Field notes, v1411

Koford, Carl B.

Unknown

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

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Image from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Contributed by Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. | www.biodiversitylibrary.org

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Koford, C.B. 1971 - 72 Journal Mexico Guatemala South America Felid Survey

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7 October 1971 We (due K & I) took bus from Oakland to San Diego, arriving about 8 am. Spent most of day at zoo, where warmly greeted by director (Schroder), and guided around most of day, having lunch with President, KC. Lint especially helpful to us. George Bannelle also present. There apparently 2 jaguars but no tigers in zoo. [We went to Pacific Beach and stayed with my cousin, Tom Buckingham] 8 October 1971. Took bus to San Ysidro. Walked over to Tijuana, & took noon Tres Estrellas bus for Guaymas. Arrived early morning & walked out to Playa de Cortes. Calm waters, various islands, desert climate & vegetation. Then back to Guaymas town, and took bus to Navojoa. From there, local bus to Alamos, where we stayed at Hotel Enrique ($12 pesos each) on plaza. At foot of mountains here, but mostly mosquito infestations. Said to be many jaguars nearby. A Rancho Trails Park advertised hunting trips to mountains. Local men said jaguars in hills, but few, perhaps 2-30 years taken. Met Dr. Pennington, anthropologist, from Southern Illinois U.; he also thought some jaguars in mts., tho had not seen any (his Mexican companion also thought grizzly bears to exist). Back to Navojoa (Sunday Oct. 10) then on to Culiacan by bus. Stayed hotel ($70 pesos), where lodged at street called Perseida. 9 October 1971 On to Mazatlan. In afternoon, took lunch on truck bus to San Gregorio.

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Journal 12 October 1971 San Igracio, Sinaloa, Mexico To We left Becerito (Humestau) about 9 a.m. & visited JF Fennia, former joguar hunter (see Fennia notes). Finished about noon, after much talks. About 1 p.m. started walking N on desert road toward Ajoya. Saw good crowd & recorded a slow, small sandy Cottonwood river of clear warm water. Some fish (black spot or side - couldn't find it), occasional large hermit- forest trees - legumes, figs, others. One tree with their red deciduous bark. Some fences of living cactus & other cardilebrum cactuses scattered. Many thorny mesquite (?) trees & hunter, occasional dwellings. Trip about 12 mile- we walked about 3 before picked up his jeep going to clinic at Ajoya (project Piastla; Dr. Peter Dueber, 443 Tennessee Lane, Palo Alto). Met 3 young people (20, 17 working on the project. Bilingual are, possibly an M.D., was 25 miles away up trail, at his clinic in pine zone (David Werner said to be landing & painting there too). Along road we saw lizards, magpie jay, flycatcher, red-wood Centurus (?) woodpecker, old oropendola nests. Road passed next to a large Bald Cypress (?), only an oasis. Ajoya on a flat area, dirt streets, poor looking, adobe houses. Inquired, but locals knew of no hunters there. We stayed in storage shed. Heard Caprimulgus (?) in evening. One brief shower during day; often hot & muggy, walking. 13 October 1971. Din of darkeys at night, roosters in morning. We walked back on road to San Igracio, carhandling, bathing in river over both. But saw

(see p.17) may 21, 5:30 - 6:00 PM. St. Room - 19 km long W. of Canada (5) 15, 4 pm to 4:30 PM N. Morison

Journal 13 October 1971 Ajoya-San Ignacio, Sinaloa, Mexico en route many magpie jays (50+ in bunches to about 8) which came readily to squab's or game call. Also saw quail cuchos (Raja, brown) at edge bunch large tree, woodpecker, flycatcher and guen (?) flew over road, 12+ quail (balwhite ?) at edge field, black vultures, other birds. One lemur, gray, in tree 30' overcasto in shady area. Some higura (colobus) tree, with 6" green fruits. We were told they were canneros, mojara, trout, in river near Ajoya. Owls near San Ignacio 4 toads (B. varanus ? - huge pested) in plaza an evening. In late afternoon talked w. Ferreira again. He said there were groups of coatis (tejones) in some areas, large numbers blackboacas at tinier, feeding in three near Est. Pinar (NNW sta., 10 km, W. of present N-5 highway). / Bays brought in large jiro bobcat nearly which had been taken recently in traps. Barely alive, with rope around necks. Offered to sell it to me, when I declined, offered to give it. Slept on hill to N. 14 October 1971 San Ignacio-Mazatlan, Sinaloa Din of roosters, dogs, church bells in town. We crossed river and took 8 a.m. bus to Mazatlan (10 p. o'd). Looked around town. On spit where fishing boats leave, 2 sailfish and several dolphins hanging at rental store; men look to W., 100+ dolphin carcasses, dissected after fillets cut. Much sewage stunk & litter this area. The Ferry to St. La Paz takes 17 hrs., leaves 5 p.m., fares are low as $5.20 (US). Fair central market of one block, 30 p. for 2 at cheap

Shrimp coop - near market! 20+yrs Francisco Orozco Vazquez Calle Anacleta Correo #905 pte Tuxpan Jose Perez Medina priv. farmer, Rel. mi Santa cr Domi. Calle Junn? Escitia y Bravo # 213 Tuxpan Ramon Ahumado - mechanic

Journal 14 October 1971. Mazatlan Rode bus to Socolo Beach - 1 peso - dozens of hotels along shore. Casa de Huéspedes, up side street next W. from Hotel Centro (80 p.). 15 October 1971. Mazatlan Visited Auler Bros. (fishing) shops. Mostly dead barracuda. No 6 wheel ATV. Rented galonjera ($11/day w/ins, + $6 /hr). At foot of 5 de Mayo, when join Clauncher (beach at Nodge town). Took 1000 pesos toward Durango, to La Ciudad (a pine plateau). Lower slopes mesquite, legume trees, big figs, semi-tropical garden & evergreen mixtures. First pines above Mesa de Carrizal - many at Capilla de Tapia, lunch stop at Sta. Rita, in pine grove, with large-leafed oak or mespilus. Doosy needle (= limber pines?). By Lobezos, 1422 km, a huge canyon to S., 90% pines (microwave station nearly atop ridge). Palmuto, 1684 km, had solder station, 2 restaurants (199 km. from Durango). Board border, madrones. Cliffs of columnar pinkish rocks. Road circled edge of huge barranca, splitting SW. Revolcederos, Los Angeles, El Indio (2 p.m.). La Fraguito (Barrancuero restaurant), El Medanos, El Diablo (2355 m.). About 4:00, climb in pass, excellent distant views to N & S (162 km from M). Could see Los Frailes, sun to SE of San Agustin. About 2:30, onto plateau pine mesa - then La Hermita (no ledge). Took Puente Buenos Aires, ! tino 1440, another fine N & S views. La Ciudad, 1453 - double turn. Got off, started walk to road. Light rain. Walked hitched ride to Pte. Buenos Aires. Filled up, after dark, & camped short of El Diablo. Light rains at night. Cool! Near La Hermita, roads said sometime ½ meter snow in winter, traffic stopped. Dried pears rare, no figs. But foxes, deer, bobcats. Many big trucks through at night. 16 October. Walked to El Diablo, 2355 m. Trucks from Durango gave

Journal 16 October 1971 To Texpan, Nayarit, Mexico un apples. Walked on W.-columnar cliffs, water trekkers, moss, flowers, woodpeckers, turkey vulteros, hummingbirds, lute solidavacot - to La Fregueta. Man offered ride - so continued on down with him to La Union. There hopped bus to Penitas, the junction to Texpan, arriving about 7:30 p.m. Equinops was barking. shrimp - freezing term. Bus to Texpan (up $1.50 peso), & ruminators down, moderate term, with a fur-newish border. Went to La America hotel blocks from NE corner of plazas ($25 pesos, w. both for 2). 17 October 1971. To Santa Cruz, Nayarit Can go across river to San Vicente by canoe; also down by boat to Mescaltitan, from S.V. Boat to Mescaltitan leaves 6:00. We took 6:40 bus to Penitas, walked N. to Mescaltitan road (38 km. tom.) - walked W on road. Soon picked up by truck, w. 3 men from shrimp coop (Jose Perez Medina, Ramon Atunola, and Francisco Crozg Vazquez (20+yr student). Truck Truck took us to Santa Cruz, & on to Playa Colados. New road since a year ago; turn; off to Mescaltitan (9 km.). Pool at first on solid ground thru clumps mesquite, cultivated fields (peppers, beans, mangoes). saw occasional gpr. quail on road. Sawed large green spiders equinor. Caracans, owls, fish craves, black-necked stilts in ponds, snowy egrets. Then into area mangroves, lagoons, water lilies; jacanas, American egrets, common grous, green herons, great blue herons, Louisiana (?) herons, zat breeds of terns. Fine looking country. Large flycatcher w. yellow belly, brown body, black head, large white eye stripe. Fresh tips of reeds and mangrove stilts. Men fish-

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Journal 17 October 1971 Nri Tuxpan, Nayarit, Mexico. Ining with "Attaran." Road traversed mound of roots through mangroves - little solid ground. Santo Cruz, San Andres, other settlements on solid ground. Bole & palm thatch houses. Bijo's had brothers & friends here. We visited one family, in- cluding man said to be 105 yrs. old (wife maybe only 90 yrs.). They dry shrimp in sun on sheet metal. Sky weather always cool; June-July wettest. Shrimps taken 3 months of year. Much of mangrove area dried up by December one; can even drive on bed. / Beds of fine sand; palm shelters with tables - we drank beer, ate "lija" fish, shrimps, shrimp tamales too. Ocean muddy but otherwise clean. One of Tres Marias islands visible (person on one; pancho there). / We later embossed a diesel plow & gas drums, finally returning to Tuxpan after dark. / On way back saw 2 flocks of peris speckleds, osprey, longfishers, avocets, black- neelterns, Inca (?) doves (chestnut wings). / How now spoke of caimanus, up to 14 feet long. Some "tiger" tales too. / Returned to America Hotel tonight. No rain today. 18 October 1971. Clear morning. Alvaro Ramos (Pepi distrib- uter across Laguna Brava) and boy in his office said had seen no kider cats in Tuxpan market. We took 0900 bus to Santiago (4 p.), then Tepic bus to "crucero de San Blas" (4 p.). Here this was restaurant, garden, cages with mopping jays, marmots (from Colombia), popagallas, parrots, and two jaguars. Talked w. Heriberto Barra E., owner and hunting guide. Saw his 10+ hounds. Then we

Journal 18 October 1971 Nr. San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico Hitched 2 riders, & walked to San Blas, about 37 kms. Lost 10 kms. through broken jungle patches, many palms but some 100' large-leaved tree, strangler figs, other exotic including flocks small & medium parrots. Last four kms in mangrove area, w. patches cut. Many many egrets, some cormorants - but many her birds, & few water lilies, compared w. Santa Cruz area. Town nothing special - usual prices at local shops, but a few fancy tourist shops too, many signs in English, and a dozen or more U.S. license plates (mostly So Calif.) seen; so rather gringo-eyed. But fishermen threw rig nets, others walking on chinchorros on shore, and some mera ruins of old buildings around. Biting insects. Boats took people through mangrove water trails to Tobara spring, for a stiff price. No luxurious hotels seen, however. Miro market. We walked back on road about 7 kms. to Sengayto, a small village, & camped nearby. Saw large ibis feeding at foliage on large jungle trees. Saw 8 cooties, including young, of perhaps 1 lb., in one tree. Clear night. Heard an appar- ent owl grunting, no caprimulgids (but saw one at dusk). 19 October 1971. Various birds called in morning, including parrots, droppelols, wagpie jays, black & yellow cassique, woodpeckers. We walked 1 hrs. on vereda leading from Sengayto to maremuse and

Journal 19 October 1971 Mr. San Blas Wayan, Mexico saw many birds along trail, but very muddy, with some cattle, pigs, & deer here to make it more un- comfortable, so gave up. Started well -> Creaco; a trail steward Progress, thru jungle, often 1 km. Continued patches of good forest for 5 km, then higher level & more open (cut over, probably). / Soon got a ride to Tepic. (20 p. for 2) Stayed at Morales Pension, 2 4z blocks from Central Camaeros (superior live steam, good restaurants). Looked over town & market. Clean towns, swept sidewalks; fairly cool after coast. Clear day. 20 October 1971. Took bus to Los Varos, near coast, about 2 hrs., as this was locality of one iguana hill. Patches of subtropical forest, but considerable cultivation near Los Varos. Sighting of hunters or slavers in the small town, etc. truckload of blue fruits, jamotes (from Puerto Vallarta area ?). Returned to Tepic (via Compostela; attractive small town). / In Tepic at Galerias Xixona near Alvarado (Bouza Constituyentes) saw 2 shelves of ocelot, about 120 pesos each, on display. Modest market, a few Huichol Indians, much of their products. 21 October 1971. Took 7 a.m. bus for Guadalajara, by local bus about 3 hrs. Near Atotonilco, jumble of volcanic rock by road; slopes of old volcano to N., not spectacular; vegetation tops. Much & gave cultivators along road, & corn. Some pine-oak mixtures before Guadalajara. Bustling trafficing town, with

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Journal 21 October 1971 To Guadalajara, Jalisco Luge Mercedes Libertad near center. Stayed at Casa de Hospede, Los Angeles cc, 1 block from bus terminal (40 peso, private bath). 22 October 1971. Visited Casa de Cultura, Museo Artesania, den iversity area, churches. Departed 1445 by 1st lone bus to Tepic (3 hrs, 28$ p.). Overcast then so stayd lense, Munder. No. SonBlos 23 October 1971. Took local bus to crucero de San Blas, where again talked w. H. Barra about tepic (see notes). He has punched Brahma cattle, inturated no alluvium + solar charge by food. He said "mule" firepoker in mangroves. Additional info on ciguars. / Bus to Tuxpan. Crossed river to San Vicente, hitched and walked to end Mexcalliton road, along road through mangroves saw glossy ibises, sandbill cranes, hundreds of ducks, + usual other birds including spoonbills. Camped by estero near Santa Cruz, where two gps. duck hunt- ers. Cattle & horses foraged in water (barly salty) among waterlilies. Piler of fana-posts cut from mangroves. Mosquitos all night; warm, humid, but no rain. 24 October 1971. Walked on to Santa Cruz, hoping to find truck N. toward Playa Navilleros. But the ferry "time broken and no traffic. Hot and shade-less for good walking, so returned to Tuxpan, Took lone to Mexcalltan. Cena at Doney, then took bus north to Hermoselo (25 October) Tguayos anving self morning

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Journal 25 October 1971 arrived Hermosillo. Clean town with University in desert area. Walked around during afternoon. Then took Pacific bus (2nd class, 31 person) toward Tijucana. 26 October 1971. Arrived Tijuana 7 a.m. walked over border. No check or pickup of tourist cards on Mexican side, a couple of questions but no inspection of our pochochees at U.S. gate. Bus to San Diego. Then to Fresno. Then local to Oakland, arriving 10:45 p.m. Home. No specimens collected on this trip. 4 November 1971 Berkeley Talked with Dr. H. Sternberg, Geography dept., about jaguar-ocelot study, and conditions in Brazil. He was concentrating on Mato Grosso. Student Nigel Smith studying impact of Trans-Amazon highway; I met Smith briefly. 7 November 1971. Smith visited home & showed up photos animals and skins in Amazon area (Para mostly), where he has done field work during two summers.

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Felis onca 12 October 1971 San Ignacio Sinaloa, Mexico Called on J.F. "Pancho" Ferreira who lived a block north of the parque (house no. 63), 1/2 block E. of Meliot (and Rene). He was principal source info on jaguare in Leopold's Wildlife of Mexico, 1959. He did not remember Leopold but knew of the book. JFF now 77 years old, but very active, 4 bed pleasant house. He is in charge of truck transport for Tayollito mine (gold, silver). Roads to mine open in Dec, then rains, about July, close them. He was part time hunting guide, 5 mos./yr., for 5 years in 1930's. Some of the Lee Bros of Tucson also brought clients a "sports" line. Level fee was $1,000, for a hunt sometimes 10 days a more, including special dogs, riding mules, local hunters and jaguar callers (used a saw horn to call them, or a drum with hole thru which pulled palm-fiber or waxed cord). "Sport" included Mr. Howard of Boston, who took pictures including shadowme moonin; they got 3 jaguare on one trip (JFF has photo). He would be over 80 now. | Another spot was Hollanders, who "got" large one after 10 day hunt. | Heard told some note about Ferreira in some publ. - "American Game"? | Another "spot" was Carpenter, now (?) president of Dupont co. / Total kill was 87 in 5 year period, hunting as far S. as Rosario. | Much talk about an "onza", slimmer, with larger feet than puma; one taken by JFF and Dale Lee near La Billo, prominent formation S. of San Ignacio. / One tigre "hunt" near Los Frailes, prominent peak NW of road or skyline to E., in 1936 by Mr. Howard & his party. The

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Felis onca 12 October 1971 San Ignacio Sinaloa, Mexico Tigre had been taking calves from corral. Finally tried by dogs & killed. | Largest taken was 90 kilos dressed, est. 110 whole. | Corral one - but dogs in head. Often a dog killed. Cattle - taprid/uter jugular of neck. | One traced by dogs to hole in rocks, or small lodge. Killed with pistol. | JFF returned to San Ignacio about 2 yrs ago (from Guadalajara ?). Had seen near Coyotitan (near highway, W. of San Ignacio) until 1963. One Tigre then flew at least 17 years. Finally killed by man camping, who awhile & shot est w/ pistol. The This cat ranged on Mesa de Cocalto, to S. | Home range about 20 miles, said JFF. Tigre stayed in same area for long time, probably one male, 2-3 ff. | Hunting was usually Nov. - March (when got too hot for dogs). Usual method to call at night, to locate. Then hunt in that area (of call answer) next day with dogs. Sometimes made large circle, trying to pick up fresh tracks. One taken 22 December for Hollander using this method. | Calls - Hunter can distinguish sexes of answering call, apparently. Both sees answer, year around. Young apparently born in any month, w/o season (little evidence). Putting and bait, dead or alive, brought poor success. But often return to own kill, not often it starts to rot. JFF had no information on traps a poisoned carcasses, although others mentioned these methods, not from first hand experience. Food mainly deer - but other things too, even lizards. JFF thought all game much

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Felis onca 12 October 1971. San Ignacio, Sinaloa, Mexico diminished around here, but not jaguars. | The Lee Bros once arranged a trip to Venezuela, bringing their dogs; the trip paid for by Venezuelen. They killed 31 jaguars in 29 days, said JFF. One tiger put feet first and charged Dale. Later, foreign hunters restricted in V., said JFF. Only surviving brother is Dale, now at Ft. Huachuca, Ariz. | JFF [actually 2 others also] had photos sent by Lees of their trip. One shot with about 6 jaguars or pelt's hanging up. Typed note on back of prints amounts larger than Sinaloa ones. | JFF had many other jags- man & hunter photos; gave me one showing him & J. Lee with jaguars. He had no pelta or bones now, however. | JFF said he had heard of tiger killing cattle in Campanillas area. At Ajaya village, others said same and one said it was a ? with two "ethnors". Campanillos about 3/4 way San Ig. to Ajaya, then off to N. - I didn't go there. | One person said a woman cazadora in San Juan (to S. of San Ignecio) sent letters had a cat (wild ?) in cage. 13 October 1971. Again visited Ferreiros. He said 15-19 jaguars per yr. killed in 5 yrs., all in Sinaloa, some clear to coast. One long story about calling Est. [Dimas] jaguar near Dimas; finally getting in sight at 15' but gun not working. Shot with pistol, but ammunition poor so no kill. Later taken nearby. Vivace called this animal of timer, "playing" with him. Apparently rather fearless of men, noise, lights. JFF unable to estimate total area hunted

