6 near Norden R.R. Sta. 6800 ft. - "peck" calls heard in forest. July 7 N side Bear Valley, 4580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - heard call- ing in dense forest of yellow pine, Incense cedar, Black Oak. July 21 2 seen on trunks of all 3 [illegible] trees in forest near edge of meadow.

Cogswell 1950 Dendrocopos villosus 2 middle late July + early Aug near Sugar Bowl Lodge, L. Van Norden & other loc's. in Summit Valley SW & W Donner Pass, Placer Co. met with fairly frequently (but not on every trip into forest by any means). one long call heard on July 25th. [Less conspicuous in late Aug]. Aug.5 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft. [see p.1] - 1 heard in tall cotton woods. aug.16 Aug.10 W.end Donner L., 5950 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 seen in lodgepole & Jeffrey pines where scattered (with aspens) along inlet stream. - Ice Lakes Camp Ground, 6700 ft. Placer Co., Calif - 2 in lodgepole pine - red fir forest of moderate density. Aug.23 - Galena Cr. Camp, 6600 ft. Carson Range, Washoe Co. New. - 1 ♂ (ad.) foraging on trunks of Jeffrey pines in the rather dense stand of pines, white fir, & black cottonwood on the boaldery stream cut "Jan" at mouth of Galena Cr. canyon.

Cogswell 1950 Dendrocepos pubescens June 23 - n. side Bear Valley, 4585 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 heard calling in large black oaks in edge of yellow pine-incense cedar forest, a few hundred feet from edge of large open meadow (Bear River headwaters). June 24 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft. on S fork Yuba River, Placer Co., Calif. 1 in black cottonwoods & aspens along river. July 8 1 pair seen in this same area; they foraged on smaller limbs & twigs of tall cottonwoods. Aug. 5 1 heard calling in same area of riparian growth; also 1 found dead (so badly decomposed) on sandy ground under the cottonwoods of a picnic area. Aug. 18 SE end Bear Valley, 4600 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard calling from tall spreading black oaks & maples near YMCA camp at edge of broad meadow.

Cogswell 1950 Dendrocopos albolarvatus June 17 Yuba Pass, 5800 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - ? in Jeffrey Pine, Incense Cedar, white fir, Red (?) fir forest at border of small lake. (an excellent case of mixture of Canadian & Transition zone plants). June 23 Bear Valley, 4580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1♂ in dense grove of young incense cedars near border of large meadow & with typical Transition zone forest behind it. June 24 N. of W end Donner L., 6000 ft., Nevadale, Calif. - 1 in lodgepole pine Jeffrey Pine forest, with aspen & willow nearby. June 30 Big Bend Camp Gnd., 5750 ft., on S Fork Yuba River, Placer Co., Calif. 1♂ & 1♀ seen on lower parts of young conifer trees along road under tall white fir, Jeffrey pine, lodgepole pine forest. July 4 S side Donner Lake, 6030 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 in similar forest to last, with some red fir also - & a good shrub understory. There are numerous broken top trees. July 7 Yuba Pass, 5800 ft., Nevada - Placer Co. line, Calif. - a pair entering & leaving (when disturbed) a NEST hole about 12 ft. up in a telephone pole at forest edge by small lake [see June 17]. N side Bear Valley, 4580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1♂ in dense forest of yellow pine, incense cedar, & black oak. July 9 7100 ft., ½ mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1♀ seen in forest of red fir, lodgepole & silver pines (& few Jeffrey upslope) near cleared ski trail. July 20 7000 ft., 1½ mi. SSW Donner Pass - 1♀ in similar forest. (but the species is definitely not common in this ...). July 21 Yuba Pass [see above] - ♀ flew from NEST which contains squealing young. Bear Valley [" " ] - 3 seen in forest & forest edge.

Cogswell 1950 Dendrocopus albolarvatus 2 July 28 Big Bend Camp Std., 5750 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif.- 3 heard and/or seen at one time in area of tall, dense forest of white fir, Jeffrey pines, lodgepole pine. * One was an imm. ? with red suffusion over top of its dingy white head. This bird was quite tame ? fussed back & forth on a horizontal limb of a pine for many minutes as 16 people watched it from 40 ft. below. July 31 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 6900 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif.- 1 flew over, ? alighted in edge of red fir & pine forest clump. -> 2 together here on Aug. 8, aug.8} aug.1 6800 ft. near Norden R.R. Stn., Placer Co., Calif- 1 in sparse forest of lodgepole pine with a few red firs near edge of broad meadow. aug.18 Yuba Pass, 5800+ ft. [see p. 1] - NEST in pole now abandoned (held large young 4 weeks ago); calls of this sp., probably of an adult, heard nearby. N. side Bear Valley [see p. ] - 1 heard. aug.24 S. slope, 7150 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif- 1 in patchy forest of red & white fir, Jeffrey & lodgepole pine on steep slope mostly shrub covered. aug.25 7100+ ft., 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif.- 1 in similar, but more continuous, forest on W slope of Donner Peak.

H.L. COGSWELL - summer 1950 DONNER PASS - LAKE TAHOE - and adjacent western NEVADA regions Part. 2. (of 2) Species Accounts of Birds (Passeriformes)

(Passeriformes) Species Accounts of Birds Part 2 (of 5) ad)acent Nevada regions DONNER PASS - LAKE TAHOE - AND H.T. COGSMELL SUMMER 1930

Cogswell 1950 Tyrannus verticalis June 25 near Truckee River, 2 mi. E Reno, Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 foraging from wires & from cottonwood trees along road & around a farmhouse. Apparently a nesting pair. June 27 Pleasant Valley, 12 mi. S Reno - 1 on wires by roadside in cultivated valley. Trees nearby are Fremont cottonwoods & Lombardy poplars. July 12 1 seen in the same area. July 26 2 " near " " , but in the next (= Steamboat) Valley to the north. Aug. 5 E end of Reno, 4500+ ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 seen on roadside wires in farm country with many Fremont cottonwoods along fences, etc. [Aug. 23] near Steamboat Valley, Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 reported to me by Miss Dorothy Broner, who is familiar with the sp. & experienced bird watcher.

Cogswall 1950 Sayornis saya July 12 Geiger Lookout 5360 ft., Virginia Range E Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co., Nevada. - 2 were foraging dry close to each other over a 2-3 acre, grassy spot on gentle slope among pinyons & junipers. They perched on small rocks and on pinyons, but also did quite a lot of hooting. Aug. 6 N. end Washoe Lake, 5010 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. 2 foraging together over wind swept sandy beach & drier alkali dotted flat just above it. They utilized an old rusty fence (posts and wires) for perches as well as the ground at some distance from it.

Cogswell 1950 Empidonax traillii June20 - Soda Springs, 6750 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 singing ("weeps- pa-deed") from willow thickets along outlet stream below I. Van Norden dam. 1 of them also flew up to telephone wire 12+ ft. above tops of willows & sang from there several times. - Jul10 - 1+ still singing here. June24 - Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S fork Yuba River, Placer Co., Calif. 2 Empidonax sp? foraging from lower branches of black cottonwoods and bare ground below them - probably this species (they were silent). Another sang from the dense riparian woodland & thickets about 300 ft. E of this spot. - In this latter spot on July 5 also singing. June30, July19 E end Lake Van Norden, 6767 ft. Placer Co., Calif. - 3 singing "weeps-pa-deed" from tall willow thickets along mouth of Sugar Bowl Creek. (broad open meadow nearby). July2 July3, 4 "Cogswell Meadow", 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 1 singing from willow thickets which were leafless 2 weeks ago, but are now quite green canopied. July8 Cisco Grove [see above] - 1 singing from riparian woodland. July22 2 singing here today; there probably are 2 pairs, 1 in each of the 2 denser patches of woodland (about 8 & 20 acres, respectively). July23 Kings Beach, 6250 ft. N end Lake Tahoe, Placer Co., Calif. cottonwoods & 1 singing from aspens along small stream July17-31 "Cogswell Meadow" [see above] - 1 singing regularly from restricted portion of the willow thickets. Soft pit Aug3 pair seen together here (I was singing, other called Aug4 1 singing; Aug11 - sang just once [last time Aug14-21 Donner Pass region - several noted in riparian thickets Empidonax (probably this sp)]

Cogswell 1950 Empidonax hammondii June 17 "Cowgill meadow" 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 1+ Empidonax of the "ke-sic, tsuup, peekt" variety sang from leafless willows (!) as well as from young red firs which occur scattering in this wet meadow near a giant red fir for which was the hangout of a pair in 1948. The solid red fir - white & lodgepole pine forest is 300+ feet away. I think these are all of this species here, but in absence of a specimen or nest, I suppose they could be [illegible] Wrightii. The birds sang from the tops of the tall firs in 1948 - may be foraging lower now because of the remaining deep snow & cold weather. June 20-5 of Norden, 6800 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 2+ similar songs heard in more open lodgepole pines - Jeffrey pine forest near large Van Norden meadow & few small chaparral patches. this "P or Wrightii?" June 21 - Sugar Bowl, 7200 ft., 1.4 S by W Donner Pass Placer Co., Calif. - Similar song from a bird in tall red firs & white pines over snowbanks with scattered bare areas. June 23 - "Cowgill meadow"s forest 5 of it. - on a p.m. visit, over same area as covered on a.m. of June 17 & 20, 2 birds were heard but they gave only the single "ke-sic" call at this time of day. June 29 - 7200 ft., ½ mi. S Donner Pass Placer Co., Calif. - 1 giving similar song from dense path of red & white firs near open tree & shrub-covered slopes. Judging from the Wrightii col- lected on June 21, these birds could be either species. I am still at a loss as to how to distinguish them out of hand.

Cogswell 1950 Empidonax hammondii 2 June 24 Ice Lakes, 3-3/4 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Glacier Co., Calif. about 5 heard calling (1+ full song) on a 2+ mile hike around the lakes in p.m. The forest is rather moderate density, mostly lodgepole pine, with firs in the more moist areas. ?? this sp. of course. July 1 to July 13 Sugar Bowl Lodge & "Cowgill meadow" areas (see above), 7000 ft, 1 or 2 heard (usually single "k'e-se' notes) on all trips into dense forest, & the fir clump of June 17 loss. July 19, July 20 2 heard giving a 2-noted "song" (k'e.sei, pseeet) from same forest & forest border areas. July 25 1 heard giving full 3-parted "song", others only 1 or 2 notes were Aug. Empidonax sp.? present in this area until at least 18th, but since they gave only the soft "pit" notes which all the species do, I cannot be sure of which they were. Aug. 25 7100 ft., 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass, Glacier Co., Calif. - 2 Empidonax sp.? calling "pit" from outer branches (at heights of 6 to 30 ft.) of firs & pines along ski trail where either this sp. or weightii.

Cogswell 1950 Empidonax wrightii June 21 - S slope "Signal Hill", 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 2 Empidonaces foraging from lower pine or fir branches & out over dense shrubby areas here are the most likely wrightis sirs seen yet. They called a single "pseet" and "pit", so voice didn't help. The habitat is more open than even the one pair in- habitating the detached fir clump in Cogswell meadow (see E. hammondii, June 17) June 24 - 6200 ft., 6 1/2 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - after 1 1/2 hrs. (p.m.) or so of scouring the lodgepole pine - red fir forest, older thickets about an old pond, a chaparral clumps among open lodgepole - Jeffrey Pine forest, one Empidonax was located at the edge of the [illegible] last vegetation type. It sang from about 20 - 40 ft. up on various trees, particularly 2 scraggly graduated red firs on a rocky W-facing slope mostly covered by huckleberry oak, manzanita, Ceanothus sp. & a few Jeffrey Pines. I took special note of the song pattern before collecting it: "see-pit tsurrp pseet" was given at at times with times with adequately drop in pitch on the middle notes. at other times it gave: "tse'-sie seezl pa-seet" with a doubled rattled or note in the middle & not so much drop in pitch. Upon collection (my cat.# 146) it proved to be wrightis

Cogswell 1950 Empidonax wrightii 2 June 21 (cont.) with the 5th primary longer than the 10th - the outer web of the outer rectrix pale gray. There does not seem to be any essential difference between the 1st of the 2 songs recorded above and that which I have been attributing to E. hammondii (except of that sp.) in the red fir belt proper. The "sezel" note ("sengel" in Peterson's 'Guide') may possibly be characteristic of wrightii, when it is given. I am certain that the bird collected gave a single low middle note in a series of 3 at certain times. July 11 S. facing slope, 6500-6300 ft., 3+ mi. S Lake Van Norden, Glacier Co, Calif. - about 5 Empidonaces singing from dense chaparral or chaparral - black oak areas were probably of this sp. aug. 6 Daggett Pass - E. slope Carson Range E. of lit., 7400-6300 ft, Douglas Co, Nev. - about 5 (this sp.) seen (to heard - "pit" notes) in open forest of Jeffrey pine to white fir but the lower elevation) with considerable scattered shrub understory. The character of the forest is much like that in S. Calif. mts. where this species is common. [see also notes under E. hammondii for July -Aug.]

Cogswell 1950 Contopus myiochanes richardsonii 1 June 17 Sugar Bowl Lodge vicinity, 7000 ft. Placer Co., Calif. - 1 to 8 seen or heard daily thru late June. They called "pée-ner" (song?) and foraged over snow banks the first few days. I was present in same tree as held a nest in 1948, but none located there now. June 21 7200 ft. 1 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 3 in open Jeffrey pine - lodgepole pine - white fir forest, with much shrubbery in interstices. Same area had 4+ olive-siddles. June 23 Bear Valley 4785 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - about 5 heard in 1/2 hr. spent in yellow pine - incense cedar - black oak forest near large grassy meadow. June 27 Idlewild Park, 4600 ft. Reno Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 in two mont cottonwoods + other deciduous trees about a park lake. July 12 Halena Creek Camp, 6600 ft. Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 in black cotton- woods, white firs, + Jeffrey pines of mod. dense forest. July 5 Cisco Grove 5650 ft. on S fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. - 3 in less than 10 acres of black cottonwood - willow-aspen woodland; 1 of them was "singing" full gorrit pee'd. early July Sugar Bowl Lodge vic., + other "Donner Pass area" localities 5 to 10 encountered on every tree (2 hr. max.) into red fir - lodgepole pine - silver pine forests. July 7 N side Bear Valley, 4585 ft [see above] - 4+ seen in forest border, 1 of them incubating(?) on a NEST saddled on down swooping branch of a spreading black oak (Q. Kelloggii). July 11 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see above] - pr. going frequently to a NEST on horiz. branch of a red fir near forest edge. I sat on nest for a few minutes at a time (incubating?).

Cogswell 1950 Contopus richardsonii 2 July 13 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SW Donner Pass, -July 18 Placer Co., Calif. - Numbers still same as early July, singing is steady early & late in day. July 26 Valena Cr. Camp, 6600 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 sitting on a NEST (contents?) saddled on high branch of a completely leafless (recently dead) cottonwood at edge of a clearing by the stream. earl aug. near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - "singing" still frequent, the full "p'tr-tr-tr-ip ------- p'eeur" being given only early & late in day. aug. 6 Carson City, 4675 ft., Ormsby Co., Calif. - 1 pair very busy at feeding 3+ fledglings in lower branches of trees and on lawn below them in grounds of state capitol. at noon on abt day. mid. aug. near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - vocalizing in mid-day greatly reduced, altho still heard from a few individuals. I haven't been out in carly a. m., but think they are nearly silent now. late aug. no full "p'eeur" calls recorded in 20-26th period, though birds are still present in more or less full numbers.

Cogswell 1950 Muttallornis borealis June 17 - 7100 ft., 1.3 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 "singing" ("what peeves you" call) from forest bordering alder-filled clearing on steep N. facing slope. Still much snow over this slope, even in open, a very deep in forest. June 21 - 7150 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - a pair were making frequent, ferocious, bell-snapping sallies at 2 Steller's Jays in a clump of [illegible] sparse, tall firs next to shrub thickets on S. facing slope. This is the type of open forest (Jeffrey Pine, lodgepole pine, white fir) with much chaparral, in which this species was most often found in 1948. Presumably this pr. has a nest nearby. The jays retreated thru the thick fir foliage & finally flew off upslope. Sugar Bowl, 7100 + ft., 1.4 mi. 55W Donner Pass - 2 birds to gather in tall conifers near cleared ski-slopes. Snow still deep over all forested areas except about bases of trees & in openings. Cleared slopes more than half bare. June 24 - W. end Donner Lake, 5950 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 3 seen in 1 hr. 20 min. spent in lodgepole pine - red fir forest with scattered Jeffrey pines & strip of aspen & willows along stream. One foraged a great deal from the lateral branches of aspens near the stream. The whole area is a flat valley, about 1/3 mi. wide, in marked contrast to the steep slopes usually frequented by this species. July 1 - 7100 ft., 1.3 mi. 55W Donner Pass - The bird noted on June 17 July 17 still calls regularly from the forest border on the N. facing slopes of Duney & Crown Nest peaks.

Cogswell 1950 Nuttallornis borealis 2 July 5 - 7150ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 3 seen in same area as on June 2 (see notes above, where Jay chased). July 8 On a trip to this same spot today one of the group located a NEST in a horizontal branch of spruce, some 50 ft. from the ground, 12 ft. out from the trunk. The pair of flycatchers was again dive-bombing at a Steller's Jay which made repeated efforts to hop up the 'ladder' of branches in an adjacent tree. The flycatchers came swooping thru the spaces between branches with bills snapping; & the jay always retreated around the trunk. Foraging by the flycatchers was done over nearby huckleberry oak, manza-nita, & little cherry shrub thickets, from perches 30 to 90 ft. up. July 9 7800ft., 21/2 mi. N, 31/4 mi. W Reed Peak, Eldorado Co., Calif. - 1 "singing" from sparse lodgepole pine - red fir forest with much low shrub growth all about & some aspens. moderately steep slope; more or less NW-facing. July 11 Head of Serena Cr. Canyon, 6700 ft. Placer Co., Calif. - 2 "singing" from tall Jeffrey pine - lodgepole pine - red & white fir forest on SW-facing slope. July 19 7300 ft., 1.4 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 2 "singing" July 20 (what-peeves-you) on a 1st mile early a.m. trip to the Sugar Bowl. (one probably same individ as July 1, 17) July 25} July 27} 7150 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - the pair still active near the NEST noted on July 8; contents still unknown. aug. 2 3 short-tailed FLEDGLINGS perched on lower branches of this nest tree were being fed by 1 of 2 parents (both present).

Cogswell 1950 Nuttallornis borealis Aug.3 7150 ft. 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif.- 2 adults (far separated) seen in the general region of the above described nest, but no evidence of young; I think only one of these was in the pair's territory. Aug.4 to Aug.17 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif.- 1 still calls "what-peeves-you" occasionally Aug.6 Daggett Pass, 7450 ft., and Haines Cr. Canyon E. of Mt. Carson Range, Douglas Co., Nev.- 3 seen in 5 miles of open arid Jeffrey pine forest (3 stops made with car), I was calling "what-peeves-you" near top of pass. Aug.10 W.end Donner Lake, 5950ft., Nevada Co. Calif. - 1 "singing" Aug.26 Sugar Bowl Lodge,[see above] - 1 still "singing" the full "what-peeves-you" occasionally from borders of cleared ski slopes, although only the "pil-pil-pil" call is heard most of the time.

Cogs well 1950 Eremophila alpestris June 22 valley just E Boca Res., 5600 ft., Nevada Co. Calif. - many (luts p.m.) seen o heard singing in the open sagebrush, auto- lope brush o grass on the "flat" near the reservoir. June 25 Sierra Valley, 4900 ft. +, Silvera Ounas Cos. Calif. - very (a.m.) common along roadsides in sagebrush areas (higher, dry portions of broad valley). Many were singing from the air or on fence posts. In some stretches of the road N of Battle about every 5th or 6th fence post had a lark on it. June 28 E of Boca Res., 5600 ft.; Nevada Co. Calif. - a NEST con- (a.m.) taining 4 young in pin feathers was found here, being placed in a depression in bare ground with 1/3 to 1/2 inch desert pavement stones o some sparse grass o a few small lupines right nearby. The general site is in the open about 5 feet from a 17 ft. high sagebrush bush in an area less than 15% covered with same. This is one of the sparser, grassier sections of a broad flat, mostly typical "sagebrush" vegetation. Photograph (50 - - ) taken of the nest o young. Many adults are still about; songs heard. July 10 " " " " " " & 1 bird (a.m.) watched as it sang from 250+ ft. up in the air for over 2 minutes. The nest noted above is now empty, the young probably having flown. July 11 one adult I seen carrying a pale, smooth cater- 4:30 p.m. pillar to a nearly grown fledgling near this nest. The young one was well feathered with streaked breast & short tail, but could fly very well.

Cogswell 1950 Eremophila alpestris 2 July 23 Mantis Valley, 5850 ft., 3-4 mi. SE Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - a flock of 10+ seen over sparse sage- brush + grassland along road as we drove by. July 24 E. of Boca Res., 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - flock of about 20, including several in streaked juvenal plumage, flew and walked ahead of us as we traversed the sagebrush flat near the nest site described on June 28. July 26 Mantis Valley, [see above] - flock of 6+ along road. Aug 6 Washoe Valley, 5010 ft., just N Washoe L., Washoe Co., Nev. about 20 encountered on a 1 hr. walk (round trip) across dry grassy flat near bit of marsh & sandy lake shore. Aug. 7 E. of Boca Res. [see above] - flock of about 150, including juvenal plumaged individuals, which in comparison with July 24 indicates definitely increased gregariousness within 2 wks. in this same area. No songs heard on either date. Aug. 21 5800+ ft., 1 mi. E, 4½ mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. a flock of at least 150 wheeled up over sagebrush-covered "mesa" above Brossen Creek valley, from where we looked up, from the drying grassland.

Cogswell 1950 Tachycineta thalassina June 23 - N. side Bear Valley, 4585 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - NONE seen about the large, dead topped black oaks at the border of this large meadow where a colony of 30+ was found in 1948. Tree Swallows are present, however. July 7 Several (up to 10) were seen perched on the dead branches of a black oak near, the center of this same meadow, about 200 yards from the 1948 nest trees. Included in this was at least one brownish-backed juvenile. They all foraged by occasional flights out over the tall grass of the meadow which is now becoming fairly dry. I have no records of this species closer to Donner Pass than this, altho it is common at several points about Lake Tahoe on the E. side July 9 S. end Lake Tahoe, 6240 ft., El Dorado Co., Calif - 1+ flying about over conifer forest, marshes, & lake shore. Certainly greatly outnumbered by Tree Swallows. July 19 N.E. side L. Van Norden, 6780 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 adult and 1+ juvenile, flying and perching on wires near sheep corral by large meadow - accompanying Swallows. This sp. does not breed at this alt. anywhere in the Donner Pass region so far as I know, so these are probably post-breeding wanderers. July 21 N. side Bear Valley [see above] - about 20 in vicinity of same black oaks. Several, brown-backed. Aug. 1 E. end L. Van Norden [see above] - 1 flying over meadow. Aug. 4 N. side Bear Valley [see above] - about 30 present, including juveniles.

Cogswell 1950 Tachycineta thalassina 2 Aug. 5 (at dusk) Floriston, 5300 ft., on Truckee R., Nevada Co., Calif. Many of this sp. present among numerous swallows flying up & down over & near the river, here in "Truckee Canyon". Aug. 7 E. side Boca Res., 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - at least 1 Violet-green flying with several Tree Swallows & many Cliffs. Aug. 21 Brosser Cr., 5650 ft., 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - A flock of about 10 passed over in nearly a straight SWward course, crossing the valley rather than following it. I would judge them, therefore, to be actually migrating. They flew below tree-top height.

Cogswell 1950 Iridoprocne bicolor 1 June 17 6950 ft., 1 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 2 seen foraging over small meadow & scattered conifer forest near S.B.R.R. snowsheds. - 6755 ft., Soda Springs, Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 J, perched on the gable of a small pumphouse below Lake Van Norden Dam, gave a melodious, chuckling warble almost continuously. According to R.B. Ways they nested in one of 2 holes in the edge of the roof of this building in 1949. They forage over the nearby 3+ acre meadow, ski slopes, open forest, & the lake. June 20 about 5 seen flying or perched on wires in this vicinity. There are 2 barns & some horses just across the road. E. end Lake Van Norden, 6770 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 3+ flying about over broad, wet meadow with a few willow thickets & over nearby forest border. They have nested in woodpecker holes in telephone poles here in prior years. June 23 Bear Valley, 4980+ ft., Placer & Nevada Cos, Calif. - 10+ seen in flight, low over the open grassy meadow surrounded by typical transition zone forest. Some were seen near the black oaks where Violet Greens nested in 1948. July 4 Lake Van Norden, 6770+ ft., Placer & Nevada Cos, Calif. - 10+ seen, with a probable 2 nesting pairs near the sheep corral in meadow NE of lake & 3+ pairs below the dam; 1 was seen to enter an old woodpecker hole in a tall dead tree trunk at the latter locality. July 7 Bear Valley, 4980 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 6+ seen, including at least 1 brown-backed juncavel on the wing. Perching on same tree as Violet-Greens

Cogswell 1950 Iridoprocne bicolor 2 July 9. E. end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft., El Dorado Co., Calif. - 30+ seen in 1/4 hrs. Spent on marsh just back from beach near Camp Richardson. They foraged low over the lake, rising over the strip of lodgepole pines along the beach, & then down again over the wide marshlands, by far the commonest swallow here. July 10. E. side Boca Res., 5580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2+ flying with Cliff & Barn Swallows over grassy swale & surrounding sagebrush country. Open Jeffrey pine forest (partly burned) is within a few hundred yards. July 19. E. end Lake Van Norden, 6780 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - about 20 flying over meadow and perching on wires near sheep corral. This is big increase over breeding population (see July 4). Several in juvenile plumage. July 30 only about 6 here today, as on previous dates since 19th. Aug. 1 at least 30, most of them near mouth of Castle Creek near W end of lake; perches utilized on wires crossing the creek-mouth & in nearby tall dead lodgepole pine. Aug. 3 [250] ft., 1/4 mi. N Donner Pass, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 flew, [lattp.m.] over open slopes of granite boulders on Sierra crest in sagebrush. Aug. 6 E. side Boca Res. [see above] - several foraging over grass. Aug. 15 L. Van Norden, 6780 ft., Placer-Nevada Cos., Calif. 3+ (only!) seen in areas E & N of lake where common 2 wks. ago.

Cogswell 1950 Riparia riparia June 25 4550 ft., 1-2 mi. W Reno, Washoe Co., Nev. - Large nesting colony, of several hundred pairs, still located in soft dirt banks N of US highway 40 which runs parallel to SP RR & Truckee River here. The birds do most of their foraging across the road & RR from the nest holes out over the grassy fields along the river. Many are killed by passing autos. They were going in & out of the holes with such slight frequency this p.m. that I think most of them are incubating. July 9 S. end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft., Eldorado, Calif. - 1+ flew over marshes with several tree swallows. The dark breast band was distinctly seen. July 12 W Reno, Washoe Co., Nev. - birds of the colony described above going in & out holes very much more frequently apparently now have young in nests. Idlewild Park Reno - 1+ flying over Truckee River about 1 mi. from above colony. July 26 1-2 mi. W Reno [see above] - only a few going to & from nesting holes now. (apparently, most of the young have left & adults with them). Aug 5 about 15 seen in air near the burrows. Aug 5 E. end of Reno, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - flock of 70(10), including at least some juveniles, were gathering on miles along road thru truck garden & irrigated pastureland about 1 hrs before sunset. Aug 9 1-2 mi. W Reno [see above] - about 5 seen. Aug 23 This colony entirely vacated now.

Cogswell 1950 Stelgidopteryx rufipennis June 22 - Boca, 5500 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - at least 4 or 5 birds of this sp. were mixed with the more numerous cliff swallows foraging over Truckee River and nearby sagebrush & forest border. I think they nest in a 40 ft. high gravelly dirt bank just S and below Boca Dam. June 28 - Several seen below dam, flying close to the bank mentioned above. July 10 Ditto. One person in my car saw a "swallow" fly into a hole in this bank. Aug. 5 E. end of Reno, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 2+ flying over farmland among suburban residences, a few blocks from Truckee River.

Cogswell 1950 Hirundo rustica June 23 - S.side Bear Valley, 4885 ft., Blucher Co., Calif. - 1 flew low over broad grassy meadow surrounded by conifer forest. June 25 Sierra Valley, 4900+ ft., Sierra & Plumas Cos., Calif. Numerous seen mostly over wet land near farm buildings. June 27 S.of Reno, 4600+ ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 2+ noted in flight over pastured farmland bordering US highway 395, many cottonwoods & other trees about the farm buildings along the fence rows. July 10 E.side Boca Reservoir, 5580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 (=pair?) July 11 individuals seen flying in & out from under a low wooden culvert over the slightly marshy inlet to an eastward bay of the reservoir. They foraged mostly over the 4+ acre grassy swale close to the culvert, sometimes on over the reservoir or up over dry sagebrush on the adjacent higher slopes. The pair were flushed from under this culvert on p.m. of July 11. July 12 W.of Reno, 4800-4500 ft.; Washoe Co., Nev. - 6 or 7 noted in flight over grassy fields along 8+ mi. of highway. July 24 E.side Boca Res.[see above] - about 5, including 2+ juveniles flying over grassy swale near July 10-11 nest area, & perching briefly on the 5 ft. high twigs of a driftwood tree along the shore. July 26 S.of Reno, 4600+ ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 over grassy farmland. July 27 Drosser Co., 3650 ft., 1½ mi. E, 3½ mi. N Truchee, Nevada Co., Calif. 1 flying over grassy valley (with gravelly stream) in sagebrush country. Aug.5 S.& E.of Reno, 4600-4500 ft. Washoe Co., Nev. - many seen over farmland areas & marshes toward S of Truckee R.

Cogswell 1950 Hirundo rustica 2 Aug.6 Carson City & Reno areas, Nevada - several noted at various points along US Route 395. Aug.7 E. side Boca Res., 5580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 still present near nesting area (see July 10-11). Aug.9 W & S of Reno, 4500+ ft., Washoe Co., Nevada - about 8 seen while driving highways in -> out of Reno. Aug.18 Bear Valley, 4575 ft., Placer-Nevada Co. line, Calif. - a NEST placed on the quite smooth concrete wall of a new culvert over the Bear River held 4 large young. One adult came in and alighted on the edge of the nest; then, as I walked under the 8-ft. high culvert, all of them flew out -> up over nearby meadow. The flight of the young birds was weak in comparison to the adults, but they continued on around the meadow for at least a minute or two. Whether it was their first flight or not it is in- posible to say. A second adult bird (?) showed up when the commotion of calls from those disturbed began. The culvert, built within the last ? year or 14 mos, is much smoother than the usual nest sites selected by this species. Aug.23 W & S of Reno, 4500-4600 ft., Washoe Co., Nevada - several seen along highway in farmland areas (as usual) and over the now nearly dry Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft. - the first there this season on any of our trips.

Cogswell 1950 Petrochelidon pyrrhonota June 20 L. Van Norden, 6780 ft., Placer & Nevada Co., Calif. I seen flying over meadow E. of lake and I near horse barns by the dam -- both of them flying with [illegible], swallows, which met nearby; but I know of no breeding place of Cliff Swallows in the Donner Pass region, although individuals were present in 1948 also (when a colony in Truckee was destroyed by house owner knocking down nests). June 22 Boca Reservoir, 5580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. -- at least 30 present, flying up and down over sagebrush & grass slopes near the dam, on which they are apparently nesting. They also flew over the Truckee River nearby, later in p.m. June 25- Sierra Valley, Sierra Co., Calif. -- many seen in & near Sierraville, near Battley, and N. of those points. June 27- W. & S. of Reno, Washoe Co., Nev. -- several seen over farm- land (or over Idlewild Park in W. part of Reno) - Little Washoe L., 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 3+ over. June 28 Boca Res. [see above] -- about 50 present. June 30 Soda Springs, 6750 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. -- about 15 on wires near horse barns below L. Van Norden (cf. June 20). July 4. I (only!) here. also 1 near E end L. Van Norden. July 9 Truckee, 5850 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. -- several flying over river valley E. of town. July 10 E. side Boca Res. [see above] -- an est. 100+ flying over sagebrush flat with several grassy swales near the reservoir. July 18 N.E. end L. Van Norden, 6800 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 juvenile on wires with Tree Swallows. 1 Cliff Swallow live on 27 also.

Cogswell 1950 2 Retrochelidon pyrrhonota July 24 Boca Res, 5360 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - an estimated 150 seen over flats E of reservoir and in the gorge below the spillway. Stopped to look at the nests, which are placed in about 5 rows in the angles between the overhead & its supporting beams. Some nests had open fronts (= 1949 nests?), but many had the full gourd shape. Birds were going to several of these frequently, & adls. were seen peering out of some. No count made, but no. nests somewhere above. 30 July 26 along highway US-395, S of Reno, Washoe Co., Nev. - about 10 seen Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 20 est. in a very open flock foraging high above lake. This sp. was present here regu. early in 1948 also, probably nesting in nearby village of Washoe. July 27 - Brosser Cr., 5650 ft., 1½ mi. E, 3½ mi. N Truckee Nevada Co., Calif. - 50± flying about over grassy valley & nearby sagebrush slopes. They nest here on the old (now abandoned) "Brosser House" (stage station?). - Little Truckee R., 5800 ft. Sierra Co. 3 mi. E, 5 mi. N Hobart Mills, Calif. - about 20 seen near the iron bridge, under which they are nesting. This valley is much like the Boca & Brosser Cr. areas in general physiognomy, & is directly upstream from former. Aug. 1 L. Van Norden, 6800 ft., Placer + Nevada Cos, Calif. - about 20 present, in flight over meadow a lake or perched on wires by mouth of Castle Cr. one of these was a juvenile.

Cogswell 1950 Retrochelidon pyrrhonota Aug. 5 S. & E. "suburbs" of Reno, Washoe Co., Nev. - several dozen seen in farmland & over residential areas. - Floriston, 5300 ft., on Truckee R., Nevada Co., Calif. many flying up & down over river in this rocky canyon area at dusk. Aug. 6 N. end Washoe Lake, 5010ft, Washoe Co., Nev. - several flying over grassland - marsh area (far from any buildings or bridges). Aug. 7 Boca Res., 5560 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - only about 30 noted near the nesting colony & over the same sagebrush area where 150 noted 2 weeks ago. Aug.13 L. Van Norden [see p.2] -- about 10 present. Aug.15 at least 15 present today, the commonest swallow here now that most of the Tree Swallows have (apparently) gone. Aug.17 Little Truckee R., 5800 ft. [see p.2] - 2+ seen flying near the steel bridge, on which there are about 10 nests.

Coggswell 1950 Cyanoitta Stelleri [N.B. - see also Muttalornis borealis for June 21, July 8] June 17- W. & SW of Donner Pass, 7200-6000' ft., Placer & Nevada off. Coy. Calif. - seen or heard frequently in the forested to areas, seemingly more common than in 1948, altho early this may be due to mere shifting of location of July some pairs to spots I visit frequently. There are at least 2 pairs in the forest edge by Sugar Bowl Lodge & about the fir clumps in Coggswill meadow w. of it. 2 pairs also on Signal Hill, 3/4 mi. W.of th pass (open Jeffrey pine forest + many shrubs). Maximum no. seen in any 2 hr. class period was the 4 on Signal Hill. No nests found. June 24- W.end Donner L., 5950 ft., Nevada Co, Calif - about 5 in the lodgepole pine forest on flat W of lake, 1 or 2 of them ranging into adjacent aspens along a creek. June 30. Big Bend Camp Ground, 5800ft, Placer Co, Calif - about 5 seen or heard in 10+ acre stand of tall, old firs, Jeffrey pines, etc. 3 came to my owl call, along with many small birds. July 7 Yuba Sup, 5300 ft., Nevada Co, Calif - 2 seen in Jeffrey pine white fir- incense cedar forest near a small lake. N. side Bear Valley 4885ft, Nevada Co, Calif - 2 in dense yellow pines- incense cedar forest near bordering black oaks. July 23- 5 of High Meadow, 8000+ ft., Carson Range, Eldorado Co, Calif. late 1 heard in red fir - Jeffrey pine forest near aspens. July. W. & SW of Donner Pass [see above] - numbers & locales about same; still no nests located, but probably now in use. 8 pairs at Big Bend Camp Gnd 5800'ft on 30th.

Cogswell 1950 Cyanocitta stelleri 2 Aug. 4 N. side Bear Valley, 4590 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - about 5 seen in 1 hr. spent in yellow pine - increase cedar - black oak forest edge bordering on, They were very noisy, scolding us from high in the trees - the behavior indicating a pair with fledglings. Aug. 5 lower Truckee Canyon, Sierra Co., Calif. near Nevada line, 1 seen along US Route 40 - in Jeffrey pine, increase cedar (few), mountain mahogany area (where Scrub Jays have also been seen) Aug. 7 (p.m.) near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 5 or 6 seen or heard in 1/2 mile walk thru mod. dense red fir - lodgepole & silver pine forest without significant "edge". Aug. 11 a flight of jays this morning went in a straggling stream almost blue north- ward, across the wet Lowgill meadow and on into this same patch of forest. I counted 10, 7, 5, so then scattered individuals total. lung about 10 more came by. This seems to be a definite movement of a flock, which occurred in the I did not know, Steller's Jay. I could see them over a range of perhaps 3/4 mile maximum, distance so they moved more or less steadily along, only perching for a few seconds now & then. middle late other than this flight, about the usual 1 to 4 were Aug. 5 noted on a majority of, 2 hr. trips afield. Aug. 21 3900 ft., 1 1/2 mi. N, 1 mi. E Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. 1 seen in arid, open forest of Jeffrey pine & low sagebrush.

Cogswell 1950 Aphelocoma coerulescens (NE¼, Sec. 16, T 18N, R 17E). June 22: 5650 ft. 2 mi. N Boca Nevada C., Calif. - 1 seen flying between pines (P. ponderosa sp.?) on SW-facing slope just above Boca Reservoir. The light breast & brown back were both seen. The vegetation here is typical arid transition zone forest, i.e. Jeffrey and/or yellow pines in open spacing, with low sagebrush + antelope brush (Bursia) in all interstices. There is a completely tree-less flat just S. of this slope; and a few desert juniper bushes were seen on the SE-facing slope whence the bird came. I know of no pinions within many miles, altho some may be present on or near Verdi Creek to the NE. As it was already past sunset I could not follow the bird farther. There are certainly no oaks nearest oak trees are in within many miles (Transition zone on W side of Sierra). June 27: 5200 ft.; Truckee Canyon just N of Nevada C. line, Sierra Co., Calif.: 1 seen in open Jeffrey pine - incense cedar forest with some creocarpus ledifolius, Quercus sp., & sagebrush + antelope brush in interstices. No juniper (& no oaks) within sight. This is 1½ mi. within Calif. on U.S. highway # 40 & about 6 mi. NE of above locality. 5700 ft., 4½ mi. W Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co., Nevada - 1 seen perched atop a tall Bursia bush in area of tall dense stand of same + Artemisia tridentata on alluvial fan E of Carson Range. This is the exact locale in several times which we noted this sp. frequently in summer of 1948.

Cogswell 1950 Aphelocoma coerulescens 2 Aug. 6 - Kingsbery Grade (New. lat. 17), 5800 ft., 2.8 mi. S, 1/2 mi. W Genoa, Douglas Co., Nev. - 2 immatures flew by easy stages up the steep S to SE-facing slope, which is sparsely dotted with 1 to 60 ft. high Jeffrey pines & has a "sagebrush" formation of Artemisia tridentata, Bursia tridentata, & somewhat higher Arctostaphylos patula. The first one seen was silent & spent a good deal of time in the manzanitas until I flushed it out, when it flew on to small pines. The other came up to investigate & called the harsh "fainck" note several times. Both had the central rectrices (1 or 2 pairs) quite gray, top of head gray brown extending over nape onto somewhat browner back. The super- ciliary was evident, the narrow & not pure white; the necklace seemed to be represented chiefly by a slight brownish suffusion at the sides. The blue of wings & part of tail was pale. - 4750 ft., 1 mi. S & slightly E Genoa, Douglas Co., Nev. 2 seen in 50 ft. high Fremont cottonwoods along irrigation ditch by road which skirts W side of marshy Carson Valley, with low sagebrush upslope to west. Both were immatures I had 2 central rectrices long, all the others short & seemingly bluer. The blue of wings & lack of a distinct necklace were noticeable. Both of them flew back & forth between trees 100 ft. apart-

Coggswell 1950 Apheleoma coerulescens 3 Aug.6 - 4900 ft, 3 mi. N, 1½ mi. W Carson City, Ormsby Co., Nev. 3 seen together in larger brush (sp?) amid low sagebrush formation on slope of small dry canyon up which US Route 395 contours on opposite slope. At least 2 of them were in brownish-gray head plumage. One called “jai-ick” several times. The only trees nearby are Cottonwoods in Eagle Valley downslope to SE and numerous planted trees at “Lakeview” ¾ mi. to NW on divide between Carson & Washoe drainages. Aug.23 Beiger Grade (Nev. Route 17), 5200 ft, 1 mi. E, ¼ mi. N Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co., Nev. - definite “jai-ick” calls of this species heard in pinion – juniper woodland in small canyon below 2 of the stunted Jeffrey pine islands (on altered andesite). This is perhaps ¼ mile within the pinion conifer belt of the Virginian Range, and is our first record for this sp. on our bi-weekly visits to this or similar spots; but since we spend only 20-30 min. in it, they may be actually quite regular here.

Cogswell 1950 Rica pica June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 flew across lake from sagebrush into cottonwoods on W bank. July 26 2 seen in tall sagebrush SE of lake. Aug. 6 Washoe Valley E & NE Washoe L., 5050 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. 2 seen in sagebrush - antelope brush vegetation, with a few cottonwoods within [illegible] sight. Aug. 9 Truckee Canyon 5200 ft., along US Route 40, extreme NE Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 flew low across road in open Jeffrey pine + tce shrubland. The Truckee River was within 200 yards. [Aug. 9] Pleasant Valley, 4800 ft., 1+ mi. SW Steamboat Sprgs., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 seen by others ahead of me in the 4 car Audubon Fremont party. This is partly irrigated grassland with cotton woods & Lombardy poplars as windbreak + doorway trees nearby. Aug. 17 Little Truckee R. valley, 5900 ft., 3 mi. E, 5+ mi. N Hobart Mills (Nev. Co.), Calif. - 2 seen in open Jeffrey pine forest near low, sparse sagebrush flat (stone ground) about 1/8 mi. from the river. A few junipers (sp?) were also present in the forest edge, 1 of them at least 30 ft high; the magpies flew from (or near) this tree. Aug. 23 Truckee Canyon, 5200 ft. [see above] - 1 seen in almost exactly same spot as on Aug. 9.

Cogswell 1950 Corvus brachyrhynchos June 25 4980 ft. 1 mi. N Battley, Sierra Co., Calif. - 3 flew over wet pastureland; 1 of them "cawed" twice. 4890 ft. 6 1/2 mi. N Sierraville, Sierra Co., Calif. - 1 flew northward over the very marshy (low sedges, etc.) pastureland in this central part of Sierra Valley. It was being harassed by 6 or 7 blackbirds.

Cogswell 1960 Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus [July 12]- Leiger Grade, 5400 ft. 1+ mi. E Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co., Nev. - I seen in pinyon-juniper woodland on W slope of Virginia Range by Dr. Joel Gustafson & others in his [leading] car. Aug 23 I heard the querulous “bée-ab” calls of this species, apparently from only a few birds, in a small canyon just below above locality, once In 1948 me encountered a flock of about 25 near here.

Cogswell 1950. Nucifraga columbiana June 21 - NW face Mt. Lincoln, 8300 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 1 calling from hemlocks over the still deep snow banks above the Sugar Bowl Cliffs. June 24 - 7500 ft., 1.4 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 slighted (6:20 a.m.) in w. white pine on NE slope of Disney Peak; it called "k-r-r-a-ch" a few times then flew on to the W towards L. Van Norden. This is about 1 mi. from last locality. June 27 - 8730 ft., 1/2 mi. N Mt. Rose - Slide Mtn. saddle, Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. - about 5 seen during 1/2 hr. stay in small area of whitebark pine, mt'n. hemlock, W. white pine, & lodgepole pine - at, therefore, extreme lower edge of Hudsonian zone. Distinct nasal "w-r-aaah" calls heard here today may have come from young birds; but none were seen for sure. June 30 - 5900 ft., Big Bend, S Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif - 1 heard calling from scattered Jeffrey pine - Incense cedar - white fir forest on S. facing slope near extensive chaparral areas of Rattlesnake Mtns. This is an early date for such a low altitude. July 8 - 7300 ft., 1 mi. W Donner Pass, Nevada Co., Calif - 1 calling from Jeffrey pines above shrub-covered slope. July 12 - 8730 ft., 1/2 mi. N Mt. Rose - Slide Mtn. saddle, Washoe Co., Nev - 5 or 6 heard, 2 seen in same area as on June 27. A dead one, in worn (juvinal?) plumage, was found, with body swarming with fly larvae. July 20 Disney Peak [see above] - 2+ in same area as on June 24.

Cogswell 1950 Nucifraga columbiana 2 July 23 - High Meadow - Jneel Peak trail, 7800 - 9000 ft. Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif. - 4 encountered in about 3/4 mi. air-line distance in the 1 hr. 20 min. of hiking up through the red fir - lodgepole pine - silver pine forest belt. from above point, W of Star Lake, past the lake and southward up steep slope to W slope Job's Sister Peak, 9000 - 10,200 ft. - 14 counted in 1 hr. 30 min. (and another 3/4 mi. air-line distance) of hiking through the whitebark pine - mountain hemlock zone (up to lower edge of a rather broad brumnholy zone). Several were very tame. above tree-line on Jneel Peak & Job's Sister, 10,200 - 10,900 ft. - 8 seen in the brummholz whitebark pines of the cirque between the peaks or flying over the barren slopes above. The peaks are 1/2 mi. apart. July 26 8730 ft., 1/2 mi. N Mt. Rose - Slide min. saddle, Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. - 20 (est) seen or heard in the open subalpine woodland of lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, silver pine, & mountain hemlock during 30 min. we spent there. (cf. June 27, July 12). Several were very tame, allowing approach to within 20 feet as they clambered over needle clusters of the hemlocks • pecked at bases of needles (to get a green beetle #, which is common here now).

Cogswell 1950 Mecifraga columbiana 3 July 27 E side "Signal Hill", 7200 ft., 3 1/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer & Nevada Cos., Calif. - 6 seen in same area as on July 8. - Disney Peak [see p. 1] . 4 flew over in p.m. July 31 7100 ft., 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 3+ flew over, headed southward parallel to Sierran crest. much moving about of individuals or small groups, is apparent from last several records. aug. 6 6300 ft., S.E. end Lake Tahoe, Eldorado Co., Calif. - 1 walk- ing on ground amid scattered manzanita bushes under, second growth Jeffrey pine forest, Haines Cr. Canyon, 5500-5000 ft., E side Carson Range, Douglas Co., Nev. - about 5 seen while driving down "Kingsbury Grade" - all of them m. Jeffrey pines with a few white firs mixed near canyon. 4900 ft., 1 mi. S Verdi, Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 flew steadily southward (toward Mt. Rose), across the Truckee River valley here in late p.m. This is just about at lowermost limit of conifer trees on the slopes, the area being mostly sagebrush + grass. aug. 9 8730 ft., 1/2 mi. N Mt. Rose -Slide Mtn. saddle, Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. - about 5 seen on 40 min. stop (Cf. July 26 & previous dates). [about 10 here on Aug. 23] aug 8, {slopes of Disney Peak, 7500+ ft. [see p. 1] - 1 or 2 heard. 10, 11 aug. 16) aug. 17 -6000 ft., 1 mi. NE Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 flying over Jeffrey pine - sagebrush woodland along flat near Truckee River. aug. 21 7000 ft., 1/2 mi. S W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 2 flew directly over a 10+ acre forest fire at an altitude of about 250 ft. (3x tree top height).

Cogswell 1950 Parus gambeli June 17 Sugar Bowl Lodge + vicinity, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - Frequent, but seemingly less common than in 1948, in lodgepole pine - red fir forest about the lodge. An old nest hole by RR xing occupied by a pair (same pr.??) for the 3rd successive year. June 23 Bear Valley, 4985 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 in yellow grey pine - incense cedar - white fir forest (1/2 hr stop). July 7 June 23 N base 'Crows Nest Peak', 1.3 mi W, 1 mi S Donner Pass. - A NEST found in natural crevice at the top of a 5 ft. long barbless scar in the S side (upslope) of a 30 ft. high stub closely surrounded by live trees. The entrance is about 10 ft. above ground, and there is a Red-breasted nuthatch's nest near the top of the stub. June 24 W. end Donner L., 5940'ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 3 seen in dodgepole pine forest during 1 hr. 20 min. walk. ; 1 of them entered a hole in the side of a 2-story abandoned building — about 20 ft. from a, 1948 nest site. June 27 Malena Creek Camp, 6600 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 seen during 1 hr. (in early p.m.) spent in Jeffrey pine - white fir forest with black cottonwoods along the stream. -8730 ft.; 1.2 mi. SSE mt. Rose, Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 heard (1 seen) in whitebark pine - white pine - lodgepole pine - mountain hemlock forest of typical open nature for this altitude. July 3 Sugar Bowl Lodge vicinity, 7000 ft. (see above) - 2+ heard singing in conifer forest. July 4. 6800 ft. near Norden RR Sta., Placer Co., Calif. - A nest hole 8ft. up in a large dead stump by 2 lodgepole pines near edge of open meadow & road. Pair carrying food often.

Chickadee Nest Observation - Thursday, A.D. - July 6, 1902. (by Claire Madison and Mr. Denison) This Chickadee nest is in the half-trunk of a dead lodge-pole pine tree. (The opening looked like a big keyhole!) This tree is along the roadside, in a meadow. There was no underbrush nearby. The nest was up about 5 feet from the base. The female Chickadee flew in and out constantly. Usually she stopped at the opening a quarter to a half minute - just long enough to shove the food in, and dart away after more. Sometimes this went on and on at one-minute intervals. Two trucks went by, but that didn't throw Mrs. Chickadee off schedule. One time she heard a Jay, and didn't come near the nest for nine minutes. One time she flew from tree to tree in a great semi-circle, and was away four minutes. One other time she stopped to preen for a minute. Otherwise - she was in and out - in and out. This Chickadee flew one time to the ground, among the grasses, the time she was away the longest. Other than that, she foraged among the nearby trees - almost never higher up than 20' to 25'. She always stopped at the living tree that was right along side the old dead trunk - then fluttered in - and out. Just as we left, we looked in, and up popped the head of an almost full-grown young Chickadee - then down he dropped so he'd be hidden again.

11:10\u20442 Flew to a high pine about 80 ft away and foraged. 11:12 Returned to nearest tree, then into nest. 11:15 Foraged in 3 smaller pines returning with food. 11:16 For the past few minutes, young have been back into the nest, but come again to the edge and give food call. 11:17 Parent flies to edge of nest with food and out immediately. 11:18 ": " " 11:19 In and out with white sub- stance again and to the same position to deposit it. 11:20 From the nearest pine flew in again with food. 11:21 Repeat. 11:23 Foraged in farthest tree, returned with food and flew out. 11:24 Repeat. 11:25 ": and flew to nearest tree and sang, rather call. 11:26 From nearest tree returned with food.

Observed by: HAZEL JESCHIEN Anita Plevins Katherine Schumaker July 6, 1950 Observation and Study of Mountain Chickadees nest, in an old Woodpecker hole about 7 feet up in an old snag. 10:32 A.M. Parent flew into the nest from the lower branch of a Lodgepole Pine a few feet from the nest with food in its beak. Flew out immediately. 10:35 Foraged in the Pine, and returned with food. Remained about 30 seconds. 10:39 Returned with food and left immediately. 10:41 Returned from twigs of the same tree after foraging and flew from the lower twigs into nest and out. 10:43 Repeated above. 10:44 " " 10:45 " " 10:46 2 " " Foraged in taller Lodge Pole just behind the nest 10:50 Returned with food and left in less than a minute. 10:51 Flew down to the ground, then foraged in several Pines across the road about 30 ft. away.

10:57 Flew to nearest branch, then into the nest with food and out. 10:58 Young birds (2) come to the en- trance and give the food call. 11:00 Parent returns to nest, first alighting on that lower branch and puts food into mouth of young. Went back to the pine 30ft. away. 11:02 Returns again with food. 11:04 From a taller Pine a little farther away, flew upon the trunk for an instant just above my head with beak full of red food, then flew directly to edge of the nest and delivered food. 11:05 From the nearest Pine foraged and returned with food. 11:06 Repeated above. 11:07 " " 11:10 " " and flew out with white substance in its mouth (excrement) and flew into the Pine near by.

10:57 Flew to nearest branch, then into the nest with food and out. 10:58 Young birds (2) come to the en- trance and give the food call. 11:00 Parent returns to nest, first alighting on that lower branch and puts food into mouth of young. Went back to the pine 30ft. away. 11:02 Returns again with food. 11:04 From a taller Pine a little farther away, flew upon the trunk for an instant just above my head with beak full of red food, then flew directly to edge of the nest and delivered food. 11:05 From the nearest Pine foraged and returned with food. 11:06 Repeated above. 11:07 " " 11:10 " " and flew out with white substance in its mouth (excrement) and flew into the Pine near by.

11:10 2/5 Flew to a high Pine about 80 ft away and foraged. 11:12 Returned to nearest tree, then into nest. 11:15 Foraged in 3 smaller pines returning with food. 11:16 For the past few minutes, young have been back into the nest, but come again to the edge and give food call. 11:17 Parent flies to edge of nest with food and out immediately. 11:18 .. 11:19 In and out with white sub- stance again and to the same position to deposit it. 11:20 From the nearest pine flew in again with food. 11:21 Repeat. 11:23 Foraged in farthest tree, returned with food. and flew out. 11:24 Repeat. 11:25 .. and flew to nearest tree and sang, rather call. 11:26 From nearest tree returned with food.

Cognwell 1950 Parus gambeli July 5 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif - 3+ seen flying several hundred feet at a time across shrub covered & bare slopes between scattered Jeffrey pines & white firs. Is this post-nesting dispersal? - 5650 ft, Cisco Grove on S Fork Yuba R., Placer Co. Calif - 1 heard in lodgepole & Jeffrey pines on flat near cottonwood - willow riparian woodland. July 6 6800 ft. Near Norden R.R. Sta., Placer Co. Calif - The pair at nest discovered on July 4 were watched by 2 groups of people from the Audubon camp. Their original records are inserted after this page. The young in the nest are obviously nearly ready to leave. [were gone by next evening] July 11 6800 - 6700 ft, Ice Lakes S along am. Div Canyon Rd., Placer Co. Calif - 3 heard singing in early a.m. in conifers. July 12 8730 ft., 1.2 mi. SSE Mt. Rose, Washoe Co. Nev - 1 seen in 1 hr. spent in < 1/2 mi. of subalpine forest [see June 17]. mid-July late July near Sugar Bowl Lodge & other "Donner Pass" areas - 1 to 5 encountered on all field trips (2 hrs each, usually) which encompassed any forest areas. Singing has definitely ceased except for a few early in a.m. (July 20). early Aug. a "flock" of 5+ (family?) was noted on 25th. ditto - but seemingly somewhat more numerous with in forest by the lodge (about 30 in 1 1/2 hrs there on 3rd). Aug. 7 14 counted in about .6 mi. of dense red fir - lodgepole a silver pine forest traversed between 3 to 4:30 pm. none are singing now.

Cogswell 1950 Parus gambeli 3 Aug. 9 8730 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW mt. Rose, Washoe Co., Nev. - about 5 seen on a similar coverage to those of June 27 July 12 (q.v.). Aug. 10 Ice Lakes, 6900 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - about 20 en- countered in 1 1/4 hrs spent in late am. in lodge. pole pine - red fir forest on strong "flats" NE of lake. Aug. 11 7100 ft., 1/3 to 2/3 mi. 5 Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. about 20 in 1 1/2 hrs. in a somewhat more patchy, but similar forest. These two records indicate some flocking of Chickadees, which were mixed in 2 or 3 "aggregations" of various other small birds. Aug. 18 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - about 20 in 1/8 mi. Traverse of red fir - lodgepole & silver pine forest (in pm). Aug. 24 Ice Lakes [area NE of Oulgera L], 6900 ft., Placer Co. Calif. - an estimated 50 encountered in 1 hr. same time & day 25 min. spent in same area, as on Aug. 10 (q.v). Aug. 25 same area as on Aug. 11 - about 30 encountered on similar coverage. These last two records were of birds mixed with Audubon & other warblers, both Nuthatches [White br. & Red br.] & a few other small birds.

Cogswell 1950 Sitta carolinensis June 24 N.side Disney mtn., 7300 ft., 1.3 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. a pair carrying insects into nest hole about 25 feet up in a large, broken-off trunk of a red fir. The surroundings are a very open (partially cleared) ski slope with considerable rock exposure. The birds flew to the nest from the scattered trees of the NE face of the mountain (also a ski slope) rather than from the denser fir forest 500 feet below to nest. July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 pair seen foraging on trunks & large limbs of the tall black cottonwoods along stream. July 31 Sugar Bowl, 7300 ft., 1.4 mi. 5 by W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard calling from sparse red fir - silver pine - lodgepole pine forest edge below a steep, semi-barren rocky slope. Aug. 1 N.side J. Van Norden, 6800 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 seen in lodgepole pine - red fir forest. Aug. 3 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass Placer Co., Calif. - 1 flew erratically several times detached downward, up, around the trees, & finally alighting suddenly on the trunk of one. Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass - 1 seen in red firs. The last 4 records indicate some up.mtns. Aug.6 Sugarpine Point, 6300 ft., W.side J. Tahoe, Eldorado Co., Calif. 1 flew across road & into trunk of a tall pine at forest edge. Aug 12 Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 1 seen in forest near 13 lodge, or (on 13th) climbing over 3-story front of lodge itself.

Cogswell 1950 Setta carolinensis 2 Aug. 14/15/16/18 Sugar Bowl Lodge vicinity, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 or 2 (usually 2) seen or heard on each 2-hr. class trip in nearby forest or forest-edge areas. An influx from other presumably lower altitude, areas is definitely indicated. Aug. 22 6300 ft., 3+ mi. S L Van Norden, Placer Co., Calif - 1 in lodgepole pines, + small black oaks along edge of extensive chaparral area. - Orion Cr. Canyon, just below last loc., 6050 ft. 1 seen in cottonwoods (few) along stream. Aug. 23 Yelena Cr. Camp Ground, 6600 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev - 1 seen in close grove of Jeffrey pines, white firs, + black cottonwoods on gravelly + bouldery alluvial fan at mouth of canyon. Aug. 24/25 Sugar Bowl Lodge vicinity [see above] -> Ice Lakes area, 1 1/2 mi. S Soda Springs - 1 seen on each of 4 two-hour excursions. General: Altho during the nesting season, and also to some extent throughout the summer, this sp. seemed to be absent from the denser forests (where S. canadensis was found), the influx of mid-August carried a number of them thus all forest types + even into the same aggregations as S. canadensis.

Cogswell 1950 Sitta canadensis June 17 vicinity of Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, off. Glacier Co., Calif. - 1 seen in red fir - white pine - lodge pole pine forest on N. facing slope. Heard at other similar points on subseq. days; but seemingly far less common than in 1948. June 23 Bear Valley, 4585 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 1 calling from dense July 7 stand of young yellow pine, incense cedar, & white fir. N base "Crows Nest Peak", 7100 ft., 1.3 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Glacier Co., Calif. & carried food several times during 20 min. watch into a newly made nest hole about 25 ft. up in a barkless stub some 30 ft. high & 6"+ widess diam. at the level of the nest. This is the same stub as contains the chickadee nest. There is quite a bit of staghorn lichen near the nest & on nearby short branches. June 24 - This & still carrying food, which is apparently obtained in dense red fir - white pine forest which surrounds nest on 3 sides (small opening is upslope). No & seen June 26. This nest watched by 2 of my students, their record, in blue ink, is inclosed. Observations on Nut hatch - nest in top of dead tree (near the top) white-breasted nut hatch 8:42 saw nuthatch at nest (= ?) 9:02 " " " " " " flew away 9:08 1/2 " " " " " " 9:09 " " " " " " 9:16 male in & out of nest 9:29 nuthatch still away from nest. observations by mr. Brown miss and D. Hauck (Audubon campers) on June 26, 1950. 8:24 - 9:30 a.m. P.D.S.T.