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Felis area 13 October 1971 in 5 yrs.; perhaps < 100 sq. miles, he said, consid- [illegible] being uneven seen (yielded at least 15 per yr., w/ no notable decrease). He was dogged and partner (50/50) with Lee Bros of Tucson, who first hunted Mexican jaguars here. JFF bought [illegible] dogs from them. 13 October 1971 Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, Visited shop of Aviles Bros., who advertise jaguar and other hunting. Roberto & Carlos, best sources out, but I talked w/ (another brother?). Got yr. met. He said no law enforcement [illegible] (we heard some at San Ignacio), that cats prohibited into U.S. except under permit. He thought many less than 30 yrs. ago. I couldn't pry any specific info out of him concerning places or hunters. They had 2 customs truck, with their insignia, camped in front. Could help if paid, I think. They know Rambo Ferreira, of course. 16 October 1971. Talked with men taking supplies to Tepic. He said tepic (or tigillos?) mean Laguna Santo Maria, above Tepic. 17 October 1971. Mr. Texpan, Nayarit Jose Perez Medina, local truck driver & farmer, and others in shrimp coop, thought "tigres" came down into swamps in the dry season, December on. His friends and relatives near Santa Cruz line up of rare nearby. Perez said he saw hide (tigre crochet?) in market at Texpan, recently. Francisco Orozco Vazquez,

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Felis area 17 October 1971 Nfr. Tuxpan, Nayarit About 20 said could see tigers in swamps in Dec. The tiger ate fish (chihum?) in drying pools, also turtles, mapaches, iguanas. He said Americans killed two "tigers" last year near Cerro Azul(?) More East of highway. These men did not seem to distinguish between ocelot and jaguar. Highway (5) 18 October 1971. At "crucero de San Blas," talked with Sr. Neiberto Barroa F, Parra T., Aptdo. 36, Tepic. About 60 yrs. Friendly. Born of a roadside restaurant, guide for hunting. Said had had 10-12 permits to take tigers, in past. Now in cage 10 hours used in tiger hunts. In 1968-70 Boone & Crockett Club records (Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh), three of 4 jaguar kills listed have Barroa as guide. One listed on Laguna Brava tiger near Santa Cruz, another nr. Tecuala, another near Los Vase (coast to S.). Other from Canon del Diablo, Tamul- Epsar. Two taken by C.K. Campbell & another Campbell, one a DDS, (1616 W. Loop S., Houston - writes in Outdoor Life). Barroa had "jaguar" calling "drum," which he demon- strated. Sound cylinder 10" drum; leather stretched over one end; cord of plaited horsehair, wove, three center of bide & tied outside. Operate by pulling slowly on cord with fingers to make a saw of pull. He said ate everything, including iguanas, turtles & their eggs. He showed me photos, including one of an Apollo 14(?) astronaut with dead jaguar. He said one estimated 120 heads total, most smaller. Both sexes

Felis onca 18 October 1971 Nr. San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico now, but one can learn to distinguish. Young born any month. He had two jaguars in outdoor cages, with pipe passage between. Both fine shape. O[illegible] taken in May about 1967, when a col about 1 month old. 4 taken 7 December 1965, when about a year old. About 1968, when 4-5 yrs old, she had 2 young, alive, but ate both. A year less later she had two, one dead) but other survived well. Next year she had one, weeks put on bottle, died at (1/2 mos. [Illegible] evident to visitor in late Dec.] 1971), now pregnant with two; expect birth in early November. Kept separate (O & ?) except when breeding. Then 4 nervous! He has pictures of O mounting ?. More roaring in breeding time. He knew of no more than one estrus/yrs, (but became pregnant). Pena seemed reliable and willing to talk. He had Leopold book, he said, tho disagreed with taxonomy, etc., and also B. Vello's bat book. Had read much of Parade, plus hunting magazines. 23 October 1971. Again talked w. Pena. He said when breeding male mounted ? many times, for several days. Formerly (30+ yrs.) nearly always saw jaguar on road to San Blas. Diminution largely because of cutting forests, and animals better hidden when present. He said tigers ranged widely, from here to Compostela, for example, and did not have small range (as Ferraris thought) [perhaps special case where fluctuating water and food, in swamps]. He thought 2-4 ? & ? & per male. Food, by stomach exam, included many iguanas, also

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Felis onca 23 October 1971. Nr, San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico, pejeckes, javalina, practically everything. He said Aviles Bros. of Mazatlan know "absolutamente modo" of jaguing that they changed $100 a day to hunt, but returned men with drums to "known" cells of hunters. Barra charges $200, with guaranteed kill. He said Sam Landis, author of hunting books, visited him one day. Bob Drew is Teter guide. P. said only about 3 guides equipped for tiger hunting in Mexico, 4 Nov. & 7 Nov. 1971. Berkeley Nigel Smith gave me 2 minutes ap. act of his observations (5 gaut. told) regarding current trade in skins. He showed slides including some of jaguar skins in Paris. He thinks heavy reduction nos. through trapping, much illegal trade. But hasn't seen wild jagues (has seen trolies).

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Felis pardalis 12 October 1971 San Ignacio, Sinaloa, Mexico In house of Mrs. Alexandra de Oruza (La Rosita), a slim, little yellow or brown, grayish; said bought from local hunter. T.F. Ferreira also said ocelot mostly coastal - formerly taken abundant at lower levels. Local all brown ocelot, but (except for T.F.F.) had more kinds of cat names - another spotted one, another puma-like (aside from puma, ocelot, joyanundi). Some locals called ocelot "gato montez". Generally said to have been greatly reduced in recent past because of high price of pelts. 17 October 1971 Tuxpan, Nayarit Jose Perez M. said he saw hide (of this?) for sale in local market recently. Local fishermen seem not to distinguish between tigrie + tigriello; so hard to tell which they spoke of. 19 October 1971. Tepic, Nayarit In tourist store, Galeria Mexico, nr. Plaza de Constitut - two ayantes, an ocelot and margay skins for sale, about 120 p. each. Clerk said brought in by Indians. Under one smaller, larger spots on. Skin looked fairly fresh. (space between.) 18 October 1971. Mr. Crucero de San Blas, Nayarit Sr. H. Parra said had about same habitat and foods as jaguar, but ate more smaller food (iguana, iguana eggs, fish, etc.). Formerly trapped by "mule" for skins, using steel traps. Now few he thought, spent in nets when few trappers.

Felis pardalis 4 November 1971 Berkeley Dr. Sternberg said much ocelot trapping with stick traps near Cuiaba and Caceres, Mato Grosso. But he thinks cat populations there much reduced. 7 November 1971. Slides of R. Smith include some of dried ocelot hides, and of a package of hides being shipped (at Belem?) from Amazonia,

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Journal - S. MEXICO TRIP 18 January 1972 Berkeley to Mexico City, D.F. Left Berkeley 0600, drove to SFO airport, sat 1½ hrs. in plane on ground before leaving for Los Angeles, San Diego, Mexico City. Arrived about 4 p.m. Fare $25. Had some good views of upper Gulf of Calif., but ground overcast most of way. Took bus to Metro, metro to Revolution, and ascended near A.D. Oriente bus station. Took 8 p.m. bus for Oaxaca (about $5, 1st cl.) 8¼ hrs. in transit. 19 January 1972. Spent about 2½ hrs. in Oaxaca until 0839 then took bus to Tuxtla Gutierrez (Cristobal Colon line), about 9½ hrs. Stopped at Hotel Meliá, a parada. Tuxtla G., Chiapas 20 January 1972. Visited Zoological Park and conferred with Miguel Alvarez del Toro, especially concerning jaguars and ocelots. He recommended area of Selva Lacandona south of Bonampak (Petro Vega in Tenosique could arrange flight), and mangrove + zapote del agua areas near Acapetagua, including Isla de Concepcion. He pointed out recent markings by jaguars (2-7-67, report) and ocelot (?) in dry crops. One jaguar cage about 25 x 50 yds., with central raised island + water pool. Prominent trails on ground where he walked around. A del T. said jaguars sometimes roamed at night, any time of year. There were 2 mares in separate cages, 3 jaguarundi. Also a few of most other conventional Chiapas mammals, some turtles, crocs - skinks, & birds, and snakes.) In afternoon we took bus to Blom San Cristobal de las Casas (about 4 pesos). Then went to Casa Blom, a big square white house containing a museum and various people studying Indians and archaeology, mostly Americans. Mrs. Berthold Dolly Blom was anthropological authority from 20 yrs. ago, especially dealing with Selva Lacandona. She was away. But

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Journal 20 January 1972 San Cristobal de las Casas, Chis, Mexico we found home of Bredehoeve, of Botanist of Cal. Acad. Arizone, about 3 blocks away. He was living with wife and 4 children, various ages 10-16. Had been here 5 months this trip, previously on other trips, so knew Chepian well. He said the great NE of Tehuantepec, in extreme E. Oaxaca, largest semitropical forest in Mexico, and not inhabited. Botanist Moraygol (sp?), Hotel Istmo, Tehuantepec, said to know region. Bredehoeve also suggested a ranch, El Real, of Pepe Rubio, reached for 200 p. by plane from Ocosingo. Like E. of Ocosingo. There live guide Juan Bulmey, of long experience. (Best pilot at Ocosingo, Pepe Martinez). Elizabeth MacClintock of Cal. Academy was visiting at this time. We talked over diverse problems and other matter. We stayed in Posada Ciudad Real on the plaza (35 p. for 2). Many American tourists & cars in town, including various microluses, long-haired donkeys, and coupes. 21 January 1972. Took bus at 11 a.m., a jam-packed load, toad to Tuxtla Gutierrez. First visited Mercado, where good number of Indian men in various costumes & low- dumps of other along roads. At Turtle B., some kind of political ceremony going on, so many people in town. We again visited zoo, talked with A. del T. about Bredehoeve's recommendation. Observed the Loto again - jaguar just stood with rear near wall as he squirts urine backward, not even raising leg or moving tail around. Also, he nearly immersed whole body in pool, but made no attempt to shake after dousing it. He scratched claws hard on a dead trunk, so if to sharpen them. One tree had some bark torn off. The

Ford 3 Journal 21 January 1972. Friday Tuxtla G, Chiapas, Mexico Took train mine work and sketchings should be useful sign in jungle. Stayed at Hotel Esperanza. 22 January 1972. Visited archeological museum, bookstore. One book: Jataki - Urnasante (El Pais del Futuro), Pablo Martinez, 1971, 23 p., 35 pesos. R. Casta - Annie, Ed., Mexico D.F. about Laenderia? Herbert Kittleritz, Por Teinar de Laenderia. 1954. 349 pp. Ed. Nunes, GA - Mexico D.F. About Logos Laenderia adventure, inflatable boats. New Bonampak Hotel, auto sales agency had Chiapas map on wall - indicated projected road Tenejapa - Bonampak - Montebello. Apparently roads & lumbering are destroying last jungle in Mexico. Planned to go to Tehuantepec on new line - too crowded, couldn't get on. So waited overnight in Tuxtla. Market very good for fresh fruits & vegetables. Also dried sea cucumbers, dried whole shrimp. 23 January 1972. Took 0700 ADO bus for Pichucalco, about 41 pesos for 7 hour ride. Road ascended quickly into pine-oak zone. Mostly opened up except in canyons. Stopped in Bochil 1/2 hr. Some women carried earthen pots. Wore thin red and white dresses, blue shorts. Weeding roads. Finally came a summit, where was broadside, some clouds. Tepetate in a valley bottom, where patches of frost on same slope - perhaps 50% in some areas. Below, Eucalyptus common. Somewhat less frost as descended to Pichucalco, a hot small town. Bus to Villahermosa. Villahermosa already jammed. We, with 3 others, took a taxi to Palenque, said to be 3 hr drive, 60 pesos each. Driver decided to go long way, via Villahermosa - passengers ate thru - so yet to small town of Palenque about dark. A fairly good smell

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Journal 23 January 1972. Hotel Palenque there. The flat country all day drive was studied with palm, cedar, & other trees - rarely cut down. Some corn, some bananas, other crops. Many zebu cattle. Lobos & sugarcane areas. At Palenque, small scattered trees on flat - front estate at foot hills on both side of town. Along del T. had said lumber there - local American company had land more. Fellow passenger said 2 lumber cor. at Palenque, one of them of big plywood company. Not tropical climate. 24 January 1972. Took 7 a.m. bus for Pinar (Pino), about 8 km. Free to walk and climb among them. Evidence of boote rooting in some rooms, & droppings or food remains in some corners. A few men were apparently guards, but very indolent. Nearby a museum, not open at early hour. One caretaker said tigrillos & loncillas seen occasionally, but never tigre. Nor aguila. Said many people in area, much shooting of animals. He said bowler song yesterday morning to NW of the del temple. Also claimed usual scentment of mambo - paco, mice de noche, etc. We saw toconas, and some tropicoles along road. Walked out about a mile to where camping area being leveled. Bus block. Then to lumber mill near R R station, where man in office said lumbering local and there were no roads from Palenque into the selva - he said to go to Trespinos. One local said cost 1500 pesos for plane to Ponambook Boconcope from Palenque. We departed noon on bus for Catapico. Then my market changed to another to

Journal 25th March 1972. Taracayure. Much of ride on corduroy road. At one point, crossed river over a large bridge, over half the length of crossing. Scattered trees & forest patches, and labor, as before. Finally crossed the muddy Usumacinta river, shortly before arrival in Tero-square, a fair sized town. We found our tented, Pedro Vega, had gone to Tripler. But we talked to various. One Jose Aguila, restaurant owner, said he was a chicleer and one of the first at Bonampak when discovered in 1946. He said trying & salote killed by hunters within past several years - hunter from Mexico, not here, using dogs and lantena. He also said now few alligators, few fish in river. He said no skins sold in local market. We heard place to Bonampak cost 500p. Trucks go to Leonel, 18 km. from river, and we can walk that or ride horse. We plan to try that method. 25 January 1972. Took 0600 bus to Benjuno, on railroad. Then, 0900 bus to 3. toward Bonampak. Through small settlements, fair lumbermill town, on dirt road. Through partly forest areas. To Santa Domingo, and to Leonel. Last in farthest point of road. Perhaps 100 families in lumber town. Big cedar logs are brought here - we paid had about 500 logs, to 30-40ft. The come by train, turned by tractor, from vicinity Bonampak. Then loaded on trucks & taken to mill. Jungle, partly cut, around town - parrots, coqueris, Tanager, woodpeckers. Opinion varied distance to Bonampak - 7 hrs. to 2 days. We took jungle trail, fairly well trodled, but up and down, with muddy patches. Turn to 100'. Corn fields. After about 2 hrs., dirt tractor road from Bonpoch. Heavy mud, but mostly walkable. Locals said in April

Journal 25 January 1972. Mr. Limond, Chiapas, Mex. When dry, can drive camioneta to Baranopah. Panel screened "caiber" (Ordin). Saw about 5 guns, mostly .22 small rifle. Reached Limond 1200 - arrived Looanjio about 5 p.m. Then a big cloud flat with about 80 families, thatched roofs, many very trees (10/feet), chickens, pigs, dogs. Men carried folded skins of "puro de monte" or organs over stick on back, to carry wood; their squared hair-winds. Lords told us still 2 days on foot, slowly to Baranopah. Said monkeys on trail to Santa Clara where no caiber, but few farther in. Tajes "muy cerca," & I saw no tajis a short while. We both walked an along the muddy road about 2 hours. Rain shower, camped. Heard a large gotunka, Nyctidromus?, nearby. Various night noises. 3 Indians passed with bundle of bawe + arrow to sell at Limondn to match. No rain at night. 26 January 1972. Walked an 4/2 hr., but increasingly muddy. Forest 100' a + at edge road clearing, and saw tajans, wood-coopers, large red-headed woodpeckers. Turned back to Looanjio, arriving 10 a.m. Other hunter said tajis "muy monte." Cloudy, but no rain. Saw occasional teiid lizard or Crotali, frogs - no snakes or wild mammals. Back to Limond, arriving about 4 p.m. Heavy shower for 20 min. No bus until 9 a.m. As started walk toward Santa Domingo. After dark, a camioneta picked me up and took me to Tenosique. Name: Lopez Hernandez; knew this area and her relations; Temporarily helping Mexican writer on vacation. He said Pedro Vega, of Tenosique, well known, and had written book: Looandonia. Brother of Vega had read "El Jiguan" near Los Arces. Also near there, 2-4 told us he was bought a cul tajis, or; a friend saw for it, grown. He also

26 January 1972. Mentioned someone (P.Vega?) giving tiger skin to someone. Confirmed that would drive to Campeche in driest season, May. We saw a fox, a roe, and a jaguarundi (?) cross road in the 4 hr. drive. Thurs. 27 January 1972. No meal, & Vega not back; tho I've talked with his wife. We took bus to E. Zapata, on route to Campeche. A man on bus said road fairly new, and that formerly they used mules or mares for two travel between cities. From bus, near river, saw coconuts, agrote, rather birds, a large aguiara perched in brush. Were sun- shine clouds. 1 hr. wait for bus in Zapata. Then on to Campeche. Stayed Hotel Colonial, 14th $65.00; clean, picturesque. 28 January 1972. Tourist store on street across from main big hotel, Belmar, had 3 croket skins on sale at 120 p., and a stuffed crocket cub. Owner said hunting trips could be arranged thru hotel B. I went to S.A.G. building, 254 Calle 10, 1/2 block S. of Plaza Independencia, to talk with Delegado de Foresta y de la Fauna (Ing. Harris Martinez Mc Knight). He out, but talked w/boy. Angel's Gutierrez. Tried to find out number of tiger licences issued; he squirmed around, said no statistics. But said that new law would require hunter to get license in state where they hunted. He was vague about even with tigers & crocots, but indicated area north and south of road east from Caceres. I asked him how shops could sell untold skins - he shrugged and said laws are "very flexible." Only information he had was game law for 1971, + season, although he seemed to be sympathetic. I inquired at tourist office - again, friendly, but vague. Thought tigrillo in all state. Said alligator rare - but many water birds around Laguna del Carmen. We departed

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20 January 1972 To Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. About 2 p.m. for Merida on big air-conditioned modern bus. More and more cultivation, but much second growth scrub and low-bush tangle. Arrived in modern bus terminal at Merida about 5 p.m. Many Americans in town, Confused by Cuba being mentioned in both districts (but one way odd, after noon). Ended up at Hotel Margarita, near 61 and 66, 4.50. City crowded, unattractive. Best food rather expensive. 21 January 1972. Saturday. Looked through market, which was large and bustling. Saw no turtles, live wild animals, or birds. Visited zoo - 1 jaguar, 2 jaguarundi, no ocelots or margays. Took crowded but second class bus at 2:30 p.m. for Chichen Itza. Camped about 4/2 mile E. of ruins entrance. Heard many birds in the scrub, some of it thorny. Almost no mosquitoes. Saw large bats before dark. 30 January 1972. Sunday. Many birds called morning - including Oriole, Yucatan Jay (gp. 10+). Saw goshawks, owls, black vultures, barbets (?). Visited ruins. Good birding (and potential bat nesting) in entrance. Afterwards gotten about 3 miles E. Center may be attractive to bats, but little bat sign in ruins. About 1/2 overcast, but dry (one rain shown yesterday afternoon). Swallow in Las Margarita ruin. Swifts (white-throated) seen good. Saw 2' long agouta. Ruins: Snitch Castle, jaguar with green side eyes. A platform with gargoyles heads, some of jay water, S.E. of Bell Court. At edge court, a small jaguar town - 3' long statue at foot, some in bas-relief or some heads at tops. Many other scarcely recognizable jaguar motifs elsewhere. | About 3:00, departed on bus to Valladolid, a bustling but serpentine town. Thence south to Tuxtla, where bus had a flat. This area had many