Cogs well 1950 Sitta canadensis 2 June 29 (p.m.) Ice Lakes, 6900 ft. 3 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 (only) heard in 2+ mile hike thru lodgepole pine - real fir forest around the lakes. June 30. Big Bend Camp Grd. 5800 ft; on E. fork Yuba R. Placer Co., Calif. 2 came (with other birds) to my vocal call imitation in area of tall, dense white fir & Jeffrey pines July 4 near North R.R. Sta. 6500 ft. Placer Co., Calif. - 1 foraging on July 6 trunks of sparse lodgepole pines near border of large open meadow. July 11. A.M. River C. 5 of Ice Lakes (see above) - 2 heard (1 seen) in Jeffrey pine - sugar pine - white fir forest. July 17 Sugar Bowl Lodge & other areas near Donner Pass - July 20 - 1 or 2 found on most of our 2-hour class trips July 21 Yuba Gap, 5800 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 heard in fir- pine forest by small lake. N. side Bear Valley, 4580 ft. Nevada Co. - 1 in dense yellow pine - incense cedar - black oak forest. July 23 near Star Lake, 9300 ft. Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif. - 1 heard & seen in open subalpine "woodland" of mountain hemlock, whitebark pine along Freez Peak trail. late July Sugar Bowl Lodge & vicinity [see above] - 1 to 3 re- corded on most 2-hr trips in forest Aug 3 at least 10 in one flock, in red fir - lodgepole silver pine forest. also about 5 others at different spots. some aggregation (+ influx?) of individuals is shown. Aug. 10 Ice Lakes Camp Grd. 6900 ft [see above] - about 10 heard or seen in 1 1/2 hrs. spent in lodgepole pine - real fir forest.

Cogswell 1950 Sitta canadensis 3 Aug. 11-18 Sugar Bowl Lodge vicinity, + other "Donner Pass" localities nearly (6700-7200ft.) - 1 to 5 seen on each two-hour class trip which included any suitable conifer forest of any extent. There has apparently been some influx over the nesting population, since they were encountered only in certain (usually the denser) parts of the forest in June-early July. Aug. 24 Ice Lakes Camp Ground (N.E. of Dulverist L.) [see p. 2] 2 came to within 5 ft. of some persons seated in a group of 12 observers under the moderately open lodgepole pine forest. (of nos. seen here June 29, Aug. 10). Aug. 25 7100' ft., 1/3-1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. - 3 seen in red firs of patchy, but dense fir-pine forest. - near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 1 in red fir - silver pine - lodgepole pine forest by lodge today & yesterday. Seemingly, the influx of mid- august has already dwindled again.

Cogswell 1950 Sitta pygmaea Aug. 6 Haines G. Canyon, 5500 ft., E. side Carson Range, Douglas Co., Nev. - 3 seen in sparse Jeffrey pine "woodland" with sagebrush & manzanitas admixed. They flew from tree to tree every few minutes, called occasionally while foraging among needle clusters in tops of the 50-80 ft. high trees. Aug. 17 Emigrant Gap, 5000 ft., Bluer Co., Calif - 1 seen & heard calling as it flew across the steep N-facing slope (Bear R. drainage), which is mostly chaparral covered, with strungers and isolated old & sapling trees of the yellow-pine - sugar, pine - black oak - incense cedar forest which occupies the slope farther downhill. General: altho reported from the Donner Pass area by ornithologists of the early 1900's, and reported as occurring in the Carson Range in fall & winter by a game warden there (at Galena Cr. Ra. Sta.), we did not find any in these regions in 1948. The above two records are the only ones this summer. This sp. is certainly far less common, even in suitably sparse forests, than it is in southern California.

Cogswell 1950 Certhia familiaris June 17 Big Bend Camp Std., 5750 ft., on S. Fork Yuba River, Placer Co., Calif. I heard singing in tall dense white firs. June 20 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co, " 21 " 23 Calif - 1 to 3 heard or seen on each of several expeditions " 28 into the denser forest areas (red fir-lodgepole pine). June 23 Bear Valley, 4985 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 singing, 1+ other seen in Incense Cedar, Yellow Pine, Black Oak forest near edge of large meadow. 2 here also on July 7. 5200 ft., 1/2 mi. S Lake Spaulding, Nevada Co., Calif - 2 heard singing in tall, dense forest (white fir, Incense Cedar, Yellow Pine, Sugar Pine) with dogwood, etc. understory. June 24 - W. end Donner Lake 6000 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 heard singing in the dense stand of <1-2 1/2 ft. d.b.h. lodgepole pines on flat W of lake. June 24 Ice Lakes, 6880 ft., 3 1/3 mi. W, 1 mi S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif 2 heard singing on mid-p.m., 2 mile hike around the lakes in lodgepole pine - red fir forest. June 30 Big Bend Camp Std. (see above) - at least 3 came to my pinyon - saw what cool whistle given under the firs here. Same result a.m. & p.m. July 4 - 6800 ft., near Norden RR Sta., Placer Co., Calif - A NEST was located by Mrs. J.L. Larkin. It is wedged between a limb which descends at about a 20° angle and a curled piece of bark some 1 1/2 ft. long which has pulled away from the limb & now droops below it. Some nest material can be seen protruding near the lower (large) opening, but the birds come eggs through the circular opening at the more tightly rolled

Cogswell 1950 Certhia familiaris 2 July 4 (cont'd) end of the bark, close under the bare part of the limb. The site is about 40 ft. above SSEward ground, 7 ft. out from trunk of the 90 ft. high tree. There are other lodgepole pines of approximately the same height or less scattered at [illegible] to 60 ft. intervals for the surrounding 150 ft. in all directions except to the S, where only 1 or 2 trees are between the next tree and the Summit Valley meadow. Some tall red firs are located about 80 + 85 ft. N of the nest, beyond which point the forest is a moderately dense lodgepole pine red fir forest association. Several trips by both birds of the pair. were made to the nest with food while a group of observers watched from 70 ft. away. The J sang occasionally from nearby trees. on a S p.m. visit with another group, the activity was noticeably less July 1 (see above under June 23) July 8 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft.

Cogswell 1950 Certhia familiaris Brown Field Record of Activities of Pair of Creepers near their Nest, at 6800 ft. altitude, Norden, Placer Co, Calif. July 6 - 0815 - Start of observations on NEST, described above, in lodgepole pine near Norden RR Station. Bird heard calling in pines 40 & 80 ft. from nest. I am stationed 30 ft., from next tree. 0821- observer moved to 50 ft. S of nest tree. I aduit bird creeping along horiz. branches of nest tree 20 ft. above nest., called several times. Nest seems to extrude more from the dropping bark than on 2 days ago. 0824- adult alighted on barkless limb, then on secret with bark, near nest. 08241/2 - ad. into Nest & out again; alighting on same barkless limb 5 ft. from Nest entrance. 0825 - Same? one foraging on horiz. limbs, 30 ft up, in next pine east. 0827- still heard near same several pines E of Nest 0828 - flew in from E, alighted on bark of limb 8 ft S of Nest, then outs bottom of loose bark under Nest, up it & in, out again in 3" seconds. 08281/2 - another(?) in from E, stopping & creeping up barkless limb, to nest, out again. 0830 - in from E to barkless limb, over to Nest, stayed in for 10 sec. & came out via side a few inches from usual entrance. 0832 - I flew from Next tree to Lodgepole 30 ft ESE, then on to out 80 ft farther, creped up 20+ ft., Then flew back to lodgepole way to Next tree. Lost track of it. 0835. Bothin flew into upper pt of Nest tree.

Cogswell 1950 Certhia familiaris 4 July 6 (cont.) - @ 0833 - observer moved to 60 ft. ESE of Nest to try & check on distance covered by foregng bird. 0843¾ - nothing has happened at Nests far as I could see. Nentrance not visible from here, but limbs used by approaching birds are. A Steller's Jay called 100 ft. N of Nest. 0846 - "see - see" call heard from beyond (NW) of Nest 0846 ¼ - I came to barkless limb, then hopped over to Nestlimb, but 4 ft dist'd from the Nest; creeping up a presumably mts' Nest. 0846 ¾ - returned to barkless limb., then on to several other limbs of Nestr's just above height of Nest. Lost him. 0851 - I creeping up prox. on another barkless limb 15 ft. under nest, worked across to other limbs somewhat closer 0851 ¾ - "see" call heard from tree between me & Nest tree. other bird still on limbs below nest. 0853 - observing interrupted (while I went & retrieved Myial Sparrow Hawk from mobbing Blackbirds) 0902 - Observations resumed same post. I sang from trunk of Lodgepole pine 40 ft E of Nst; 4 creep. ing. on trunk of Lodgepole 30 ft SE of Nest at same time. 0903½ - I singing from trees (pines & firs). 100 ft E. 0904 { . . . still heard singing same area 0905 { 4 on barkless limb on N side of Nest tree > below Nest

Copquell 1950 July 6 (cont'd) Certhia familiaris 5 0906 - I closer to N on limbs on W side of tree. - appar. went to N but I missed that 0907 - she flew down to base of Red fir 8 ft N, of Nest across opening. a few sec. later she flew out onto grass 10+ ft from base of fir, caught a whitish insect (moth) returned to fir trunk wheeled it several times, creeped a bit, then flew back to Nesttree & alighted on bare limb 5 ft below Nest, called once ('ree') & crept toward Nest (into it ?). 0910 - I creeping on bare limb 2-3 ft from Nest bill apparently empty. (? went to Nest) 0910½ - I flew away from Nest tree to NNW. 0914 - 2 birds together, I alighting on branches near Nest, other flew at same time to base of red fir 105 ft N (sang because I sang from near N a moment later). 0915¼ - I sang from W of Nest (1 tree away). 0916 - " " " " - observations ended 1036 - " resumed, same post 1037 - adult flew in from ESE & alighted on trunk of Nesttree, crept upward. no calls given. 1038 - had worked around to bare limbs below nest 1038½ - into nest, out after 5-10 sec., flew ESE to beyond 50 ft. distance. 1040 - observer moved to open area between trees 30 ft E of Nest.

Cogswell 1950 Cercitha familiaris 6 July 6 (cont.) from North 1044 - adult flew in, bounding, & alighted on bark-covered limbs on N. side of nest tree. Then around to limbs near nest, calling one "see". 1045 1/2 - Returned to smaller lodgepole pine N. of Nest tree. 1047 - Back on limbs near nest, working back & forth on bark covered line 5 ft from Nest. 1048 1/2 - flew NW out of Nest tree (without having gone to Nest?). 1052 - I flew into Nest tree, alighting on bare limbs below outward (SE) from N; hopped up to next limb, then flew away again to North. Baseally Jim too close. I move back 10 ft. to base of lodgepole pine (42 ft. E. of nest tree). 1053 1/2 - bird creeping up trunk of Nest tree 15 ft from base. went to North limb, then flew to N. side of tree & foraged along barkless & barbed branches 30 - 35 ft. from ground. 1058 1/2 - I again foraging on branches in SW part of nest tree a few feet from Nest. Flew off to W without going to nest (Denis Cogswell & Tommy Harville came to this post in last few minutes, & we talked, making considerable disturbance). 1101 - observer moved to 30+ ft. WSW of nest tree. 1103 1/2 - S singing in N side of N tree: 1104 - "" " closer to N, often into N. out in about 6 seconds

Cogswell 1950 Certilia familiaris 7 July 6 (cont.) 1104 - June, in nest tree at this time was ignored. 1104 1/4 - flew to base of yg. lodgepoles 80+ ft N of Nest tree. Sang from there. 1106 1/2 - & into W side of Nest tree, to N with moth in beak, & flew away to NW again by: 1107 - alighting in 1st lodgepole. 50 ft away, I sang from 100+ ft. North yet. 1107 3/4 - ad. into nest (from ? direction) 1108 1/4 - out & onto branches on SW side of N tree almost over my head. 1108 3/4 - Red-breasted Mithatch called from trees NW & then NE of Creeper nest tree, answered. 1109 1/2 - I flew in from E to trunk of Nest tree 6 ft below Nest branch. Into Nest & out again by 1110. 1112 1/2 - I "see" call heard 50+ ft NW of nest tree. 1114 1/2 - I flew in from NW, alighting on trunk of nest tree 6 ft from ground & began creeping up. It held a transparent winged insect in its bill. As it approached the nest level (but still on trunk) the other bird came in from E & started to alight on trunk near the first, but reversed & went to a branch. The 2 exchanged soft "weep" call notes. (I-see below) 1115 1/4 - The original arriver went abruptly across to Nest, out again after 8+ sec. & stopped in NW side of nest tree before going on. The second bird went promptly into the

Cogswell 1950 Certhia familiaris 8-8 July 6 (cont.) 11151/4 - nest. ? out after 20+ sec. (1116), stopping on branches a few feet from nest. 11161/4 - ♂ sang from 100+ ft N of nest, other bird (therefore 4) still on branches near nest. 1117 - ♂ sang from trees 120+ ft E of nest. 1120 - observations ended. July 7 (see above under June 23) July 8 - Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif. - 1 singing in dense red fir - lodgepole pine forest 6500+ ft. July 11 am. River C Road, 3-4 mi. S Soda Springs, Placer Co, Calif. (early a.m.) 2 heard singing in fir areas of forest. July 21 Yuba Gap, 5800 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 heard in white fir - incense cedar - lodgepole pine forest. - N. side Bear Valley, 4580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 3 heard calling in dense incense cedar - yellow pine - black oak forest. July 24} {July 25 " 29 " 31 new Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see above] - still sing ing occasionally. 1 to 3 on all visits to dense forest areas. Aug. 1 N. Shore L. Van Norden, 6770 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 seen entering & leaving a NEST which is wedged behind the slightly loose bark on the side of a 2½" thick trunk of a dead lodgepole pine. R.B. says dis covered this nest on July 30, at which time he said he felt at least 1 egg in the nest, which is at about eye level above ground. The frequency of sints (about every 3-4 min.) today indicates young.

Cogswell 1950 Certhia familiaris 9. Aug. 1 (cont.) The nest tree is one of several water-killed ones among a pure lodgepole stand on a grassy knoll by the lake shore just E of mouth of Castle Creek. The bird(s) seem to forage entirely toward the landward side of the nest tree, which is about 3 trees in from the lake at present. Aug. 4 vicinity of Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 1] - songs still heard occasionally. Aug. 8 N. side L. Van Norden [see p. 8] - both ads. for their feeding young in the nest. Visits, about every 2 min. now. Aug. 9 Salena Cr. Camp, 6600 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. 1 foraging on trunks of Jeffrey pines & white firs. Aug. 13 N. side L. Van Norden [see p. 8] - pair of ads. feeding large young, which give hissing food calls, in the NEST described above. Aug. 15 This nest now empty, the young presumably having flown (since the nest was undisturbed). It has been 16 days since Hays first discovered it. Upon taking off the bark carefully, the nest was found to be nothing but lodgepole pine needles filling up a gradually tapering space between bark & trunk to within about 3 inches of the entrance hole. The width of the space occupied by the nest (distance of bark from trunk) seemed barely enough for 1 adult to sit on nest even with tail parallel to trunk. mid-Aug - near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - still req. individuals + mixed in small bird aggrec.

Cogswell 1950 Certhia familiaris 10 Aug. 18 S.E. end Bear Valley, 4600 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - I heard singing in edge of yellow pine - incense cedar - black oak, big leaf maple forest. Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p.] - I heard singing. to Aug. 25 " " " o other "Donner Pass localities" Still regularly found in small numbers, but few singing (one song heard on 25th).

Coquell 1950 Date June - July - S. Fork Yuba River & tributaries, 5200 - 6800ft, Glacer - Nevada Cos, Calif - old nests at 3 different locations (Loda Springs, Cisco, 2 mi. W Cisco) show no evidence of use this year -- and no birds were found along the streams near them. July 8 - Truckee River, 5580 ft; Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 adult was feeding (p.m.) 2 full grown fledglings on small boulders near the edge of the wide stream here. Foraging was done by peering under the water from a pre- carious perch on the sloping rocks, some food was obtained without putting more than the head under water, while sometimes the whole bird went under -- but no ex- tended underwater periods were noted. The food call of the young is a very loud one, carrying 300+ ft. above the sound of the water to where we were on the highway (vs 45). A double nest, apparently a new one placed mer- gent with the old one, is situated about 1/3 mile downstream; it is placed on the downstream side of a huge boulder, 2 ft. or so above spring high water mark. A pair nested here in 1948 also. July 10 - Only 1 bird seen at this locale.; it sat on a small boulder in mid stream & preened. July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., S.Fork Yuba R., Glacer Co. Calif. 1 foraging in slightly riffled, gravel-sandy better stream, using exposed roots & stick debris both at edge & in mid stream (at one point) as perches.

Cogswell 1950 Cinclus mexicanus 2 July 29 Sugar Bowl Cr., 6900 ft. 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. - I immature at the "swimming" pool, using the small raft built by our boys as a perch from which to peer under water; but I did not see it go under. None seem to be found along this snow-fed stream early in the summer (due to lack of aquatic organisms suitable as food ?). Aug. 8 I seen in this same spot at dusk. Aug. 11 " " " " Aug. 10 mouth of Castle Cr., 6760 ft. at I. Van Norden, Nevada Co. Calif. - I on boulders dotting the sloping mud shores of the lake shore & just up the small stream. Aug. 17 Hampshire Rocks, 5900 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co, Calif. - I flushed from large boulder, in mid- stream in deep water portion on this solid granite stream bed area.

Cogswell 1950 Troglodytes aedon June 24. W.end Donner L., 5940ft, Nevada Co. Calif - a pair carried food into an old woodpecker hole in the trunk of a live aspen tree near the inlet creek. The ♂ sang only occasionally. Food calls of young were heard in the nest. Foraging seemed to be done mostly in the root tangles & dogwood thickets along the creek & only occasionally in the adjacent open forest of lodgepole & Jeffrey pine. June 25 - S. & S.W. sides of Sierra Valley, 4300ft, Sierra Co. Calif- about 5 heard singing from house & yard areas, in small towns & about farm buildings. July 7 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7100 ft; 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. 1 seen in willow thickets near clumps of firs & pines at edge of forest. The bird gave the grating call char- acteristic of this species, but no song. I am reasonably sure it was not present here a week ago, & this occurrence probably represents up. mountain dispersal. NE side Mary Lake, 7100 ft; 1/3mi 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. I heard calling (grating note) from bitter cherry & twinberry thickets under edge of lodgepole pine - red fir forest. July 11: 6800 ft. 4mi. 5W Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif - 1 seen in manzanita & ceanothus (candelatus + velutinus) chaparral & in lower branches of Jeffrey pines on S-facing slope of flattish ridge. July 17 { near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 2 seen together in same 19 area as on July 7( or 17th ); 1+ here on July 19 & 20. II:32 N.of July 21 Emigrant Gap, 5000 ft., Placer Co. Calif - 1 in Ceanothus integerrimus brush along road in sugar pine, incense cedar forest on N-facing slope. Maples & dogwood nearby.

Cogswell 1950 Troglodytes aedon 2 July 25 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p.] - 1 in willow thickets at edge of wet "Cowgill meadow" was giving a subdued and hesitating song. Another called nearly. July 29- I heard calling in same willow & brush area. aug. 30? July 31- another "half song" heard. (bird seen) aug.5 Lisco Groove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba River, Glacer Co., Calif. - 1 seen in dead brush, creek dogwood, & willow thicket along stream aug.11 NE. of Mary Lake [see p.] - 2 seen in min. alder thicket - Big Bend Camp Trd., 5800 ft., on S Fork Yuba R., Glacer Co., Calif. - 1 in dense, moist thickets on S slope near stream in opening of tall, dark forest. aug.14 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p.] - 1 in usual place "" 16 Aug.22 Onion Cr. Canyon, 6050 ft., 2 mi. W, 3 mi. S Donner Pass, Glacer Co., Calif. - 1 in dead brush & root tangle under sparse trees along gullied stream bed. {aug.21 Grosser Cr., 5650 ft., 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co. Calif.- 1 seen in browsed back (a therefore dense) willowos scattered along gravelly stream in (mow) dry grassy swale below sagebrush-covered hills. Aug.24 "Signal Hill", 7200 ft., 1 mi. W Donner Pass, Glacer- Nevada Co.line, Calif. - 2 seen in edge of bitter cherry, willow, etc. brush on moist S facing slope. aug.25 near Mary Lake [see p.] - 1 in willows near lake & forest edge. General: I am satisfied that the House wren does not nest regularly at localities of Donner Pass altitude. All the above records except that of June 24, are probably of wandering birds.

Cogswell 1950 Telmatodytes palustris July 9 - S. end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft., Eldorado Co., Calif. - I seen & heard singing in tall tule area of the extensive marshlands here (E. of Camp Richardson). A nest was found nearby, apparently a completed one (lined), but it was empty over water. The side opening & position of the nest, seem to identify it as this species; and since the material of what it was built seems weathered, I conclude that it has been used & brood brought off already.

Cogswell 1950 Salpinctes obsoletus June 24 N. slope Disney Peak, 7400 ft., & 1.3 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Glacier C. Calif. of agglomerate 1 singing from outcroppings, 2 bouldery slopes on cleared areas near Sugar Bowl ski lift. June 27. Reiger Lookout, 5500 ft., 2 mi. E Steamboat Springs, Washoe C. Nev. Several (3+) seen, heard singing on rock outcrops & road cuts in pinon-juniper woodland area. George Treichel, who followed them up, reports seeing 6 birds at once within an area of 50 ft. diameter, 4 of them singing! July 12 2 heard singing in this same area, but at widely divergent points today. July 23 Greel Peak & Job's Sister, 10,500-10,900 ft., Carson Range, Eldorado, alpine los. Calif. - 3 heard in tumbled rock & fell-fields of summit ridge well above timber line. July 30 6600 ft., ½ mi. E Donner Pass, Glacier-Nevada C. Calif. 1 heard on extensive talus below S.P.R.R. tracks Aug. 5 Floriston, 5300ft., along Truckee R. Canyon, Nevada C. Calif. 1 hopping about the brick & concrete ruins of the old paper mill along S.B. tracks of the river. Aug. 9 Reiger Lookout [see above] - 1 ad., carrying insects in bill, progressed across a grassy slope by short flights from low rock to low rock & finally went on into pinons. It made 2 or 3 quick runs (successful?) after small grasshoppers from its perch on one rock. Aug. 10 7950 ft. peak, 2 mi. 5W Donner Pass, Glacier C. Calif. - 1 on barren, volcanic rock cliff of ridge above forested slopes.

Cogswell 1950 Salpinctes obsoletus 2 Aug. 17 - Stampede Valley, 5900 ft., 3½ mi. E, 6 mi. N Hobart Mills, Nevada Co., Calif. — 2 together on a rounded boulder (1 of many) on flat which is covered by low sagebrush, with grassland in nearby swale.

Cogswell 1950 Oreoscopes montanus June 25 4900 ft. Sierra Valley, Sierra, Plumas Co., Calif. - 10+ seen in sagebrush covered areas of this open valley; these being noted while driving & at one brief stop. June 27 4700 ft., 1 mi. E, 3/2 mi. N Steamboat Sprgs, Washoe Co., Nev - 2 seen on top of tall sagebrush & antelopebrush bushes on alluvial slope W. of Virginia Range. June 28 5550-5600 ft., E of Boca Reservoir, Nevada Co., Calif - 2 seen, & 1 heard singing in open sagebrush & antelope brush valley. July 10 (a.m.) - about 5 seen in this same area. They seem to avoid the areas of pure sagebrush & grass, being concen- trated in stands of taller antelope brush (Burskia tri- dentata) & lower sagebrush, with some open ground between. July 11 (p.m.) 1 flushed from a Nest containing 5 eggs, placed 1 1/2 ft. above ground in stanger branches of an intertwinning bush (sagebrush & antelope brush). The bird returned within 20 min., for it flushed again when we showed the nest to someone else. 2 birds, presumably the pair, sat on tops of bushes 100 to 200 ft. away while we looked in the nest. No songs were heard. July 24 This nest now contains 3 (possibly 4) young. A pair of adults were seen nearby. July 26 Base of Steiger Grade, 4700 ft., 1 1/4 mi. ENE Steamboat Sprgs, Washoe Co., Nev - 2 seen in tall sagebrush along highway Aug. 7 E. of Boca Res. [see above] - pair seen in vicinity of the now empty nest, both with insects in bill. Aug. 21 5700 ft., 1 1/2 mi E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif - 1 seen in low sagebrush.

Cogswell 1950 Turdus migratorius June 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 6 seen on 3 hr. walk thru red fir - lodgepole pine forest, & 2 meadows. Only 2 or heard singing; this is certainly not full spring song frequency, but snow is still deep in forest. June 20 near Norden R.R. Sta., 6800ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 2 nests located, 1m lodgepole pine 20 ft. above ground, other on cross-arm of telephone pole amid many wires. & surrounded by young lodgepole forest. Both are within few hundred feet of shore of L. Van Norden. Incubating birds on both nests. June 24 Cisto Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 8+ (8:30 -9:45 a.m.) seen in 1/4 hrs. spent in & near riparian woodland bordered by lodgepole & Jeffrey pine forest. 2 singing. 2+ fledglings seen. Late June - Sugar Bowl Lodge, Donner Pass, & Norden areas (see above) L.Van becoming more conspicuous now & songs more frequent. Perhaps the lack of activity earlier was due to snow still over feeding grounds. Some 5 or 6 NESTS have been discovered, all in forest near small or large meadows, along the edge of clearings for roads or power lines, or on the buildings at the lodge. Incubation in progress, small. June 25 Sierra Valley, 4900 ft., Sierra & Plumas Cos., Calif. - 15+ seen in small towns (Sierraville, Battley, & Beckwourth) & about farms north trees. June 25} Breno & several mi. S., 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - fairly com- June 27 mon on lawns & about farms with wet grassland & cottonwoods.

Cogswell 1950 Turdus migratorius 2 June 30 Big Bend Camp Grd., 5800 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. Several pair seen; 10 with fledglings responding immedi- ately to a whistled owl call + resulting in a mob of several species about a group of 8 people. same result in p.m. with 12 people present, all of them seated quietly in white fir-Jeffrey pine forest. July 2 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. - NEST on E. end contains young. July 7 N. side Bear Valley, 4985 ft.; Nevada Co., Calif - many seen, 1 group of several fledglings on ground under dense incense cedars at border of large grassy meadow. July 8 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft. (see p.1) - a fresh family of fledglings. July 17 Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - a new NEST, situated in 7 ft. high crotch of 12 ft." lodgepole pine and very much in open, now contains 4 small young. July 20 Sugar Bowl Lodge to Sugar Bowl, .3 mi distant upslope About 30 encountered on 2 hr. walk starting at early dawn (7:50 a.m. POST); included were about 8 singing birds, though singing is less persistent than 3 weeks ago; also several fledglings. 1/3 of time spent in dense forest. July 23 Greel Peak - Joe's Sister saddle, 10,200 ft. Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif. - 4 in zone of stunted whitebark pines at timberline; there is no meadow nearby, altho a few snowbrushes remain on nearby fell-fields. late July} early Aug.) Sugar Bowl Lodge vic. [see above] - Fledglings now found everywhere about buildings, forest -> streocase meadow edge, etc. Much diminution of song, altho, Aug. 8 a new nest with young in it, in young pine by chalet window. Aug. 14 These young now fledged. No songs from any adults now.

Coggswell 1950 Turdus migratorius 3 Aug. 17 Hampshire Rocks, 5900 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. about 15 seen in mixed conifer & riparian (cottonwood & aspen) growth along stream, including several fledglings begging food. One adult was eating the not quite ripe dogwood (Cornus californicus) berries, the first berry-eating by Robins I have noted this season. Aug. 18 Emigrant Gap, 5000+ ft., Placer Co., Calif. - about 40 flew high over chaparral & forest-covered slope during 30 min. we spent on road on it. They were in small flocks, behaving much like migrating Robins. Aug. 23 Helena Cr. Camp, 6600 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. 2+ seen on ground in Jeffrey pine - white fir - black cottonwood forest on alluvial fan near stream. They have been noted here on July 26, Aug 9 also. On latter date, 3 were also seen at Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft.; flying into cottonwood trees from silt-algae covered lake shore. Aug. 25 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p.1] - About 20 encountered on a 1 hr. 50 min. walk thru rather dense forest, with two large open areas with scattered trees. None were singing. No feeding of fledglings noted. General -- seemingly as common in suitable "edge" habitats as m 1948, but the song chorus never seemed to get to the crescendo it did m early July of that year. General impression of nesting success this year was that was fairly high.

Cogswell 1950 Hylocichla guttata June 17 - near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Glacer Co. Calif - 3 heard singing in 1/4 mi. of fairly dense lodge-pole pine-red fir forest, north snow still covering all except a few small areas in openings around bases of trees, etc. - 1 of these seen singing from top of 150ft. traverse red fir just after sundown on 18th. June 19 - after I "squeaked", one which had been singing ceased, a (the same?) one appeared promptly in lower branches of lodgepoles + firs over my head + scolded "chik"; snow over most of forest floor here also. June 20 - 2 heard singing in late a.m. on a 2215 ft. traverse of red fir-white pine-lodgepole pine forest + 4 small clearings, some felled with alders.. This is on a N-facing slope, with still plenty of snow. These 2 are across a 700-900 ft.-wide meadow from those noted on 17th. %Same area covered on June 23. June 23 - 5100 ft., 1/2 mi. S Lake Spaulding, Nevada Co. Calif - 2 heard singing (late a.m.) in tall, dense forest of white fir, yellow + sugar pines, + incense cedar-on N-facing slope. June 29 8E.of Mary J., 7100ft., 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Glacer Co. Calif - 1 heard (a.m.) singing from pathby red+white fir, lodgepole pine-white pine forest. (p.m.) Ice Lakes, 6900 ft., 3 mi.W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Glacer Co. Calif. I heard singing in moderately dense lodgepole pine-red fir forest on "flat" around the lakes (2 mile hike) just NE of July 11 - Ice Lakes to 1+ mi. S, 6900-6500ft., - 3 heard singing in tall, denser forest areas at dawn. early July - near Sugar Bowl Lodge 7000 ft. (as above) - morning + evening singers. I find, usually perch very high (as on June 17); ones lower

Cogswell 1950 Hylorchla guttata 2 July 20 - N bare Disney path, 7100 ft., 1.3 mt. SSW Donner Pass Glacier Gulf - After spending the hour from 9 to 10 a.m. watching a thrush with a bill full of insects, I located a NEST, 15 ft. from ground and 10 ft. out from trunk of a 90 ft. high red fir. The site is among dense, green needles, 3 ft. from the tip of a downward sweeping branch exposed to the sky to E & SE. The tree is at edge of forest and cleared ski slope. There is a small opening with several small logs and much fir twig litter just within forest to W. Red fir or white pine are the most common trees. 1037 - Start of observations by Dorothy Herz, Joyce Burton & myself, all seated in shade on forest floor 50 ft. away down slope from Nect 1045 - movement (of young?) noted in nest from trees beyond 1045 1/2 - adult flew down to ground in 50 ft. opening of forest 30ft from nest. 1048 - hopped up into clump of 10 ft hi fers in opening called "soft chuk" several times. 1049 - ad. flew up into fir branches 15 ft from Nect. soon back (not keen by us) across opening 1053 - ad. seen & heard calling frequent soft "chuk" notes from lower branches of tall firs on far side of [illegible] opening. 1056 - ad. still in that vicinity, flew down to ground once; has bell full of insects. Is about 60 ft. from Nect, slightly upgrd. 1058 1/2 - down to ground again 1059 - I alighted in Nest tree on opposite side from N

Cogswell 1950 July 20 (cont'd) - Hylomitra guttata and commenced hopping up higher in canopy Observers moved to better vantage point just to W. 2 still 40ft downslope from Nest. 1104 - adult reappeared in fir adjacent to Nest tree. flitting its wings, no call given 1110 - flew to dry stick area on ground in edge of opening; hopped about there flitting wings & raising tail slowly a few times. 1110 1/2 - flew back up to tree next to Nest tree 1112 - called "chuk" once, is moving about in deaf fir branches at lower edge of canopy. 1114 - ad. now in branches on opposite side of & above Nest in Nest tree. Flitting wings, raising tail. No calls given. 1117 - still to same. Hammond Hylotila calling "chuk" "pip" from high up in Nest tree. 1119 - Observers moved 40 ft. farther down slope 1120 - ad. now in N tree again, flitting wings; silent 1121 - moved closer, now behind trunk on level north West 1122 - hopped onto Nest branch 4 ft. proximal of Nest, 1122 1/3 - ran down branch to Nest feeding of young occupied about 30-40 sec. 1123 - run back up (proximally) on Nest branch to 3 ft from nest, flitted wings several times. 1124. flew across 50+ ft. opening to white pine. -called "chuk"

Cogswell 1950 Hylorchla guttata 4 July 23 High Meadow, 7800 ft., to upper border of "Canadian zone" (red fir - silver pine belt) 5 at 9000 ft., Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif. - 3 heard singing in 1 hr. 20 min. of hiking up a steep trail. July 27 E. slope "Signal Hill", 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 singing a nearly full volume song from midst of dense thickets of bitter cherry, willow, Ceanothus velutinus, etc. -- i.e. in "chaparral" more typical of wintering habitat of some subspecies. July 20} {July 31} near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 7] - 1 or 2 singing birds still to be found at dawn & dusk; but others have apparently ceased singing Aug. 3 I came up in mtn. alder thicket & lower conifer branches in forest N of lodge when a large group of small birds was gathered scolding my owl call. The thrush called "chuck" only. Aug. 25 "chuck" calls heard near this same spot. No Hermit Thrushes have been seen or heard in the region we covered in August.

Cogswell 1950 Hyllocichla ustulata June 24 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft. on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co. Calif. - 1 heard. July 3,8 singing from tall black cottonwoods with dense understory of willow, creek dogwood, & many herbs. July 7 5100 ft., 1/3 mi. SE Lake Spaulding, Placer Co. Calif. - 1 heard singing, apparently in area of tall shrubs & young black oaks on moist N-facing slope surrounded by dense forest. The area is an old roadbed. July 19 along US Route 40 near Baxter's, Plac., Calif. - 1 heard singing in similarly dense conifer forest (transition zone) containing Douglas fir & much dogwood & deerbrush along road. July 22 Cisco Grove [see above] - 1 heard singing. General: Altho later visits to Cisco Grove were made, none of these thrushes were found. This could easily be due solely to the cessation of singing & consequent difficulty of beating them. In 1948 one singing bird was regular at the W. end of Donner Lake, east of the Sierra crest and 14 mi. from Cisco Grove. Two locusts [illegible] were the closest to the pass at which this sp. was recorded. # None were found at Donner L. this year.

Cogswell 1950 Sialia mexicana June 23. S side Bear Valley, 4600 ft., Placenta, Calif. - 1?, 2+? seen in open grassy meadow near scattered alder & cottonwood trees along stream. They utilized both the trees and 2 telephone poles in open meadow as forage perches. July 7. N side Bear Valley 4585 ft. - 1? seen flying near large humped rock in open meadow, with a clump of few pines, cedars, & black oaks about it. July 21 center of Bear Valley, 4570 ft. - 1 pair seen carrying insects into a fresh looking hole, presumably woodpecker built, about 10 ft. up in a live yellow pine which is one of a dozen pines & oaks (some dead) which ring a large granite boulder in the middle of this broad, tall grassy meadow. Aug. 4 none seen on visit to this same area.

Cogswell 1950 Sialia currucoides June 20 NE side L. Van Norden, 6750 - 6800 ft. Placer Co., Calif. - 1 pair at NEST in old woodpecker hole about 6' ft. up in telephone pole by corral in edge of broad meadow NE of lake. 2+ other pairs with NESTS (or at least going in out holes) in buildings below the dam, at Soda Springs. Incubation apparently being carried out by ? at the first nest. One of the others was lined but empty (could reach it with finger) & the other with contents unknown (under high sage). Late June about 4-5 individuals seen on several subsequent dates. I think there are 3 or 4 pair in the small meadow + corral area at Soda Springs. The 2 nests mentioned there are not over 300 ft. apart. June 24 NE slope Quincy Rd., 1.7 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 7500 ft 1 pair foraging from low twigs & rocks on nearly barren, cleared ski slope. June 25 2+ mi. W Vinton, 4800 ft. Sierra Valley, Buttes Co., Calif - 3 seen along highway in open dry grassy portion and in nearby sagebrush areas of open valley with no trees. If they are nesting birds, fence posts or tel. poles may be their suff. June 28 just E Truckee, . ft. Nevada Co., Calif - 2 along roadside thru open Jeffrey pine & sagebrush flat. June 29 7100 ft. 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 ? on wire along road in opening pine - fir forest near Mary L. (a pair here). - Ice Lakes, 3+ mi. W, 1 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass - 1 pair on buildings & trees about lower end of lakes, which are bordered by a 5 acre meadow with willow thickets, moderate to dense red fir - lodgepole pine forest all about.

Cogswell 1950 2 Síalia currucoides July 4 N side L Van Norden, 6750-6800 ft. Placer ? Nevada Co., Calif The several nests discovered on June 20 now apparently contain young, judging from the frequency of visits with insects in cells of both parents. July 5 NE slope Squaw Creek, 7900 ft. Placer Co., Calif - 1 pair on open half snow covered slope by head of big ski lift. Trees nearby are in scattered clumps only. July 6 NE Lake Van Norden, 6800 ft. Placer Co., Calif - 2 audubon campers' original observation record on 1st nest des cribed on June 20 follows. It indicates incubation again going on (or possibly brooding); yet if above July 4 note is correct, this pr. had young then. Observation point about 50ft. from nest in hole in telephone pole 50 ft, from road and 200yds. from stand of Pines and low brush. Time 10:35 AM., P.D.S.T. M bird on wire about 10' from nest where he remained quiet for 10 minutes then flew to ground and back to position on wire, stayed within 20 to 40ft of nest some- times on ground sometimes on post or wire. Did not seem to be gathering food. (record cont'd on p.3)

Cogswell 1950 Sialia currucoides 3 July 6 (cont'd) NE Lake Van Norden, 6800 ft. Placer Co., Calif. 10:58. F. bird stuck head from nest and looked about, then joined mate on wire. F. stretched and preened herself-then flew to high pines about 200yds. away, staying 10 or 11 min. during which time M.bird flew to nest every three to five minutes-but did not enter. F. bird returned to mate near nest on wire-both flew to ground where they hopped about not more than 30 or 50 ft from nest. M.bird returned to nest and looked in-then to guard position on wire. After 10 min. rest. F. returned to en- ter nest where M. looked in upon her-then flew to meadow 100yds. away. Conclusion- Nesting period, no young in evidence. Observers- Alice McWilliams. Caroline Stewart. (teachers from Seattle, Wash.)

Cogswell 1950 Sialia currucoides 4 July 9. S.W. end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft., Eldorado Co., Calif. - 2 ♀ seen on strip of grassland between extensive marshes and "island" of lodgepole pines, on 1 of which they perched. Lake Valley, few mi. S of above - several ♂♂,♀♀ seen. July 12 7400 ft., 2.3 mi E., .6 mi. S Mt. Rose, Carson Range washoe Co. Nev. - 1 pair at grassy meadow, by a stand small (ridge?) with small pond and of aspens + chaparral + forested slopes. July 13 7200-7300 ft., Sierra crest, ¼ to ¾ mi. N Donner, Pass Nevada Co., Calif. - 4+ pairs seen along rocky but gently sloping ridge which is clothed (on W side) by very open or patchy Jeffrey + lodgepole pine + sierra juniper "woodland" with scattered patches of low shrubs (blueberry oak, manzanitas). 3 small lakes in the ½ mile did not seem to attract the bluebirds, which foraged rather over + on the bare rock (glaciated) exposures between them or sparsely herb. covered, rock fragment areas. 1 pair entered + left a hole in a dead pine. July 18} "19 NE Lake Van Norden, 6800 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - ♀ (only) seen carrying food into same nest hole which was reported on by others on July 6 (see above). This now ♀ has one crippled foot, a condition we did not note before. July 22 Soda Springs, 6750 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 4 seen in area of the several nests reported on June 20 (except to 6000 "1st nest"). July 27 5650 ft., 2+ mi E., 3½-7½ mi. N Truchee, Nevada Co., Calif. 2 seen in grassy valley of Brosse Creek, and 3 others along road to Stampede Valley, these in sparse Jeffrey pines + sagebrush.

Cogswell 1950 Sialia currucoides July 28 Soda Springs, 6750 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 ♀, 2♀♀ still in usual haunts near horse barn, coral a pump house below earthen L. Van Norden dam. aug.1 only 1 ♂ seen here. aug.2 E. slope "Signal Well" 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 ♂ in fairly bright plumage (certainly not as worn as the ♀ of L. Van Norden pair of July 6) foraged over, amongst a low shrubs of a cleared slope above paved highway. aug.3 1 female in this same area. aug.5 Stampede Valley, 6000 ft., eastern Sierra Co., Calif. - 3 seen along road in low, very dry sagebrush country - but with a trickle of water in nearby low swale. aug.6 near Renoa, 4800 ft., Douglas Co., Nev. - 1 flying low over sagebrush-covered alluvial fan near W. edge of broad, open Carson Valley. aug.7 near Mary L., 7050 ft., 1/3 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif. - 1 ♂ on mire over sandy clearing in pachly forest + chaparral. aug.17 Little Truckee R. valley, 5850 ft., 1½ mi. SW Stampede Valley [see above] Sierra Co., Calif. - 3♀♀ seen in sagebrush-bordered, grasssy valley pastured to cattle. aug.24 NE side L. Van Norden [see p. 4, before] - 1♀ still present (same one?), but not near nest hole in pole. aug.25 near Mary Lake [see above] - 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in same sandy clearing.

Cogswell 1950 Myadester townsendi June 20 N slope Crow’s Nest Dr, 7200 ft., 1.3 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif. 1 pair seen on lower limbs of trees in dense red fir, white pine, & lodgepole pine forest. no song or call heard. June 21 “Sugar Bowl”, 7300 ft., 1.9 mi. S by W Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif. 1 pair together in clumps of dense forest (same type as above) near open, partially cleared ski slopes. June 27 “Christmas Tree” lodge, 7100ft., 2 ¼ mi. E Mt. Rose, Washoe Co, Nev. (2:30pM) I flew over open shrub-covered slopes between and conifer (Jeffrey pine) forest patches. July 20 7200 ft., 1 ¼ mi. S, ¼ mi.W Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif. other people in camp discovered a NEST yester- day, which I went up to see today. It is situated about 4 ft. above ground in the soil & root mat of an upturned red fir tree in a (formerly) dense forest area which apparently suffered a windthrow of a number of trees (prior to 1948 at least). The forest is over 60 % red fir, with some silver pine, mountain hemlock, & lodgepole pine (few). It is broken, in addition to the scattered down trees, Sugar Bowl Cr.-200 ft. to west, and by rocky, sparsely vegetated slope some 700-800 ft. to east and southeast. July 23 8400 ft., 2½ mi.SE High Meadow, Carson Range, Eldorado Co, Calif. - a group of 4 flew over the moderately sparse red fir - lodgepole & silver pine forest, travelling steadily along, except for a stop of a few seconds in a partly dead tree top.

Cogswell 1950 Myadestes townsendi 2 July 24 Observation of Townsend Solitaire Nest. Same NEST as on July 20, Def. by Mrs Wales, Mrs Sorong, J.L. Location of nest: In soil root mat of upturned Fir tree. Nest facing north, made of gray twigs and roots. Bird facing west on nest with head turned whether it was male or female on nest. We assumed it was the female. Surrounding conditions: Temperature about 70°. Mosquitoes Forest moderately clear, mostly Red Fir. Sunshine about 30% on floor area near tree. p.m. P.D.S.T 3:30 - Observer arrived stationed about 40 ft. from nest, in plain view. 3:36 - Male (we assume) Solitaire came to twig on tree near nest, 30 ft. south. Smooth gray color. 3:38 1/2- Male flew to branch closer to nest, on Red Fir 20 ft. from nest. Silent. No calls given. 3:40 - Male flew to open forest beyond about 100 ft. from nest. 3:41 - Female on nest turned head forward so we could see side of head, ring around eye. 3:46 - Douglas squirrel bat at base of Red Fir 35 ft. west of nest. 3:51 - Squirrel came to within 6 ft. of nest. Female bird lifted head attentively.

Cogswell 1950 Myadestes townsendi 3 July 24 (cont) - (observations at nest). 3:52 - Squirrel went on down trunk of fallen tree the nest is in. 3:52'1/2 - Chipmunk came behind root crown. Solitaire's head went back to resting position. 3:55 - Chipmunk went down the log, 40 ft. beyond nest. 4:00 - Male came to small pine about 25 ft. east of nest. Peculiar wing fling. Vertically exaggerated wing beat. Came from direction of squirrel which was 75 ft. beyond nest on log. 4:12 - Male flew 100 ft. south to forest floor and returned to tree-foraging. 4:16 - Male flew 50 ft. southwest. 4:18 - One observer went within 2'2 ft. of nest and took moving pictures of bird on nest. 4:20 - Observer flushed bird from nest by putting hand 6 inches from her. Nest had four eggs, pale blue with light brown speckles. July 29 This nest still contains 4 eggs; adult incubating July 31 Today it has 1 young bird, eyes still closed, with only sparse down on upperparts. Other 3 eggs still in nest, and the adult bird is still incubating apparently. It flew off in the same non-demonstrative manner as

Cogswell 1950 Myadestes townsendi 4 July 31 (cont.) on previous visits. Aug.1 Still with 1 young + 3 eggs in nest. The sitting adult gave a momentary, somewhat questionable diversionary display from its first perch after flushing — the end of a log about 20 ft. from nest. The display, as it were, consisted merely of half- spread, drooping wings and a dragging slightly spread tail (showing white border) as it hopped 2 or 3 times & then flew on. Aug.2 Still (!!!) with 1 young + 3 eggs in nest, the young now being either 2 or 3 days old. adult sitting on heat when we arrived. [Aug.3] observations by 4 Audubon campers is appended, still the 1 young + 3 eggs. Something probably for added must be wrong; i.e. the eggs sterile (because of disturbances we caused? — if this is so, the bird or its embryos are easily disturbed). [Aug.5] Mr. R. P. Hays reports the nest still in same condition, the young now being 5 or 6 days old. Aug.6 at dusk today I found the nest abandoned. The young one was dead & I collected it as an alcoholic specimen (my catalog #149); it was either 6 or 7 days old. The three eggs were each broken into, apparently by a bird's bill (the Solitaire's?).

[illegible]

Townsend's Solitaire - Observed by. F. Bryant O. Mabon M. McCookack L. Porter Myadestes townsendi 4A. August 3, 1950 (P.D.S.T.) Time A.M. 10:45 Open forest glade - 10:49 lodge-pole pine 11:00 red fir 11:12 hemlock 11:15 and fallen logs 11:21 11:30 Observations Arrived at nest, of pine needles + dirt in the root end of fallen tree. Mother, or father, sitting on nest - a gray bird, smaller than robin, with distinct white ring around eye. Bird changed position slightly. Noticeable fluffing or spreading of wings + shoulder feathers. Leader of group walked up to within 2 1/2 ft. of nest, others followed. Bird turned head only + looked toward us. Leader scratched with a twig near nest. Bird fluttered to ground about 15 ft. away, leaving 1 baby bird, slightly down-covered, + 3 eggs. Then flew to a tree, staying within a radius of 150 ft. Group left area, all but leader, who later reported adult bird returned to nest, without food for young, at

Cogswell 1950 Myadestes townsendi 5 Aug. 9 Malena Cr Camp, 6600 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co. Rev. - 1 seen in lower branches of Jeffrey pine - white fir - black cottonwood forest of canyon mouth on rocky alluvial fan, near stream. In 1948 a nest with 4 large young was found about 200 yards upstream from here. It was placed in the bouldery dirt of the stream bank & the young were being fed by small boys of a camper's family while the 2 adult solitaire's scolded the whole pro- ceeding with the petulant "indrawn" whistle. Aug.25 7100+ ft., ½ mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 im- mature-plumaged individual flew from low perch to perch about 3 times in front of approach of about 8 people. It was in a fairly dense forest near an open, higher area covered by shrubs & a cleared ski trail. It gave no call note that we could hear.

Cogswell 1950 Myadestes townsendi 6 my negative no. 50-6-11 Aug. , 1950 Nesting site and vicinity, 7200 ft. 1 1/4 mi. S., 1/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. The nest is the lens shaped dark spot just right of center of upturned root mat. Tree trunks visible here are red fir (mostly), lodgepole pine (small one at L foreground) and mtn hemlock (large . at R ".)

Cogswell 1950 Regulus satrapa June 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. June 21 I heard singing in dense red fir - lodgepole pine - white pine forest. June 23 5100 ft., 1/3 mi. S Lake Spaulding, Nevada Co., Calif. - a number (seemingly 10±) heard in loose flock in tall dense white firs, yellow pines, & incense cedars. apparently a family group already on the move so this is a likely nesting area. One heard singing. N base "Crows Nest Peak", 7100 ft., 1.3 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif - 4 heard (2 singing) in dense red fir - white pine - lodgepole pine on gentle N. facing slope. Snow is still 1/2 to 5 ft. deep over much of the forest floor here. June 29 7100 ft., 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif - 2 foraging thru red firs, white pines, lodgepoles, & few hemlocks in broken, but fairly dense forest on N.E. facing slope (at one brooked rest area). One of them sang. (p.m.) - Ice Lakes, 690 ft., 3 mi. W 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. 2+ heard singing in 2 mile hike around the lakes in moderately dense red fir - lodgepole pine forest July 7 Locality same as June 23 - 1 heard calling (in 10+ min. we were there) July 11 6700-6700 ft., 3 mi. W, 1-3 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif (early a.m.) I heard singing in dense forest with many firs in it. others heard calling. July 19 Lodge to "Sugar Bowl", 7000-7300 ft., [see above] - Several (only) heard calling in denser forest areas; 2 seen, 1 heard giving a (half-hearted attempt at a) song.

Cogswell 1950 Regulus satrapa 2 July 20 Sugar Bowl Lodge to "Sugar Bowl", 7000-7300 ft., 1.2 mi. 55w to 1.5 mi. S by W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. about 10 heard in denser forest areas of red fir, silver pine, & mountain hemlock. No songs. July 23 High Meadow, 7800 ft., to ¼ mi. W Star Lake, 9000 ft. Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif. - about 10 heard (5+ seen in one group, including juveniles) along 2 mi. or so of trail thru fairly sparse red fir, lodgepole pine, & silver pine forest. - slope S of Star Lake, 9300 ft. - 1 seen in mountain hemlocks amid scattering of same in whitebark pine subalpine woodland. July 24 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see above] - 1 pair feeding 7+ insistently begging fledglings on limbs of firs or knoll by several cabins. 5 of young were in a close row on one branch, the others in a nearby tree; all were about 45-50 ft. above ground. July 25 Flock of 5 seen in forest near lodge. July 31 1+ heard singing, the first full song heard for 20 days. Aug. 3 About 20 encountered, a few in each of 3 aggregations of small birds (warblers, cheeba- dees, etc.) on a 2/3 mi. walk thru dense forest. Aug. 10-16 2 to 10 on each of most trips thru denser forests (red fir + pines). Aug. 25 7100 ft., ½ mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 3+ heard in patches of dense forest of lodgepole & silver pine fronting on a rocky, quarrel- coved slope.

Copperwell 1950 Regulus calendula June 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 2 heard singing in red fir - lodgepole pine - white pine forest, both on fairly gentle NW slope. June 17 (p.m.) Yuba Pass, 5800 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing in dense conifers (yellow-Jeffrey pine, incense cedar, white fir, etc.) near a small pond. June 20 near Sugar Bowl Lodge 7000-7300 ft (see above) - 5 heard .. 21) singing on pre 2 hr. walk in red fir - white pine forest on steeper N.-facing slopes. 3 singing in forest below Sugar Bowl itself on 21st. June 23 5100 ft., 1/2 mi. S Lake Spaulding, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 heard (lateam) singing in tall, dense conifers. July 1 near Sugar Bowl Lodge (see above) - 2+ singing regularly in July 3 red fir - white pine forest on N. base of Deaney Mtn & Crow's Nest Peak respectively .. The former one is accompanied occasionally by a scolding #; but so far I have located no nest. July 6 6800 ft., near Norden R.R. Sta., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 singing in matter open lodgepole pine - red fir forest near large This locale a much more xeric one than those above. July 7 2100 ft., 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 singing in same vicinity as R. satrapa (see that sp.). This occur- rence of both kinglets in the same areas & even the same trees at times is amazing. One would think they would compete ecologically, yet no evi. dence of animosity between them has come to my attention. July 9 7100 ft., Middle Martin Cr., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing, 1 seen in conifers near dependable stream.

Cogswell 1950 Regulus calendula 2 July 11 6700 - 6500 ft. 3 mi. W, 1 to 3 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. (early a.m.) I heard singing (in white fir - Jeffrey pine - lodgepole pine forest) a several calling in various conifer associations (upper, transition into Canadian zones) July 18 7100 ft. 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass [see p. 1] - 1+ heard singing July 17} early to July 25 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p. 1] - 1 to 4 recorded on each of 4 visits to dense forest areas, usually by hearing them sing (from 25th at least). This sp. is more localized in the continuous forest stands than R. satrapa, however, and was not found so commonly as that sp. singing. during this period even the satrapa has ceased. early August none recorded despite several coverages of those same areas - probably because singing stopped. Aug. 14 N base "Disney mtn." 7000 ft., near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 1] A pair seen feeding 2+ fledglings (1 of them out of the nest, the other running in & out to grob food from adult). There were probably several more in the nest, which was situated among dense fir foliage on a 50 ft. high branch of a red fir along border of cleared ski slope in a dense fir + pine forest. A mall sang regularly from an area 50-150 yards within the forest from the NEST tree earlier this season. Aug. 18 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p. 1] - I seen in forest N of lodge. It called the harsh "jib-it" note, which seems to be used very little by breeding birds.

Cogswell 1950 Vireo solitarius June 23, July 7, July 21} N. side Bear Valley, 4685 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 singing (1 of them seen well) in large black oak just within edge of yellow pine - incense cedar forest. July 8 7150 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing from dense thicket of bitter cherry, tobacco brush, and small aspens - with scattered Jeffrey pines & white firs nearby. S facing slope. This is on a steep July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on N fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 1 heard singing from tall black cottonwoods where mixed with a few lodgepole & Jeffrey pines. July 25, July 31} near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi., SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 seen in forest clump (cedar fir - lodgepole & sives pines) at border of willow thickets of wet "Cowgill Meadow". It was singing. July 25, Aug. 2, Aug. 3} 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1+ seen (singing at less than normal field speed) in similar area to July 8. Aug. 3 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 1 seen in fairly dense red fir + pine forest; it was among flood of wanderers, methadites & 2 warbling vericis. Aug. 4 N. side Bear Valley, 4590 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 heard edge singing in black oak - yellow pine - incense cedar forest. Aug. 11 7100 ft., 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing. Aug. 12 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 1 heard singing in forest. I am surprised to find these obviously up mtn migrants still singing fairly lustily. Aug. 17 1 heard giving a hesitant, subdued song. Aug. 18 Emigrant Gap, 5100 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing in mesa black oaks & chapaval. Aug. 27 6900 ft., 1/3 mi. S W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 1 heard singing in conifer forest by opening.

Cogswell 1950 Vireo gilvus June 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55 W Donner Pass, Glacer Co., Calif. - Several heard singing in the scattered young (few old) red firs & lodgepole pines in "Cowgill meadow" which is otherwise grown to clumps of willows with much wet ground & snowbanks with only dead vege- tation or forbs just sprouting. One male was seen singing in a low thicket of, leafless willows near the firs; it interrupted this behavior to approach another vireo, presumably a ♀, which came into the same thicket, mounted it briefly, & then went back to singing. The ♀ fluttered her wings slightly, & soon picked up a thin strip of bark & flew off with it to the firs, the ♂ following closely. From the detached clump of firs I watched them go on into the edge of the main forest at the S border of the meadow. When I reached there the ♂ was singing regularly from a close growing group of 2 Pinus monticola & 1 Tsuga mertensiana. He chased a ♂ Audubon warbler from these trees by repeated short flights directly at the warbler, accompanied by a querulous scold note immediately followed by bill snapping. A Red-breasted Nuthatch which alighted within a few feet of the singing vireo not 5 min. later was unmolested. The ♀ came & went several times, the ♂ following her away, but returning to sing for some several minutes each time before she returned. Finally I located the nest [illegible]. It is hung from a twig crotch near the tip of a

Cogswell 1950 Vireo gilvus 2 June 17 (cont'd) - southward projecting branch of a Pinus monticola, 25 ft. from patch of bare ground which is surrounded by 3 to 6 ft. deep snowbanks. The nest is open to the sky only in a small area to S & E of zenith. It has a lot of wide, dead leaves of some strap-shaped variety used in the outer portion, which seems quite complete. The site is 75+ ft. within the forest from the edge of the meadow & on the snowy side of it at that. June 18 This nest not visited; but the several singing & foraging birds noted today were all in, some well within, the red fir-lodgepole pine forest Perhaps it's because the alders & willows are leafless or with buds just opening. of the newly meadow June 23 N. side Bear Valley, 4985 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 singing in black oaks at edge of conifer forest & large grassy June 24 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. July 5) 2 singing from riparian woodland (tall black cotton, woods & willows & other shrubs). June 24 W. of Donner Lake, 5950+ ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 singing from tall aspens along inlet creek, & occasionally from the intermixed Jeffrey & lodgepole pines. June 27 Reno, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 heard singing in Fremont cottonwoods & catalpa trees of residential area. June 28 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Cal. at 5:30 p.m. (PDT) 2 flew rapidly across the porch on the SW side of the lodge, one [illegible] pursuing the other at or close (few miles) quarters. They

Cowgell 1950 Vireo gilvus 3 June 28 (cont'd) veered about erratically, and a moment later Dr. Joel Gustafson, who occupies the 3rd floor room at the E. end called to me a gave me the 2 birds which had crashed into the glass pane of the door of his room facing the porch. Both were dead, having apparently flown into the glass be- cause of reflection of the outside view therein. I prepared one (my cat. # 147), which proved to be a ♂, and Geo. Treichel did the other, which was a ♀. There are still 3+ other singing ♂'s in or near willow thickets of the 20+-acre "Cowgell meadow" near the lodge. June 29. Bird on nest described on June 17. July 3. The nest described above on June 17 today held a bird, apparently incubating, and another sang nearby in the edge of the forest & willows. July 4 } D.E. end Lake Van Norden, 6800 ft. Placer Co. Calif. - 2+ singing July 6 } from willow thickets (now fully leafed out) along wetter parts of meadow - forest border. July 7 Yuba Pass, 5800 ft. Nevada Co. Calif. - 1 singing from small thicket of willows at end of small pond otherwise sur- rounded by conifer forest. also 1 seen at Bear Valley a few mi. W of here (see June 23 note). July 8 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft. (see above) - of 3 seen in late a.m., only 1 sang. July 10 Truckee River, 5600 ft. Nevada Co. Calif. - 1 heard singing in 50-100 ft. will strip of willow thicket which borders th stream here m, amid Jeffrey pine & sagebrush forest. July 11 6300 ft; 2½ mi. W, 3½ mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. - 2 singing (early a.m.) from scattered small black oaks in mountain chaparral area on S. facing slope

Cogswell 1950 Vires gilvius 4 July 12 Malena C. Camp, 6600 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. I heard singing from mixed stand of Jeffrey pines, white firs, & black cottonwoods on alluvial fan in mouth of canyon; stream nearby. July 13 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p.]] - 1 adult seen carrying apparently some food to the nest of June 17, which now contained young, 26 days after it was being built! July 13] July 18] 7100 ft. '14 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 adult feeding young birds (several days old) in another NEST located about 11 ft. up in a subterminal Tufty crotch of, a thicket of mountain alders. some of young July 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p.]] - 1 ad. seen at nest, and another heard singing nearby in willow thickets of "meadow" near forest edge (on July 22) July 18] " 19] N.C. site L. Van Norden, 6800 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 sing. sing from willow & aspen thickets containing & close to scattered tall conifers. July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft. on S Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 3 heard singing in 1 hr. visit to riparian woodland (black cottonwood & aspen) along "flat". July 23 near High Meadow, 7900 ft., Carson Range, El Dorado Co., Calif. - 1 singing from aspens along stream. July 25 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 2 singing in & near "Cogswell meadow", neither near the June 17 nest. July 31 1 seen (silent) among warblers, etc., in denser low alders conifer forest N of lodge, but near opening with, Aug 3- 2 seen in similar situation. [also not singing] or maybe seen Aug 5 Cisco Grove [see above] - 1 heard singing in tall cottonwoods.