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30 January 1972 N. Quitana Roa, Mexico thatched roof houses with stick and adobe walls. On brushy face but boboia-like trees, logano, almeigos, to 50! now said an American linguist, expert in Indian languages, lived about 15 mi. S. On though sparsely settled country of Quitana Roa with short thick forest, occasional tree down to 50-60'. To Canillo Puerto, small town. Camped nearby. Many guns seen here, could a striking out of dogs, .22's and escopetas. Small dogs accompanied some hunters. Many men knew little or no Spanish; "puro Maya" they say. Saw two large black and white (bellies) jays. Took 10 a.m. due to Chetumal 31 January 1972. Man- ygoses, swampy ground, flamboyant trees, hot. Stayed last one hour. Had to send baggage thru customs inspector on way out, on line to Escarego. Two customs stops on road, just "turistas" apparently not bothered. (Canillo to Chetumal, fairly well settled.) Left Chat. 2 p.m. La Moja, town with many stick and thatch houses. + pupil, + pm., had good to south. Ruins (Cheron?) a few km. W. Roads off to S., such as to Esperanza, 55 km. S. Forest fairly uniform, short, finally passed big lake on S. side, in fairly settlement. Then crossed "El Centenario," and now Lopez Mateos, not many miles before Escarego. One plaza frontier town on railroad - bustling and wet. Camped about 1 mile S. of town. 1 February 1972. Blackdown called. Blacker white jays too. In town, went to Jefatura, Doctor Forestal y de la Tierra. There are six sectors in Campeche. Met there Raul Bertare Vega of Inst. Nac. Invent. Foresteria, located 7 km. Toward Vill-

1 February 1972 Escarcego, Campeche, Mexico humano. He said jaguar, ocelot and other predators were not protected, the deer were, and quickly pointed out two stores which brought below. He said main hunting area south of the E-W road, entering about km. 21. He introduced me to store owner Jorge Benas A. at corner of plaza (Calle 29 No.30). A fresh ocelot skin lay on counter (hunter said he got 70 pesos for it. Jorge very open about hide business. He said many jaguars taken this dry season - that he had bought about 100 during the last year. I thought 3-4000 must be taken annually from all Campeche. It should mean how a large ocelot & small jaguar skin, freshly salted and stretched out. Said he would sell jaguar for 3000 p. While I was in store, another ocelot skin brought in dried - Jorge did not buy it (see color?). We photos later; One man, Manuel -, had dogs to hunt cote & other game. Most shot in daylight by hunter wait-ing by water hole. "Lampara" hunting poor. One area mention-ed for Aguada Seca. One visiting sport hunter was the Dr. [illegible] (American) who had operated on Lopez Matias. One man had killed two with 2 shots of 22, dog dog waiting for second after first came. He said enter at Matamoros, km. 21. Jorge also offered to send a boy with me to show me place, tracks, etc. He introduced me to brother who sold javelina, deer, pavo de mate, paca, etc. I asked Jorge to get skull tiger ocelot for me. He said his paco & jaguar man also got common - called them "leocillo" "leoncillos." In market saw large

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Escarcega, Campeche, Mexico. Turtle, shell about 18" x 12". Jose said jaguar in Centenario zoo in Merida came from Cul he got 2 yrs ago. | We took bus to Villahermosa, stayed at Hotel Rio Azucay. 2 February 1972. Villahermosa Tabasco Went to Delegacion Frontal, Juarez y Zaragoza. Delgado away, but talked with two others. They said Tabasco wettest state in Mexico, heavily populated, many ducks, but almost no mammal game except near Tenosique. Much in Chiapas & Campeche, however. They said a local jefe at Tenosique would know more. | Visited market, large, which included many live turtles off of least 2 kinds, and pile of live eguises about 2' long. Many shrimp, dried gars with sticks thru lengthwise. Usual tropical fruits. No skins of wild fowls seen. With ducks farce, many apparent corvinas too. | Visited Tabasco museum. Various jaguar representations and motifs in clay, stone, photos. | Took ADO bus 3 p.m. for Tenosique, and stayed at Hotel Azulejo's. 3 February 1972. Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico. Looked for Pedro Vega at home, near river from plaza - he was still away for 2-3 days. But met his son, in 20's. He introduced me to "Lio" Manuel Villanueva, in large house nearby. In den, many photos of hunting parties, tejilora, tigris killed. Several guns in cabinet. Manuel soon arrived. Hunting in Chiapan near border, mr. Pedro-cantion, Delvin, others - apparently enter in Agua Azul area. He had taken many pictures in, or arranged it. Mentioned group from Chicago. Had photos jaguar taken November - said to be 85 kilos. Mostly taken by calling, which brings them in to

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3 February 1972. 10 meter a less. Use lamps much at night. More tiger than guanos in that forest. Trocha tigers + coatis along the rivers. Often put out bait (celo) - spider monkey best. If some food left, animal will return. Now seem of "celo" and call used. But some groups hunt for 1 or 2 weeks and get nothing. He did not agree that commercial hunting had depleted game - still primitive areas where no hunters, especially since "guerrilleros guatemaltecos" around. He thought hunting poor on Guatemala side, as "murder colonies" there. Cell (llanero) with them through Guand drum. He has had 3 crews, different locations, from one spot. Not recollect 2 adults together. Occasionally climb down or climbing trees. Eat everything - one had fresh tips/snails in stomach. Dogs not used to hunt. Many long hunting stories. Said had maps, mementos, in office (Coca distributor, next to church opposite Hotel Azulys). I couldn't pin him down to estimate of number taken per year. Visited Tordes Posit, local captain of Tenoriquiz de la Furia. He confirmed no game near Tenoriquiz at present. But tigers in Chupin (Lorentum area) and Campasibo - Piedras area, in from Candelaria, and Aguada Bice, in from Metamor. Many peccary and javali also there, when no people. Said Villanueva taken apes, etc. San Antonio Sola and Choncut (?), also good spots in Cascangos area. Jeep roads where logs hauled out are good places to look. Some tapirs too. Game gone from Tenoriquiz area for long - draining by Indians. He said jaguar hunting prohibited but no one ever shows him a skin, and he has gone to sniff at traps but failed to catch hunters. He says some skins sold

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3 February 1972. Tangigue, Tabasco, Mexico in Tangigue, especially on Satur-day. Poet seemed glad to inform; talked slowly, clearly. Tzign skins sell at 200 p., he said./Many cocobolos - kayotes in tulutania ruins, the taking me kind prohib- ited./We saw 2 ocelot skins donating Table of one local house. with chain (?) Also, few new type teeth used as ornament by one man in Escanapa. Poet said that gpr. hunter from Mexico city sometime took 2 or 5 types - this supports M. Alvarez del Toro theory of professional hunter./About midnite, took train to Escanapa - 3 1/2 hrs. 4 February 1972 In market, butcher had cut up armadillo, on the slate, and a peto on leash. A bystander said butcher sold a type out recently for 100 p. Broke away. We walked out of town toward Chet- umuh, waiting for bus. On road found dead skink again, partly skinned 6' alligator, Didelphis (ed) block culture. Mr. hem. 5, parrots. Two armada (= ?) dog pound. Large oliv-green tanger? w. white throat; said in roadside shrubs. Bus picked us up - we got off at

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"Journal 4 February 1972 SE of Escorrega, Campeche, Mexico. white lolly & tips resting common, noisy. With alarm squeal, often qive a snap - apparently of closed tail - even in flight. In forested area saw sulphur-breasted + suberhynchus towne's, tawny, (black & blue jay) black jay with blue upper parts & wings, woodpecker (red head, buff breast), blackbird (corapine?), parakeet, gray dove, ground dove. We lost trail + backtracked. Squirrel cuckoo seen. A small falcon with (bat falcon) black head & breast, white throat. Chicle tree with scores of old cuts, some new; round apple-sized fruit with sticky sap and shiny watermelon-sized seeds. Big Gloracoster-type woodpeckers. Mod. sized Butes (?) - dark gray upper, fair brown below. Heard or saw occasional Antilias - about 3:30 they started to call from all sides, and continued. One stretched necked atop a stub or reeded. Abandon bird, here, in spite of many years. / Overcast all day, edm. Camped in a forested patch. Call of a larger crowd (?) in evening. Whosle or caprimulguside heard. 5 February 1972. Dry, overcast night, + overcast morning. Road muddy from recent rain - roads dry quicker later, especially May. Local guided us on path to road when logging trucks passed (enter Jan. 20). (3-4) On road @ 900. Much mud. 10:30 Tree Saguaro - palm should lay a plant filled pond with jacinth. Then on slant road toward Aguas calientes. Trees mostly about 25', occasional to 70'. Overcast day. Saw a white-tailed deer. Are saw agents (?) by road. Nalia (?) red-brown tangara, low. Small palms w. springy trunks. Army ants - woodcreeper near, low. Occasional stalk of logs 12' x 1 1/2', red wood (= caoba or casia). Road barely passable to trucks & jeeps in spots. Saw one truckload men w. machetes pass @ 2 pm. 15:25, came to group of 6 stashed

Journal 5 February 1972 SE of Escarcega, Campeche, Mexico. Open shelter, where men had camped much, opposite an "aguate." Shell deposits near. 2 shot shells. We went in for 20 minutes and camped. Frost, fairly common here, sometimes to 50°. Many antelopi as before. Many between road in eve. I walked road with light for 2 hrs. Heard a cow no such as coyote/gizte. But saw two mink/guys back in trees - lead crowing first: Brown hen, white belly, perched in tree by last aguate in night. Few mosquitoes. About 10pm, two cars went by on road in. (Later we heard that a couple of American families were hunting & camping in that way.) 6 February 1972. Pests seen morning, antelopi heard. Saw one hummingbird only. Back by aguate, saw small plum again - black breast, white throat, rufous belly near flys. Naked back - Tree Aguate reached at 12:15. We saw no cat track on road - same dog, but openrun, perhaps racoon, aguarul - no persing, deer tracks. Walked on W. or N.W. Reached gp. hut by an aguate at 13:15 - Copecangita. Again men said tejilla and tegies time, & that they had killed some - I asked to see skin; they said they had been sold. Tegies skin brought 2,500-3,000 pesos, they said. We were on different road than one out. In one front patch I saw flock of 10+ of the blue and black joip, 70' frost. Brown joip common, noisy. Reached highway at "20" (Calient len 2 1/2) at 4:25 p.m. Met party of 10+ hunters, 2 trucks, from Puebla - they were stopped by the mud. But fact illustrate heavy spent hunting very of once. Took bus back to Escarcega. Met another pair of hunter, from Mex city, at Hotel Losul. Bird unavailable again.

7 February 1972 To Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Took 3 a.m. bus for Coyotepecos - arrived 3:30 p.m. Went seeing country flat, green - cultivation, cattle, widely spread Tall trees of various kinds (ceiba, palma). Lakes, ponds, ranches, + industrial slow rivers. C. a waterfront commercial town, unattractive. We took 2030 bus for Tehuantepec. To Texcoco 6. 8 February 1972. Arrived 0130. Went to Hotel Saturno (31 Nidalgo, tel. 19). Found "Don Tomas" Mc Dougall, botanist, away. Went to office of forestal Capitan Sala, in Santa Maria - but no sign of him. Saw no armadillo in large market, but pile of live iguanas on sale. We took 1230 bus for Texcoco 6., arriving about 5 p.m. Mountain to E. of highway partly cut, eroded, or had short dry deciduous forest, but patches upmount rain forest in distance. Stayed in evening at Hotel San Carlos. Briefly visited Zoo, when A. del T. told us McDougall had been there recently. We saw a few birds flying among zoo trees. The spotted cats were not sleeping, mod. active. Leopard rolled on rock or bare ground. 9 February 1972. Received mail, including bot nets, at Zoo. A. del Toro told us that McDougall entered E. Oaxaca forest and then Tehuantepec. He also said that a few years ago, when reservoir behind Malpaso Dam was filling, many jaguars were trapped on islets and about 300 were killed (compute density?). He still clings to idea of commercial hunters depleting Lacandon forest area. He told me how to get to Coapetagua mangrove area, and gave me letters of introduction to a guard and another man there. He said there were many osclets on

Journal 9 February 1972 Tuxtla G., to S. Cristobal de las Casas, this the high ground of Isla de la Concepcion, but that the area was still very muddy. North wind so today; fairly cold, overcast. We Took 3 p.m. bus to S. C. las Casas, on way to Ocosingo. 10 February 1972. Overnight at S.C. las Casas. Looked over market, where many Indian products, but saw no wild animal products for sale or worn. Took bus to Ocosingo. It climb- ed through pine- oak zone, descended to upper broadleaf region. Ocosingo in wide flat valley leading E. airstrip at edge town. Small adobe town. Saw no animal skins in store. A few dozen costumed Indians seen. Went to office of Guardian Forestal - the capitan was out, expected back, but did not come. I talked with his wife. They had formerly been stationed at Balenque, where more hunting than here. She thought locals knew hunting of spotted cats prohibited, and were afraid to take them. No professional local hunter. She mentioned Molinos Dam,- said much wildlife area destroyed by it. / At airstrip, 3 small plane. [illegible] time of policia[no] control men, who had detailed maps of their region, which reached to San Quintin. Talked with one pilot and associated men. All agreed little hunting in area except for deer. "Nada" at El Real - pero venado. Hunters going to deep forest rare. 700p. for trip to Agua Azul. Few skins brought in for sale. Compadres went to settlements to get them. Agua Azul main entry to deep forest. One man said he thought were many monkeys of 2 kinds along river (Cabo ?) above (N.of) San Quintin (where many people). Mod. slowly today over foot to B.- they said lived in April-May, but that was the season

Journal 10 Feb. 1972 To Ocosingo, Chiapas, MEXICO of smoke. All aged crocodile now. This tour beginning of a Chile group. I saw no guns in area town, one along road. Apparently not marked trailhead for hunters. Returned to San Cristobal. 11 February 1972. Bus to Comitlan. Much pine - oak, and first breakof more forest; dry now, four people along same stretch. In Comitlan, found no animal skins in market, & saw no guns. We took 10 a.m. bus line to Ocelot, where out Mexican immigration. Then 2 km. to Cristobal entry point, a small station. Bus then (Peto Leris), which took us on to Puerto Lencerozo. Hotel in lower dry area. But soon climbed steep - sided volleys into pine zone again. Population low, houses solid and neat, lunch gun positions among stands small pines, cam- ton "plowing" on slopes. Stayed Hotel Cerro. 12 February 1972. Took bus on toward Panajachel. Change at crossing to small line, which descended steps winding road to lake. In small town by edge lake several hotels, a number of fairly resident Americans. Found A.C. Sturtevant, Chet 2945, near Hotel Martinez. He re- tired from Univ. Michigan, zool. dept. Specialized in studies of Ixoste- mala. He was very hospitable; we had use of a complete house. He had already written me a letter, concerning spotted cat study site. In addition, he suggested that I inquire of zoother anthropologists working in Petoer; inquire for them at Santa Elena (near Flores). Names of some: Good Neck Hellmuth (sp.); Graham. Other info possible from Maryland father, now with center at Berillo (Leyard Huehuetenango) from which they go into undeveloped area (Jakhem (sp?) area. Father super. in D. city = John Greene. In Petoer, there had

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Journal 12 February 1972 Penajachel, Guatemala been visiting air strips of oil companies, a sulphur company. But probably mostly abandoned. Stuart had been to most airstrips in Petén years ago; but had never seen a jaguar. Once shot an ocelot, lay waiting at den boat. Pacific coast - wet from Escuintla to S. Chapa?. But fauna there mostly replaced by cotton. /Stuart not particularly interested in birds & mammals. Much general information on gography, people of Guatemala. Friends of many prominent persons, and or an O.T.S. & board. Many visiting foreign- and students visit him. We stayed as Tikal has been a National Park, about 16 mi. square, for many years. / Game laws, 1971 - Probab. hunting & capture of ocelot, margay, & "jackborn" of jaguar. Ministry of Agric., Div. Recur. de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Div. Fauna. Export skins require license, but tax. / Game laws tight here (265). I saw no people with guns along our route (the many in Mexico). Perhaps people den hunting oriented. 13 February 1972. Sunday. "Pancha" Stuart took me to visit the market at Chichicastenango; large & colorful. No sets in woven ceramics & sculpture, but many represented in old pots & clay figures in small museum here. / We walked in area. Orchids numerous. Costa on lake, & we saw 2 Batlylmbus near a clump of reeds in front of Hotel Atitlán. Birds not abundant. I saw no birds in evenings; & Stuart said he had never seen one here. He thought that Alta Verapaz, where many dimictus come, a good spot for birds. / On lake saw gp. 3 ducks (smell, dark), 2 shadewite. Flycatchers in trees. Vegetation of area mostly short forest, now dry, largely deciduous, with greener

Journal 13 February 1972 Panajachel, Guatemala pockets in steep canyon. We saw 3 black puma (yaguar) on face of a large stone wall. Seemed poor an collecting area. 14 February 1972. At 9 am, departed on bus for Quetzaltenango City. Arrived about 11:30. Crowded, moving downtown. Put up at La Florida (8th avenue later, 12+13 cells). Visited apartment of J. Van Kirk, 2-66, 6th Av., Zone 2. Not home; broke leg on motorcycle. Visited him at Centro Melic in zone 10. We had lunch at Lake Petenbatun, +1 km. dry water from Sayaxche. (L.Carpenter & D.Bradford had visited there). No now protected wildlife. Said then jaguar killed in area last year. Many ocotei taken, especially along roads. Poor favorite ocotei bait. Formerly took hunting partner in, but no more. Little local hunting now. A Dr. Cordero, millionaire of Sayaxche, had hunted much in past; probably think now few jaguar then. But JVK thinks still good population. Think home range up to 20 km. diam. - return to same area after a few days alone. Ocotei trodden within 1/2 km. of his place, any direction. Local guide - "Adan" - on north of Don Leonardo Flores, next to VK place. We can stay there, or would be glad to have students & other investigators. Cover nearly with po lovers, saw very large (extinct manure?). No hunting last 2 years. Burner many - take cattle. Logging increasingly depleting forest. JVK claims to know country clear up to Piedras Negras or Usumacinta. Emphasize abundance pigs & other forest game in his area. Will talk again, look at photos. | Visited Rodriguez Augusto, El Salto so., Calles 11, 2-51, zone 1. Probably in 30's. Good English. Associated with OTS, especially El Salto station (where family resided). Very friendly.