Cogswell 1950 Vireo gilvus 5 Aug.8 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p.1]. 2+ heard calling & 1 singing in a near the "cogswell meadow" (willows) & adjacent forest. Aug.12 2 seen in dense conifer forest (not singing) with many warblers. Aug.14 1- Ditto. Aug.22 Onion B. Canyon, 6050 ft., 2 mi. W, 3 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 2 heard (calling), one in black cottonwoods along stream, the other in mountain alder thicket near small muddy pool in tiny meadow. Aug.24 Ice Lakes Camp Ground, 6900 ft., 3 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 came thru dead brush dense at edge of 1/2 acre pool in forest to get to the water's edge without making a long flight in open. The tree canopy is (other than at the brushy spot) about 30 feet from the water, which distance seemed reluctant to cross. [see also vermisora plata, Dendroica auduboni] = General: The foraging habitat of this spx, although apparently always including some broad leaved growth, also takes in a considerable portion of any adjacent conifer forest. The June 17 most described above is not the only one we found in conifers, several being located thus in 1948. At altitudes low enough to have tall riparian trees & brush, this species is nearly restricted to them, or to black oaks.

"Cowgill meadow" July 3 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 1 singing(!) from dense willow-thickets in wet meadow. The bird was also seen at close range. Since we have not found them in this area during frequent coverage in the past 2 weeks, I assume this occurrence represents up-mountain post-breeding dispersal. July 5 7100-7150 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - During 3/4 hr. spent along a road in + near thickets of bitter cherry, tobacco-brush, snowbrush, & aspen 1 full vigor song of this species was heard + 13-14 young were seen. The latter foraged both in the shrubs and in admixed feathered white firs. These birds again probably have moved up from lower altitudes since none were found here on visits to same spot in June. July 8 5 or 6 individuals seen in this same area, most of them very dull below (= immatures ?) July 8 - 1 singing still from willow thickets near lodge (see July 3). July 13 "Cowgill meadow" - near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 1 seen in willows. July 19 E. end L. Van Norden, 6760 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 in willow thickets (over water) of inlet stream - mouth; it was involved in a brief chase thru the bush cano py with a ? V. ruficapilla, first one & then the other being the pursuer. July 20 "Cowgill meadow" [see above] - 3 + seen in willows. July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 1 in undergrowth of dogwood, willow, & aspen along stream July 23 just SW Star Lake, 9300 ft., Carson Range, Colorado Co., Calif. 1 seen at close range in open (subalpine) forest of mountain hemlock & white bark pine.

Cogswell 1950 Vermivora celata 2 July 25 7/100+ ft., 3/4 mi. w Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 3+ seen, .. 27 in edge of extensive shrub thickets (see July 5). July 26 8800 ft., 2 mi. S, 1 mi. E Mt. Rose, Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 seen in sparse subalpine forest of whitebark pine, mountain hemlock, lodge- pole, silver pines; it was foraging primarily in the hemlocks, although a copse of willows was visible in a sandy hollow nearby. July 31 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 1] - 2 or 3 noted on each of 3 short visits to fanato; they now seem to be spreading thru forest without regard for tree species. early Increasingly common, a very big influx Aug. having taken place in the 1st days of this two month. about 100 est. were recorded on a ~1 1/2 hr. walk thru forest of red fir, lodgepole & silver pines N of lodge on Aug. 3, fully 30 of them in one loose "flock" (with other species admixed). None of their birds sang. Aug.5 Cisco Grove [see p. 1] - about 8 or 10 encountered in 4 hrs. spent in & along edge of riparian woodland. Aug.6 Daggett Pass, 7450 ft. Carson Range, Douglas Co. Nev. scented shrubs of 2 seen in open forest of Jeffrey pine forest on dry ridge. Aug.7 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - the big wave has receded somewhat - only about 30 total seen in same area, similar coverage as on Aug. 3. Aug.11 Still fewer, but still found here - there all thru forest & shrub thicket areas. - 7100 ft., 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. - about 5 seen or heard calling + 2 heard singing (!) in forest patches + Alder, cherry & huckleberry thickets.

Cogswell 1950 Vermivora celata 3 Aug. 14, near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 1] - about 10 encountered Aug. 18 on a 2 hr. slow walk thru conifer forest & along edge of willow dotted meadow. Aug. 15 C. and L. Van Norden - about 10 in willows of Milet Creek mouth (of July 14). apparently migration is still going on in force, despite passing of the big wave of Aug. 3. Aug. 21 Drosser Cr., 5650 ft., 1 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 seen in much browsed, scattered willow clumps along the creek banks in open, grassy valley. Surrounding hills, a few hundred feet away, are sagebrush or sagebrush + open Jeffrey pine forest. Aug. 24 - 7100+ ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass [see July 5] - 2+ in thickets of bitter cherry, etc., where commoner earlier. Ice Lakes Camp Ground, 6900 ft., 3 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass Placer Co., Calif. - about 15 seen during 1 1/4 hrs spent in lodgepole pine - red fir forest on bouldery, flattish slopes NE of Bulldog L. Most of them were foraging in foliage + on smaller branches of the conifers; and at a small water-filled hole (40+ feet x 60+ ft.) in middle of the forest there was a regular trooping of small birds down to the waters edge for drinking + bathing. 5 or 6 of this sp. were involved, all of them moving in a circuitous route thru forest to go to the water via a dead tree top which extended from forest into the water, slooly avoiding the 30+ ft. wide opening elsewhere.

Cogswell 1950 Vermivora ruficapilla June 17 N of Big Bend Camp, 5850 ft., near S. Fork Yuba River, Placer Co., Calif. 2 heard singing in dense shrub thickets (partly soft-leaf, partly sclerophyll) along wide clearing thru conifer forest by several parallel power lines. June 21 7100-7200 ft. 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 3 singing (1 of them seen) in dense thickets of bitter cherry, tobacco brush, mountain maple, etc., and at times in the scattered white firs & Jeffrey pines. This is on ste. 5 facing slope. June 22 7000 ft. 3/4 mi. E Soda Springs, Nevada Co., Calif. - about 5 singing ♂♂ (2 seen) on this SW- facing shrub & sparse pine-covered slope. The vegetation is simi- lar to the last locale, but without the maple & with more trees & many small aspens. 40 min. spent in area. June 24 SW corner Donner Lake, 5950 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 singing from rather dense forest of Jeffrey pine, red fir, and lodgepole pine with good understory of tall shrubs. This is near bit of willow thicket and a few cottonwoods along Lakeview Creek. June 30 (a.m.) (p.m.) Big Bend Camp, 5800 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif 1♂ singing in 1 acre of mountain ashers in opening of forest of tall, dense white firs, Jeffrey pines, etc. The bird came, with other species, to my whistled call. July 5 same locale as June 21 - 3 heard singing, 2 (others?) seen. 6500 ft. 5 1/2 mi. W, 1 1/2 mi. N Tahoe City, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing from dense shrub thickets (mixed hard & soft leaves) with sparse, tall conifers - by Squaw Valley ski lift. July 8 same locale as June 21 - 5± heard singing or seen. July 11 6600-6300 ft. 2 1/2 mi. W, 3 1/4-3 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - Jaybird + small black birds.

Cogswell 1950 Vermivora ruficapilla July 13 "Cowgill Meadow" 7000 ft., 1/2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Glacer Co, Calif - 1 ♂ seen in willow thickets of this quite roost area — where they do not nest. This is the first record this season away from probable breeding areas. - 1/4 - 3/4 mi. N Donner Pass, 7200 - 7300 ft., Nevada Co, Calif - 2 seen in low shrub thickets (manganita, spiraea, huckleberry oak, ceanothus cordulatus) and scattered sparsely pines & firs. These areas probably also not breeding ones be-cause of low stature of shrubs & relative dryness. July 19 E. end L. Van Norden, 6760 ft., Glacer Co, Calif - 1 ♂ in willow thickets # in stream mouth; it was involved in a chase with a Vermivora celata (q.v.) July 23-27 7100+ ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Glacer Co, Calif - 1 ♂ seen in [cf. June 27] same tall, dense shrub area where several probably nested. July 31 Near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Glacer Co, Calif - 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ seen in red fir - lodgepole pine forest and narrow strip of low alders in opening of same. Aug. 1 E. end L. Van Norden [see above] - 2 seen. Aug. 2 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass [see above] - 3 seen near Sugar Bowl Lodge [" " ] - several, with other warblers. Aug. 14 2+ seen in red fir + pine forest N of lodge. Aug. 15 E. end L. Van Norden - 2 in willows Aug. 22 6300 ft., Am. River C. road, 3+ mi. S L. Van Norden, Glacer Co, Calif 1 seen in dense chaparral of ceanothus cordulatus & fresnensis ?, manganita, prunus emarginata, & chisquopin with scattered small black oaks & tall yellow pines. August 20

Cogswell 1950 Vermivora ruficapilla 3 Aug.23 Salena Cr. Camp Ground, 6600 ft, Carson Range, Washoe Co. New: - 1 bright-plumaged male (apparently with new feathers nearly grown - or else not yet molting) seen in Jeffrey pine - white fir - black cottonwood forest on rocky alluvial fan in canyon-mouth. Aug.24 700 ft, 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass [see p.1] - 1 seen in dense thickets with few fir & pine trees nearby. - 6900 ft. NE Dalguna L., 3 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif.- 1 seen in lodgepole pine - red fir forest (cf. nor. of V. celata, D. auduboni). Aug.25 near Sugar Bowl Lodge - 2+ seen in elders of forest openings; at least one was an ad. ♂.

Cogswell 1950 Dendroica aestiva = petechia June 17 Chubb Lake, 5250 ft., in Sec. 22, T 17 N, R 12 E, Nevada Co. Calif. - 1 heard singing in area of black oaks + chaparral + young cedars. June 29 Soda Springs, 6750 ft. Nevada Co. Calif. - 2 singing from tall, June 30 dense willow thickets along S. fork Yuba R. This is the same area as the highest altitudinal occurrence of singing individuals I noted in 1948. For some reason this sp. does not seem to occur in the willows + alders near Sugar Bowl Lodge (7000 ft.), perhaps because of the snow lingering up to 1 month longer there - leaves coming out late as a consequence. June 24 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. - 3 heard (am.) singing in 1/8 mile of riparian woodland consisting of tall black cottonwoods + short willows, dogwood, (p.m.) W. end Donner Lake, 6000 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 singing from strip of aspen trees + tall shrubs along inlet stream creek. Many pines are admixed here even up to the June 25 5100+ ft., mouth of Cold Cr. canyon, S. Sierraville, Sierra Co. Calif. 2 heard singing in riparian woodland. June 27 Truckee River between Verdi's Reno, 4800-4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. 3 heard singing in black (near Verdi) and Fremont cotton- woods along foothill + valley stream. June 28 Boca, 5500 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing in willow - alder riparian strip along Truckee River.. July 4 1/2 mi. NE Lake Van Warden, 6800 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 2 seen, 1 often a singing ?, in tall willow thickets at border of broad goldenrod + clover meadow and open conifer forest. This is about 1 1/2 mi. E of June 29 & June 30 records. Still none have been located at Sugar Bowl 1 1/2 mi to SSE.

Cogswell 1950 Dendroica aestiva (= petechia) 2 July 5 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft. on S. fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 3 heard singing in same area as on June 24. One fledgling was BANDED (#47-81431). As I picked it up from its perch in a low willow near the stream, the adult ♂ came to within 8 ft. of me, calling loudly with wings fluttering & tail spread. July 8 Still 3 singing ♂♀ here; no sign of fledglings. July 9 SW end Lake Tahoe, 6240 ft., Eldorado Co., Calif. - 1 singing from 1-200ft. wide strip of lodgepole pines on sand dome along shore, isolated from any riparian & woodland habitat by broad tule & pondweed marshes & open fields. July 10 Truckee R. at Union Mills, 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 singing. from narrow willow strip along turbulent stream July 11 6500-6300 ft., 2½ mi. W, 3½ mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. (early a.m.) 3 heard singing in small black oaks scattered on dense chaparral, S-facing slope, well away from any stream. July 12 Reno, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - Several heard singing as we drove from shade trees along city residential areas. July 26 July 22 Cisco Grove [see above] - about 8 encountered in the usual ¼ mi. stretch of riparian woodland. Several ♀♀, fell yet July 23 Brockway, 6250 ft., N. end L. Tahoe, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing from aspens along small stream by forest edge. Aug. 5 Cisco Grove [see above] - 2 heard singing in cottonwoods. Aug. 6 Carson City, Ormsby Co., Nev. - 10+ in shade trees of state capital grounds; only 1 was singing (at noon). Aug. 9 Reno - 2♂ singing in Idlewild Park, + 1♀ seen. Aug. 16 Cisco Grove [see above] - 3♂ heard singing, others calling & seen.

Cogswell 1950 Dendroica aestiva (= petechia) 3 Aug. 18 S.E. end Bear Valley, 4600 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 sing- ing from single huge maple (A. macrophyllum) by rock outcrop which marks edge of broad grassy valley. a few black oaks are scattered along nearly forest edge, and well spaced white alders along the stream, a hundred yards N Aug. 21 Grosser Cr., 5650 ft., 1/3 mi. E, 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif.: - 2 adults (? both &) and at least one fledgling seen in brownsed-back, scattered willows along stream in this open, grassy valley. The 2 adults both scolded when we ap- proached the young one, which was deep within a thick bush & un-reachable. Aug. 22 6300 ft., Am. R. Canyon road, 3+ mi. S L. Van Norden, Placer Co., Calif. - 4 heard singing from scattered small black oaks & taller yellow pines on an otherwise dense chaparral-covered slope. Aug. 23 Helena Cr. Camp Ground, 6600 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev.: - 1 seen in ceanothus & lower limbs of cottonwoods & conifers a few yards from stream. Aug. 25 6900+ ft., 1/2 mi. 5W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 seen in willows along trickle of a stream, north conifer forest all around. This is closest to Sugar Bowl & to Donner Pass I have yet found this species. Its absence from the early August general influx of various walkers at the higher altitudes seems noteworthy. They also sang more regularly into August than other species of warblers (to Aug 22 at least see above).

Cogswell 1950 Dendroica auduboni June 17 to June 30} near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55 W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 2 singing 8" on, 2\ hr. walks in red fir, all 1-2.5 lodgepole pine, white pine forests. June 20 Soda Springs, 6750 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1♂ in full breed- ing plumage, and a ♀ separate from him, were forag- ing on the ground + about wood litter at horse Corral; with the nearest trees (lodgepole pines) 150 to 300 ft away. June 23 N side Bear Valley, 4585 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 seen in edge of dense incense cedar, yellow pine, & black oak forest. June 24 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft.; on S fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 1♂ seen in tall Black Cottonwood trees, but near lodge- pole & Jeffrey pines. June 30 Big Bend Camp Ground, 5800 ft.; on S fork Yuba R. Placer Co., Calif about 5 heard singing in tall, dense conifers (white fir, Jeffrey pine, lodgepole pine). 1♂ & 1♀ came to my whistled owl call, along with other species. July 7 N side Bear Valley, 4585 ft. (see above) - 1♂, 1♀ seen in edge of firs, - 5100 ft., 1/3 mi. S Lake Spaulding, Nevada Co., Calif. - 5♂ heard singing in tall, dense forest of white fir, yellow pine, incense cedar, & sugarpine (few), with good understory. July 14 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above]: 2 NESTS located, each situated on the leafy part of a much-branched horizontal limb of red fir; but tho on the main branch, each was fairly well hidden by small twigs & needles around it. Pair of adults feeding young in each nest. The first nest -- , about 18 ft. up over a wet, boggy

Cogswell 1950 Dendroica auduboni 2 July 14 (cont.) area at border of Cogswell meadow, was so thin, that the young ones had poled a hole thru the bottom. One of them was giving a food call from low herbs almost immediately below the nest; one of at least 2 others in the nest was straddling the hole, its naked belly plainly visible from below as it grasped the shreddy borders of the hole with widely spread legs. I captured and banded (#47-81433) the young bird on the ground. As I approached it, the adults came to within 15 ft., both giving vehement "tchup" notes. As I picked up the young one, it gave a little squeak and the 2 parent immediately came to about 4 feet in front of me and performed a zig-zag display with wings and tail spread, the latter widely. The second NEST was about 15 ft. up over dry forest floor, in a tree along the road but on the side toward forest. July 17 Young in each of these nests still being fed by adults. I could not locate the bird I banded 3 days ago near where I had released him by setting him in a bush. July 19 ..20 15 to 20 on early morning visits of 1+ hr. to suitable forest & forest edge areas. Fledg. livings being fed by adults on 20th.

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Cogswell 1950 Dendroica auduboni 3 July 23 High Meadow, 7800 ft. to near Star Lake, 9200 ft., Carson Range, El Dorado Co., Calif. - 12+ counted in about 3 1/2 mi. of trail thru (first 3/4) sparse red fir - lodgepole & silver pine forest & (last 1/3 1/2) in sub-alpine forest of whitebark pine & mountain hemlock, "Krummholz", fell-fields on Greel Peak & Job's Sister saddle, 9,200 - 10,500 ft., Carson Range, El Dorado Co., Calif. 4 seen, fly-catching about stunted whitebark pines & open rocky slopes above them. late July near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [See p. 1] - still common everywhere, more widespread than earlier in summer, being now also noted in willow & alder thickets well away from conifers. Singing is much less frequent, tho still heard occas. in early a.m. 1 pair seen feeding several fledglings on 3/24. Aug. 3 about 50 seen or heard in fairly dense red fir - lodgepole & silver pine forest N of lodge on 1 1/2 hr. walk (1+ mi.) then same in mid p.m. Several fledglings seen begging food from ads. Aug. 4 1 juv. banded (# 47-81435). It was 1 of 2 which were in govt sparrow trap set on board under edge of forest along clearing for buildings & road. Bait of chip feed & suet.. The other escaped from my hand without being banded. mid-Aug. Increased nos. in forest now. Many young being fed by adults, but all in loose flocks & moving about Aug. 17 5900 ft. 3 mi.E., 5 mi.N Robert Mills, Sierra Co., Calif. - in arid sparse Jeffrey pine habitat.

Cogswell 1950 Dendroica anduboni 4 Aug. 18 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p. 1] about 30 in - single loose flock (incl. some other sp. also) in forest just N of lodge. Aug. 21 near Grosser Cr., 5700 ft., 1-1/2 mi. E, 3-1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - several seen in sparse, arid forest of Jeffrey pine + low sagebrush. This seems not to be a breeding area, but probably represents post-breeding dispersal downslope (as does also Aug. 17 record, above, in same habitat). Aug. 24 Ice Lakes Camp ground, vic., 6900 ft., 3 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - an est. 200 seen or heard in 1-1/4 hrs. spent in traversing or "sitting still" here + there in mod. open lodgepole pine - red fir forest. Many of them were coming in to drink and/or bathe at a small pond in forest. They, along with most other small birds there [see V. celata, Vireo gilvus], came around thru forest canopy to approach water thru a dead tree which lay with its top in the water. The branchwork (+ even some needles) being more or less intact provided cover + enabled them to avoid crossing the 30+ ft. space between tree canopy + water elsewhere. To Aug. 26 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 1] - continued common, tho some other sp. of nearblers seen less so the last few days.

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Cogswell 1950 Dendroica nigrescens June 23 N side Bear Valley, 4685 ft., Nevada Co. Calif. - 1 ♂ seen & heard singing in large black oaks just within yellow pine - mixed cedar forest near large grassy meadow. on S fork Yuba R. June 30 Big Bend Camp Trl, 5770 ft., Glacier Co. Calif. - 1 ♂ seen in dense forest of white fir, Jeffrey & lodgepole pines near an alder bordered stream. It was foraging in the lower & middle part of the canopy of 40-70 ft. firs, giving only the "tiip" call note. I do not think this species nests here, for I have visited the area several times in summer of 1948 & on June 17, 1950, without finding any singing or nesting. July 7 - none found at the Bear Valley locale of June 23. [nor at subsequent visits here on July 21, Aug. 4 Aug. 11 just N Big Bend Camp Trl. [see above] 5850 ft. - 1 ♂ seen in dense shrub area under power lines; mixed hard & soft leaves conifer forest + few, scraggly black oaks nearby. when we approached the bird flew into lower branches of the oaks & finally on toward taller pines. No song given. Aug. 17 Hampshire Rocks, 5900 ft., on S fork Yuba R., Glacier Co. Calif. 1 ♂ seen foraging about upper branches of scattered Jeffrey & lodgepole pines in mixed conifer & cottonwood stringers on rocky flat near stream Aug. 18 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Glacier Co. Calif. - 1 ♂ seen with other warblers, in dense red fir - lodgepole & silver pine forest. [the last 4 records all probably, & the last 2 certainly represent up-mtn. post-breeding movement]

Cogswell 1950 Dendroica occidentalis [N.B. - Later records than Aug. 10 were only of birds heard or glimpsed, hence not definitely this species] June 17: Big Bend Camp &nd., 5800 ft., on S Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 1 heard singing from tall, dense conifers (white fir, Jeffrey & lodgepole pines). The song is drawling in the first 3 or 4 notes, much like D. nesotensis, but then runs into a light, see sawing trill without the drawling quality. [1 & was seen feeding young here in 1948] June 23 5100 ft., 1/3 mi. S Lake Spaulding, Nevada Co., Calif - 2 heard singing in tall, dense forest of white fir, incense cedar, yellow pine, a few sugar pines & Douglas firs. There is a good understory of dogwood, Ceanothus integer- rinicus, thimbleberry, etc. along the road; but the warblers do not seem to use it, staying rather well up in the tall trees. However, This sp. has yet to be located in similarly dense red fir & lodgepole or white pine forests in the Canadian zone (which lacks understory). June 30 Big Bend Camp &nd., 5800 ft. (see above) - 2 &'s, which had been (a.m.) singing, interrupted same to come to my whistled owl call (Pygmy - 'dew-wket') & settled from lower branches of tall firs. (pm) 17, 18 came to owl call in same place. July 7 5100ft., 1/3 mi. S Lake Spaulding (see above) - 1 heard singing. July 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 &-plumaged individual seen in red firs at forest edge by willow-filled "meadow" July 31 3+ &'s (or imm.) seen in red fir - lodgepole + silver pine forest. - on 1 1/2 hrs. spent slowly walking there. Aug. 3 15+ seen in same area or similar coverage - all &'s or imm. Aug. 10 Ice Lakes Camp &nd. 6900ft. 3 mi. W 1mi. S Donner Pass - 1 & seen.

Cogswell 1950 Oporornis tolmiei June 17 Big Bend Camp #2, 5800 ft. on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. June 30 2 heard singing in cherry, ceanothus, & huckleberry oak thickets of wide cleared strip under power lines. June 22 7000 ft., 3/4 mi. E Soda Springs, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 ? seen (singing) in dense chaparral of bitter cherry, ceanothus cordulatus & velutinus, manzanitas & huckleberry oak, with short aspens, scattered here & there. & considerable surface moisture. This is on a SW- facing slope near forest edge. June 29 7100 ft., 1/3 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 singing July 13 regularly (a m. & p.m.) from bitter cherry thickets July 18 amid chaparral (huckleberry oak, manzanita, etc) on W facing slope. There are scattered tall pines & firs in the chaparral & denser forest. July 3 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 singing July 11 from willow thickets surrounding a clump of young red firs about 200 ft. from forest edge. This is the same spot which was occupied by a singing ? in 1948; but I am quite sure it was not here in mid June of this year. July 5 Squaw Valley ski lift, 7000 ft., in Sec. 31, R16E, T16N, Placer Co. Calif - 1 seen in top of young fir on shrub covered slope & 1 heard singing in extensive huckleberry oak thickets with small amount of admixed bitter cherry & aspen. July 8 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 2 heard singing & seen in dense thickets of bitter cherry, mountain maple, tobacco brush & manzanita with sparse pines & firs admixed.

Croswell 1950 Oporornis tolmiei 2 July 11 6500 ft., 4 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 heard singing in chaparral composed of green leaf manzanita + Ceanothus fremontii & few black oaks on old logged off area in Transition zone forest. This is a dry S facing slope well up from any stream (Onion Cr. is over ½ mi. away). July 21 N Emigrant Gap, 5200 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 1? seen in mixed hard & soft chaparral + scattered pine outliers on N. facing, dry slope. July 25 7100 ft., 3¼ mi. W Donner Pass - 3+ seen or heard, 1 of them singing, - in same area as on July 8. July 27 2 heard calling in dense cherry + Ceanothus shrubs. July 30 6600 ft., ½ mi. E Donner Pass, Placer + Nevada Co., Calif - 1? seen in young pine and surrounding thickets of Ceanothus, Spiraea, aspen, & cherry about 20 yds. up from stream. Aug. 2 Aug. 3 7100 ft., 3¼ mi. W Donner Pass - 1 heard (each date) in same shrub area where this sp. undoubtedly breeds [above] Aug. 5 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 2 very dull-plumaged ones, with almost white throats (but merging to pale gray on upper breast & then abruptly to yellow), seen in willow creek - dogwood thickets along stream. Aug. 11 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 in similar plumage (= imm. & according to J.G. Dickba who saw it with me) in willow thickets. Aug 15 E end L Van Norden, 6765 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 1? in willows in Sugar Bowl Cr. mouth. Aug. 18 near Sugar Bowl [see above] - 1 in strip of low alders along narrow opening (intermittent) in dense conifer forest.

Cogswell 1950 Oporornis tolmiei 3 aug.24 - 7,100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - I see another heard in same shrub area which has held the sp. all summer [see July 8 & other dates] (but none in forest areas without understory the other warblers common there -- see "Ice Tables" under Vermivora celata, D.auduboni) aug.25 7100 ft., 1/3-7/3 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 2+ heard in cherry, ceanothus, huckleberry oak shrub area (cf June 29 & later dates). aug.26 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see above] - 1 in edge of wet willow thicket. [General: - this sp. seems more restricted to moist shrubbery than V. ruficapilla; for altho both are found together early in summer the tolmiei does not occur widely thru forest during post-breeding period as does ruficapilla].

Cogswell 1950 Wilsona pusilla June 17 vicinity of Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Nevada Co., Calif. - Several heard singing in border area of coniferous forest & willow thickets of meadows & streambanks. The shrubs are still leafless, with much snow on all N-facing slopes. This species, as others more characteristic of broad-leaved trees, seems to be using the conifers a great deal while the shrubs are without foliage. June 19 An estimated 10 heard singing in forest border and willow & alder thickets in the same area, on a 2 hour walk thru same. June 22 7000 ft., 3/4 mi. E Soda Springs, Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 seen (singing) in mixed hard & soft chaparral on SW-facing slope near forest edge. The shrubs include buckleberrry oak & manzanitas, aspen, bitter cherry, etc. There is much water trickling in small drain- ages because of melting snow. June 24 near Sugar Bowl Lodge (see above) - more frequent in the willows of meadow area, the leaves of which are now beginning to unfold. June 24 W. end Donner Lake, 5950 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - about 5 encountered in 30 min. spent along the inlet creek stream, which is bordered by dogwood & willow, with some tall aspens. 2 birds were seen at close range as both sang & chased other thru low thickets on one side of the 10 ft. wide streambed. No actual fighting was observed, but one hopped close to the other, facing first R then L with tail fluttering rapidly.

Cogswell 1950 Wilsona pusilla 2 June 24 (cont.) Finally the two flew across the streambed - one immediately returned to side where original chase had been taking place. Both of them then sang - began foraging - each apparently in his own territory now. June 30- Beij Bend, 5750 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. - 2 came (a.m.) from aspen + older thickets in shady opening of tall fir + pine forest to join other birds at my owl call. (p.m.) Same result. Both sang at once (i.e. = 2 JS). July 5- 2100-7300 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 3 heard July 8} singing in dense chaparral of bitter cherry, manzanita, tobacco brush, + aspen on S-facing slope. There are still some good rivulets draining the area, but it is hardly "riparian". (2 here on 8th) July 5? Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. ? July 8} 2 heard singing in dense riparian thickets of willow, creek dogwood, + aspen under tall cottonwoods. There were several yellow warblers here also. July 11 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - songs still frequent in willow thickets. July 19 700ft, "Sugar Bowl" (4 mi SE of last) - 2 singing a (early am), few times only, from willow thickets of cold N-facing slope. Those of meadow nearer lodge seem to have largely ceased singing. July 20- calls only, heard in this same spot early m.a.m. July 31 near Sugar Bowl Lodge - 1 giving a subdued song in alder thickets along stream. The species is as free quent in conifers now as in willows; mostly just foragers.

Coggswell 1950 Wilsonia pusilla 3 Aug.1-2 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p.2] - only songs heard now are hesitating, published in volume; aug.8, and a few of those -> Last heard these half-songs. aug.11] Aug.5 Lisco Grove, 5650 ft.. [see p.2] - I heard calling in under- Jul.16 growth of riparian woodland. Aug.14 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p.2] - 3 seen or heard on 1 3/4 hr. slow walk thru conifer forest bordering willow patches of wet meadows. 2 were in willows. Aug.17 Hampshire Rocks, 5900 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. - 3 seen in willow-dogwood-aspen riparian thickets & admixed pines & cottonwoods. Aug.18 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p.2] - about 10 encountered in 1/8 mi. walk thru conifer forest (red fir + lodgepole + silver pines); this is largest no. of this species recorded well away from the willow, aspen & forest border habitat it breeds in. Hence, dispersal and/or migration movement is indicated - about 2 wks. later than influx of several other warblers. Aug.24- 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 2 in mixed hard & soft chaparral + patches of conifers. (p.m) - Ice Lakes, 6900 ft., 3 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif. - 3 seen in lodgepole pine - red fir forest (cf. numbers of Vermivora celata, Dendroica auduboni) Aug.25 7100 ft., 1/2-2 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. about 5 seen along edges of conifer forest & interspersed with shrub patches (aspen, cherry, ny oak huckleberry) Aug.26 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 1 seen.

Cogswell 1950 Passer domesticus June 19 Truckee Nevada to Calif - 1 pr. at R.R. Station. June 25 Sierra Valley, 4900 ft., Sierra to Plumas Co., Calif common in Sierraville & at ranch buildings well scattered thru open grassland & sagebrush thence N to Beckworth & Vinton. June 27 vicinity of Reno & vicinity, S to Steamboat Springs July 12 and Pleasant Valley Washoe Co., Nevada - common July 36 in town & all along highway thru ranch district. July 24 Truckee, 5820 ft. Nevada to Calif - flock of about 10 noted flying up to store fronts across street from R.R. Station. This town, some 7 1/2 mi E of Donner Pass is the closest point to that mountain barrier at which I have noted the species on the east. None have been seen between here and Verdi, Nevada; and none along Highway 40 in the conifer belt on the W side of the Sierra,

Cogswell 1950 Sturnella neglecta June 20 Soda Springs, 6760 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 very dull plumaged bird (c-4 or young ?) on small meadow just below Lake Van Norden dam, to which it flew when disturbed. I do not think the species nests at this altitude, for the snow has only melted within the past 2 weeks. June 23 Inside Bear Valley, 4580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 1 heard singing in middle of large grassy area with few scattered trees. July 7 2 flushed from tall grass in same area; they gave only harsh "chirt" call notes. [= possible nesting pair]. July 9 S end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft., Eldorado Co., Calif. - 4+ flushed from grassy borders of extensive marsh in 1 hr. walk. July 19 E end Lake Van Norden, 6770 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 1 very dull plumaged bird on open sedge + grass meadow, it gave no call as it flew. about 1 1/4 mi. E of June 20 locale. July 27 Prosser Cr, 5650 ft., 2 mi. E, 1 1/2 mi. S Robert Mills, Nevada Co, Calif - 4 seen in grassy flat of 50+ acres extent, surrounded by sparse low sagebrush. Aug. 5 - Reno + roads just S & E of it, 4500+ ft., Washoe Co., Nev. (late p.m.) Fairly common in moist grassland (mostly irri- gated pastureland), more so than the single birds seen on previous drives thru the area 5 of town would indicate (July 12, July 26). 1 song heard fully Aug. 6 - valley near Carson City , Renoa, Ormsby & Douglas Cos., Nev. (mid-day.) fairly common - 30+ seen while driving thru grass- land or sagebrush-grassland. No songs heard. Aug. 17 Little Truckee R., 5800+ ft., Sierra Sierra Co., Calif - about 5 seen on 1/2 hr. walk across willow-dotted grassland; subdued song.

Cogswell 1960 Sturnella neglecta 2 Aug. 21 Brosser Cr., 5650 ft, 3 1/2 mi. N, 1 1/3 mi. E Truckee, Nevada C., Calif. - 6 flushed from similar grassland (but more heavily grazed by cattle) in a somewhat narrower valley than that of Aug. 17. Aug. 23 along Highway US-395 S Reno, Washoe C., Nev. - about 5 seen while driving thru farm a bordering low sagebrush-grass areas. [This no. higer than that recorded on previous similar trips this summer, its perhaps not significant because of type of coverage].

Cogswell 1950 Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus - 1 June 25 4890 ft. 6 1/2 mi. N Sierraville, Sierra Co, Calif.- A small colony (50+ adults seen) were busily carrying food to nests in dense cat-tails of a 3 or 4 acre reservoir adjacent to extensive wet grassland in central part of Sierra Valley. June 27 Little Washoe Lake, 5020 ft. , Washoe Co., Nev. - about 30 adults seen (both sexes), mostly about the small area of sparse, tall Scirpus sp. in 1 1/2 to 3 ft. of water near shore of S arm of lake. About 10 nests with from 2 to 5 eggs each were found, and 3 dead juvenile birds were found on shore. The nests were made of dry tule stems, woven around about 10-15 growing stems, placed just above the water line. Apparently some disturbance of an early brood has initiated re-nesting. July 9 S. end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft., Eldorado Co, Calif.- An estimated 200 adults & many fledglings seen in a near extensive marshes E of Camp Dickerson on a 1 hr. walk along it. July 12 Little Washoe Lake (see above) - 10?, 29 seen at NW end of lake; no evidence of nesting here, 1/2 mi. from colony described on June 27. July 26 Colony again visited. Only 6-7 adult females & several fledglings seen. Aug 5 4550 ft., 2 mi. E Reno, Washoe Co. Nev.- 1 flock of 300 est., feeding in large cattle corral, especially from grain bins. Less than 20% were ad. jf??

Cogswell 1950 Agelaius phoeniceus June 17 BE. end Bear Valley, 4590 ft., Placer Co., Calif - Several June 23 (3+?) in & about small wet sedge area at head of large grassy valley. The sedges where they are probably nesting are only about 2\frac{1}{2}ft. high. June 22 E. side Boca Reservoir, 5550 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - Several in low wet sedges & grasses of swale in sagebrush country adjacent to reservoir. June 25 Sierra Valley, 4900 ft., Sierra & Plumas Cos., Calif common in wet grassland areas in central part of valley. June 27 Reno to S. of Steamboat Springs, 4500-4700 ft., Washoe Co., Nev - Very common in grassy fields & about farmyards & near wet ditches, etc., along US Route 395. Males displaying in air overhead. July 7 Bear Valley (see above) - only 1 ? noted on 1hr. visit. July 9 S. end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft., Eldorado Co., Calif - abundant? in & near tall tule marshes E. of Camp Richardson. Many fledglings were being fed by adults in tules. July 12 Reno to S. of Steamboat Springs (see above) - still numerous, but males not displaying now. July 21 Bear Valley, 4580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 244, 1 or more ?? seen in clump of pines & black oaks in center of meadow. July 26 Reno to S. of Steamboat Springs (see above) - Conspicuous by absence where common 2 weeks ago, at the Dr. Joel Austin. Aug. 23 Gustafson reported seeing 2. -> I saw a flock of about 10 ?? here, Aug. 5 4500 ft., 2 mi. ESE Reno, Washoe Co., Nev. - a large flock of mixed ? 44 and imm. ?? & a few adult ??, estimated at 500 total, was feeding on farm grain fields & in cattle feeding areas with X xanthocephalus

Cogswell 1950 Icterus bullockii June 27 - Yellewild Park, 4500 ft. Reno, Washoe Co., Nev. - I heard singing & calling in cottonwoods & lombardy poplars near river. July 12 - Call notes only, on a similar 15 min. stop today. Aug. 6 - 4750 ft. 1 mi. S Genoa, Douglas Co., Nev. - at a series of 5 or 6 scattered Fremont cottonwoods along the road irrigation ditch. Here there was an active family of 4+ well grown young being fed by pair of adults. They flew from tree to tree & finally out onto tops of sagebrush and other bushes a few hundred feet away. The young were quite noisy, but appeared to have full length tails. The 2 did little of the feeding. - Carson City, 4700 ft., Ormsby Co., Nev. - 1? in shade trees of the capitol plaza. - E. of Washoe Lake, 5050+ ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 ?? seen open in sagebrush country, but within few hundred yards of a ranchhouse with cottonwood trees.

Cogswell 1950 Euphagus cyanoccephalus - 1 June 17 - Lake Van Norden & vicinity, 6800 ft, Glacer & Nevada Cos. Calif. off. Numerous (probably several dozen pairs) on large open meadow with open lodgepole pine forest adjacent. June 17: Bear Valley, 4950 ft, Glacier & Nevada Cos. Calif. Several seen in broad grassy meadow surrounded by pine, incense cedar, white fir, and black oak forest. June 20 - Lake Van Norden (see above) - adults carrying food, appar- ently to young still in nests; but the actual nests not seen, because of my duties as group leader. June 23 Bear Valley (see above) - 20+ seen in 1 1/2 hr. visit. June 25 Sierra Valley, 4900 ft., Sierra Co., Calif. - Common about farm buildings & on nearby wet grassland & sagebrush areas. Several NESTS were found on rafters of buildings of a ranch near center of valley, no trees being available except a few cottonwoods? Two nests I was able to reach both held eggs. June 26 Lake Van Norden - see copy of original field notes of 3 audubon campers who observed behavior of colony of adults near young out of nest. July 6 about 20 flew in to mob a Sparrow Hawk on the ground after it had a broken wing, apparently from hitting a telephone wire. They were gathered closely around the hawk, which was on its back, all calling vociferously, with one or two at a time flying up & making short passes & striking it. (I rescued the hawk). July 7 Bear Valley (see above) - fledglings out. July 9 S end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft. Eldorado Co. Calif. Numerous in open forest adjacent meadow.

OBSERVATION OF BREWER'S BLACKBIRD Re: Colony behavior when protecting young Place: Northeast end of Lake Van Norden Time: 8:22 A.M. to 9:30 A.M. (P.O.S.T.) Date: June 26, 1950 8:22 Three observers approached willow thicket. Fledging flew uncertainly from ground to low branch of willow thicket 20 feet away. 8:25 F. in willow thicket 30 feet from baby, chirping. 8:26 M. on wire, chirping, 30 feet to right of fledgling. 8:27 Third adult flew from lodgepole pine 30 feet at left, to wire at right, both parents circling to lodgepole pine 50 feet from baby. Third adult flew from center of tree towards baby circling and giving warning cry. 8:29 Four adults now guarding, two on telephone wire to right third on pole 50 feet further right, one in lodgepole pine 30 feet to left. 8:30 Baby motionless. 8:31 One adult flew from telephone pole to tree. 8:32 M. on left, another M. flew to lodgepole pine to left, F. on wire to back and right, all chirping, still another F. on pole 100 feet to left and one pair on telephone pole to left, 50 feet away. 8:35 Baby moved head. Fewer warning chirps. 8:37 Adults quiet, only one pair on far left telephone pole chirping slightly. 8:38 Baby moved in bush. Baby has grey down on head, is greyish black, quills at tail 8:39 Two adults flew from pole to tree at left. 8:40 Baby flew to ground on other side of shrub willow, out of sight. Baby calling faintly. 8:42 Observer moved from log towards willow thicket and fledgling. M. in left lodgepole chirped. A pair of adults joined him in tree. 8:43 Twelve or more adults flew into lodgepole, to wire on left, chriped, circled about restlessly. 8:45 Fledgling wobbly on low willow branch. Protective coloration perfect against greyish branches, no leaves. 8:46 Another observer went back of thicket, saw fledgling on ground. 8:47 Baby flew to higher branch in willow. M. Circled overhead. 8:48 Fledgling moved, five adults flew overhead. 8:49 Baby uncertain, stayed in bush. Two adults on wire to left, many in lodgepole pine 50 feet to right of bird. continued

8:50 One observer within three feet of baby bird. Fledgling motionless. Baby teeters on branch. No sound, then M. sang twice. 8:55 Third observer walks towards fledgling. All adults cry alarm. 8:56 Parents circled closer. 8:57 Fledgling still sitting on branch, not moving or calling. Less chirping from sidelines. 8:58 M. flew overhead, joined by F. and both flew to lodgepole pine 40 feet to left of baby. 9:00 Parents flew 10 feet closer to baby. 9:05 Adults quiet, baby still not moving. 9:12 Adults chirped. Fledgling chirped reply. 9:20 Baby still sitting, moved head occasionally. 9:25 Pair still guarding, as well as parents. Now only parents continue to chirp. M. circles from lodgepole. 9:30 Fledgling chirped. Parents answered. Still have not fed baby because of presence of observers. Three observers left. Observers: Opal Orr, Mrs. Carroll Morton, Louise Van Sickle

9:58 Tree 20 feet to right of ridge. 9:59 Operator moved tree over ridge. 9:43 Tree flew to higher branch in willow. It circled overhead. 9:42 Operator operated wire rope pulley off ground. Wire on left circling around protective covering. 9:41 Ledge 1000 ft above water. 9:40 Wire 50 feet from tree to ridge. 9:38 Two or more wires tied into telephone pole wire on left, curled, directed toward cut-down. A large number of branches twisted and held together by rope. 9:26 Operator moved from log forward position under willow branches and lifted up. Two or three people were standing near telephone line to right of tree. They started pulling off the wire from pole over ridge. 9:13 Tree 50 feet to left of tree. Operator moved to tree on left, pulled out line.

Coquell 1950 Euphagus cyanoccephalus 2 July 10 E side Boea Reservoir, 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - many seen, several of them carrying food (to fledglings?). July 12 Trouble Meadows (S.of Bend), 4500-4600 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. July 26/Aug. 9 Very common in farmland - wet grassland areas. July 21 Bear Valley, 4880 ft. Nevada Co., Calif - flock of 20+ birds in grassland & on gravel outcrops in same. Several young still being fed were included, all tho able to fly well with the flock. 20+ seen or Aug. 4 also. Aug. 1 I. Van Norden, 6800 ft., Nevada & Placer Cos, Calif - greatly in. cresced numbers here now as compared to month ago. Single flock of 100+ seen. Aug. 6 Kingsbury Grade (Nev. Rt-17), E. flank Carson Range, 5500 ft., Douglas Co., Nev. - 2 seen perching in pines scattered on low sagebrush-covered mountain slope. -Carson Valley (E.of above) - common on or near grassland. Aug. 7 E side Boea Res. [see above] - several present; all young apparently now independent. Aug. 9 Martis Valley, SE Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif - several seen along road thru sagebrush flat (above grassy wale). Aug. 15 I. Van Norden [see above] - still numerous A. Immature males are now in post-juvinal molt, showing patches of shing feathers & slightly whitish eye. (AREA of 30+) Aug. 16 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 5 (2 & imm. ?) foraging on gravelly ground in open near tall cottonwoods. Aug. 17 Little Truckee R., 5800 ft., Sierra Nevada Co., Calif - flock of about 30 foraging among, near cattle on, grassy valley between sagebrush slopes.

Cogswell 1950 Euphagus cyanocephalus 3 Aug. 18 S.E. end Bear Valley, 4600 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 3 on grassy meadow (cf. July 21/ before). Aug. 21 Crosser Cr., 5650 ft., 1 1/3 mi. E., 3 1/2 mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - flock of 200+ foraging grazed on grassy flat near creek. When flushed, they flew and wheeled in close formation, which is characteristic of autumn activities of the species elsewhere. Aug. 23 S. of Reno, Little Washoe L., Washoe Co., Nev. - small groups in grassy farm fields and on shores of the now greatly receded and algal- rimmed Lake. Tahoe Meadows, 8500 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. flock of about 20 on green meadow (mostly low sedges) near a few horses pastured there. Aug. 25 - 26 L. Van Norden vicinity (see pp. 1-2) - no large flock noted, but several small ones.

Cogswell 1950 Molothrus ater June 17 S.E. end Bear Valley, 4680 ft. Placer Co., Calif - 1 ? flew over wet grassy meadow & forest border, "singing" (high, glassy whistle). There are a few cows pastured here. June 20 E. end L. Van Norden, 6800 ft. Placer Co., Calif - 1 pair seen (? singing occasionally), foraging in company of Brewer's Blackbirds on meadow & about willows. June 23 Bear Valley (see above) - 3 seen in flight (1 sang). July 4 E. end L. Van Norden (see above) - 1 pair engaged in a long continued aerial chase about & between the sparse pines & low willow thickets. July 6 high whistle (song) of ? heard in same area. July 18 ? flew back & forth over this same area several times - but did not give the whistle this time. In the nearby willows a loud food call sounded much like a fledgling of this species; but when I attempted to trace it in last minute of time available, it ceased & a ? Wilson's pucilla scolded me sharply. Aug. 5 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 1 juvenile seen well as it foraged for itself on open ground & flew up to perch on telephone wires. Did not keep company with few black birds present. There is a fine patch of tall cotton-woods and much thicket growth along the stream here, with nesting yellow warblers, warbling vireos, etc - as possible hosts. Aug. 18 S.E. end Bear Valley, 4600 ft. Placer-Nev.Co. line, Calif - 1 ? seen in alders & on wet sand (came to drink?) by Bear R.

Cogswell 1950 Piranga ludoviciana 1 June 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, off Placer Co., Calif. - common in conifers, even over dep snowbanks, but few singing (on 17th). June 19 & seen carrying West material. Songs of males still infrequent. (snow still everywhere in forest). Singers more numerous on 20th. June 21 "Sugar Bowl", 7200 ft., 1.4 mi. S by W Donner Pass - about 5 seen in 2 hour walk thru forest & cleared ski slopes, 2 singers, 1 of which males was seen feeding a female. June 22 6950 ft., 3/4 mi. E Soda Springs, Nevada Co., Calif. Pair seen copulating, the ♂ interrupting his singing & flying to ♀ (perked near him) she quivered her wings & raised her head. They were in the upper branches of red firs at border of fir - lodgepole pine forest. June 23 N side Bear Valley, 4950 ft. Nevada Co., Calif. - Several (>5) seen & heard in immense cedars, yellow pines, & black oaks near large grassy meadow. June 27 Valena Cr. Camp 6600 ft. Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. 1 pair seen in dense Jeffrey pines, white firs, & black cottonwoods near turbulent stream. July 3 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above]. - a nest discovered with ♀ apparently incubating. It is about 50 ft. up & a good 6 to 8 ft. out from trunk, saddled on a horizontal branch of a lodgepole pine just at the point where this branch bends abruptly upward thru about 30°, Staghorn lichen is used

Cogswell 1950 Piranga ludoviciana 2 July 3 (cont.) - loosely as exterior covering of the sides of the nest, being conspicuous there because ab- sent as natural growth on the nest tree - altho abundant on nearby red firs. Song of I heard in forest nearby. July 6. Notes of other observers re this nest follow: Bird Watching . Western Tanager July 6, 1950 Nest in pine 30' from road near Sugar Bowl Lodge; Female sitting on nest in lodgepole pine about 50 feet from ground. Nest loose looking affair with outer covering of lichen. at fork in branch, 6 feet from trunk. Raised head several times in 1st 1/2 hour. Male sang from tall trees across road. Female turned around on nest. 10:55 Male sang again. Female raised head. 11:03 Male sang farther north. 11:07 Female flew to ground across road. Not visible. 11:15 Call notes from tall trees across road. 11:17 Male and female fly back to nest. Male leaves in 15 seconds Female resumes sitting on nest. Observers: Agnes Saffney, Mrs. John McGuire, Myrl Robertson.

Cogswell 1950 Piranga ludoviciana 3 July 6 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - A second nest was discovered by Audubon campers Dixie Farhin & Mr. Mrs. Hodgson, whose description places it about 35 ft. up in dense red fir within clump of same + silver pines. A pair of this sp. has been active in the immediate vicinity for 10 days or more. The,clump is surrounded by cleared ski slopes of 3 sides, with wet willow thickets about 200 ft. beyond the lowermost corner, near which the nest tree is located. July 7 Bear Valley (see p. 1) - 3 heard singing on thr. walk. July 11 Soda Springs, 6770 ft., Nevada Co., to S-facing slope on Am. River Canyon road, 3 3/4 mi. 5 thereof, 6300 ft., Placer Co. Calif. - About 10 found on 4 stops in forest (Canadian + Transition zone) & forest border between 7 and 5:45 a.m.; several were in song. pair at a near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - A, 3rd nest, con- tents unknown, which is situated among needles & twigs near tip of a 6 ft. horizontal branch, about 30 ft. up in a 40 ft. Pines [NE] murrayana. The nest is on the forest side of a clump of trees founting (in other direction) on cleared area by the 3 story lodge. The forest nearby is moderately dense, mostly second growth P. murrayana, P. monticola, & Abies magnifica with little or no understory except for younger trees; scattering Nothofagus confusalis. Snow is still present in areas where drifted.

Cogswell 1950 Bairaga ludoviciana 4 July 12 Helena Cr. Camp, 6600 ft. Carson Range. Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 p.m. in same area as on June 37 (g.v.) July 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - Nest #1 (see July 3) still holds an apparently incubating ? . Nest #2 (see July 6, p.3) could not be found, altho pair was still active in nearby trees. Nest #3 (see July 11), holds young being fed by ?. July 20 [See report by 2 Audubon campers on activities at Nest #3, attached below]. Another observer reported seeing one of the young fly from the nest to a neighboring tree late this afternoon. Report of an Observation of the Activities Near and in a Western Tanager's Nest 7/20/50 Location of nest: Lodge Pole Pine near grounds firebox 25 to 30 feet from ground Timed activities (P.P.S.T.) 10:15 A.M. - Male singing on neighboring tree 10:17 - Flying quickly from tree to tree 10:20 - Male sitting on wire near next tree 10:22 - Male nervously flying to next tree 10:24 - Male chirping & looking at observers 10:28 - Female near nest - looking into it 10:30 - Male singing on next tree? 10:32 - Male left tree 10:33 - Back again - Male + female on same tree 10:39 - Male flew off, caught moth - back to neighboring tree 10:38/2 - Male & female flew from tree & crossed their paths in flight. Female took moth from male in flight. 10:39 - Female feeding young. Male on wire - watching. 10:41 - Female flew to next tree with something in her mouth. 10:41/2 - Chirping of young heard. Much commotion as nest? 10:44 - Male back to next tree - Calling the female. Short excited movements. 10:46 - Male flew away - Returning almost immediately with food. 10:47 - Female returned. Took food from male. Fed young. 10:49/2 - Male + female off 10:50 - Male returned. Fed young. Flew off. 10:51/2 - Female returned. Sitting on next branch. 10:57 - Male singing on next tree. 11:00 - Babies visible. Mouths wide open. Female on edge of nest. 11:02 - Male gave female some food. Female fed young. Male flew off. 11:03 - Female cleaning the nest? 11:04 - Female sitting on next branch. Babies fluttering on edge of nest. 11:05 - Male back to nest. Watching young. All's silent 11:09 - Male off. 11:11 - Male returned with food. Gave it to female. Female fed young. 11:12 - Female flew off - returning at once & standing on edge of nest. 11:13 - Female clipping & hopping nervously, from branch to branch. 11:14 - Much movement in nest? 11:15 - Male + female flew & crossed each other's path. Female shielded young further into nest 11:20 - Male returned & fed young again. Female returned & fed. 11:25 - Female returned & fed young. Male flew off. 11:27 - Babies sleeping - All's quiet. Female watching. - Male chirping on next tree. 7/22/50 - Tanager's nest was empty. Babies had flown away. Dorothy Albrecht Ann Trenner

Cognwell 1950 Piranga ludoviciana 5 July 21 - N. side Bear Valley, 4850 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - about 5 found in Transition zone forest with black oaks., several in song. Songs still frequent also at Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1/2 mi. 5SW Donner Pass, Ca. July 25. The only tanager song heard in this same area on a dawn trip (4 to 6 a.m.) was one subdued one. 3 or more other individuals were heard calling often. July 27. Singing of TT has definitely dropped off in 28 last few days, altho pairs are still seen to- gether occasionally. July 31 - 1 sang briefly from forest bordering meadow, Both sexes are encountered at many locations non-forest throughout the pass area where not found earlier. Aug. 3 About 10 seen or heard calling on a 1 mile walk (2:30-4 p.m.) thru pine & red fir forest N of lodge [to w.end RR turnoff] Aug. 4 N.side Bear Valley [see above] - 2 heard calling (no songs). Aug. 6 Haines Canyon, 5500 ft., Carson Range, Douglas Co., Nev. 1 pair seen, foraging together in open Jeffrey pines & white firs a few hundred yards up from canyon floor. Aug. 12 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above]. - Common in all parts of conifer forest & some even into willows of middle of wet meadow or down onto stumps, etc. of the steep cleared ski slopes. One male seen feeding a fledgling. Aug. 15 Many jiverals. all thru the forest near lodge. They give a definitely whistled "whee-e'r" call, which is possibly still a food call. It is similar to, but less loud than one given by the young Pine Grosbeak.

Cogswell 1950 Bivanga ludoviciana 6 Aug. 16 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 ♂ seen, one of the few noted in last few days. ♀♀ immatures are still abundant. Aug. 18 about 10 (all ♀♀ or immature) recorded in 1/4 (2:10-4 pm) mi. of conifer forest (Pinus murrayana, A. monticola, abies magnifica). Aug. 23 Yalena Cr. Camp, 6600 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. 2 seen in same area as on June 27 (q.v.), these both ♀ or imm. Aug. 24 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - ♀♀ and/or imm- [to Aug. 26] matures still common in conifer forest & mountain alders along small streams. No ♂♂ seen since 16th except 1 with dull red head (= 1st year ♂ ?), on "Signal Hill", 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass on the 24th.

Cogswell 1950 Rheuctius melanocephalus - 1 June 19 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Bluer Co., Calif. - The typical loud "tick" call notes of this species, and a subdued, shortened song were heard in small clump of pines & firs in middle of wet willow thicket-dotted meadow. This is extremely early for any up mountain migrants at this locale, since there are still many snow patches in meadow, & snow is dep in nearly forest. Bird not seen, but! I know of no other call so identical with this. June 23 N side Bear Valley, 4590 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 heard singing, 1 ? seen, in black oaks and nearby white fir - yellow pine - incense cedar & black oak forest. a probable nesting area. June 27 Balena Cr Camp, 6600 ft., Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. 1 ? seen in ceanothus & willows of opening in Jeffrey pines - white fir - black cottonwood forest. I doubt that the species nests here, for several previous summer visits (in 1948) did not disclose it. July 9 S end Lake Tahoe, 6230 ft., Eldorado Co., Calif. - 1 ? seen in lodgepole pines on sandy knoll between lake shore and extensive marshlands (E of Camp SEC. 32, R. 12 E, T. 18 N, Richardsbn) July 10 Truckee River, 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 ? seen in short, dense willows along wide turbulent stream but not by me. by several persons with me including qualified students The surrounding country is open Jeffrey pine forest covered by and sagebrush, with mountain mahogany on talus slope paralleling river and highway.

Cogswell 1950 Phoenicurus melanocephalus 2 July 20 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, July 24 Placer Co., Calif. - "Tick" calls heard in red fir-silver pine forest bordering herb & willow covered slope. A normal date for up mountain wanderers (cf June 19) July 21 N. side Bear Valley, 4500 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 3 heard calling (no songs now - cf June 23) on 1 hr visit. July 27 7150 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 ? seen in tall willows & bitter cherry between clumps of white fir, lodgepole & Jeffrey pines. No song heard! Aug. 1-} off. aug. 15) Donner Pass-Summit Valley-Sugar Bowl areas, 6750-7000 ft., Nevada & Placer Cos, Calif. - Frequent records at various points in conifer forest & riparian thickets or tall cherry bushes. ?? or imm. only rarely seen. None after aug. 15!! Aug. 4 N. side Bear Valley, 4500 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - about 5 heard calling, 1 ? seen, in 1/2 hr spent along forest bordering meadow (same area as on June 23, July 21). None found along S.E. side of valley on a visit there on aug. 19.

Cogswell 1950 Passerina amoena June 17 S side Chubb Lake, 5280 ft., Sec. 22, R12E, T17N, Nevada Co, Calif. 1 singing from mixed chaparral (Ceanothus cordulatus, C. velutinus, arctostaphylos patula, Drimys emarginata) and young black oaks & conifers, the latter in small detached clumps. July 4 { near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.3 mi. 5SW Donner Pass, July 11 Placer Co, Calif - 2 singing from tall thickets of July 13 willow in wet meadow and from clumps of July 17 firs nearby. These are new arrivals I am sure, for none were heard here on 3 or 4 visits during the last 2 weeks. Their singing is persistent & localized in area, so perhaps they are defending territory - alls doubt fully nesting at this altitude. The leaves have just nicely gotten out on the willows. July 5 2 fork Squaw Cr., 7000 ft., Sec. 31, R16E, T16N, Placer Co, Calif. 1 heard singing from mixed chaparral, willows, & scattered conifers along Squaw Valley Ski' left. July 8 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif - 2 singing from 'mixed chaparral of huckleberry oak, willow, bitter cherry, tobacco-brush, & manganita, with scattered young firs & pines; the firs being used as singing perches over the brush & herb-covered slope. on S facing slope. July 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1/2 mi. 5SW Donner Pass, Placer Co, Calif - 1 of the 2 singing birds which have been regular in willow thickets & adjacent pines & firs (July 4) was singing today from tall trees of dense forest where there was practically no understory.

Cagwell 1950 Passerina amoena 2 7300 ft July 19 "Sugar Bowl" 1 1/3 mi. S, 1/2 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 2 singing (at dawn) from tops of young firs at upper end of extensive willow thicket area in floor of the "bowl." Snow has only melted from this area in the last 2 weeks. The other 2 birds nearer Sugar Bowl Lodge (see July 4 ff.) are still there. All of these must represent up-mountain movements after breeding, or perhaps by non-breeding males. The persistence of singing seems to indicate certain maintenance of territory, July 20 3 heard this a.m., 2 in same area as above and 1 in similar area on NE side of floor of bowl. July 21 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, regularly Placer Co., Calif. - Still 2 singing males in willows adjacent forest border -> July 24-25 3 singing ?? here now. July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 1 singing from mixed hard & soft chaparral under sparse conifers (including incense cedars), near same area where found in summer of 1948. July 25 7/100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Nevada Cos., Calif. 3 ?? singing (2 of them not in full ad. plumage) and 2 ?? seen in same region as on July 8 (g.v. for desert). July 27 2 found here today, 1 imm. ? singing & 10? hearing calling. July 31 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - no songs now, but single birds giving characteristic "bzeeet'" call not were encountered at 2 places. Aug 2, 3- 7/100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer, Nev. Cos., Calif. - Songs have ceased here also; ?birds still present, giving call notes.