14 Feb Guatemala C., Guatemala and confirm to private research in Guatemala. Knowledge of specific geography, climate, biology, & family evidently widely known and influential. Said that on Pacific slope, cotton had displaced forest and cats. He knew of none in mangrove areas. No monkeys on Pacific slope, except small gp. on slopes Vs. Atlantic. Peter - had little information, but thought illegal hunting and smuggling probable. He said that at a bar (?), La Puente, near Hotel Biltmore, owner Roberto Figueroas (sp?) had been jaguar hunter; had trophies -- apparently long-haired wild type. ? Two Tecar Tech students recently at El Bulto, looking for project. Much general information, but few specifics about cats. He offered letter of recommendation. 15 February 1972. Roserio took me to see Lic. Mario Dory P., head of biology dept. in univer, and Director of zoo. Office at historical gang garden near Escuela Tecnica (of army). Dory gave me further letters of introduction. He said a friend in through the Antigua told him that he heard that the Chamber of Commerce (?) of the U.S. Embassy, someone had offered 40$ jaguar skins for sale recently (Roserio will try to check it). He said that at a zoo (?) near San Jose, Costa Rica, jaguars are sold. Zoo here has one male; none bred live in past. In captivity, bones of birds legs & feet tend to calcify. Spider monkeys on Atlantic at about 1000 m. in coffee area on Santiago's side. Said to be dying of pulmonary disease. Again, specific information lacking. / In an article on Nuestra Natural y Pro Natura (J. Ilarraza, aptos. 967, Guat.), Vol. 3, No. 4, Jan-May (1971), p. 15,

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"Journal 15 February 1972 Guatemala City, Guatemala Sarno says, book "The Guatemala Traveler" by [illegible] Rodman advertises Belize or hunting area, guarantee a jaguar for $1500 in 10 days, a return may. J.J. thinks actually hunt in Peter, & may take any age. Advertisers are Ernest Sarno of Tennessee, and Vic Brophy of Michigan. [Rodriguez] thinks Sarno only enters - ested in self-advertisement, but his articles seem good to me. I spent evening with J. Van Klee, wife, Bob, & Jim - they have a lure organization, Notutrek, which takes people on tours to ruin a jungle, take photos, sell rubbings, and miscellaneous. He came to Guatemala because, not allowed to be professional hunting guide in Mexico (by Corzo). Here 6 yrs. - for 3, took groups hunting in Peter at $125/day. Hunts jaguars by calling, bait, night light. Says that fire, dogs, lights, calling are no longer legal methods of hunting. New protests inside. Specializes in large black & white prints. Says that Dulois lives in Guatemala, hunt much, all over world, including jaguar, and have many trophies. Says Belize hunting co., which guaranteed a jaguar for $1500, missed several carnivore animals released and shot. Thinks tiger not yet coming, not return to success. Rarely attack cattle, but are killed 42 near La Libertad, usually not eating them. Jaguar not even kill. On Salinas River, sand, in dry season, many tracks, and can wait and see jaguar day day. Has hunted by going upriver, drifted down, calling, using light. Has says he has seen jabiru, spoonbill, a pair of harpy eagles, he says. Bill Monroe, of [illegible], was professional guide

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15 February Guatemala City, Guatemala. Hunter and probably would give information. Stomach - one had eaten a pasa. Wally not check. Had stories about small gp. howlers, 107, six, ?, near his place. Theirs little hunting of jaguar in Guatemala now. Some of what said was suggestion - thought howler 70 lbs., said jaguar in zoo was 8 [it is 57]. He was favorably impressed with Jorge Flores. He thought savage are real. In 3 yrs. or guide, hunter killed only 6 jaguar; mostly poor hunters. He himself claimed to have killed 3 or 4. By using bait, he thought he could photo jaguars. He thought mestizos have more respect for law than Mexicans; tho all in his area burned fields last yr. in spite of legal prohibition. Many settlers transported from S. coast to Sayaxche area; said former Mexicans planned to dam Usumacinta + flood parts of Guatemala. Settlers could not make living; starving. There may account for guerrilla reports. 16 February 1972. Took 0730 Aeromex plane for Flores. Steep slopes under cultivation. River on dry dissected hills, at first. Later green, broadleaved trees, cultivated patches. Patcher frog between green hills of forest. Then flat, no cultivation, occasional lakes in forest. Grassy clearings, irregular as if natural, about 10 % of ground. Then trails, fences, burned spots, dirt roads, occasional village as approached Lake Peten. Arriving at edge lake. Bungalow, thatched, of Maya International Hotel close. San Benito - village - start of bus line for Sayaxche (7 am, 1 pm). Causeway (dirt road) 300 yds. to Flores, small town. Jaguar in lake. At edge Flores, met Jim (?) Graham, Harvard (? British) archeologist. He thinks jaguar and ocelote all over Peten. Du Belie, one

16 February 1972. Flores, El Peten, Guatemala decided to look for seller - D saw him pay equiv. $95 for cocot palm. On the mountains recently, he saw a machan in tree, a spider monkey [illegible] (jaguar hunter). | Small blue leaf 1:30. Hot. Through patchy forest, cultivated fields (corn, banana). Fair decent road. Logging trails entered at X. Passed small town - Libertad, San Francisco. Arrived 4 pm. a cable ferry - large across river (de la Paz) to Sayaxche. Hotel Sayaxche at far side. Bring couple (Stevenson; Sunnyvale, Calif.) there. On walk in diving room, photo of women Julia's today & other with jaguar skulls. (Other show large tapir with caught by people. Small, 1 hotel, lumbering town. Road extends on to west, when again meets river. | Julia returned in sun. About 40. Willing to talk. Suggests Mayasito Garcia as experienced hunter (w. Lake Petenitlan). Best place along Rio Usumacinta - tracks a player. Cocot looks to see the jaguar; flees when turn on light. Jaguar

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16 February 1972. Sayaxche, Peten, Another, Rio Tamondy August 1967 (zp. w. jaguar). Another, Rio Lacanda, 1967. / Julio said about 150 jaguar taken this area same years. / Lumbering Trade (?) Hughes, Robsonian Lumber Co., Ft. Lauderdale, talkative. Said in Bel- ize, hunter shot jaguar brought from Tefar. Said Julio guided many hunters here. Said 1700 people brought to Sayaxche from S. coast for settle- ment. Thought military police, out of uniform, were the

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Journal 17 February 1972 Lo Petexbatun, Peter, Guatemala tigir still present. Matigiri then person. Cat revado, jaguar, reedy linds. Not very communicative. No skins or wild animal remains seen around home, except a few on the top used to hunt on. Also visited Margaito Isania, 1/2 mile to N, about 70 yrs. said by Julio D. to be good hunter. Said ococote present, + tigiris. But best found and hunted when water in lake down, drawing muddy playa. He thought did not eat turtles. Used other animals mantoul-javali, peteocha de monte (white-lipped), tapir, turtle, etc.. No skins around - he said sold. He had few or no cartridges for his 12-ga single; wants some w/o shot buckshot. Answered great info, but little info. [Probably thought I might inform officials.] He thought his home in a good hunting area. | Returned to van Keker. Put up two bat nets, one at edge clearing in front of house, another in small clearing in woods. Took 2 bats by 10 p.m., one was day morning. Saw 1 or 2 by lake shore. Warm night - heard a chorus of toads from across lake to E. Saw a Bufo manini(?) at edge lake. Saw sye-sheuri's apparent herkingour about 60' up in tree at edge clearing. Porcine raised ground-floor latch in night. Saw an owl-sized brown owl, perched & above grassy ground. On day, a redtail-sized buteo(?) perched near edge clearing; apparently called (grey & black barred tail). | Did had told about "caniotas", a kind of lower underskin of men, caniotas days. Air lake. Agurize out. Spindle shape, two black made + looks at dawn and. Same one or more large (Dermotola?). 18 February 1972. Overcast. By canoe, paddled south along lake shore. Most of forest side under 60' tall. Large cedar stand

18 February 1972 Peter, L. Petexbatun, Guatemala out. Occasionally large fish jumped (tarpon?). Many low fan palms & other palms. Bananas, coconuts, arbuzas (?). 10$ l. seen new kayafche). Dug in litter, old logs, from trees, looking for calamander, just so much. Only one boy seen old dog, under house (collected). Evening - heard many chocoboros. Set up nets dry lake shore. Took large Antilena between 10 pm & sunrise, but no other. Yet, dwellers in house say many saw same evenings. Looked around farther for 4 hrs. at night with light, but saw only one possum. Petexbatun, Peten, Guat. 19 February 1972. With Gail, we walked trail from house to W., to edge of swamp. Main tree was gnarled spreading "quinto", a very heavy wood, short & spreading, brownish and white in branches. In pulling apart an almpa, 15' up in tree, I dislodged an opossum. Wet inside plants, some snails, but I found no amphibs. I rolled logs, dug ground, pulled apart two plants, but found no vertebrates therein. | Paddled E. across lake into parts is- olated by growth of low spring (mosquito - like) bushes, and forked. Caught calavos, blancos (pistachio mouth). Gail said much better where lake shore. Cooler today. Put up one net in house clearing, other dry water. No catch in evening (only morning). Fog over lake in morni- ing; cool. Paddled N. to Don Alejandro's. Saw osprey. Left by canoe about 10 a.m. and arrived kayafche before noon. Again talked with Julio B., who thought Rio Celeste best place to find tegus. He also thought men more than females, or at least investigative | and more often taken. | We took bus about 2:15 for I-lanos, where we stopped and camped.

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Koford Journal 20 February 1972 Tikal, El Peten, Guatemala Took 7 a.m. bus to Tikal, arriving about 9 a.m. Two small & rather crude huts there; airstrip, museum, army post. No habitations along road from S. boundary of park. But 30-400 yds. toward Uoxcatun (sp.?), near a trocha road to north. Saw ruin, some still partly grown over with vegetation, largely Ficus. Bat droppings in temple rooms. In front saw owllets Peregrine in tree, turkeys on ground, large parrots, woodcreeper, branchbirds, lead toucan. Once saw possible ocelot (a fox) near game trail; again, an aguti near edge clearing. In evening, saw a tigranawa (Boucardi?) walking on leaves under forest. Heard Tigranawa call in eve. | In Temple de las Inscripciones, highest room (darkest), saw 1 bat, 4-3 in next next lower room (caught two for specimens). Camped near S. Acropolis. Many bats in early evening on trails. Started for 1/2 hr. at night w. light but saw no eyes shine. Heard no owls, caprimulgids. Dry night. 27 February 1972. Many morning bird calls. Walked trails, starting about 0630, but saw no mammals. In Esp. C. ruin, an exploratory ground-level tunnel entered straight in for 50'; contained 20-40 bats (collected 2, Carollei?, from ceiling, rough rock.) | Returned to airstrip for 0900 flight - cancelled; will go 3 p.m. Clean day; hot. In sports shop opposite museum, a margay (?) skin for sale. One American traveller said that from here, about 30 mi. E. of Flores, he saw a tiger skin hanging up near road. Aguada Tikal had green howa, jocans, anhangas, white egret, other water birds. | We walked to end airstrip, trying to follow trail or map in sides of Tikal, but grown over or absent. At edge of a small

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Journal 22 February 1972 Tikal to C. Guatemala, Guatemala paved w. moto and minivan, person truck and cat (horse?) track in wet ground. | Walked 4c km. uproad to Uayactun - then forest, little modified at sides - good bird & mammal searching track, I think. | Departed by plane at 3 p.m. Passed for 1/2 hr. on nearly solid forests, E. and S. of Tikal. Big lake far to E. Then a few small blue lakes, more openings & cultivation, large lake, and E.-W road (to Belize?). Then very large lake close to W. San Carlos, but nearly clear at B. City. | To hotel Florida again. 23 February 1972. Ave reunited J. Van Kirk, while I went to Instit. Geografico (zone 13, near Reforma and Calle 4). Bought map of land use in Peten ($1). Then talked w. Luis Fernete, geografo, in INPE's geography dept. He was recent member Sierra Club, interest- ed in parks and conservators, knew Rodolfo Arreguets and others. He gave me 1:250 000 map (4 sheets) of forest type. Showed me USFWS maps of fauna (based on Sanders, 1946) and of ecological zones (narrow broad); there to be published with 60+ others, in June. He repeated that Guatemala welcomes investigator and offers coop- eration. | Went to office of DIGESA, located in zoo grounds, to try to get copies some maps. Talked w. Mari's Acuesta and his boss. Could have maps - in fact, an ecological set, about 3' square, tomorrow morning. I begged off & said I would wait for printed set. Their gp. did not work in field but compiled results. They were only come to have maps checked in field, especially in view of changes caused by agriculture (as on S. coast). | Brief visit with Van Kirk. He thought he could attract jogueros with fuel boat to photograph them. Said his behavior good for hunting because of

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Journal 23 February 1972 G. City to Talisma, Mexico (Chiapas). wide border / Departed 2:45 p.m. by Ruta Lerma for Talisima, or Mexican border. Dawn to Escuintla - sugar cane, corn, banana, overgrown fields. Palma, ceiba, never other tree. Hot. Reached border 8 p.m. No outgoing inspection, and negligible on Mexican side. We camped nearby in burned cane field. Chiapas, Mexico 24 February x 1972. Task due to Tapachula. Very large market, with much shrimp, banana, tropical fruits. Shopped. Departed 0845 for Escuintla, a bus over highway. Then by bus to Zapotitlan, small town by railroad. Then waited 2+ hrs. for truck to Rio Arriba. Ox yokes still used this area. Road ended at edge mangroves, where a few thatched - hut, open - fire eating places. Asked Roberto to take us by canoe to La Palmera, when he said Rambo Fernandez lived. Route first through bilium - choked narrow passages. Then wider. The mangroves up to 30' high, rooting branches screening from or higher 30 ft. Saw arbingers (5+), firefoot (4), coronet (2), oropay (3), black hawk (2), beltied kingfisher (6), smallish blue kingfisher (1), other birds. Esp. 20+ 1/2 naked men in water with big fish net. Others casting nets, or fishing with lines. Nearly all had dugout canoes. Even I ran, smaller boat, jacaera, little blue (?) hen, Louisiana (?) hen (1), white egrets. Channel wid- ed to 50 yds. Saw roost of 40+ ducks, large whiteman (black crown). Then 1/4 mile wide channel in mangroves. Black swutners. Esp. of 10+ Storks worked. About 7 p.m. reached Los Palmares, where about 100 stick and thatch houses (no roofs a winter), a fish & shrimp town. A tame spoonbill on shore. The Rambo Fernandez live proved to be the wrong one; other farther on at Escuintajoda, 2 hrs. farther

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Journal 24 February 1972. Las Palmas, S. Chiapas, Mexico Rather late, we stayed. Town hospital, teacher & judge came to talk with us. Broader about town. We camped in football field. Large and small green parrots in trees. Saw several date high over area - foot flying, small. Big ones grunting around tent. Dogs came and barked from 50 ft. Tiny flies came thru netting and bit us. Warm night. Crocin crowed all night. (faint) (foot) 25 February 1972. An owl called grump grump grump, on calm. Many parakeets - 50+ in one tree. Orioles. Long-tailed metal jays. Down called. I heard say no cobita, tiger, or game here - but farther out. The people eat turtle, iguana, lizards, seafood, chicken, pig. Many chickens, some ducks, kept by people (+ pigs, dogs). Alligators very rare. I today in annual meeting of the cooperative, so no boats going until mid or late afternoon. Omar Veliz will take in to La Encrucijada for 7:5 p.m. He said that, about 4 days ago, Jose Hernandez V., owner of La Concepcion, was killed there by machete labourers. Another man, from that area, thought investigation now over so that we could visit the island. All thought this was tiger at La Concepcion, apparently a kind of wildlife sanctuary (or Tabito), near Encrucijada. In morning, gp 14 spoonbills in > flew away, & other grous. Occasional frigates, including one w/ red pouch. I about 2 p.m., left for La Encrucijada w/ Omar Veliz, in dugout w/ about 5 h.p. motor. Through wide mangrove passages. Saw some lovely area, apparently on a bar between breakers and mangrove estuary. Saw a ray loop high, splash back in. Saw asprey, occasional frigate bird. Herons. About 4 p.m. reached Kopeskolo - there a single couple,

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Journal 25 February 1972. S, Coast Chiapas, Mexico one day out w. paddle, a few chickens, dogs - family of Pancho Hernan, day, about 30 yrs. Now 2 yrs. Don Miguel had not been here since Now. We camped in thatched open sided shed. We walked 1/2 hr. on trail leading W. Saw a pampas deer driving motionaler on a river, 12' up (10 min. later, in same position). In fairly open spot. Tail had short black hair; no speck evident. Pancho said there were deer deer (family was), tapir, antler, peco, porco, rocun, tapicosti, ocelot, tiger, (armadillo, anteater (no javel)). Only open water salty. Kacayaka a dry lagoon area surrounded by mangroves; Toketi was within such an area, reached by trail to E. (where Don Miguel had thatched shed for camping). Pancho said that last year Don Miguel saw a tiger near that shed. Also that Pancho saw one about 50 yards E. of his own house. On river to ground, main big tree in "Yopote del agua"; cut in bark indicate it is a source of chicle. Many from palma, coco palma; some milpas. In evening, a Nyctibius perched 100' SE of our camp shed, next to top a vertical dead branch, so that he appears to be part of it. We paddled 1/2 hr. in dark (moonlight) in canoe, with light. Saw 2 logartos, about 1' and 3' long, size of an "armada" (gar fish?), size of family of opossums (4+ - white eyed) a few pairs of other red eyes (porcuna's, rocunas?). 26 February 1972. Dry night. We spent morning in walk to Toketi and around it with Pancho & wife. Many yopote fruit on ground. Saw magpie-jays, big parrots, woodhens, heard large woodpecker, saw oriole, blackbirds (heard many), a

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Jaerval 26 February 1972 S. Chiapas, MEXICO squirrel in tree. Merganser huge - junction of stultus often 10' or more up, some stultus 12" diameter. Tree green, but ground covered w. dry leaves. We saw no sure sign of cats - no specimen, lower, food remains, good tracks. / Near shack at Tubuti, a group of 10- accipiters Delinicta (?) late on trunk of partly-fallen tree, about 12' up. Knocked one down for specimen salamancuesa. Pardo caught a small shrike (specimen) in limb of rotting down palm trunk. He said often in lower pulled-off branch of palm branches. We also saw Andio (?), but took none. He told of a large "salamandra" in area. Pardo took a small lizard (14) in patio of house. / Last evening, saw large reddish bats flying singly over esteros - probably Noctilu's leporinus bats. Also saw other bats flying near shed & houses. / Ground cover of dry leaves makes silent walking, or tracking, difficult. / Put up an 19' bat net alongist shed. Took 2 single small phyllostomus evening, another kind (pale head; no rtipes) by morning. / Found a chick of chocholotes, about 2 days old, in forest. / -27 February 1972.- In late afternoon, paddled to La Quemijado, a path where could walk 4 4 miles to Seashore. Two families in stick houses, w. many dirty and some naked children. Boys & Sra. Hernandez fished w. barline in surf, using Cuento drift, and took after about 4 cabina (12-16"), 10 croaker, & two catfish.. / At one house, 4 chicks of chocholotes, a few days old; said hatched them under hen. 27 February 1972. Sunday .. Today we visit La Concepcion Conception where our [illegible] Hernandez V. murdered with machete blows a week ago, / Pardo said that last November, they saw a

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Journal 27 February 1972. La Concepcion, S. Chiares, Mexico Tigers come out of woods, go to drink near boat landing, and walk to A.del T. Jock. Also, that Don Miguel had twice seen a cub last November, at Tchite; I think (check w. Ma. del T.). If Pancho said another seen one behind house. He had been here 2 yrs. Said they had never heard jaguar roar. | We started to row to La Concepcion, & supposedly 1 1/2 hrs. Lost a tow at Cuencajide, & went rest of the way. Then, house of large family ("children") near river water, and about 30 people gathered, apparently to have sort of a goodby party for slain arrow. The widow told me all about it... when the machete cuts were, etc Unknown who did it. | On way out saw pair of black lambs, opossums, armadillo, a chachalaca flew across 100yds of water, parakeet, mirracoa (magic joy), black mitimer, a tigris kitten, blue heron, frogate dove. | With Pancho and local man, we walked thru woods at edge mangroves around west of the creek, about 2 hrs. Central area largely tall grass. Many palms. Our guide said no monkeys, but deer, armadillos, porcoos, etc.- no javeli, a gallivison bird larger than chachalaca. Small ponds had turtle; saw old shells. Many garvoro (lig ej carver), some a meter long. Saw one boarish, under spiny wild-pineapple. Took two Andes, an America, & smaller lizard (spars.). Guide said two tigers killed recently, one large 5', one smaller 2' (not pregnant), one about 20 days ago (the Dr. said 25 days). Skin sold; large as at 1300 pesos. Bones thrown away, including skulls. Tiger pained by dogs, shot w. 16 ga. shotgun. Saw a guy

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Journal 27 February 1972 La Concepción, S. Chiapas, Mexico squirrel high in tree study forest. Zapote de agua fruit on ground; people pick them up and eat them. One guide said he had been in area over 30 yrs., but not on that ranch. we went more gone farther to S, the less than before. We saw several outboard motor in dugout during the day. A bull had been killed; women hustled over meat. Lunch for all. Then a pile of "tender pacentu" made & put in worktub over open fire to cook. Several man sat in gpo, drank aguacatite. We all went out 300 yds. into forest to put a cross, 2 candles and a glass of water at site where the paton had been killed. One launch came w. group including two with guns. One man shot a perched black pulitzer from a tree; it fell in water and was not retrieved. We waited for tide to turn - then rowed back to Kopespolka. Put up last net. Warm sticky evening. 28 February 1972. No catch of date, tho saw several new shed; but 3 large matra in net. Prepared to go by paddled canoe to San Palmer; took about 2 1/2 hrs. Saw usual birds on route - about 5 orpige insel, large & small kingfisher, hishaden & kingbird. A white head poked up out of midstream; = perro de agua, otter? The only outlet to ocean is near San Palmer; a similar town, San Baran, located there. Yesterday saw a squirrel cucho in big mangrove at La Concepción. Later, at Koespolka, a lute (?) atop tree, gray color, band tail; wingtips extends beyond tip tail. It flew out 20 yds., returned to perch. Onis in waterside mangrove yesterday, and on Koespolka.

Journal 28 February 1972. Las Palmas, S. Chapas, Mexico At Las Palmas, had to wait for a group boat to Rio Amilo! (Loe Lango much closer, but only one truck a day leave there.) So waited. I was very dead on Monday. Another bame had two pit spoonbelle (1st Omer's). Pancho said panute taken from tree 44. had foler in March - April. Various delays in time - no boat until 29 February, 0500. Load of fish, a few people, in August. Back to Rio Amilo. Saw 100+ white elis - some flying over, other perched or mangrove, including grayish jirus. As we ruin, on foot. At landing, 12+ garcolor (ejana) for sale at 10 pesos (over a meter long - photo). Fish, crabs, unblooded. Dark croppier shaped fish in ruin called "mojarno". Truck to Crecuitla. Path to E. was high in solid forest. Took due to Amrojo. N. of Creminto, foothills to E. had more cleared areas. (M.A. del T. says tall mangrove end about W. of Pijijiapan.) Basically drier as go N. Amrojo gave a than scrub lots dry zone. Changed to Triftla due winding road ascended - dry darkbrown forest, but some green foliage here and slopes.) Some area burned - also an coasted several to S. Burning will increase in next 2 months. One went to plateau basin phanies photos, where still dry, thorny brusher. Passed Triang y Libated. On to Cintalapa, Tiptla. Area drier than in mid February. 1 March 1972. Turtle Isutunig, Chiapan. Talked w. M.A. del Toro. He said a hike longer in Los Barron (near Las Palmas), Areas inside mangrove probably have jaguar still. / But collecting - a kill, C. del Hueso (?), near Zapote, about 4 km. S. of Triftla. Stream passing just S. of Zor had cover about 3 km. E., w. Late. Pucis, a bunied met spot in S. Made close A. Albino Crago. Augustus dem-

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Journal 1 March 1972 Torta Gutierrez, Chiapas Still in construction; reservoir will cover mostly farmlands, not wildlife habitat. Lago Malpaso - still flooded parts along shore. letter from Mrs Dougell, telling of undeveloped area accessible from Cintalapa (on Cutzamalan river). / MA del T says salamanders at Kopsepolo in large, dark, w. white spots (ambystoma ?). / Most date in Tapitla parks in April-May, he said. I put up traps, last nite in the zoo grounds about 6 p.m. Retuned 9 p.m., 12 m. Took about 7 Antilium janaiensis (?), some with green fig; saved 4. Some with large fetues. or torte large. One small phyllotomid (spec.), one Sunchania (spec.). / Looked at eyeshaies of zoo animals - tiger red, not brilliant. Margey - green, brig & brilliant. Ocelot - reddish. White-lipped paracin clacked tucba at me. Karkoyan eye white, brilliant. Crocodile & caiman, red. 2 March 1972. Talked again w. M.A. del T. Then with Cpy. Palacho (sp.?), director of Botanical Dept. It do that position a year. Friendly, & interested conversation. Shortly he accompanied army officers on a flight to Selva Lacandona. At Pies de Oro they found a hunting party, which had flown in from Mexico City. The men had 500 rounds of ammunition! [I think he said that] the army men took the hunter out.] He knew Chiapan vegetation well. Institute had been going since 1949 (?); Miranda worked here until he died (in 1950's ?). / He introduced me to guard, local police, so that could trap bats in botanical area. I put 2 large & one small net there, under tree, about 6 p.m. Antilium started getting caught soon after dark, before 7 p.m. All apparently same species we lost night. Discussed several alive. Killed 12 7/7, 15 9/?. These included

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C. Koford Journal 2 March 1972. Textla Gatorero, Chapas, Mexico several juvenile, gray color, poor skin warts. Of juvs., some ?? had small testes (5 mm.), some ?? inactive reps. tails, but all had full sized foreskin (60 mm.). Of ??, 5 large brown ones were obviously pregnant, fetuses large + palpable. Some had dark enlarged ut. horns, only seen in the ?? with no milk observed. ?? ?? with large testes, 9 mm. long, I saved none of these specimens.) This part has clean sands + pools, varied species trees, pink Talclusis now in bloom. But overwhelmed w. one species, A. jansiciana (?) , or else not placed firmly for other. Big notes in shaded area among large luthered trunks, but 18' fine net among skin trunks, and still missed out w. same species. | Prepared for visit to Mac Dougall in Tehuantepec. Tehuantepex, Oaxaca 3 March 1972. Took noon bus to Tehuantepec. Along way, quiet dry, many leafless trees, smoke in air, some burning. Mac Dougall! Found "Don Tomas" in room at Hotel Istmo. He was plant collector, had been coming to this area since 1930 (?). Collected Bryonius a related plants for collector. Had collected small mammals for AMNH, included in Goodwin's "Mammals of Oaxaca." Had collected for Robert Smith, now at Amos. Colo. Recently had article in Cyclae's Journal, June '71, about forest area of E. Oaxaca. It. Van Dyke had helped him get it published. | Entrance to Cerro Azul area near junction Juchitei-Aviaga roads, S. of Cuetlaxpa. Carlos Mimi was ranch owner (Sr.-then, Jr. now ranch). Various scientists had been to that forest area - Rawley, Benjof, Buckbee. Said quetzal there. | Lumbering benefited in that stopes burning practiced by former cattlemen. | Another way to

Journal Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 3 March 1972 Mr. Chiricahua, Chiapas, Mexico enter in from Los Flores (= Motzo? area) on highway (santa Maria de ?) to Coatzacoalcos, then go & to Chilpancingo, then up river P. in Oaxaca (both cant roads). Region uninhabited, wild rain forest. Reputed story that about 10 yrs. ago a rancher near Tres Rios, NW of Tancos, said lost 96 head cattle to tigers! Malpaso dam area - part still rain forest, in rough limestone, or R. Santer? area or Ocosandul (sp.?) side. | Lindenbaum - Radolfo Monroy. Tehuantepec Shin Iujer in F. = Francisco "Chis" Ortega, who has drug store stand edge of plaza (in portales). He lived Cir. 1950's. Says a trail cut N. from Yanatepec to get to area seldom for harvest; another entry to area. | Cuenca - he said a Dr. Charlie one wanted to?) buy it to protect peccaries (tobacco). Nearby areas: El Triunfo, Ferria Nacota, Isador. | Met Juan Ramirez, Mac D.'s field assistant. He said once saw an owllet attack and eat a dove. Thought like mainly birds. Mac D. said one day they saw 3 agouti owlets. J.P. said many tigers along his Quetzandulco, in upper area where go big lobos (and no people). | Whole of E. Oaxaca apparently rain forest, uninhabited inside, the climbing at edges, | On first (or?) visit to Cuenca, Mac D. saw big tiger skin. He thinks their worthily used as well as floor decoration, & that owllet preferred for coats & trims. | Don Tomas told of a cave with swifts on San Felipe, just before descend to S.C. Los Casos. Coa - another at Aguaceros, a cliff above R6 Flores along approach to Ocos- castillo (sp.?)).. | Stayed at Oasin hotel in Tehuantepec. 4 March 1972. Market now has pineapples, watermelon, starting mangos, few bananas. I saw no animal hides. | Spent now

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Journal 4 March 1972 Tehuatepec, Oaxaca ing with Don Taver. He said that Leopold's book (will. Mex.) did not give true S. limit of Turkey, as he had seen a peccary Co. also Baul, and Panning had seen them in E. Oaxaca. Also, he said that the call of black chachalacs were misinterpreted, probably referring to another kind of chachalac. In captivity at zoo, total call not heard. Part resembles bd. called "rompe genero" locally tearing piece of cloth. Part sounds like the fluttering wooden rito, voice - mules - not like Ortelia. ) Apparently Stuart Bowley, came with students from Wash. State Un., Barford of Cal. Acad., and others had stayed at Cero Basil ranch (of Carlos Menini) in years past. Menini live at Pajz de Oro; can't reach, 40 km in. Not friendly with the Rudolfo Sanchez - Morony lumber outfit, lived about 1 km. S. of Los Cruces below Centlopa. Don T. suggested I now write Dr Emiliano there, then get truck ride to Sanwill about 40 km. in, talk to organica. and get other truck riders in, leads to near Menini Ranch. Not supposed to cut in Chisp Oaxaca, but apparently doing into, as noticed today. / Chantel area in cloud forest west of Tehuatepec; Juan Panning knew it well (good collecting site?). ) We hoped to meet skin doctor Chris Ortega, but he was not back from Chilubna by mid-afternoon. We took 6:30 p.m. bus to Tapavotepe and camped. 5 March 1972. Sunday. Took local bus about 0730 to Pajz de Oro, at Oaxaca. Chisp live. Name of Carlos Menini (German painter) almost 200 yrs. before border castle. We found Menini, about 70 yrs. tall, with dead left leg, at home. He was full of tales about bird experience with visitors, including scientists, who shot wildlife, including Trogan, Tropic. Said Bowley shot 4 of "saturny eagle" pain. Another was hunter to sell skins of birds. We said one

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Journal 5 March 1972 Riso de Oro, Oaxaca, Mexico of Cero Bowl north (300 Brahmas) now cut away, savannah, with little wildlife, and therefore had to go in deeper. But now armed menaces and border + landmaking disputes, so undesirable. | On this house he had skin of ocelot and jaguar. | He said latter called 'petatillo,' meaning lots of small spots, characteristic of this. Driven away (5-10 slopes). When stated ranch, 17 yrs. ago, puma and tiger left; old stock, but no tigers killed 5-6 tigers. Now seen last 2-3 years. Tiger found the palm thicket, when favorite food was white-lipped peccary (sues). Puma could not handle the large animal; puma took smaller livestock, tiger larger. Ocelot very shy, nocturnal; preyed on hares and turkeys. Favorite food is red-legged jaguar. Everyone hates. Black cheechee's gav. | Said Bonny lolly (sp.?); walked for Bowley; quit in disapproval. | Monkeys now few in - only spider monkey (good eating). People shoot 7-8, sometimes several, to get young to sell. There are some local pros. occasional hunters. | Ocelot took home from one man. So he borrowed 2 dogs, tried ocelot. They threw stones at it; jumped from tree to tree. Finally, a pink branch broke, ocelot fell, fought dogs, shot. Skin, large, brought 300 pesos. Large outlets may take magana, but not javali. | He thought jaguar much less agile than puma, cattle on ground or in trees. Puma faster. | Jaguar kills by taking two leaps, about 5 yds., landing on back, biting neck. They learn on seeing one do it, daytime. Smell of tiger's favorite livestock. | Menini were friendly; said glad to help me get into forest near ranch, but condition too unsettled now. We delivered photo prints sent by Don't. -note Mac D., taken on ranch by Orin Howard about 3 yrs. ago. | Hatched

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C. Koford Journal 65 March 1972. Truck ride to new lumberyard near km. 34, before Los Cuesos. Home of Don Emilicio here, and waited for him, but did not return and shut us out all on Sunday. Had hoped for truck ride to forest. | Took a collective "cobe" to Centolops, local beer to Tuxtla, where went to Hotel San Carlos. 7 March 1972. Same cumulous clouds; cool. Took beer to Don Cintolo's bar near Cerro de la Sombra (Blom) Pat, an assistant from Calif., told us something of Lacandona. Agua Azul headquarters of people who hunt or take people hunting. Lacandon made clay figurines of jaguars, fairly lifelike rather than symbolic, about 4-5" long, some painted (see in museum). They also used jaguar (and other) teeth for decoration - saw one necklace, with teeth between seed beads beads. Bird claw shotguns also used. Some Lacandon chants begin with jaguar phrases (?). Hunted jaguars with bow, arrow, now with guns. Authority on jaguar is Robert Spence at Mex. Anthrops., Mexico City. | A guest writer said that in February she had accompanied a group from American University (?) on a jaguar hunt, starting from Escuintla, going by 4-wheel drive car. They killed peccary, but set out for bait, waited at night in hammocks, but got no cats in 4 days (she then left). | Ema "Toby" Blom Blum is very talkative and of strong opinions. She did not know that jaguar-ocelot hunting and trade illegal. Very worried about deforestation, hunting migratory agriculture, in Selva Lacandona, and apparently lecturing related on this subject, with slides, in Mexico City. But she has no specific incidents to concerning jaguars. I saw at

Heilbig says: Dr. Volten Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt { has worked on bats of El Salvador; got disease from them.

Journal 6 March 1972. To S. Cristobal, Chis., Mexico. Heart 2 joguar [illegible] in the house, which is largely a museum. Met Karl Nellig, geographer from Frankfurt, who has written books (Lost of print now). on Lacunuso area and on upper Grjola (1961 German; 1964, Spanish ed. Just: [illegible] Fortilla). These books, in library at Coco Blom, would be very helpful to geologists working in those regions. We visited retired couple who now hotel by airstrip (Wally -; from S. Dolote). They said many inquiries from people who wanted to buy a young ocelot. Said that in past years, many were also bought in (one buyer said

Journal 3 March 1972 Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico Founder of Brigham Young Univ. (Press), located near monument 5 of archeological museum. 5 American employed there. Apparent lion on + off, said they had worked in area for (7 yrs). Now working on court and in La Venta canyon (w. of Ocosnucte). Formerly there were yoguins, but none seen last several years. They thought hunting and deforest ation had decreased nos. One said stated price of yoguin 500 p. several years ago; now much higher. One of them, Pierre Aguirine of Belize, was apparently of family with ranch near Villaflora. These people not too friendly with the Casa Blanca group. 8 March 1972. Mined 0.500 lbs to Maldenes. Visited Don Miguel at 2pm again. They are increasing restaurant + museum space. Visited the Delgado of Fraust, but he knew almost nothing of yoguins or hunting, only that it was prohibited. He said enforcement poor because communication poor. (He had been in position here only a month ago. Francesco Ferreyra (They know at Public Market for books on local birds) New Ferreira (?). We took noon hour to Teonantique. Then again talked with Dr. T. Mac Dangall. He thought the area given to December might indicate preservation, as only 66 families involved, and no facilities for removing timber. But he feared that agriculture might still be of value to develop region and move more people in. Talked with Chris Martiney, who keeps some chiva locally. He said he was offered recently an occelot skin measuring 110 cm., but seller wanted peer 1500, which was price several years ago. Now, 60-70cm hide price about 100 p. (formerly, 100 cm. = 1500 p.). 1 m. = full grain. Chris said that recently he was offered 9 with swell cub, chiva, in for 300 pesos a large skin; said sold to local telegrapher. Don T. had once had a pet cub, brought for 30 pesos, said yrs. ago. Chris said any of yoguin skins near Santo Domingo Petapa, apparently in Mexico

(adventure?) Por Tierra de Acordones, Herbert Rothlanger - Big Gane Flints - b., Stock O'Connor Flowers & quicferative. Sabate, usame en la Pablo Matamoros (= Pedro Vega) - Rocks

Journal 8 March 1972 Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico Bavaro area - enter via Lojuma. Chris said we caught not long ago in a pit, the this not a usual method of trapping. He said still occulti near Angola (ruins and hill near Tehuantepec); once (10 yrs. ago) it he shot 3 then about 7-8 a.m. by squealing like a rabbit to attract them. Usually many skinn at this time of year, or wintered scarce & easy to hunt near drying ponds. Usually hunt at night with light; last results about 2 a.m., he said. El Cerrato Cerrato nearly area w. cave, also still had oculti, panos, Chris said. Panus skin of no value, he said, nor mangay (too small). Chris had secured oculti skin to stuff, for use in an old Tehuantepec dance, in which paraded around the stuffed animal (to be performed for the President soon). Mangay called "Yagabebe," which means tree climber. Found some mono or anteater. White-tailed deer, foxes, raccoons, also brought in locally. Cartridges - now cannot buy under belong to hunting club, or register name and get permit. (But Chris makes own powder, cuts up wire for shot). Don T. mentioned that Pony Galley & Karen Koch (sp.?) accompanied Benjod into Cerro Baul area, going by mule from Pinatapan. 9 March 1972 Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico Looked around town and market. Leather purser with hide of deer on outside seen. Stop El Caballo Mixtlen, M. Cobena 104; Mr. Conen Aldama, had 3 stuffed oculti pels on display, a purse finished in jaguar skin too. In rear room, a crate had been opened and bulged at least 20 oculti hides, plus mangana and other. This evidence indicates no effective

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Journal 8 March 1972. Oaxaca, Mexico prohibition of commerce by jofrii! I in museum, saw good jaguar lower, and some jaguar figures, Sue said. 10 March 1972. I went to the Agriculture office and through four steps got to Lbarra, presumably the forestry delegate. They were having today a "reunion" of all the forest sector chiefs, about 20 of them present. Lbarra first explained that Oaxaca did not have jaguars, but with aid of a young assistant, we explored that they were in their deep area. They told me to come to a meeting of the jefes in the Corono de Comercio at 11 a.m. I went and Lbarra introduced me, but said I wanted to obtain skins. Arst. & I quickly corrected him, & he asked group where found jaguars, mentioning Santa Doming's area as a place of hide commerce. The Tehuantipe dot chief spoke up and verified occurrence there. He did not think hunting had diminished numbers there. Then no one volunteered, until I asked Lbarra to ask about south coast area. Then Puerto Escondido, Nuevo-luceo, Huam-cluba, Cosaltepein mentioned, but no specific men to interview. Bose suggested Club de Furecero in Matias Romero. Someone suggested: Dn. Javier Larumbe in Oaxaca city. There was agreement that there was much control and not that skins were used to manufacture articles, but no one seemed upset by this. In fact, the Tehuantipe men started to say, "the best way for the serin to get a jaguar is..." when an assistant cut him off, saying I didn't want animal or skins.

Journal 10 March 1972 Oaxaca -> Mexico City Took 3 p.m. bus for Mexico. First four hours passed through much-grilled, grazing land. Arrived about 1 a.m., stayed really tired. 11 March 1972. Saturday. Went to Hotel Desil, on Isabel Catelan. Local sight-seeing in city. 12 March 1972. Sunday. Went to zoo at Chapultepec Park, where saw group of muntjac deer, among wide variety. One small jaguar cage (jaguar?). Then to Hotel Camino Real, site of N.A.M. Wildlife Conf. | Pollini Baker told me that there were some jaguars and ocelots in coastal region, centering at Tampico. Area north to La Pesca in theory, protected; has ocelots, but all area being turned to cropland north of Tampico. A ranch at Acuña, north of Gonzlez, was owned by John Muehlen, of Dallas. Jaguar killed or took cattle, but other game protected. Good base for wildlife studies. He also mentioned other men who might have information. Baker has had no personal experience with jaguars or ocelots. | Arthur Greenhill said that about 1932, at site of Madden Dam, Parras, there were jaguars. One followed their along a trail and remained sitting when he looked back; the cat walked away in his own footprints. | Pollini Baker also said that from Cd. Valler to Tampico, to N. of highway, thick forest which probably includes jaguars. A man from Monterrey said that about 10 miles N. of Manuel, there was a hill where jaguar had been seen (or taken?) i [Acuña area]. 13 March 1972. Attended meeting of N.A. Wildlife Conference. Talked with Juan Ojasti of Venezuela. For Univ. Helsinki.