Cogswell 1950 Passerina amoena 3 Aug.4 N.side Bear Valley, 4890 ft. Nevada Co., Calif- 1 heard calling from oaks (Q kelloggi) at border of dense forest. Aug.5 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft. on S fork Yuba R. Placer Co., Calif 1m. J, 1? seen in ? near willow thickets on gravelly stream valley floor, a few hundred feet from loc. of July 22. Aug.14 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 5SW Donner Base, Placer Co., Calif- 1 calling from tall lodgepole pines on dry knoll near wet willow thickets. This is first one noted here for over a week, at the regular. Aug.15 E.end L.Van Norden, 6760 ft. Placer Co., Calif- 1 ad. J im willow thickets along mouth of inlet creek R. Aug.18 Yuba Gap, 5800 ft. S.end Sec 22, R 12E, T 17N. Nevada Co., Calif. 1? flew across small pond surrounded by forest of yellow or Jeffrey pine, white fir, incense cedar, landing on a wire near narrow strip of Ceanothus cordulatus & integerrimus bordering the pond. Aug.21 Grosser Co., 5650 ft. 1½ mi'.E, 3½ mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. 2 ? seen in scattered willow thickets in heavily grazed creek bottom, which is otherwise grown nearly to coarse grassland, with sagebrush on slopes. Aug.24 7100 ft. 3¼ mi. W Donner Base, Placer Co., Calif.- 1 seen (sex?) heard calling- in bitter cherry thickets on steep S facing slope. No records near Sugar Bowl Lodge later than Aug.14; but 'Sugar Bowl' itself (see July 14-26) was not covered. The territorial J in wet meadow at 7000 ft. certainly disappeared by Aug.1.

Cogswell 1950 Hesperiphona vespertina June 21 S slope "Signal Hill", 7100 ft, 3/4 mi W Donner Pass, Placer + Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 flock of 3, and 1 pair seen in area of dense brush patches (soft and hard chaparral) with herb-covered openings and clumps of Jeffrey pine, white fir, lodge- pole pine. The pair were engaged briefly in an aerial chase. This is same area where the species was common in summer of 1948. June 24 Soda Springs, 6750 ft, Nevada Co., Calif - 1 pair seen hopping about on dust-covered boards + among weeds by roadside. The ♂ seemed to be keeping watch as the ♀ foraged; both flew after a few min. To young pines by a nearby barn. - W end Donner Lake, 5940 ft, Nevada Co., Calif - 1 ♂ seen in dense, second-growth lodgepole pines on sandy "flat" near the lake shore. July 4 near Norden R.R. Sta., 6800 ft, Placer Co., Calif - 2 ♂♀ seen together in sparse lodgepole pine forest fronting on open meadow at inlet end of L. Van Norden. July 5 S slope "Signal Hill" [see above] - 5+ seen - Cisco Grove, 5650 ft, on S fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 1 pair seen on the fine sandy ground under tall black cottonwood trees, where they seemed to be gathering green buds (of sprouting cottonwood shoots?). They flew off into open pine - fir forest on slope S of the river. July 6 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft, 1.2 mi SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 2 flew over, calling. The sp. is much less abundant here than 2 yrs ago.

Cogswell 1950 Hesperiphona vespertina 2 July 8 S slope "Signal Hill" [see June 21] - 2 seen July 9 Lake Valley, S. of Lake Tahoe , 6300+ ft. {small groups - Martes Peak ridge, N. of Lake Tahoe, 700 ft.} seen in conifers forest areas. July 11 Soda Springs, 6750 ft., [illegible] 4 mi. S to S-facing slope of N. Fork Am. River Canyon, 6300 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - about 10 heard, several of them seen, on 4 stops in forest (Canadian + Transition zones) and forest bordering chaparral areas. The one nest we discovered in 1948 was at 6800 ft. alt. in this area; but the Jeffrey pine in which it was situated has since been taken for lumber, together with many of its red + white firs surrounding it. July 13 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see July 6] - 2 seen in red fir - + white pine lodgepole pine forest bordering cleared ski slopes. 2400 ft. E. side Mary Lake, 1 3 mi SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif 3+ in similar forest: July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif 1 ?? on ground under cottonwoods again [cf. July 5]. July 24 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 4 & 2 noted on July 25 these dates, their occurrence becoming more frequent. July 25 S slope "Signal Hill" [see above] - About 10 seen or heard on 1 1/2 hr. visit. They are noticeably more common in certain areas - here in sparse forest + chaparral and in denser forest of Am. River C. & Martes Ridge - but I am at a loss to describe the habitat more precisely. July 27 about 20 seen in 1 flock here today, including at least several definite juvenals (lots of down on head).

Cogswell 1950 Hesperiphona vespertina 3 July 24 thru at least Aug.8 near Sugar Bowl Lodge - increased numbers very evident in forest & meadow borders, flying in small flocks, with frequent diagnostic call notes uttered both in tree tops & in flight. The loud single whistle, ("wheeeep") and a harsher rattled whistle are both used. Aug.4 Emigrant Gap, 5100 ft. Placer Co., Calif. - About 10 seen in trees flying over chaparral-covered N-facing slope. Aug.18 - flock of about 15 in this same area, flying between the several black oaks standing on the chaparral slope, and down into the brush (for berries?) S.E. side Bear Valley, 4600 ft. Placer Co., Calif. - about 20 seen (in 1 flock for a time) in white alders along stream & flying over to conifer & oak forest a few hundred yards away (this at foot of slope below last loc.) 28 and 19 were seen on wet sandy slope at water's edge, drinking briefly with head raised between sips. The banks of the stream bed are about 8 ft. high at this point, with the alders growing both on top & below the banks. Aug.24 E. & S.E. of Mary Lake, 7100 ft., 1/3 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 3 flew over forest & chaparral areas. None have been encountered near Sugar Bowl Lodge for the past week or so. None today on "Signal Hill" [see above] where so common in July.

Cogswell 1950 Carpodacus purpureus June 17 5150 ft, 1/2 mi. S Lake Saunding, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 heard singing from patchy dense forest containing black oaks, with much chaparral nearby. June 23 N. side Bear Valley, 4985 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 6 found on 1st visit to forest bordering wide grassy meadow. Several were singing (1 in dull plumage), mostly in or near the large black oaks at forest edge or scattered over closer parts of meadow. June 29 7100 ft, just E Mary L., 1/2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. 1♂ (full color) singing from lodgepole pines over small willow thicket area. This is most likely an up- mountain migrant, altho quite early. Nearest known probable breeding area is at Cisco, 3650 ft., about 11 mi. W., or in Am. River canyon a shorter distance (but over a high ridge) to the SSW. June 30 Big Bend Camp Rd., 5850 ft; on S. fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. At least 3 (1 singing) in tall, dense forest of white fir, Jeffrey, lodgepole pines, with small glade of mountain alder, + other lesser shrubs nearby. July 7 N. side Bear Valley. [see above] - 3 singing ♂♂ July 11 6500 ft., 3 mi. S L. Van Norden, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 singing (early am) from forest bordering dense chaparral area with few young black oaks. July 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft; 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - First ones (3+) noted in forest + wet meadow with willow thickets, where they were common in 1948 mixed with C. cassini. One singing today. July 19,20 - 4 + 2 singing, + several others seen, in same area.

Cogswell 1950 Carpodacus purpureus 2 July 21 N. side Bear Valley, 4680 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 1 ♀ plumaged one seen, 2 others heard calling, in incense cedars bordering broad grassy meadow. No songs heard. [cf July 7] July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., n S. fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif about 5 seen on 1 hr. visit, all of them in an area of mountain alder thickets & nearby scattered conifers (white fir, jeffrey pine, incense cedar). Singing. [It was July 25 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 1] - 1 heard singing, + ♀ seen. S. slope "Signal Hill", 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer & Nevada Cos., Calif - about 6 seen, in or near dense thickets of bitter cherry, ceanothus & manzanita. July 31 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 1] - 2 flying over wet meadow. Aug. 4 N. side Bear Valley [see above] - 3 flying over. Aug. 5 Cisco Grove [see above] - about 10 seen on 1 hr. visit, in same area as on July 22, all seen at close range were in ♀ or juv/fem plumage, some of the latter still begging food & being fed by the adults. Center of operations still seems to be the isolated thickets of alder (alnus tenuifolia) willow where bordering sparse conifer forest. Aug 12 - Aug 18 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 1] - 1 or 2 seen daily, definitely less common than at this same season in 1948, & even less than July 19-20 this year. They are all up mountain migrants at this alt. of course. Aug. 22 6300 ft., 3 mi. S E. Van Norden, Placer Co., Calif - 3 flying over an area similar to that of July 11. Aug. 24 S. slope "Signal Hill" [see above] - 3 seen, including 1 bright ♂ Aug 25-26 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 1] - still a few seen, with C. caeruleus.

Carpodacus cassinii Cogswell 1950 June 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - fairly common, in red fir - lodgepole & silver pine forests & borders of open meadows & ski slopes. Songs seem (June 17) fewer than total members of pairs. Foraging seems to be done chiefly on ground in open or in spots where snow has melted in the forest, as about the bases of trees, etc. June 21 songs definitely more numerous, & heard in 1/2 mi. between the lodge & bottom of Sugar Bowl at 7300 ft. June 21 S. slope "Signal Hill", 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer & Nevada Co., Calif. - about 5 singing OS in 1/4 mi. of scattered Jeffrey & lodgepole pines, white firs, & much brush (mixed soft & hard chaparral). Ground is all bare here, as opposed to much snow at Sugar Bowl. June 24 W. end Donner L., 5940 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 heard singing in lodgepole & Jeffrey pine forest near aspen-willow bordered stream. June 27 8800 ft., 2 1/3 mi. SSE Mt. Rose, Carson Range Washoe Co., Nev. 1 singing from whitebark pine - mountain hemlock - lodgepole pine - silver pine forest - still much snow around. late June early July near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - very conspicuous now, OS singing & always flying with SS. Same throug the Summit Valley & Ice Lakes areas just W of here. 1 pair near Ivan Garden on July 4 be- haved as though they had young in a nest high up in lodgepole pine, but I could not see any nest. They made frequent trips to & from the same tree.

Carpodacus cassinii Cogswell 1950 July 7 N. side Bear Valley, 4980 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - I heard singing (a glimpsed = ad. ♀) from few conifers about a rock outcrop in open grassy meadow. 1♀-plumaged individual also seen at close range. All 3 species of Carpodacus found here today!! this being the lowest altitude W of Sierra crest I have ever found this sp. in summer. July 9 Lake Valley, 6250-6500 ft., S Lake Tahoe, Eldorado Co., Calif Common in open conifer forest, both where understory is manzanita, etc., and in drier sagebrush areas. July 11 Soda Springs, 6750 ft., Nevada Co., S. of [illegible] ft., on S-facing slope on River Canyon, Placer Co., Calif - about 10 heard or seen on 1 hr. visit at dawn, including 3 stops in Canadian or canadian-transition ecotone. Strangely none were in song! mid-July near Sugar Bowl Lodge + other areas just W Donner Pass [see p. 1] - singing seems to have decreased in frequency, the species is still found only in pairs or small groups. July 23 High Meadow, 7800 ft., to upper edge fir belt W Star Lake, 9000 ft., Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif - About 10 encountered in 2+ miles of trail thru sphagnum with frequent patches of low chaparral + (along streams) Aspen and/or willows. -from W Star Lake, 9000 ft (lake at 9210 ft.) to timberline on Fred Peak, 10,400 ft., Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif - about 30 in 2 miles of trail thru Hudsonian zone forest (lodgepole pine; whitebark pine - mtn. hemlock type);

Cogswell 1950 Carpodacus cassinii 3 July 23 (cont'd) and a flock of 5 in the "krummholz" of whitebark pine on gentle slope of old cirque just N of Fred Beak - Jobs Sister Saddle (at about 10,450 ft). July 23 E slope "Signal Hill" [see p.1] - about 10 found on July 27 on 25th 1½ hr. visit, covering ½ mi. of trail. Several still singing. July 26 8750 ft., 2 1/3 mi. SSE Mt. Rose [see June 27] - 3 found in 1/2 hr. visit. lato July - near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p.1] - no songs heard. Individ- uals & groups up to 5 still fairly common. Aug. 2 First definite fledglings seen (begging food). Same also at "Signal Hill" this a.m. Aug. 9 8800 ft., 2 1/3 mi. SSE Mt. Rose [see June 27] - 4+ in 4 plumage, and at least 1 juvinal still with down on head & begging food with "wheelu" call note. Near sparse small patch of willows among, whitebark pine, mountain hemlock, & lodgepole pine forest. Aug. 10-11 various locations just W & SSW Danner Pass, 6700 - 7000 ft. off Extremely common in open pine forest, flocks of up to 20-25 flush from roadside as we drive by L. Van Norden, altho mixed with larger nos. of Chipping Sparrows. No songs heard now. 1 juvinal was banded (#110631) after it got into 48- an open-top unbaited trap set by Denis Cogswell near alder thickets by the lodge, This bird was shipped to Y2 Salt at the MVZ on Aug. 12. It is the first finch I have gotten in a trap; they certainly will not go into a gourd sparrow trap even when it is placed in middle of their feeding area. Loose flock of 40+ feeding on cleared ski slope near scattered trees by Lodge on Aug. 17. Nearly all are indull always above caucus may 11

Cognacell 1950 Carpodacus cassinii 4 late august various locations W, SW and SSW Donner Pass, 7150-6750 ft. Nevada Placer Cos., Calif - became very common along L. Van Norden, near Ice Lakes, and on open slope (cleared) by Sugar Bowl Lodge. Over 100 were seen in 1 hr. at Ice Lakes on 24th, and large numbers fly up from road along L. Van Norden. A few adult males were found, but the vast majority are in the dull plumage. Several examples intermediate plumaged male, with the breast and rump a decided [illegible] but pale orange and the top of the head dull red, was seen on Signal Hill near Sugar Bowl Lodge. Whether this is a 1st year male molting into ad. plumage is doubtful, since the orange cast seems to be all over the breast - not due to mixture of red and other colors. No songs heard at all now. According to Geo. Salt, who visited us on Aug. 22-23, these high altitude concentrations disappear sometime in Sep., and members begin to show up in the white Jeffrey pine forest on the E slope of the Sierra (as near Boca). The shift in numbers, he says, apparently occurs abruptly; but exact dates are lacking. Aug. 23 8800 ft. 2 1/2 mi. SSE Mt. Rose [see June 27] - about 5 (all dull plumaged) in small quiet group feeding on lower branches of pines and hemlocks on adjacent ground sparsely dotted with herbs. One allowed approach by me to within 8 feet.

Cogswell 1950 Carpodacus mexicanus June 23 N side {Bear Valley, 4580-4600ft., Nevada -> Placer Cos. Calif. 2 heard singing (1 of them in ? plumage) and 1 other heard calling — in oaks & alders around edges of broad grassy meadow. June 25 Sierra Valley, 4900 ft., Sierra Co., Calif. - several seen & heard singing about farm buildings in SW & central parts of valley. June 27 Reno, 4500 ft., Washoe Co., Nevada - several seen in outskirts. July 7 N side Bear Valley, 4580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 seen (singing)? & 1 ? plumaged bird also seen nearby. — In black oaks. July 21 2 flew over grassy meadow with few oaks, giving characteristic flight notes. July 26 along US Route 395 S Reno, 4550 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 4 seen on fence & telephone wires in farmland with numerous windbreak & dooryard trees (cottonwoods, etc.). Aug. 4 - N side Bear Valley [see above] - 1+ ? seen, others heard calling. Aug. 5 E. & S. of Reno, 4500' ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - about 20 seen in suburbs & farmland in grass & crop areas while we drove about 10 miles of road thru same. Aug. 6 N side Carson Valley near Genoa, Douglas Co., Nev. — Several seen along roadside; both in sagebrush & grassland. Carson City, Ormsby Co., Nev. - fairly common in center of town — in a near state capitol grounds. als. seen feeding fledglings about these well shaded grounds. Aug. 18 S.E. side Bear Valley [see above] - 2 ?? seen in black oaks with alders along stream in broad grassy valley. [We obtained no records at higher altitudes than the above although many intermediate points were visited.]

Coggswell 1950 Pine Grosbeak June 19 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1/2 mi. SSW Donner Pass Glacier Co. Calif - Characteristics "twit-t-a-nut" calls of this species heard in red fir - lodgepole + silver pine forest. June 29 7100 ft., Annie's Donner Pass Glacier Co. Calif - while leading a group of Audubon campers along the Sierra Crest ski trail SE of Mary L., where the dense forest of Summit Valley begins to break up into patches alternating with chaparral + rocks of N end of mt. Judah, a pair of Pine Grosbeaks were found - followed to a NEST. Observations at its nest over 1 hr. 40 min. (total time) are attached below, being copied from my original notes (was without official notebook at the time) by an Audubon camper, a back checked by me. Observation of PINE GROSBEAK June 29, 1950. Observations by Group A 0850 Pair flew south from direction of Mary Lake. Alighted in group of two red firs and four lodge poles all about 50 - 55 ft. high. (3/4 by subsequent measure) Female went on to rim of nest situated 22 ft. up and four feet but from trunk, on south east side of a red fir. Nest in lowermost two ft. wide spray of fir needles at edge of 30 ft. diameter opening of forest. 0904 Female raised up head preened left side of breast. 0904 1/2 Settled down again. 0907 Preened again, turned and resettled. 0910 Turned again facing north. 0911 Female stood up when one of group whistled - then resettled. 0913 Preened breast feathers. 0915 Douglas squirrel called a few trees away. 0918 Female stood up, yawned and resettled. 0919 1/2 Male commenced singing a few trees away. Female turned head this way and that. 0920 Female stood up, turned eggs. Male still singing every 5-6 seconds. 0924 1/2 F. stood up again, head far down ventrally, feathers fluffed. (preening?) 0925 F. preened under right wing, then resettled. M. singing somewhat more softly. 0926 M. flew to bare twig in sun just outside needle spray containing Nest. 1/2 min later M. hopped to north rim of nest and fed F. by series of 5 - 10 bill contacts. F. stayed on nest, turning head to left to receive food. 0927 M. hopped to bare branch within canopy of tree, then flew off to west. F. facing south now again opens & closes bill. 0929 F. opens & closes bill. 0930 F. stood up, bent head down, opens & closes bill. Settles down facing west. Break in observation until 1105.

OBSERVATION (continued.) June 29, 1950 ions by Group B 1105 Fe on nest facing northwest. Sun still hits nest. 1115 F. turned head higher - facing north. 1116 F. turned again still facing north. 1122 F. stirred, fluttered & resettled with bill open. 1126 F. stirred throat, bill still open, facing north. 1131 F. raised, turned to southeast, resettled, bill open. 1132 F. stirred, faces east, wings out. 1134 to 1135 much stirring, settled facing xxxix north, bill closed. 1137 Opens & closes bill. 1138 Fidgets, faces north-northwest. 1139 M. sings from upslope to south - perhaps 200ft. away. Repeated song several times 1144 F. stirred, humped body up, "licked chops." 1145 F. stirred, raised up on south rim of nest, turned eggs, & resettled. 1148 M. sings again from east-southeast, repeated about 5 times. 1153 F. stirred twice. 1154 F. left nest, dropped to ground 25 feet from nest tree, drank from small stream, went on up slope to trees, preened briefly. 1156 F. flew on to south, then east. 1200 observers getting hungry. 1201 F. returned to nest, sat opening and closing bill, facing southeast. 1205 Observation ended.

Cogswell 1958 Pinicola enucleator 2 June 30}{July 1} ½ mi. S Donner Pass - This nest s both adults photographed (16 mm. color movie) by Dr. Lloyd G. Ingles, and (in stills) by Audubon campers. It was reported to contain eggs, as judged by actions of ♀, on July 1 yet. July 3 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p.] - I ♂ seen at range of 10 ft., as he perched a few feet from wet ground in the willow thickets of "Cogswell Meadow". He had apparently been feeding on something (or drinking?) very close to the ground, & soon flew far away into conifers N of the meadow. July 4 ½ mi. S Donner Pass - The NEST described on June 29 now holds 3 young, which I climbed a nearby tree to see. Both adults came to the nest late in p.m., but ♀ settled on the young without feeding them. Hatched between July 1 & 4, probably close to former two because of size of July 7 Both adults seen feeding the young in the nest, once both of them perched on nest rim at the same time, altho the ♂ finished & left before the ♀. (late p.m. again - just before sunset). July 13 Both adults seen feeding nestlings - between 11:00 & 12:00 a.m. (PDST) they came twelve, one time both together. Geo. Treichel has notes on feeding activities of this pair at the nest on about this date. Young gone from nest on July 17. July 17 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 700 ft. 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass. Glacier Co. Calft 2 flew over forest & meadow together, calling in flight. July 20 Sugar Bowl Lodge to bottom of "Sugar Bowl"; ½ mi. SSE of X, 734y. 2 heard singing on early a.m. visit; 1 ♂ seen feeding short-tailed fledglings in p.m.

Cogswell 1950 Pinicola enucleator 3 July 24 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, 25 Placeto, Calif - 3(201) 31 seen in denser red fir & silver lodgepole pine forest areas, or flying over the open slopes between patches of forest. one ? (on 24 th) was seen nibbling at young needles of short red firs. 1 ad. ? seen on 31 st, no song heard on these dates, however. Aug. 2 Following up a whistled call - note unknown to me, I found it to be given by an grey-plumaged Bird Grosbeak with full length tail (= grown young). It was perched in upper branches of a clump of a few red firs & pines on partly cleared N slope of Dursey Mtn., giving the "whreeee" call every few seconds. Soon after this bird was located, an adult ? flew into an adjacent tree, calling its normal "tu-will-to-wit", and the young (?) bird flew to it immediately and was fed. Then both flew off up the steep mountainslope to larger forest area beyond an alder filled draw. Other individuals seen & heard in vicinity of lodge. Aug. 7 (p.m.) 1 pair seen at close range as they foraged on lower branches of young firs & pines in dense forest, and for few moments) on the ground as well. Their only call notes were soft whisperings. Aug. 11 7150 ft., ½ mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 seen in tree tops of mountain slope above Nest site (see June 29). It was giving the same note as young one of Aug. 2.

Cogswell 1950 Pinicola enucleator 4 Aug. 11 (cont.) One of the characteristic "tu-will-a-wit" calls was heard from another direction, and also some near the lodge (2 on Aug. 12 also). Aug. 14 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p. 3].—flock of 4, apparently 1 ad. & with 3 immatures, the latter perching for a long time on wires or ropes of 1 of the ski tows while the adult foraged near the ground in willow thickets below them. Aug. 15 about 5 seen or heard. Aug. 16 2 seen in forest border trees. [none for next several days in this area]. Aug. 24 7100 ft., ½ mi. S Donner Pass (near Mary L.), Placer Co., Calif. Group of 3 seen in patchy forest near shrub-covered slope. All were in dull plumage, with none obviously still dependent on others. NOTE: The nest described & watched this year is about ½ mi. from one located in summer of 1948, concerning which I have notes in my personal notebook for that year. Aug. 26 On the 3rd attempt I finally made it up the tree with climbing irons (from the top of a ladder) and sawed off the branch containing the nest (which became my cat # 150) See also 2 ff. photographs, 1 of general nest locale, & close of nest branch after removal.

Cogswell 1950 Pinicola enucleator 5 General Nest Locale - The nest tree in center foreground, a red fir, is separated from cleared ski trail by only a few trees. Surrounding trees in photo are lodgepole and mtn. white pines and red fir. The nest is at small red X on first L. branch of tree. My negative no. 50-7-9 6-2-05 The Nest Branch removed. My son Denis is holding up the upper Spray to show the nest (arrow) on the lower one. Both photos taken Aug. 26, 1950. My negative no. 50-7-10 6-7-10

Cogswell 1950 Leucosticte tephrocotis July 23 (early pm) 10,500 ft. Job's Sister, Carson Range, Eldorado Co. Calif. - As I came up from across the gently sloping fell-field on the W side of the summit to peer over the brink of the high, rock cliffs of the N face of the peak, two Rosy Finches came flying in from around a jutting rock wall, giving a flight call which is finch-like, yet not closely similar to any other species I have heard. It is slightly harsh, nasal "chee (nt)", given rapidly 2 - 4 times in a group -- each whole utterance coming usually in coincidence with the prominent plunges in the course of the bird's flight. After several turns in the air near the cliffs, which are about 500 ft. high, the calls stopped -- the birds apparently having alighted. In a few minutes I located the male hopping along a rock ledge about 1 ft. wide some 100+ ft. below me. Then the ♀ flew out from behind rocks to the right of him; he followed, and both of them alighted on the top pinnacle of the cliff not over 30 ft. in front of me. I was so busy looking

Cogswell 1950 Leucosticte tephrocestis 2 July 23 (cont.) at them & taking in plumage details, that I did not think to try a photograph with the camera around my neck. The ? (or min.) was very dingy, with little or no evidence of a gray collar. The ? was only slightly duller than [illegible] the usual illustrations of this sp. They seemed to behave like a pair, although whether they breed here or not is still open to question. The cliffs on the N (or presumably on E side also) side of Job's Sister fit the picture of Leuco nesting sites as given by Dawson very well - albeit with less snowfields nearby. There is still a large (3-4 acre) snowbank hanging over the ridge, NW of the cliffs, and several smaller ones at the base of cliffs. The fell-fields of the gentler slopes, however, are mostly bare, except for a long, narrow snow bank in edge of cirque between Job's Sister & Free Peak. The latter (10,900 ft.) is higher than Job's Sister, but has criffs only on the S-side; those are now entirely snow-free.

Cogswell 1950 Spinus pinus June 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, off. Placer Co. Calif. - frequent, in 2's to 5's, in forest a forest border habitats throughout the red fir - lodgepole & silver pine belt of Pass area. June 24 - no full songs were heard during these first few days, however. June 24 W. end Donner Lake, 5930 ft., Nevada Co. Calif. - group of 6 watched for some time as they fed on green, sandy dandelion (Taraxacum?) seeds on flat under edge of lodgepole pine forest by the inlet to the lake. They ~~ pecked in among the involuteral bracts, scattering a few seeds with unopened pappus as they did so; o selecting one seed after another, they nibbled it while holding it up in the bill ~~ until the pappus dropped off, whereupon the seed was swallowed. Several of the group showed no yellow in the wing & tail & ~~ were slightly buffy, general background color (= jinerals?) July 3 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - still encountered in 2's & 3's. A few are now singing from tops of firs fronting on open slopes by the lodge. July 7 Emigrant Gap, 5200 ft., Placer Co. Calif. - 2 flew over chaparral, black oaks, & scattered conifers on N-facing slope July 9 Lake Valley 6230 to 6500 ft., S. end Lake Tahoe, Eldorado, Calif. - several seen in open pine - fir forested areas. mid-July various locales W & W, 155W Donner Pass, - more regularly encountered than 2 wks. ago. flock of 10+ on July 18,

Cogswell 1950 Spinus pinus 2 July 20. near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 20 est., 15 of them in a loose flock in dense forest near Solitaire nest. Some of these were foraging out the outer tips of the lateral branches of the red firs, nibbling at the young, light green needles (some of which fell to ground) and apparently eating them. July 21 N. side Bear Valley, 4885 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 5+ in white fir, yellow pine, incense cedar forest near meadow. July 22 Cisco Groove, 5650 ft., on S fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. Several in a flying over tall black cottonwoods along slow part of stream - with conifers on either side. July 23 Freel Peak trail, 7800 to 10,900 ft. from High Meadow, Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif - about 20 found in 2 miles of trail thru red fir lodgepole pine silver pine forest with alders & aspens along streams; 12 counted in 2 miles of subalpine forest of whitedark pine & mountain hemlock; 2 flew over barren slopes above timberline near peak. late early Aug.} near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - recorded almost daily in small numbers but no songs heard most regular one seen by detached fir clump near alders & stream. Saw regularly also on S. slope of Signal Hill just W Donner Pass. Maximum of 5 per 2 hr. field trip. mid Aug. - Even less numerous; only 1 or 2 birds at any one foot. Aug. 24 S. slope "Signal Hill", 7100 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. Group of 3 feeding on weed stalks under clump of white firs. (seeds?) Aug. 25 1/3 to 1/2 mi. S Donner Pass, 7100 ft., Placer Co., Calif - 3 seen. Aug. 26 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - several seen.

Cogswell 1950 Spizella psaltria June 17 S.E. side Bear Valley, 4600 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1♂ singing from wires & shrubs near a few large black oaks & maples by rock outcrop at edge of grassy meadow. June 23 N. side Bear Valley, 4585 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 2♀♀ in black oaks & few locusts by edge of conifer forest. July 7 Emigrant Gap, 5200 ft., just S of above locales - 1 flew over manzanita & ceanothus, slope with scattered small black oaks & young pines & cedars. July 20 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - Definite plaintive calls of this species heard at edge of clump of tall, dense firs by cleared ski slopes; but the bird flew away calling as it went before I maneuvered to see it. This is the highest altitude at which I have ever found the species in the Donner Pass region; it must be an up mountain wanderer. July 21 N. side Bear Valley [see above] - 1 pair in same oaks as on June 23. July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft. on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 1 pair seen on wires over low herb. covered ground and in nearby willow thickets bordering riparian woodland and open conifer forest. July 23 Kings Beach, 6250 ft., N. end L Tahoe, Placer Co., Calif. - 1♂ flew up from weedy roadside by golf course. July 26 near Verdi, 4800 ft., Washoe, Nev. - 2 perching on & flying from chicory plants along highway. Aug. 1 near Norden RR Sta., 6800 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 flown to wires near which 5 birds were feeding & calling (from willows & on ground).