Journal 13 March Mexico D.F., Mexico Lien at Rancho Grande mostly (but no joguara there, skins in museum). He said joguar hunting prohibited in Venezuela, but many killed, skins smuggled to Colombia via rivers (center Amazon?). He had never seen joguara, but thinks can tell nos.+ range lay today. He thought center of home range about 20 km., & that territorial (one family each territory). Favorite food capybara, joguar rarely attack cattle. Skin price high, over $100. Occur in closed savannah, near water; Ojasta reputed on propagation of capybaras in Venezuela on big numbers. I also talked with Ricardo Bistowolski of ICN, a native of Venezuela with much experience in Costa Rica and other parts of Latin America. 15th 14 March 1972: Attended some meetings of NA Wildlife Conference and talked with participants, including Ray Donovan. 15 March 1972. Talked with a student "Manuel," at school of Anthropology at museum. He thought that many hunters, mostly from U.S., flew into Lacandon. Probably took over 100 joguara a year there. People near air strips helped as guide. He said that about 80 families of Locandinos. They had ceremonial hunts of joguar by tracking. Certain ceremonies at each step of hunt. Skins used in costume of officials, and teeth. Franz Bloom had published this information, he said. A road being built from Salto de Agua to Ocozoco. Others planned from Palerque to Barcampale to Canton (via Montecillo). The

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Journal 15 March 1972 Mexico City, Mexico Chontals of Oaxaca region had moved into Lacandon area in numbers, he said. Robert Bruce, of Mexico R.F., has published paper on linguistics of Lacandoners. Talked briefly with Bernardo Villa. He repeated story of using spider monkeys to bait jaguars -- about 12 workers per jaguar killed, he thought. He admitted that law enforcement poor. Partly because some prohibited hunters were relatives of state governor (Tolares) or president. The last, and best, hunt in western Jalisco. There was research station of University on W. slope of Jalisco; some jaguars in area. Villa said they had had some trouble with H.Parra of Cuernavaca. Later he used one of his caged jaguars to make trouble to fool hunters who employed him, Villa said. V. told of woman who came to him wanting permit to export a purchased ocelot; the animal was confiscated. He said only 4 permits issued last year to take pig-wars: 2 to Mexicans, 2 to U.S. hunters. Cost $2500 (= $200 US.) Met Caroll Henderson, now-in Air Force, Oklahoma, who had taken OTS course in Costa Rica, and now wanted to start wildlife course here. He had a mimeographed volume prepared at Iowa State & printed by Univ. Georgia concerning wildlife of Costa Rica, including data on interviews with people concerning spotted cats. Handy reprint of Nat. Aud. Soc., said that offices of govt. in British Honduras

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Journal 15 March 1972 Mexico P.F., Mexico would like to have survey of jaguar population dynamics and distribution, so as to limit kill to sustained yield number. | Mr [illegible] , new president of WWF, told me that Mauricio Hornocker had made a study and report of studies of jaguars in MEXICO, supported by WWF. | We returned to Hotel Israel. (Hornocker at meeting very briefly). 16 March 1972. Took early plane to Los Angeles and San Francisco, arriving about 2 p.m. Specimens: Nos. 4456 (16 Feb.) to 4481 (1 March), to MVZ. catalog 4456-4481 ?

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CB Koford 1972 Felis on ca 20 April 1972 Tucson, Arizona Lorell Coleman told me that in Nov. 1971 a boy shot a jaguar near Nogales with a shotgun. There was an mi- vestigation, but boy allowed to keep the hide. Dale Lee tel me (21 Apr.) that he had served as a witness at hearing. Pa of jaw only patios saved in museum, U. Arizona. /Old record of jaguars in Arizona in Lange, 1960 Trans. Kane. Deed Sec. 21 April 1971. Ft. Huachuca Arizona Interviewed Dale Lee, now with game mgmt. unit here. Do tell lean cowboy type, probably in mid '60s. One of 7 brothers, of which 3 survive (Clay for rank mr. Blue Revi) Dale a hunter all life. Hunted jaguar from Serra to Argentina had read S. Siemel's "Tigiers," but not Leopold's 1959 sect. Lee Bros. participated in kill of 124 jaguars; Dale was pre for nearly all of them. Several hunting - usually taken deer for two weeks. Call with drum from 11 p.m. on, mostly about 2 a.m. Both sexes answer and come, but men do not answer call. Some came to within a few yards of Dale (one in British Honduras to 10 steps). Can't tell sex or ag lay cell; local hunter thought they could, but lie'll usually proved them wrong. If calling gets no response, take bow in big circle to find track. Calling got poor response in Venezuela, Colombia. Osswell w. saw how to amplify; meet Montambu (sp?), Nicaragua, came to within 5 y dale in answer. Dale does not shoot at night with b. Photos - he had prints, but most lost - I saw many others in possession of Ferreir at San Ignacio. One shows 4 o' and 2 jaguars after Mayant hunt. Marks and coat - In Mex

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Felis onca 21 April 1972 Ft. Huachuca Ariz. Rosette smaller and stop further back on rock than in S. Am In Mayrit, spots especially close together. Ground color pale coast; darker in water (San Ignacio area). Dale has seen black jaguars; tho a hunter on Cristobal-Costa Rica border concentration area - said he had them never. Mayrit swamps - hunted from 1 to 1964, with no apparent decrease in jaguar. Had to cross mostly west in Tuxpan side (Paraiso (??) area). Visited about 1970 and found jaguar sign in mangrove passages. Bechton shows outboard boat used. Hunted "strijer" a small mangrove islet in Laguna Agua Brava. Last pair took 13 men who took 14 jaguars. Largest about 150 lb In mangroves, eat deer, turtles, catfish. At edge, take some cattle. Early trips, more ocelots than jaguars. Then prevented up to 500-750 pesos. Many taken with st trops. In 1964, more jaguars than ocelots. Water-jag. water animal. Once Dale in lake in boat about 2 a.m. on moonlight night and saw jaguar swimming close. (Later used new camp. Dogs trod it in morning; it trod men in circle. Dale figured cat had second lake; hunted there and got the cat). Colombia - hunted Rio Cauca near Medellin. Skin of one in Cuchira gantra a few miles toward Bird from Gu Visto. Venezuela - first hunted about 1952. Took 2 men mounted; 25 near Rio de Apure. Nearest concentration are found. Jags to 250 lbs. Llenor w. jaguar along rivers. D season. Cut passages through gallery forest for cars. New day day with 2 groups 12 dogs each. No horses used. Night calling had poor response. Jaguar killed cattle - many. U

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C. Kofard Felis onca 72 !, que Ft. Huachuca, 21 April 1952 Tucson, Arizona attacked from below, gnawing jaw and pulling down (differt f. Mexics attack). Took some of largest bulls. One day Dale had old gun; it failed and jaguar charged; client killed it with buckshot (Fervia bosphots annul). Cattle- usually killed by biting bone of skull, leaving t-cannibalism. Jaguar kills more and large cattle than pumas. / Chaos area of Bolivia, of Santa Cruz, poor hunting. But Yaporani, NW of Santa Cruz, rain forest, had many jaguars. / Home range - we said Lee. Perhaps fairly constant in Mexico, but not in S.America. One Dale called and two males came together and fought. One of them later killed; it had deep fresh wound (Pumas in Arizona, apparently not exclusive range, occasionally two mules fight.) / Reproduction - tend to be seasonal. In northern S. America, most born in N. spring. In big Venezuela hunt, some females pregnant, others had already had kits; about Feb. - March. Jaguar box (? 3 yrs) perhaps usually 2. (D.L. had little info on cubs.) Sierra Madre, Mexico - Rio Ares (?) in Zacazari, took several. Also two in from Alamos, and several from San Agre area. Dry country, but water in canyons. Hunted at Quinacola, Sonora, in 1940's. Few jaguar hunt reported to a mule. Dale went and called at night, during which jaguar attacked a group of mules. Dale trekked the cat with 9 hounds and cat held up inside a cave, occasionally rushing out to attack dogs. Usually laid ears back and circled for before rushing at dogs. Dale watched. Finally tried to shoot cat in lower jaw to protect dog (until client came)

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C. Kofod. Felis onca 21 April 1972 Ft. Huachuco, Arizona Shot missed and cat looked dead, but revived and rushed. Eventually cornered in pocket by two, when Dale walked him to Mr. Roche's. When client arrived, Dale had him to pull tail jaguar; client declined, but shot jaguar. Amaralito - Fred H[er] was once client of Ben T[ea]ler, who made him skin his own. Later hunted w. Lee (Ferguson also mentioned [Hollanda]). The Donnel (sp?), now dead, Chicago publisher, made movie recordings, with help of Dale, and promised Dale copies, but never gave them. Ransel Feist (sp?), client of H.I got a 75 lb. jaguar - then Dale showed him photos of second 150lb. bird. / One of Panai's men trapped a jaguar, and suggested that Dale get Proch (sp?) to hunt it. In Honduras, J. Proch (sp?) buys jaguar in New Orleans and releases for client. Sign tracks, w. scours, in more round, toe rounds; pad more round, less triangular, and posterior crease states. Impossible to tillage of track, says Dale. Scratching - jaguar does not scratch after arriving. (Bunnies may scratch up pile of feces, w. front feet, new as a carcass.) No special signs of jaguar noted. / Like most hunters, Dale emphasized personal aspects of his share, but he seemed a keen observer and accurate. We talked at least 4 hours, including seeing his slides and photo prints. He also had a jaguar-cat drum, which he had made of regular drumhead; Dale said that he would like to take someone on another jaguar hunt in Mexico. He would be an excellent guide to visit former hunt site.

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C.B. Loford 1972 Journal - South America, Cat Survey - 25 May 1972. Berkeley to Panama Drive from home to S.F. airport. Took 6 pm flight to H.A. Then 8:30 p.m. flight to Panama on Aviance. Landing at Makis (City). Few passengers. 26 May 1972. Arrived Tocumen 6:30 a.m. Taxi to Sanger Memorial Lab in Bella Vista. Confirmed with C. Mendez, O. Souza, M.D. Young (director), Carl Johnson, Pedro Galindo. | GML has had field camps all over Panama. Occasion: (m 2000 m.) ally they have seen jaguars in Darien, high area near Colombian border. Recently a man was returning to camp carrying a log of netted birds when whooped he saw a jaguar by path. Man attempted to frighten it and it came at throw large birds at got old then him. The man stumbled two and shouted for help. The jaguar stayed delow at least 15 minutes, then slowly walked off when men came. Animal apparently fearful in that remote area. This story mostly by Pedro Galindo, who was with party. He also said that a friend had cattle (said killed 4-5 head per tribe) reach near El Real, Darien, and suffered much from jaguar predation. (awd yrs ago) (15+?) /Galindo related one story where a jaguar killed several cattle, as if he had gone crazy. Another time a jaguar entered corral and killed many calves. Near Darien - Col. border, very wild still, and parties sleep, see jaguar tracker and smell cat urine. Colombian drug stores (site?) there, for up to $ 00. | Charles Handley had one come into his tent in field; he shot at it w/ shotgun. | Galindo told of seeing me sitting on rock watching otters in stream - nonchalant - when shot at, moved slowly away. | Once when hunting agouti at night, saw a jaguar walk upstream in water. | An apparent jaguar cave in rocks had 4 perrancy skulls near mouth. Most droppings include hair of collared perrancy (P.G.). Think perrancy the chief natural food. | Down to Near Chepo, a Darien campground where dealer has caged animals for sale. Said to average jaguar hunters too. | Most Indians have .22 rifle

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C.B. Koford 1972 Journal 26 May 1972 Panama City, Panama and quickly clean out spider monkeys. P.S. has seen w. one and two cubs (2 ols.). Thinks probably lived year around. Jaguar becoming scarcer in Panama, but ocelot still common. [Seal] at GMH interested in an Elicuarus? tapeworm - cysts in agouti; worms in jaguar (worms small but numerous, about 14" below pylorus). Ocelot - PG told of one seen taking birds from nest on several evenings in Darien. C. Mendry told me that Rollin Baker had a collection of ocelot skulls sent from Ecuador. Also said: near Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, a jaguar had killed several dogs. E.M. says ocelots in mangrove on Atlantic side, probably near Patocelo and Bocon del Toro. Probably jaguars in southwestern Azuero Peninsula - (see the old Albright & ? report). (N. Smith later said a black jaguar reported in newspaper as taken there recently). C. Mendry knew of two black jaguars for in Panama. Atlantic side of Veraguan probably also good for ocelot. In Cerro Azul - Pacora area, good fauna to N. - jaguar, ocelot, margay. Margay records rare in Panama; probably more common than ocelot. Best we- know forests in Darien, San Blas, Cerro Azul area, northern Veragua. (Jean Cl Lleros 5. of Chope) Habitat - Highway to Mandinga (San Blas) in construction. Highway then Darien from Chopo in construction - finished in [illegible] yrs.? A bad big hydro- dam electric project in Boyero area, E. of Chopo, will start filling in about 2 years and flood hundreds of square miles of jaguar habitat. There is much deforestation & clearing for crops in Panama, but also much primitive forests left. Some large areas of Indian reservation, or in San Blas. Everywhere roads enter, quick settlement and clearing, all agreed. Chiriqui region much developed for agriculture now. The only forest preserve is Cerro Campana, where mountain gorilla and steller flutter. I met Ricardo Gutierrez, director of Recursos Naturales,

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C. Bokford 1972 Journal 26 May 1972. Panama, R.P. in really quiet area from Hotel El Panama. He said about 50% of Panama still forested. He realized some efforts Bayano project on wildlife and had arranged with an animal protection organization (Scott? operates nearby near Cayenne?) to rescue animals displaced by water (GMH was going to make some animal surveys then and eventually have a certain island). R.G. had a plan for big preserve in Darien near Colombia border (same law linked with after project), but not yet implemented. (N. Smith said that 500,000 hectares of Darien recently leased to Great Britain for development, presumably opening and grazing with no stipulation about final condition of land). R.D. (exert. Town in Africa to learn wildlife methods) was meant but probably had little influence. //GMH - planning to keep monkeys in compound at army dumps near Rodman, several hundred acres. Dr.M.D. Young much interested in my monkey experience. Also some thought of island colonies. GMH had many capuchins, spider m., and squirrel m., marmots and night monkeys in cages for disease work. The lab enjoys good cooperation with both Panama and U.S. military - facilities for guest workers (Larry Bowding (?) R.Baker student, has made 2-yr. study Residency). C. Meredy says the Myrmecophaga is in forests in Panama diminishing as often shot killed by men. Sat. 27 May 1972 Visited Neal G. Smith at Smithsonian Center on Roger Hospital and just S. of MARU. He said there are ocelote in C.Z.; two brown in the Rodman army dump area, which is fenced (C.Meredy also saw near Gamboa - to capybara also now on Gamboa). Dickles Smythe has been working on apate & capybara B.C. Island, using automatic photo traps at times. The institute has expanded and includes Pacific & Atlantic marine stations, island or pacific side bayard Ft. Amador. Good air conditioned offices at Balboa. Also saw greenhouse

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C. Koford 1972 4. Journal Arcon Palmer, Canal Zone 27 May 1972. where many orchids growing and found her variety of croci. They have several cars, fire organized library, herbarnium. But have lost pipeline once in zone. Mayrton now in Panama, tho I did not see him. No staff lives on B.C. Island, the environmental project now under way, there (weather + concrete). N.S. thought most Panamanian croci in fact as an enemy to be destroyed. He has been here several years, as has S. Rand. | We stayed night 26th at Penis America, 2 blocks from GMk, $6 fast and clean. | Departed 5:15 on Braniff for Bogota. Went to Penis Alemanas, Canosa 10 min. Calle 10, friendly & clean but in tough district. Some rain at night and much noise of some people, rioting, bells. 28 May - School. Onestation Museo Nacional, Kmns del Ors. 29 May 1972. Mon Bogota- Colombia Went to Induerna office and talked w. director of N. Parks & Wildlife, S. May Franklin V., (IVCN) whom Budowski had written. MF had evidently given no thought to the subject, did not remember receiving questionnaire. He said J. Hernandez was the man to see. MF said few jaguar taken Leticia area, most from Arauca, many actually taken in adjacent Venezuela, some from Chocoi W Colombia. | Bear Corps office next to MF, but no one there until about 11 a.m. Man in charge was Don Nunezole. Pat Warren (F, family of Davis, Calif.) workoff on a study of mammals. There was a vertebrate lab, with skins + skulls, and alcoholic, at Crv. 14 # 35-15, in an old house. | Don said that a student had compiled hunting and export statistics from ICA data. There was a 250,000 h. pressure on the Orinoco, S. of Pts. Carreño, recently set up. Many Amazon mammals there, including Priodontes, Dasyproctus Spectra. Condor have a presence near Bato, in order of 50. Leticia area now flooded, poor for travel - plan over a week - Mike Food Tsalkie (popsp.?) has collecting zoo there and never hunting trips ($200 per day for cat hunts). Don fuzzy on game laws.

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C. Koford 1972 5 Journal 28 May 1972. (Mon.) Bogotá, Colombia for cats, which have not been restricted completely. But giant otter, mt. tapir, spectacled bear, & a few other species prohibited from hunting. Others, such as capybara, have seasons. Apparently this is a fee for repopulation, which hunter pay for taking certain game (at least in certain preserve area). One law prohibits taking tigrillo under 70 mm. Another (4 feb. 1971) set up repopulation fees, $6.00 for smaller cats, $1500² for jaguar. I arranged time w. Hernando, but he was occupied all day. Talked with various PC people, none of whom helped much with cat information. At the Museo de Oro, in bundles of pre-Hispanic gold pieces I saw only one cat, though there were many alligator, frog, bird head, and similar motifs. At Museo Nacional, large anthropological display but again I saw no use of cats. Necklaces of gold often had parts shaped like cat claws or teeth, however. At the lab, I saw only one skin of jaguar from Arauca region. But several of ocelot, all about 4' or more long (including head, not tail). Much variation in pelage. Several skins of giant otter, Pteronura. Bogotá 30 May 1972. Tuesday. Went to Linders office. Don H. had dug up some notes: Anyone can buy a license ($50 U.S. or less) to hunt all cats w/o season or restriction. Ocelot about 80% of trade; most skins exported raw (= dried?). Repopulation fee = $75 paid by middlemen - 1500 p./jaguar. Cuire jag. hide 1500-3000 p. Ocelot- 100-600p. value (other cats dumped). Within 20 yrs., jag. within 20-30 mi. of Bogotá. Rio Ariari, Putumayo, had produced black jaguar. Bar at Medellín (Ms. Urraba -?) now has black jaguar from that region. || Finally got to talk w. Jorge Hernando ("Mano" or "Mono"). He indicated large jaguar in upper eastern Amazon, west of Vaupés, & Meta, southeast half Vichada, all Casanaria. Arauca, &

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Journal 30 May 1972 Bogota, Colombia. North of R. Meta, not abundant. (N. east Vichada is savannah.) Also, E. foothills of Santander, lower Rio Magdalena valley (mostly in Bolivar- some mts. - much deforestation by colonists, for grazing lands) +, savannah area betw. R. Magd. & Sa. de Santa Marta, savannah area around Sucre (these savannahs also have L. forcata), reserve of Orinoquia at N end Casillero Occidental, middle coastal foothills to W. but population low there (JH says many species but low numbers this region). Orinoco throughout Colombia generally. Meraya & tigrinos absent from desert area of N. (Guajira) and adjacent regions. | Melanistic forms from Mosquera area, w. central Vargez, & upper Putumayo. Skin not considered valuable. | Altitude - 1968, a q taken at Fucha (sp.?); 2600m, North Cundinamarca . 1967 - 3200 m - apparent pair killed sheep over period 3 months (Loango y parano). Two months later, tracks about 20 km. North. Later, tracks about halfway between. Around all same (Bayona?), 2600 m. pair. | 1919 N of Bogota; pair killed, mounted in Museo del Valle (Bogota);- probably destroyed since. | Hunt. Use "alla" or "calabaza" to call; day day, six on coast, savannah Bolivar, Veraguas, Chiriqui. Sometimes come w/ dogs and kill w/ lanza, diving at throat near elbow, using detachable shaft (lanza). Often use "decoy" or small goat for bait, hunt at night w. light. Certain fresh magistercyptusum jaguar feeds on - hunters sure? Special Special "perra tigrice" used, imported. Nos taken - official data parted as much catriband, many poorly preserved; some absent w/o feet, others w/o ears. Some animals many cutaneous holes, which reduce price. Statistics may be 75% of actual take; possibly 4-5000/yr. taken. Control - many brought in thru Letecia (a free port until last January), only perhaps 30% from Colombia. Control "made" in B. & P., said JH. Useless to strengthen laws unless all 3 countries

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C.Kofod 1972 Journal 30 May Bogota, Colombia do it simultaneously and enforce item, said JH. Local police may be involved. smugglers in Cusca area. Ocletos - all Colombia etc. Grajera, desert (on east 900 m. level). best for 80% of small cats (lumped at tejillos). Oclet below 1400 m. Perhaps 10,000/yr.tijillos taken. "Tigillo peludo" = F. tigrina. Tigring about 50% value of carabi. Up to 2800m., a true level. Some m. edge Bogota. (above oclet area). | Faots - unknown gp. white-lipped peccary, tigre near. (W/1 pce. nigiste N. on plain, S of Maseres), jingoa. to 300 usually about 40. In dry season, descend in altitude. W/2 pce. to 2000 m. Once JH saw 2 jagiars near bird; gp. attacked jaguar and completely destroyed it. Jays eat oily palm fruit of Jessenia polgyra. Turtle platon often shattered; presumably by jags. - how? Once found gpe. 10+ carapace (Pelvis sabanaria?). (JH thought eggs totagas eaten by big lizard lizards, caracaras, porcoos - little by jaguar.) Crab. jags eat mezama, peccary, coller; attack tapir, possibly eat caurrorvos, perhaps small crocodil (C. crocodile). Oclet eats many reptiles, rodents, birds. Jags eat capuchins & prefably perhaps other monkeys. They fish with claws - JH has seen one fishing. At log join, faller of Podocnemis (sp.?) on trankle; easy prey. Cattle - in old days put iron points on horn tips of bulls - when jaguar attacked, made O like avibus. | Skin oclet bring 4-50p. for professional hunter. Jags taken capybaras (common same area). || Kutten - mostly near Papayen & Pacts in S U., but up to 12 seen in Sierra Santa Marta not long ago. Some or low as 2000 m. One spec. taken in 1946 at Panama de Timapea (sp.?). | Tupans area - presume on Orinoos - now. Dec dry; can drive there in about 21 hrs. | a large skull at Univ. Bogota- museum; from ? | Sierra Museoos-

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Journal 30 28 May 1972. Bogota, Colombia selva, the same four species missing; best place for jaguar study. 120 km. x 30 km area now. | 5H think jaguars have longer overdays, rather than spectacleds. | "Mamposo" type pattern animal with long legs, big snoutter; "podencos" - dark-brown-like-shit legs, long body, large nose, smaller? | Trail, jag + spotted cats diminishing, through boath hunting and deforestation. | Leticia info from files + letters of D. Harmsen. 312' alt. 2000 mi. up Amazon. 4°13'5., 60-95°F. 5000 bob. Dry-Aug -> hot. | Mike Tralichin has animal + tourist co. Plan II - hunt; his favory - jaguar, tigrilla, etc. - min. 7 days. - 1 pers. $60/day (2, $70 ea.) + $4 food. Shotgun $2/day + ammo. Plan I6 - big game hunt - Putumayo R. & trib. Coteke "Special" area - jag., ocelot, etc. Min. 7 days. $200/day. For 2, $125/day. Brother George in Bogota: Staff of 70 men. 4 1/2 hrs. from B. via Cerrina villavic o letera (stops Bogoto). High water + flooded now. Also "Cursos de Dul" from Menaon, Aiguator. Barbosino Alvarado | "Declaro de obligacion de repoblacion familiaria" paid by dealer to Inderna - Tigrillo 60p, t. peludo 60, Tigre 150 (Atles 80, Bufeo 200). | Bob Bailey, in 20's, Gaimiri waked w. MT for 3 1/2 months; recently visited states & returned - now trying to secure markups on Santa Sofia, an island in river. Two familiar people there, caged animals; others released (to previous markup on island), so now 6000 or so. Barbara Harris (author - Cornell) bringing some girls (?) June-Aug to secure markups? and study. Dr H. will meet them in Bogota. Good luck! | We took 1730 plane (Aerocador) to Cali, stayed at Hotel "La Merced." Cali, Colombia 31 May 1972. Walked up to Museo, mvs. ruin, dir. 2°W. 7-10. Visited collection. A mounted F. pardalis taken near Cali, 1955. M.J. Mezaq, 1949, Rio Aguardo, Buenaventura, Coli: Valle. Two smaller mounted cats, like

CKoford Journal Jaguar 31 May 1972 Cali, Colombia labeled teriy jaguars, F. pardonides (Lehmann said from higher levels), Cauca Valley, A large old jaguar skull from San Marcos, Bolivar (skull 2 m 90 cm. long, wt. 300 lbs., said CL). Good collection of mounted birds and mammals: several Pudu mephistophelae (also a partial skull with 3 horns in velvet). Lehmann had live two Transoros, about 3 Mazama, or guenons. One Mazama (Americana) had horns in velvet; I tried photos CL said Mazama slide antlers annually here, 1/4 & screamer (Chaco-Caribbean sp.) had nest w/2 eggs in seen, a few other birds, mammals, raincats alive. | Carlos Lehmann, Duitia, said specimens of coastal jaguar (mangrove and rainy foothills) different from inland; at least 5 of Risdan Juan. Goat form has smaller compact spots, leopard-like, rather than rosettes. Distribution jaguar: Cordoba, Sucre, Bolivar, now few or fast destroyed. Recently, tourist dept invited groups to hunt jaguars in lower Magdalena area, after 10 days, no success, so tourist department bought a captive and released it, to be shot. This deed reported in newspapers. | Some friends, ranchers, in Coquira, had dropped ranching and turned to hunting alligators, giant otter, and jaguars for commercially. Vaupes - relatively many black jaguars (= pantera negra). Occur to 1000m. in Cord. La Macarena. Caffron Cauca Valley, last one killed 1928 near Uraba (El Suscito ranch). Formerly, Cali on to N. Formerly jaguars from On Venezuelan side of Cord. Oriental, formerly jaguars (now?). Macarena - selva to 2000m; still good jaguar pop. Arauca, Boyaca, E. Meta, Vichada - savannah, gallery forest - good joy hunting area still. (Bucarevi R.-savannah to N., selva to S. | There in + has been much commercial hunt.

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C. Koford 10 Journal 31 May 1972 Cali, Colombia vq. / F. pardalis new; (600 m. to 2000 m. | Leticia was - closed in jan. or few day, but since Brazilian army stopped boat with 50,000 skins. / Skins - a ranchera in Cali had thousands of illegal skins, which were confiscated. But the opera found a release from Sudamerica (in early days Sudamereca). Most animal collectors are foreigners, working w/o permit. Seven years ago at Barranquilla, dealers were signing over release papers, no actual inspection or quarantine. A WWF(?) spy, woman, found similar conditions in Leticia. Dealer wants to ship w/o delay as possible due. (Some products smuggled into Venezuela - cattle, mostly- so can sell for higher price and for dollars rather than Colombian pesos.) Capybara meat smuggled to Venezuela. Prime- al skins smuggled from Venezuela into Colombia, where sales legal. / Sudamerica - in first 2 yrs., exports of animals & skins brought more revenue than lumber products. Now much better. / F. tigris above average in altitude; near arival too. / Oclet food - called "tigre's galleries"; small food. Hunt - dogs, some spear, .22 rifle. Military runs a Col. shooters association, which opposes hunting restrictive. Army, police, of little help in game law enforcement - mostly enforced by Sudamerica (except by CBS (?) in its area; a sort of TVA). Many yrs. ago, C. h. given agenticy to whittle by Sudamerica, & wanted [illegible] forguan if need it; he did + jog some. Cattle - jogrs. turn to when native foods depleted, C. h. their also, depredation when cattle put into jogran area. / Licencia 200 p./yr. for sportmen, Colombian or not alien. Squatter can get sustaining license (sustentamiento) for him. Commercial

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C. Koford Journal 31 May 1972. Cali, Colombia. hunts needs no license, but pays on what he sells. / Kuiten -- mostly Rio Pasto (the Golden nut), Cinnamom , & Ilexitana, which enters from E into his Jessambui (other name?). Rio Pasto - N of Pasto airstrip. A highway planned to run through this area, between R. Pasto & Cinnamon, which Ch wanted as preserve. Lt Me Goben identified up to 11 subs in region; already next at about mile across a canyon. Condors also in Natl Park of Puracé, E of Popayán. This park includes headwaters of Amazon, Cauca, & Seven volcan coastal river (Estrella de Colombia). Another enters here. Ch think Santa Marta about every 4 yrs. Has man put out boat to help count in Purace? area). I In general, Ch more more habitat destruction in N savannas of Colombia than J Hernandez sees. 1 June 1972. Thurs. No word from Lehmann by 9:30, and couldn't reach by telephone, so we took Velotor bus to Bogota, a ride of nearly 12 hours via Uribé, Armenia. In lower country much cotton and sugar cane. Ascending mountains, patches of humid forest, and ver- vor gullies frequent. Arrived about 10 p.m. Stayed at Res. Alemans. 2 June Fri. Went to Lindeman office and talked w. Nurembert others. Received list of teguillo export for 1970 (about 24,000) and 1971 (13,000), but none yet for jaguar, nor questionnaire answers. One Peru Corp man said he recently saw a few skins at Asquipales, northern Tena, for 20-30 peso. Peru Corp will continue to gather cat information for us. / We visited young mammologist (U Michigan) Ernesto Barriga B. at the Univ. Bogota. He had lots of space in new building, but little help. He said that railroad from Cunto Benis to Santa Marta went along lower Magdalena plain through good jaguar country.

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CB Koford 12 Journal 2 June 1972 Bogota, Colombia We thought still fair jaguar population in various part of Bolivia, around Monpos (mangos too). Also, in northern N. de Santander, Tilar to Rio Ors. A petal co. had developed there, in fair forest, but abandoned (Madrisa). Arauca - very central, formerly many jaguars. About 15 yrs. ago she bought a skin for about 20 p. Barriga said that skins were smuggled into Arauca and flown to Tenerife, safer port until recently. Also flown thru from Barraguala. | We took colectivo for Villavicencio, about 2:30 p.m. Road worked out at edge, water high, + water too high for passage about 40 km. before Vc So we went rest of way by bus. Some still steep hillside covered with high wet forest, but most areas cleared and some burned. Villav. a fair sized town with heavy truck traffic. We arrived about 6 p.m. and went to Institute "Roberto Franco", animal library S. of town center. We found Dr. Federico Medem, germanic looking, heavy build. He had been in Colombia about 26 yrs., mostly at Villavicencio. The lab there now about dead, and expert for M., whose main interest is Crocodilians. (He has two papers on herpetofauna of Colombia, how - even.) (A jaguar skull at Univ. Bogota was labeled F. Medem, - 50ba? 7 Feb. 1954. Rio Guayabero, 7155. Measured 255 mm. long.) This animal was old and heavily infected w. dermatolias, said M. It had attacked a man cleaning fish in a canoe at shore, but had not killed him. F.M. said that jag. skins brought 2000 - = $125 2500 p. in 1968. Everyone hunts, many quitting other jobs to do so. Mostly shotguns & .22 rifles. One can get guns but need salvoconducto, license, various papers, & how to be renewed (every yr?). FM had a skin & skull of jaguar - Neda "El Juvenil", Bolivia. 071.83 m. Nov. 18/64. Skull 229.5 mm long. Not full!

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C Kofard 13 Journal 2 June 1972 Villavicencio, Colombia grawn. | V. lies at ft. of mountains, when plains to east start. This is lab where Marston Bates worked on mosquitoes. | FM said many colorates to east. The most undeveloped remaining are in the south, southern 1/2 Caqueta and Putumayo ruins. | FM said some very pale colored jaguar on the "mereto"; redder in dense forests. Formerly very slender in northern coastal region (not actually on coast). | F.M. had 3 books by G. Ruschel-Dalmatoff, anthropologist of Bogota, mostly about Indians of Vaupes. Many refs. to jaguares - shown in stro rode paintings. | FM said he saw an oclet at a big ejguana, and one killed a small caiiran. He had heard from J.P. Dr. Schuly (Senior game dept.) that a jaguar had killed Forest Service several turtles and attacked Dermochelys on Bigisanti beach (turtle nest there). FM had been to Surinam recently & was much impressed with orderliness & good wildlife population (including y crocodiles). Little hunting there, & no expectaton of deer. (Few people & roads in French Surinam, so more much wildlife still, FM said ). BROKO PONDO new Surinam 30 miles long, displaced many animals. Oclet now totally protected in Surinam, but jaguar considered game species (yet, FM says no guns in country?). Wildlife legal enforcement under Min. Agriculture, Animal Husbandry & Fisheries. | FM said jaguar often follows a man, who ferrets its tracks when still. big bucks. Once one closely followed man who had a dog, a favored prey of jaguars. Cat not afraid of dogs; kills them, FM said. About 1957-8, near Curico, many jaguares. 2-3 arranged at once when called (into an earthen pot). Big cattle

Dr. Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, Bogota Amazonas Cosmos (Tukano Indians) Univ. Chicago Press. 1971. Jaguar refs. Preparing book on jaguar symbolism, etc. also: 1968. De sand. Los simbolismos de los Indios Tukano de Vaupes. Jag. refs. Univ. de los Andes, Dept. Anthropology (R-D has since left Univ.) 1965. Colombia. London: Thames & Hudson. Jag. refs. Surinam Dr JP Schultz, S. Forest S, Paramaribo author booklet. Natus Press. in Surinam. 1971. Flechtig, Naturheiland, Suriname (STINASU), Paramaribo.

C. Kofard 14 Journal 2 June 1972 Villavicencio, Colombia north. | Roan especially in mating season, Jan-Feb. near coast. They call back and forth in the mangroves. | In Macareo area, many colobus now. Many peccaries there - colored usually 4-6, occa. 11, but white-lepped ones and her several movements; prominent fetal trade. One F.M. was now herd of sleeping peccaries when a jogian roared nearby or if to scatter them, but peccaries did not scatter. Certain palms are good agouti foods; jogians come to these. | Weather - F.M. says irregular dry season since 1967. Usually Feb. best for travel in lowlands to E. We slept in the old hotel. 3 June 1972 Sat. Bogotá. Eri we took 0730 bus (Bolívarico) for Cúcuta. Many trucks coming, and road difficult from rain, so slow. Arrived 11:15. Our plane flight had departed early, so we went to airport and got Caracas 6 (1 hr time ch.) p.m. on Air France flight to Caracas, arriving about 8:10. Into Caracas and took line in Nuevo Cíes area for Maracay, over 100 km. SW. Then took taxi (30 b's) about 20 km. on Ocumare road to Rancho Grande, in H. Pittier Natl Park. There met Dr. Medina, who gave T. Collin's coll.F. us a room on top floor. (Charlie [illegible] sp.?) of Long Rock State Coll. During is her working on matrons & scripts. Paul Schwarz is her much of time. J. Ogasti lives in Maracay but visits her. Medina and some others live here - Medina has been here 15 yrs.). From big balcony, good view of Maracay + parts of bay. We arrived about 11 p.m. Rancho Grande, Venezuela 4 June 1972 Sunday. Wildlife museum of mounted specimens on lower floor. Cooking here is "every man for self." Restaurant ½ mile toward Maracay. We walked up path through forest ½ mile to spring. Neville Heard red howlers in distance (a student said to be studying sp.)

Book - many jaguar refs. (in German) Zwettler Codex 420 des. P. Florian Paucke S.J. Jesuitenmission in Paraguay 1748-69. 2 vols. Etta Becken-Dornen, Gustav Ostrda. Wilhelm Braunmüller, Wien 1x 1959 (v.1), 1966 (2). Many original letters about Paraguay.

C. Kotford 15 Journal 4 June 1972. Rancho Grande, Venezuela. Llanos area). Parrots, toucans, aspandlers close around buildings. Aspandlar building nest. Nestling in martin nest higher. W-throated swifts off feeding. Warm & nearly clear in morning; foggy later; then heavy rain showers. Much traffic on road - people cooling off minute or going to beach. / Talked with Paul Schwarz, who has been recording bird sounds here the last four years. He knew little of jaguars, though he had occasionally seen one fleetingly. He thought large pors hunted, and said that a recent confiscation included about 13 000 ocelot skins. He thought cattle depredations occurred, but never compared to handling losses. Considerable burning on Llanos, to make grass grow early. Rancho Grande 5 June 1972. Mar. Station under Miss Agnes & Chris, Div. Resources Nat. Renovables. In Venezuela, 7 national parks (H. Pittier, 90,000 h., is here), 7 forest reserves, 3 natl monuments (Aljardro Humboldt box guechano cave). / Met Jose Luis, a forester and helper here. He said raining & flooded in Llanos now. Jaguars abundant in NW Amazonas. Much hunting in Apure on ranches, but still jaguar there. / Juhani Ojasti here several years; worked further, copy- Darar. Agreed now flooded in Llanos, remote roads impossible. He said Amazonas and adjacent Bolivar is wet forest, few inhabitants, mostly Indians, primitive wildlife conditions. Northern Bolivia was people - cattle, gold, diamonds. Still much hunting Apure. One someone asked Rodriguez (Univ. Central) how many jaguars he killed; he said, w. brother, 70 in 2 months (years ago). Also saw jaguar in Lara, Anzoategui, said J.O. He thinks they don't do fairly well even when land given to grazing. Fair nor. ocelots in delta of Orinoco. Jaguar on ranch of friend,

C. Koford 1972 Journal 5 June "Coweni" Rancho "El Progreso" Said to be 4 jobs there. Rancho Grande, Venezuela die AA Fries (German), 10 km. S. of Biquel, N. Apure. / Ceded Apure - hunt to remove jaguar & predators first - later for sport and skin. Many lose their family. Amazonian - probably stable population. Burning of llanos may harm jaguar little as they are in forest along rivers. Fire makes temporary improvement for deer, capybara, other prey. Hunting - probably use dogs. Call-in jig. Probably little night hunting. Jog, was a game animal with season in 1970; now completely protected by law. (Can be hunted w. special license). Skin smuggled to Colombia via Puerto Carreno and Arauca, for sale. Commerce in skin prohibited before 1970. Bura - only shotgun allowed, w. 10 or 2 lbs. Gun permit + hunt license (annual). Ordering license 20 B., special (big game), 10-50 B. Padre - H. Pettini has some ocelots, margays (apennines in Colombia). Also on Isatoporos N.P. (N. of Altamira, E. of Maravay). Caracinos N.P. about 1 million hectares; many tourists go there. Zoo "Los Delicias", Dn. Bilbao, Maravay, for jaguars. Mondolfi has rent (?) ocelot paper, perhaps in El Farol. / Commercial hunters - came from Colombia. Put some new bait (nylon rod through pipe), J.C. for beard. Also gun trap, w. string to trigger, sometimes used. / In Apure, some rancher protect game - deer, capybara abundant - and owners tolerate tigers. | There is an association of sport hunter - they after object to Dr. Not. Resources propose measures in newspapers, criticize (but not damned by military). / Jaguar skin - "mariposa" w. rosettes, "serpino" w. serpent spots. / In Colombia, only we hide (+ skull), from Bolivia. Hide + skull of jig, 20 bular 4, 31 July, from Bolivia (2 wks old?). / Confiscated seal

CBKoford 1972 Journal 5 June 1972 Monday Rancho Grande, Venezuela tousand skins which may eventually sell. | Museum has 2 subsps of F. parselii, one mainly Bolivia, other in north. One F. tigris from Bolivia. Margays from Rancho Grande. | The division hopes (but private land, monthly) to make a large reserve in SW Guarico, east of San Fernando. JO mentioned trip up river to W. from Puerto Carreño, but saw no jaguars. On trip to Apure, Bolivia, see me a two at best, said José Luis. | Tower Blohm, Caracas conservator, has ranch in far west central Guarico, near Corojo Pardo - protection, but not jaguar country. Food - JO said took capybara. Said to pull pleaton afftuller & eat. Said that horse have say eat egg turtle. So far, no request to kill jaguar because of cattle depredation. | In general, JO has little experience. Late, tho he is very earnest & helpful. He said only two game officials (wards ?) in country trying to get nos. Army branch guards roved in some areas, like H. Ritter, & few apacheband hunters. JO thought have range 10-20km diameter. | Boss Charlie Collins of Cal. Stte, Long Beach, here working 5 June 1972 Talladega w. swifts & martens. | Borrowed 20 snep traps from Ojarti and set them along lower part of trail from Patochelo to Prequitos (roads). Took a leg'd from branch'd along Trail, a frog from path (species). Tore apart a sated through many branch'ds, but found no salamanders. No rain eve. 6 June 1972. The 20 traps held 1 Heteromys, 1 Gryzomyx. Both at base tree in shady forest near ridge. Also speckled up large Drypsteris little by light last eve. | The museum here has 3 Bolitoglossa salamanders, 2 taken 1961 as in regular collector's; one (new white from fadiq) in public display museum - many mounted birds & mammals there too, & visitors allowed inside. I found none.