Cogswell 1950 Spinus psaltria 2 Aug. 4 Bear Valley, 4580-4600 ft., Nevada Glacier Co., Calif. - I flew over N. side of valley calling. 1 imm. ♂ (bright breast & back, but no black cap) seen on thistles by rock outcrop where this sp. seen on June 17. Aug. 5 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Glacier Co., Calif. 2 seen in same area as on July 22. Aug. 9 6200 ft., E. base Carson Range, 3 mi. WNW Washoe, Washoe Co., Nev. 1 seen in low, spaced shrubs (sagebrush + chaparral types) in open Jeffrey pine forest. Aug. 18 S.E. end Bear Valley, 4600 ft., Glacier Co., Calif. - 1 imm. ♂ seen, & another individual flying over, in same area of oak dotted conifer forest bordering grassy meadow. Aug. 24 E. slope "Signal Hill", 7100 ft., 3½ mi. W Donner Pass, Glacier Co., Calif. - plaintive calls of this species heard in thistle filled clearing of open pine - fir forest just above highway US-40. This record, as well as those of July 20, 23, Aug 1, & perhaps also those at Cisco Grove, represent up- mountain movement from breeding areas, the highest altitude of any of our probable breeding birds being those at Bear Valley (4600 ft.) on the W., & Verdi (4800 ft.) on the E.

Cogswell 1958 Loxia curvirostra 1 June 19 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - a flock of about 30 came over tree tops of snow-carpeted forest, a few of them stopping for a few seconds in tops of detached clumps of firs in "Cogswell meadow", then hurrying on over Disney Mtn. to the south. June 22 2 flew into tree tops (red firs) by the parking area at the lodge, then on again after 5+ min. June 23 Emigrant Gap, 5200 ft. Placer Co., Calif. - flock of 8 flew N.E.'ward along chaparral-covered N-facing slope & on over forested area (Transition zone) before June 24 7100 ft., ½ mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - 3 flew into tops of tall pines near Sierra Crest ski trail (south cleared of trees), called a few times, & then went on Eastward toward Donner Peak. July 19 Sugar Bowl Lodge [see above] - 1 flew over, calling, headed S.E. toward Emigrant meadow. July 23 10,000 ft. W. Slope Job's Sister, Carson Range, Eldorado Co., Calif. A flock of 18 flew low over the stunted [illegible] white-bark pines just below timberline and alighted in an area of 15-20 ft. gnarled trees which were oozing sticky, glistening pitch from many damaged branches. I was able to get up to 6 or 7 ft. from several of the birds, one of which was pecking cruelly with opened bill at the pitch, then opening & closing its bill rapidly, then repeating the process. The impression was that it was eating the pitch. This & several others were very dull -

Cognusell 1950 Loxia curvirostra 2 July 33 (cont) -plumaged, apparently juvenal birds. No red of which 73 were seen in the several I had close views. Finally the whole group flew on across the very low "Broomholz" of whitetark pine in the cirque between Jobs Sister & Fred Peak. When in flight, they kept up a constant, loud "hip, hip -- hip -- hip, hip" series of notes. Aug. 14 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1/2 mi. SSW Donner Base, Placer Co., Calif. - 1 flew over eastward, calling 'monts' No late August records [we had flocks again near Sugar Bowl in late Aug. 1948].

Cogswell 1950 Chlorura chlorura June 21 S.slope "Signal Hill", 7100-7300 ft., 3/4 mi. W Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - about 3 seen or heard in hard chaparral of juniper mat + green leaf manzanita + huckleberry oak sparsely dotted with various sized conifers. 2 also noted in taller, denser "soft" chaparral containing much bitter cherry, mountain maple, etc. Only 1 singing during our 1 1/2 hr., 1/2 mi. walk. (late u.m.) June 21 N.slope "Disney Mt'n", 1.4 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif June 22 2 singing from small patches of short shrubs on steep mountainside cleared of trees for ski slope. June 22 E.of Boca Reservoir, 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - common in sagebrush - antelope brush of flats + shallow gullies, many singing in late p.m. June 24 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SW Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif - 1 singing from tall thicket of willows in edge of moist meadow (no dry shrubs nearby), a rather unusual habitat for this sp. June 25 Battley, 4980 ft., Sierra Valley, Sierra Co., Calif - 2 sing-ing from fence posts + short Jeffrey pines on sagebrush covered slope near broad, wet vally. June 28 Boca Reservoir [see above] - about 5 heard, several singing and one fledgling seen - on some sagebrush flat as noted on 29 nd June 29 7100 ft., 1/2 mi. SW Donner Pass Placer Co., Calif - 1 seen (singing) in mixed chaparral area (huckleberry oak, manzanita, ceanothus cordulatus, + bitter cherry) on rocky W-facing slope with nearby patches of dense forest. July 8 S.slope "Signal Hill" [see above] - 2 singing birds seen.

Cogswell 1950 Chlorura chlorura 2 July 9 - Lake Valley, 6300-6500 ft., S. of Lake Tahoe - about 5 seen in open Jeffrey pine forest with sagbrush and/or scattered manzanita - Canothus understory. There being seen as we drove, the species seems commoner here than near Donner Pass. July 10 E. side Boca Res., 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - 3 singing birds found in 1 1/2 hr. visit to open sagebrush flats. July 11 (clown) 6800-6300 ft., 2 1/2-3 1/2 mi. S Lake Van Norden, Placer Co., Calif. 5+ singing on 3 stops in montane chaparral -> chaparral-forest edge areas along am. Divis Cr road. July 19, 20, 25 July 13 "Disney Mtn" [see p. 1] - 1 singing in same area as on June 21. "" (p.m.) - Donner Pass to 1/4 mi. N of it, 7200 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. 3 heard singing, +1 seen, in this seemingly optimum habitat for them (dry, scattered shrub patches -> sparse forest areas). July 21 Emigrant Gap, 5100 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 1 singing on steep N facing, chaparral-covered slope. July 22 Cisco Grove, 5700 ft., on S Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 2 heard singing in mixed chaparral (some cherry included) among sparse pines, firs, or cedars on rocky slope. July 24 Flat E Boca Reservoir, 5600ft, Nevada Co., Calif. - 1 short- tailed fledgling found hiding among bases of sage- brush & grasses. No adults located today, = no songs [cf. similarly tuned visits on July 10+ before]. July 27 S slope "Signal Hill" [see p. 1] - 4 adults (1 singing) and 2 fledglings seen the latter being fed by 1 adult staded under the base of white firs adjacent to chaparral -covered slope.

Cogswell 1950 Chlorura chlorura 3 July 30 - 6600 ft., ½ mi. E Donner Pass, Placer-Neade Co. line, Calif. 2 adults scolding me from dense shrubs (huckleberry, oak, willow, bitter cherry, ceanothus velutines, etc.) or short pines on rocky slope just above Donner Cr. One of them, at least, was carrying a large, soft cater- pellar in its beak; yet it scolded vehemently and even sang briefly. Aug. 2 & slope "Signal Hill" [see p. 17] - 1 seen, 1 other heard singing. Aug. 3 ..... - 2 adults seen, 1 of them carrying food into huckleberry oak bushes. Aug. 5 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S fork Yuba R., Placer Co. Calif. 1 seen in willow thickets along stream. Aug. 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, Placer Co. Calif - 2 seen in [illegible] thickets lower edge of of sweet meadow, 1 of them at least an immature judging from lack of red-brown crown. Aug. 21 near Broder Cr., 5700 ft., 3 ¼ mi. N, 1½ mi. E Truckee, Nevada Co. Calif. - 3 seen (1+ several) in low sagebrush- antelope brush on slope near few scattered pines Aug. 24 S. slope "Signal Hill" [see p. 17] - 4 seen or heard, in same areas of mixed hard & soft chaparral & patches of conifers, where it has been found since June. No songs now, however. Aug. 26 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. 55W Donner Pass, (6:30am) Placer Co. Calif - 1 adult trapped in bandel #48-1068880 on feeding tray over 3-5 ft. young lodgepole pines on herb-covered slope by alder-bordered stream. occurrence here ? in such areas as those of Aug. 5 & 17, probably the result of post-breeding dispersal.

Cogswell 1950 Pipilo maculatus July 11 6300 ft., 3 mi. S L. Van Norden Glacier Co., Calif. - 1 singing from top of 30 ft. high black oak on chaparral-covered slope with scattered pines & firs nearby. This S-facing ridge between Serena & Onion Cr. canyons has extensive areas of this nature, & would be expected to attract any up-mountain wanderers -- or perhaps even straggling breeders. Green-tailed Towhees are also common in these same chaparral areas. [only record this summer W of Sierra crest]. July 26 Little Washoe Lake 5020 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 heard singing in cottonwood trees (small grove of large trees) just SW of lake. Extensive sagebrush areas nearby. Aug. 5 Verdi, 4850 ft., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 heard singing from tall cottonwoods along Truckee River, near a 50 ft. wide strip of tall shrubs on the old stream bank, now at about 1/2 tree height level. Aug. 6 5050 ft. E. side Washoe Valley, 1 1/2 mi. N Washoe L., Washoe Co., Nev. - 1 calling (a noticeably different "wreee" from that of Pacific slope birds) from tall sagebrush in an area which was nearly pure A. tailoatata with some desert peach. We flushed the bird 3 times; it always took refuge by flying low over & ducking down between the bushes, along Mt. Rose Road. Aug. 23- 5100-6000 ft., alluvial fan E Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. - 2 seen by Dorothy Gruner -- in area of tall sagebrush & antelope brush [I saw them here several times in summer of 1948]

Cogswell 1950 Passerculus sandwichensis June 25 Sierra Valley, 4900 ft., Sierra Co., Calif. - 4 or 5 singing individuals on each of 2 excursions we made across wet grassland (1 mi. N Sattley, 6 1/2 mi. N Sierraville), of about 1/2 mi. & 1 mi., respectively. One adult was carrying food & obviously excited over our presence near its nest, which we did not find, however. July 9 E. of Camp Richardson, 6230 ft., S. end Lake Tahoe, El-dorado Co., Calif. - 2 flushed together from one of few dry grassy areas in border of extensive marshland. (no song heard - late a.m.) July 10 E. side Boea Reservoir, 5580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. 1 singing from top of sagebrush on small slope above a wet grassy swale. July 27 Little Truckee R. valley, 5800 ft., 3 mi. E, 5 mi. N Hobart Mills, Nevada Co., Calif. - 2 flushed from grassland dotted with willow thickets [on 10 min. walk from car]. — a likely nesting area, as is Boea, above. Aug. 1 C. end Lake Van Norden, 6770 ft., Placer Co., Calif. - 2 seen in willow thickets & adjacent dense, wet sedge growth at mouth of the inlet creek. Aug. 15 4 flushed repeatedly from the open meadow near this same spot, the growth of grass, sedge & other herbs being now from 6 to 18 inches high. [illegible] Both of the above records are undoubtedly of mi-grants (either altitudinal or ?), since none found here earlier. Aug. 17 Little Truckee R. valley, 5800 ft. [see above] - about 10 flushed on 1/2 hr. walk thru pastured grassland.

COPWELL 1950 Poecetes gramineus June 22 - E. side Boca Reservoir, 5600 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - many (late p.m.) singing on the broad flat covered by sagebrush or Antelope-brush. Density of shrub cover estimated at about 30 - 50 %, height from 1½ to 4 ft. June 28 8+ seen on 2 hr. walk over this same area in a.m.; no songs at this hour. 3½ fledglings with white outer tail feathers were seen. July 10 3+ seen - flushed from sagebrush July 24 NONE found on a similar coverage of this area. Aug. 7 1 flushed, + 1 other sparrow possibly this sp. Aug. 17 Little Truckee R. Valley, 5800 ft., 3 mi. E., 5 mi. N Hobart Sierra Co., Calif. - about 15 flushed from pastured grassland and willow thickets in stream valley surrounded by sagebrush. Although the sp. breeds commonly in the sagebrush around Boca, tho last few dates we visited there they had become scarce - having apparently moved away from breeding areas. Today's record indicates gathering in the moist swales of valley. Aug. 21 Proser R. Valley, 5860 ft., 1½ mi. E., 3½ mi. N Truckee, Nevada Co., Calif. - about 5 found in ¾ hr visit to same sort of wet, pastured valley with willow thickets along stream. Adjacent dry slopes had none.

Cogswell 1950 JUNEO OREGANUS 1 June 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Calif. + other localities in Summit Valley W of SW of the Pass. Common in all forest border situations where shrub growth is not too dense, a few pairs being found well within dense forest wherever an acre or so of ground is open to the sky - even narrowly. Songs are frequent, even from males on territories still mostly snow covered. June 22 1 F incubating 4 eggs on a NEST sunk in a shallow pocket of the 1 ½ ft. high mud bank along the road leading thru forest to the lodge. The area is one where about 30 % of trees has been felled to open the road in spring - thus creating a narrow several-acre opening on either side of the road. [This nest robbed by unknown predator 2 days later] June 23 Bear Valley, 4585 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - about 5 seen on 1½ hr. visit to Transition zone forest (with large black oaks) bordering broad grassy meadow. Apparently much less numerous here than at higher altitudes. June 24 W. end Donner Lake, 5940 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - 1 fledg. ling seen in dense lodgepole pine forest - the first noted in areas we cover (from here to Bear Val.). June 27 8800 ft., 2 ½ mi. SSE Mt. Rose, Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. Only 1 seen on ½ hr. walk thru subalpine forest still with many deep snowbanks. Trees are lodgepole, white bark & silver pines + mountain hemlocks.

Cogswell 1950 Junco oreganus 2 June 28 Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7600 ft., [see p. 17] - both members of a pair which seems to be occupying the stream banks & adjacent herb- & young pine-covered slopes in front of the lodge, got into my banding trap placed on a 6 ft. high feeding tray by a willow clump at the stream bank. They were given nos. 47-81429 (?) & 47-81430 (?). The ?'s head was bleeding when I found her, but she seemed to be vigorous & both held me for some time after their release. Probably have a nest nearby. There is another (? at least) which has an extremely unusual nest location on the opposite side of the lodge. This ? is sitting (presumably on eggs) on an old robin's nest placed on the big rafter extending under the eaves at the rear of the sloping roof of the 3 story building. The site is fully 30 ft. above the bare ground of the parking lot below it ! The incubating bird can be seen easily from a window on the stairway landing just below the nest ; but when anyone peers out of the window, she flies off & swoops to the ground for a diversionary display. Later she scolds from a clump of red firs 50 ft. away. June 29 "Ice Lakes", 6880 ft., 3 1/2 mi. W, 1 mi. S Donner Pass, Placer Co., Calif. - Numerous in partly snow-blanketed forest around the lakes & small meadows. 1 Nest with 4 eggs found in dirt bank of small, wood debris-lettered stream.

Cogswell 1950 Junco oreganus 3 early July - near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p.] - numerous in pairs, all singing frequently throughout the day. July 5 flushed from nest which is placed on a ceiling plank of an elevated porch of the Disney cabin fully 7 ft. from the ground! The entrance is via an 8 inch wide space where one of the planks is missing. The ♀ performed a very nice diversionary display on the ground below o near to porch, with his wings & tail spread widely. July 7 Bear Valley, 4585 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. - fairly common, 1 fledgling seen in dry conifer forest & oak border. July 13 Donner Pass to ½ mi. N of it, 7500 ft., Nevada Co., Calif. (p.m.) numerous — many fledglings in loose flocks with adults juncos — and all admixed with Chipping Sparrows. There are definitely more young out here (S-facing slope) than near to lodge, (N facing) July 20 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p.] - a new nest located by base of small lerpine in open herb- covered slope some 200 x 300 ft. wide between willow thickets of wet meadow (closest “cover”) and border of conifer forest. It holds 4 eggs, the ♀ incubating; the ♂ scolding us nearby. July 22 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. Fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. Several in riparian woodland which includes many tall black cottonwoods. 2 were singing. July 23 Tree Peak trail from High Meadow — 10,500 ft., Oldorado, Calif. about 50, at timberline - foraging in “Krummholz” whitebark near+ (including junerals) pines. also scattered lower alt.

Cogswell 1950 June orygames 4 July 26 8750 ft. 2½ mi. SSE mt. Rose, Carson Range, Washoe Co., Nev. About 15 seen, including several fledglings being fed by adults, on 20 min. walk [cf. June 27]. Late July near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft. [see p. 1] - Some tendency toward flock formation above the family group level is evident. A flock of 10 on July 31 included at least 5 adults. 1 ad. ♀ was banded July 31 (# 47-81434) in same trap as the pair on June 28, which pair has not been seen in that area for some time. The nest 30 ft. above ground on the lodge (see June 28) apparently produced no young, or the female is no longer seen near it. Songs are much less frequent now, but 1 was heard on 31st. Aug. 2 The nest described on July 20 now holds 4 small, young. A record of observations at this nest by Audubon Campers is attached to this page. Aug. 4 - 1♂ (# 47-81436) and 1 juvenile (# 47-81437) banded cought in same location as those on June 28 & July 31. maintenance of territories seems definitely relaxed; no songs having been heard for several days. Aug. 8 - young gone from the July 20-Aug. 2 nest; they were doubtfully old enough to leave naturally. Aug. 14 another NEST, just within edge of forest behind the lodge, is located among Serenoa leaves at base of a twisted, dead pine sapling. It holds 4 young est. to be about 6 days old. The ♀ parent is # 47-81429 (see June 28) recognizable by her

Observation and location of a pair of junco (Junco oreganus) August 2-1950. Observers-Millar, Goldenberg, Van Derpoot Time-10:30-11:40 Place-Open space surrounded by willow thickets and forest 10:45 Junco flew up from willows to tree. Male walking on ground, between trees catching insects. 10:50 Saw female on lower part of tree near the trunk. scolding and flipping tail. stayed 5 minutes. 10:55 Flew down to grass stayed 1 minute - flew to thickets. Flew back to tree,

10:57 Flew back and forth from willow thicket to tree. 11:00 Male flew over meadow to willows and back to nest. We walked down quietly and found nest. Four baby birds in nest red mouths edged with bright yellow. Body light pink with fuzz. nest on ground near corn lily and Lupin, nest made of grass. Nest 6 inches across. 11:05 Male flew from nest to Willows - back to tree, Female in tree flew to ground and back to tree with mate.

3 Had something in mouth. Both quiet. Female kept scolding. 11:10 Male flew away 50 feet to lower branch of thicket. Female flew from ground to tree and male flew from tree to nest stayed 1 minute at nest. Came from nest and flew south. Mother in tree, flitted from limb to limb. Very nervous. 11:15 Male flew back to tree with mate. Male gone 3 minutes. Female had something in bill. Female stopped scolding when male arrived. 11:20 Male flew to ground and stayed 2 minutes.

4 11:25 Female flew over nest to Willows. Both in tree again. Male flew to Willows came back with something in mouth. Male back in tree Female hopping on grass, 11:30 Male flew farther back of tree. 20 feet away. 11:32 Female flew back to tree colding and guarding nest. Male flew back to tree. stayed one half minute and flew away. Female flew from tree to tree, flew down to ground, picked up something in bill. 11:55 11:35. Flew from tree to ground.

5 near nest, fed her babies and flew back to tree. Male away at 11:30 and had not returned. 11:40 left observation ground. By Mrs Millar Miss Vanderpoel Mrs Goldenberg. Note: These observers were undoubtedly too close to nest, so the birds were too disturbed to feed young normally.

Cogswell 1950 Junco oreganus 5 (Am now banding on R. leg) Aug 14 (could) band on L. leg, a featherless (the healed) fore- feal. Her mate is also banded on the L. leg . ? is probably 47-81430. This location is a good 300 ft., and on other side of the 3 story lodge, from their streamside territory of late June. Aug. 15 N. side L Van Norden, 6800ft, Placer-Nevada los, Calif Becoming commoner - associating with flocks of Chipping Sparrows; many juvenals included. Foraging of these flocks is done on the now dry dusty ground under sparse lodgepole pines. Aug. 16 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000ft [see p. 1] - Observations by Audubon campers Bud & Eleanor Hoover of the pair (banded) at nest discovered on the 14th are attached to back of this page. One of the 4 young (according to those observers) is now lying dead on ground a few feet from the nest. The other 3 were still in the nest on Aug. 18. Aug. 20 - 26 Numbers greatly increased in some areas, but influx Here, only on the borders of the flattish herb- clover ski slope at foot of lift, where they mix with Cassin finch & Chipping Sparrows. See Lakes (see June 24) & Lake Van Norden, however, are surrounded by what is apparently ideal Junco & Chipping Sparrow habitat at this season: dry, sparsely herb-covered ground under not too dense lodgepole pines. July 100 Juncoos were seen in 1 hr. 25 min. spent (motor over ½ mi. travelled) in such area at Ice Lakes on Aug. 24,

Observation of Junco Birds Around nest on the ground at foot of dead pine, surrounded by green aster plant, grass. Female light breast, dark head to neck - dark back. Male - light breast, dark head down over upper breast, black back; white spots, showing white feathers in tail in flight. Watchers started 50 feet from nest, containing young - gradually moved 20 feet nearer. Aug. 16 9:37 10:30 (P.D.S.T.) Stopped scolding - female on crooked trunk five feet above nest, scratching wing, went down six inches and up a foot and flew away. Male was perched in adjoining tree 10 feet away swaying on branch 3 feet up from ground.

10:35 f. back in tree, flew to next tree only long enough to light and fly away. m. flew to another tree near by. 10:40 f came back and lit in tree above nest 10 feet above, hopped from twig to twig, and flew away, came back at once. 10:42 father back on tree. 10:43 m chased a bird away. f came down to nest and flew straight up. 10:44 f. flew away 10:45 f + m returned to tree. m up 10 feet mother to 3 ft and then down to nest, m going gradually down. 10:47 f flew to nest. out again at once - 10:48 m- down to grass, up in tree about 5 ft. f into nest and out - both to nearly tree, female left 10:49 both flew away toward north. 10:51 f down to nest, up above nest at

watching jost - descends to 2ft from nest, back to wp. 10:54 f along ground 4 ft from nest foraging back up to crook, down to nest, hopping around, flew away on watching all time from adjoining tree. 11:00 m flew to tree at right f returned to nest then flew away m flew away m returned tree 15ft up - came down flew away, foraging on ground 50 ft away. 11:05 m - still foraging 11:06 m found big worm 1 1/2" long eating it. flew to tree 50 ft from nest f leaves nest tree shifting 11:10 m flew to adjoining on branch holding worm. 11 13/ f returns to nest, m still holding worm f left nest. 11 17 m flew to nesting tree, went to ground approaching nest, + went into nest. f

returned to nest. m left. f a few second later, m preens in adjoining tree + scratch, 11^20 f returns to w.p. 11^22 airplane overhead f scolding, goes higher into tree 11^25 f flew to adjoining tree + returns to w.p. 11^27 f descends to ground and enters nest. back up tree to w.p. m constantly preen- ing and scratching: 11^30 truck heard - m stays on tree but scolds 11^33 f back to w.p. 11^35 m scolds as whistling is heard 11^36 f flew away w.p = watching post,

Cogswell 1950 Spinella passerina June 17 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 7000 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, + N. shore L. Van Norden, 6800 ft. Placer Co., Calif - fairly common about the edges of the cleared ski slopes, utilizing the remaining fir clumps as singing perches -- and (near the lake) common throt open lodgepole pine forest where a good, but low growth of herbs occurs underneath. early Singing more persistently than in June. Common July - near Ice Lakes in similar habitat to that at Norden. July 5 Cisco Grove, 5650 ft., on S. fork Yuba R., Placer Co., Calif. 2 singing in black cottonwood trees over sandy flat along river. One seen gathering rootlets from exposed cottonwood roots on the flat. It tugged vigorously at one small brown rootlet after another, leaning far backward with tail on the ground, so finally flew off into denser woodland across the stream with several in the bill. July 7 N. side Bear Valley, 4580 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - about 15 found on 1 1/2 hr. visit to Transition zone forest with many large black oaks and large grassy meadow adjacent to it. Several singing. July 13 Donner Pass to 1/2 mi. N of it, 7200 ft., Nevada Co., Calif - about 20 seen, including at least 2 family groups of begging fledglings. Several singing (mid p.m.). The habitat is sparse argatechy Jeffrey pine, lodge. pole pine - juniper forest (occasional firs) with about 1/2 of interloving ground chaparral covered.

Cogswell 1950 Spezella passerina 2 July 19 near Sugar Bowl Lodge [see p.] - On a dawn try chipping Sparrows were found to sing from low rocks or logs on the ground while the light was still so dim that the bird could be barely made out from 30 ft. away. There are clumps of fir trees within 100 ft. of the spot where I was singing thus from the ground. July 21. Yuba Gap, 5800 ft., & N. side Bear Valley, 4550 ft., CaliF - fledglings seen in forest edge bordering small & large meadows, at latter place in dense growth of incense Cedars. July 22 Asio Grove, 5650 ft. [see p.] - fledglings out here now. July 25 S. slope "Signal Hill", 7100-7200 ft., 34 mi. W Donner Pass, Place, & Nevada Co., CaliF - 12-15 encountered, including several fledglings, in tall, dense chaparral (!) of bitter cherry, mtn. maple, ceanothus, s huckle berry oak., having apparently moved into this habitat from nesting sites in forest clumps adjacent to open herb slopes nearby. Aug 1-15 - Lake Van Norden & Sugar Bowl Lakes W & SW Donner Pass, Glacier Co. CaliF - increased in numbers notably, specially in open, grass & weed-floored forest of lodgepole pine near the lake shore. Many streaked-breasted juveniles were included, total numbers seen along 2 miles of this habitat on Aug. 1 were about 30, & on Aug. 15 about 100. No songs have been heard since late July.

Cogswell 1950 Spizella passerina 3 OBSERVATIONS ON BEHAVIOR OF FLEDGLING AND ACCOMPANYING ADULT, AFTER FORMER WAS BANDED. Aug. 16 near Sugar Bowl Lodge, 6900 ft., 1.2 mi. SSW Donner Pass, Glacier Co. Calif.- A short-tailed fledgling, with yellow gape still showing at side when bill was closed, was caught by hand near a dense alder thicket and scattered 1 to 6 ft. high lodgepole pines. There are 2 clumps of 20 to 50 ft. high pines and firs just upslope from the alders & above up a steep bank from the flat where young was obtained. Fledgling was banded (# 47-81439) on the right leg & released about 10:35. Adults (2+) were scolding from bushes & trees nearby during the operation. Then Mrs. Marjorie Chilton & Dr. Cogswell went 50 ft. away upslope near pine clumps to observe. (Times are P.D.S.T.) 10:38 - adult foraging about 40 ft. from young, on gravelly ground at edge of willow thicket & short lodgepole pines. 10:39 - adult ceased foraging, and flew 50 ft. south to firs beyond our station. 10:41 - young is hopping 5 ft. away from short pines, giving food call 2 x /second. a garter snake is swimming in 8 ft. wide pool a few feet from young bird. 10:42 - adult now foraging on ground near bed of minerals. 10:42 1/2 - adult flew across pool to 5 ft. from young. 10:43 3/4 - young hopped close to adult, down to edge of pool. Adult flew to cottonwood across base of pool from young, which hopped to alders where

Cogswell 1950 Spizella passerina 4 Aug. 16 (cont'd) parent then flew (from across pool) & fed it. 10:46 3/4- adult back in cottonwood (a 6 ft. hi. tree). 10:47 - adult flew back across pool to thicket near young, which still gives food call twice per second. Back across pool again. 10:47 3/4 - adult back across pool to alders near young , carrying orange caterpillar; but flew away from young again still carrying it. 10:48 1/2- adult back on W side of pool (near young) 10:48 3/4 - " " E 10:49 - " " W & immediately E again 10:44 1/2 - " fluttering back & forth across pool several times, apparently trying to coax young one farther E. (a fence across pool, where it is incapable of flying). 10:50 - adult back W -> E again. 10:50 1/4- " " 10:52 1/2 adult flew away to NE across alder thicket. observers cannot see young. [above notes , copied from field record kept by mrs. Chilton as I watched] [my original record of the observations as continued thereafter follows:]

Coywell 1950 Spizella passerina Aug. 16 (cont'd) 1052 1/2 - adult flew to far alder thicket 130 ft N. 1053 - young now quiet - had been calling steadily until now. 1056 - observers moved to open area by telephone pole, 30 ft. S of young, which is now seen to be on rock in pool 8 miles from bank, low alders. 1057 1/2 - young giving food call again, softly now 1059 - it calls somewhat louder now, every 3/4 sec. or so. 1101 3/4 - chipmunk ran across gravelly flat 30 ft W of young bird. 1103 - young gave speeded up calls & faced toward Hudson warbler which came near. 1106 - calls of young slowing down again. 1108 - call of adult heard behind us, 50+ ft. from young. 1110 - I moved young from rock to open, small rock near alder just E of pool. 1112 - ad. flew from trees 30 S of young & soon to lower branches of dense alders 15 ft. E of it. 1114 1/4 - ad. flew to ground by mimulus bed 6+ ft. from young. 1115 - young hopped along ground, chirping ceased for a few sec. (receiving food) 1115 1/4 - ad. flew away from young & down near base of alders to E. 1116 1/2 - ad. flew closer to young, then away again

Cogswell 1950 Spezella passerina 6 Aug 16 (cont'd). 1117 - young has disappeared downslope into memulas, still calling. 1119 1/2 - observers move 15ft closer. 1119 3/4 - ad. scold briefly 1120 - ad. flew from near young & onto bare ground by edge of alders above memulas. Then up on wood deleris & into alders 1121 - young now calling from within dense alders 1123 - ad - hopping among dense sedges & then onto open ground by telephone pole. Chased flying insect 15ft. downslope, but it dropped into water of pool & bird ignored it. 1125 - ad - hopping on slope by memulas & apparently on into alders near young, which is still calling near, 1126 1/2 - ad - flew to top of tallest alders of thicket 1127 3/4 - " " away over thicket to SE, 100+ft. away 1130 - " flew back over top of alders, dropped quickly into gap of alder canopy near young which soon gave speckled up food calls as if it being fed 1131 - ad. flew SE again over top of alders. 1135 - ad. flew NW into lower branches of pine across stream, 70ft. E of young. 1135 3/4 - ad. flew into alders close to young hopped thru branches to it. 1137 - ad. away to SE again, but near pines 1139 - observations ended.