C. Kofod 17 Journal June 1972. Rancho Grande, Venezuela During day, men cleared many Bromeliads from the near building, & cut them up looking for vertebrates. They took several frogs, including some w/ eggs on back. I talked w/ Gonzalo Medina about jaguars. He had been here 15 years, his father a hunter. He said that National Guard was supposed to help w/ game law enforcement, but actually did little. He said they had no statistics on numbers of licenses, or nos. of their confiscations. They had confiscated (central locations) several jaguar skins, and hundreds of ocelot skins from dealers. He said settlers kill jaguars and want to build them all. Night hunting illegal and seldom practiced. In Cds. Bolivia, often call w/ colobays. He said some still build w/ lance. Distribution - added that jaggs in Darien evergreen low forest of northern Cdo. Yaracuy, 4 preserves planned for there near coast for jaguars. He said many ocelots in delta region. Perhaps no jaguarin Angostique (diffused w/ Ojasti). Jags & ocelot in Denareva de Perija', but too bad studies there. A forest preserve in S W. Barinas (actually 2) had jaguars; legally no hunting in these, but actually much poaching. Hunters from Colombia come to Barinas. Lowlands of NE Bolivia had jaguar - hoped for preserve there (altaplannine de Naria or Jauiteca area). I Medina showed us small book on hunting tigers in V. (by Rene Lambin Diez). Then a file of Caza y Pesca magazine, which included dozens of articles on jaguar hunting, w/ much repetition of certain names such as Roena R. Römer, G. Velutini, R. Lambin Diez, + some large jaguar hunts in Colombia, Argentina, Guatemala. Many photos of hunter and kill. Some hunts probably many years ago - year rarely mentioned. But some worthy observations about behavior. I listed many refs. + some comments on separate sheet. Last two issues

C. Rofoxel 18 Journal 6 June 1972 Paracho Grande, Venezuela. of Caza y Pesca [illegible] antíleo. I spent most of day skimming through the texts, in Spanish. There is a Federación Venezolana de Caza y Conservación (FEVECA). Also a hunter club. / Rainier. 7 June 1972. J. Ojasti drove me to Caracas, and to the office of Bienestar Rural, Dr. Mandolfi (Cornell grad.). He arrived about 10 am, & was cordial, active - telepathic hunter, other. On phone I talked w/ Federico de Friés (P. Angelica, Av. Principal, Altamira; 33-4600), owner of ranch "El Praveni" about 10 km. S. of Barquisimeto, (Laventa Co. - "Uragua") Again, & adjacent to lands of Cis. Inglesa. De F. speaks excellent English. Said had ranch 18 yrs. Always 6-8 jaguars, not increase. In mating season, wander for outside boundaries. Ranch 46,000 h; jags occupy about 50,000 h. Adj. ranch give bounty for jags. Poachers common. Lately have seen only 3-4; can go 3 miles w/o seeing one. He thinks doomed in Vevay. Thinks cubs low over 4-5 mo. period, near start dry season (Dec.). Best dry condition April. Food mainly turtles, carinans, capybara - occasionally a calf. The jaguar area now flooded & poorly accessible. de Friés very clear and concise, his data probably good area for field work. / Another protected area, Noto "La Trinidad," along Rio Arauca between Chara and Menticul in Apure. This is where Ojasti studied capybaras. Owner José Natalio Estela. / Mandolfi marked many jaguar areas on maps. Ticiopos area W of Barinas now has agriculture & lumbering, tho a forest preserve. Colombian hunt in SW Barinas region. Some jaguars SW of L. Mara-caybo. In Edo. Guairis, S. - some thick forest w/ jaguars (listu- [or "caicaro"] Colmata (pop.? ) and 60 mi. E?). Swampy area N. Maracay. Mt. Alamalique (state?). Guatopo N.P., SE of Caracas - prob. a few jags.

C. Koford 19 Journal 7 June 1962. Caracas, Venezuela. Rio Matiguas (W. of Achaguas), another hunting area. Caño 70 Tos. Rio Suripao, SW Barran. Caño Guariteico (SW of Santa Catalina). Nats de la Cruz (SE Barran). In Edo. Apure, mouth of Aruwary R. La Urbana (NE Rio Orinoco). La Calzada (W. Apure). El Berito (N. of Palmarito). E. of Caicara (Edo. Guarico). Most of these areas, Mandolfi worked on trips. He had pencil notes, platted from his notebooks. He said L.Bos. hunted Caño Delgadito, Rio Suripa, + took 27 in 3 months (this apparently from Rowe article in Cuyo y Pet Perea, not Mandolfi note) (perhaps much of distribution also from C. y P. / one hunter, Obui Saboldor, Nats Los Delicias (?), Rio Caraguas. / Area around Santa Maria de Cuparo, W. Apure. Parrava area, NE of Caicara, SE Guarico. N. of Guasualito (W. Apure). / Mandolfi says jaguar decreased greatly, mostly from commercial hunting for skins. High demand started only 7-8 yrs. ago. Says hunter even poisons jaguar. Price about 1000 Bs. ($35/$1). Much poaching along rivers. Many fishermen too, who hunt. / Mandolfi says burning of llanos to make food available to livestock, + think not harmful to jaguar. / M. says, it is said that adult male "padro" catula + moves around in a large area, partly in relation to meat availability water. Spends more time at 3-4 "pericos" Walks much, rests midday. Fights other males that come. In their brush, gallery forests along rivers, swamps. Outer edge of savannah, where go out to hunt, perhaps 100m. from cows. Cubs probably all seasons (1-3). When ? in heat, sound molen after him, + & may fight. In breeding season, call more; also call much when weather change. Palenly 2 yrs. in zoo. Some say when complete dentition. Territory of older in larger. May walk 40km.

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C. Kofod 20 Journal 7 June 1973. Caracas, Venezuela. Been litter in cave, often at side rivers. This info probably from article March 23) or books. / M. killed me about 1450 (?) near Canocui, his Corone. Near partly eaten calf. Dogs quickly picked up trail and cornered jaguar. 8 3/2 leg. 189 cm + 59 1/2 tail. Peso 99, cuello 61, brazo 36, reba 26. 07 # 663. He showed me skull. His small portion molar. //He also found note on me March 1969, by Dr. Pedro Gonzalez Vers: 140 kilos, 260 tot. length. A museum shell, no. 712, 07, from Cano Agua Verde, Edo. Guarico, April 18, 1945, taken by Paul Stempel. Large skull. //Foods reported: capybara, peccary, 3 kinds turtle, caiman, jaguar. Puma taken was deer. Calves, occa. large cattle, pigs, dogs, mongoose turtles eggs turtle. Mosa has tough shell; jaguar removes meat w/o drinking shell. But open tortugas. //Strangely, M. did not know that for 2 years no permits to take jaguar had been issued. He said source used by hunter from Colombia. /Mordoffi had told look at home, & gave me info. from it. Jan. 16, 1963, 4 had 3 almost /83 mm. kidder fetuses, about 20 cm. long, total length. 25 Feb. 1963, me. fetus w. pelage, mother 68 legs. About 10 days before cornoval (= 40 + 7 + 10 before Easter yr.?); one w. 2 emb., fully haired. /Ramiro Vega, at El Lenero betw. Agua and Surupa; late Feb. and early one w. March 1952, 14-15 ? &; 2 cubs about 8 mos., one w. 2 about 1 1/2 yrs., one w. 3 cubs. One w. 2 emb., one w. 2 emb., other awed. Was this Lee Bros. hunt? //We had steak lunch w. Mordoffi, Ojasti. In evening, visited Mordoffi at home. Tomas Blohm, keen man in 40's, also came - strong conservationist. He had idea of putting jaguars on island in lake S. of Caraco. Also interested in other preserves. We had lunch in Guarico about 8 mi. N. of Corozo

C. Koford 21 Journal 7 June 1972. Caracas, Venezuela Pendo, on highway 2 (Melado Melvin Neville has been studying red howlers there). In 1944, jaguar there - until 1956, then none. Moreide said to have seen a jaguar in Feb. 1972 near Baranana, SE Panama, in wooded palm area; jaguar killed 19 cattle in 4 weeks. He saw many tracks along watercourses there. Still jaguars S of San Felipe, Yaracuy. (Blohm had various instances of seeing one close to Caracas long ago.) Some say jaguars peninsular of lake Ocumare [now Pto. Cabello, Corobobo], Caratagua, S of Caracas. In [illegible] area, W of Pts. Cedello, hope to make presence of about 20,000 h. (land area about 76,000h) in coastal swampy areas. Blohm said ocelote, Pridatura, on his ranch. (Bird watching goes there too). He said that at Panama, island in Corocoro m., Pts. Cabello (?), a jaguar (me?) came away right and ate turtles, about 3 km. from nearest mainland (assume swam out & back). Jag. skin price 1000 B, ocelot 200, now! In afternoon, Ojasti accompanied me to visit Rodolfo Romero; jaguar hunter who had sent articles in Caza y Pesca. Romer was boss of a pharmaceutical firm. A big man, probably about 40. He's hunting friend Hector -, from a bank, also came - but said little as Romer talked much and enthusiastically about jaguars and hunting. They had plane, dogs, cars, assistants. Usually started hunting in Dec. They had taken [illegible] out, in winter. He had large jag. skull (about 205 length) mounted on desk, a big box with about 20 others (no numbers or labels, but most distinctive, as from flattened bullet holes). He claimed to be doing a big book on tiger hunting. He did have set of good 8 x 10 photo prints, largely of dead jaguaras, + some in color (an 11 x 14 or larger or well). They were miffed that jag.

C. Koford Journal 7 June 1972. Caracas Venezuela hunting prohibited, saying that many problems to be solved w/ specimens ( one w/ hollow canines, said to be male agoutis; some with small postcanin tooth; pelt & behavioral diffs). But they talked as if continuing to hunt as usual, starting December. He had much to say on every point, ready answers. He said jaguar occurs all over Venezuela. Very much in 'costas' to call, imitating opposite sex. Probably never doubtless to feed, though so true when dogs chase. Food - don't eat dogs, rarely cattle. They "siempre" open stomachs. Wide variety of food, including birds, turtles, earth, cattle droppings, copybara. Thinks they have two reproductive seasons, first mating about June when rains start (much roaring then - this is 'invierno'), again about September. He thought births adjusted to take advantage of food conditions. Usually one cub or 2, the litter 1-3. Males have territories & fight off other males. If male killed, another moves in; if it, killed, another. Some male range 50 km; may be at one end of range in summer, other in winter. (Hector agreed w/ all this.) When or killed, easy to find and kill ?, especially as she calls much (only in mating season ?). He thought 2-3 F/male nearer to Caracas, about 1:1 on distant llanos. Much of what he said was same as in C & P articles, so not repeated here. (Mardolfi should thought B. R. not too reliable in ideas, perhaps flog- eating). Rover said he & friends had killed over 100 jaguars. He agreed that jaguar decreasing and island habitat destruction primarily, plus poaching. He claimed to have data on localities, weights, repro. status, etc. for many kinds

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C. Kofad 23 Journal 7 June 1972. Caracas, Venezuela. Possibly he will finish his book and include there. He did not know who Ojasti was (from game div.), & latter seemed convinced that R. & pals were hunting illegally. R. casually invited me to go with them in "verano." Never asked for reprints on cats. Very cordial & good humored. Ojasti said lots for preserve later. Apure & Descaro never explaining, to demonstrate value protector. He had asked w. copyboys mainly near La Trinidad, mr. Rio Aragua. | We went to airport about midnight. 8 June 1972. Departed about 6 a.m. on Varig for Managua, arriving about 0630. Only tops of clouds visible until last 15 min., over solid forest. Airport facilities poor. Bus to town. Finally stayed at tiny Hotel Mario, about one block W. of cathedral. | Obtained some local info from Livraria Crista, near main plaza near waterfront. Visited FUNAI (Found. Nat. for Indians) at 93 - Noboro, but now there spoke English or Spanish (S. Nunez F. away for a week; N. Smith helper). Visited shop Casa do Diijo - floor, next to Hotel Novorindo. Richard Melnygl (of Rochester, N.Y.) sells native crafts, canua, blowguns, etc. He exports articles to U.S. too. He thought restrictions on skin trade had raised skin prices. Most Indians hunt as part of regular life and know only that animal skins can be sold. Cat tails, jaguar teeth, used in Indian products. This store a good source of local info. Learned that INPA office in Manaus; went there (116 G. Moreira) and made appt. to see Director, Dr. Almeida Moreira. Later taken there, to new buildings about 6 Km. distant. He had 7 scientists. One from U. Fls. working on fish. Main interests seemed malaria. But losing interest veget. or wildlife. They have 10,000h. preserve mr. Km. 26 to N.; said formerly a jaguar there. They had some interest in survey of vertebrate

C. Koford 24 Journal! 9 June 1972. Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. of that preserve. He was radical & showed me the grounds, which included about 1 acre enclosure w. small root and birds therein (sonibell, scarletbill, screech-owl, others). He had friend from Matucuba who collected bats here. Dr M. Beck yesterday from visit to station. Said I could stay at station if desired. He had good fishing for native - hunt w/o dogs, many plants around lodges, main air conditioning, etc. / In Manaus, near waterfront, on airport office w. jaguar or caju; in site, a magay skin on motorcycle seat (under plastic), but no quan- tity for sale. A tourist store, "Do Pessaro" near cathedral, had skins maguayo, small jaguar, many other mammals, for sale. Also godite of ocelot (?) tails. / Apart store had array of guns including pistols, 2 bbl. shotgun, muzzle loaders, .22 rifle, & available (how daily?). Peace Corps men said ammo. So guns could be carried outside cities. / Several records of bird recordings "Marty" by Johan Dalgat, reach available here. / Peace Corps men recently spent a week on sand & then up river - said saw very little wildlife, occasional monkey. In one area, "carboeiro" working and had cleared off the forest. (Heavy erosion some sites. Dr. Machado had also displayed destruction of forests - and replanting of Cailli- san Pina (also in Venezuela), eucalyptus. 10 June 1972. Saturday. Visited "zoológico" at "guerra do selva" base of army in Sao Jorge, edge of Manaus. Fair collection of major native mammals, some turtles & large birds, including 2 jaguaras. / Very hard rain yesterday morning flooded the plaza central. 11 June 1972. To airport early & departed on Cruzeiro do Sul jet for Belém, leaving 0545. Flew near river, but mostly low clouds obscured,

(illegible) Zoologico - CIGS - manaus Jaluti - Testudo Jacare acu . c. nigri

C. Koford 25 Journal 11 June 1972. Sunday To: Belém, Para, Brazil where mostly clear, steamy clouds over tritularin ridges. Land has small undulations, not flat. Some patches of bare ground, perhaps a few for 100 m. drain. (Censo?). Bps. Jell'd ground. But mostly bushing trees, and water. Water isolated many individual houses. Plenty cover for large cats. Several aspect like mangrove coastal swamps of Naysint, with ragged edges wet areas, many isolated "stringers" patches. Probably hunting rather than lack cause limited jaguar pop. / Belém about 4 or million. Many regions of coast surrounded by grand river - fountaines, lamp posts, tile faced buildings. Some modern buildings. But thrany street & walks in bad repair - something like Naysint w/o tourists. Intriguing waterfront-boats, shelters now, many open markets for blocks near waterfront. / We rode around in buses. Walled in Bosque Rodriguez Alves (Low 3 agents, topic today), urban 190's structure, children playground, some caged animals. Native trees to 100,' and birds present - good for weekday bird-watching. / Belém has some breeze, much drier now than Manaus, but a hard evening shower. 12 June 1972. Mon. Visited DNPM/RADAM office, where a group making a radar survey across Brazil's northern half, starting in last, but now including much north of river & to Acre. Dr Paul Zinke (Berkeley, Freesty) had told me of project. Got roster from Insp. Christos Tenzos, freesty. About 75 vegetation types included on maps, made from surveys. Registenda Mem. Minas e Cangaço, Dist. Nas. de Proden. Min. Pres., RADAM. Work closely w. ICDA (Natural Resource Dept. (Dr. Clara Pardo/iti, Belém)). Compilation as for mainly Amapa and Para. Plan to finish 1974 - may take much longer. Data for land-use maps. Forest types generally follow soil + geographic types. David. forests Maranhos similar to Guiana area. Survey built to about 10° S. So far, little work on ground done to augment

C. Koford 26. Journal 12 June 1972 Belém, Brazil air surveys. Originally, field form had lines for animals present, but only used. No one seemed interested in wildlife survey at present. Teruyo thought INPA not doing much, organizing director monthly. He suggested Curuana area, Forest Reserva S. of Santarém, as study area (permission from Dr. Clara P.). Information from this gp. will eventually be useful. Went to Museu Izeldi. Small museum bld., about city block of grounds with trees + zoo animals - capybaras, tapirs, tucutus, macaws, & jaguars, 1 ocelot, 1 margay, marleys (spike - all black, not pitted, tail heavy, lucky heard except tip 10" = A. panthera?). Engler says on 5' dia'm Caila (sucvarona) said: planted 1896, flowered 1932, fruit 1940. Talked w/ Diretor, a botanist (for English), Dr. da Cunha (herpetologist). Letter said saw salamander about 5 cm. long here, on plants, low in daytime, not trans-located; rather common near Belém. Fernando Novoa, ornithologist, absent, traveling. Season now fairly dry, they told me, will be hot in July. They suggested Cay Chagas boat w/ Belém to source information. I decided to go on to Rio, to get proper letter introduction from Brazilian officials, so could stay at forest preserve, etc. Rain again after darks. At tourist store on Av. Vargas had a jaguar shed displayed in window (folds, or if tenues). 13 June 1972. Took 10 a.m. plane for Rio de Janeiro, about 4 hour flight. On Belém outskirts, large patches of forest. Then cloudy for an hour & so. Then woods in canyon broken by reddish high ground between, & less clouds. I don stay with ground drain, rare cultivation, babulunas, roads - red sand earth. Then more vegetation, some cultivated patches, and gradually more hilly as approached Rio, arriving about 2 p.m. Tried to telephone Fernando da Pires at museum, not home in Petropolis - not

maracaja - açu = F. wiedii? sucuarana = puma (Belem)

C. Koford Journal 13 June 1972. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. at either. We took bus to downtown, then to Copacabana for a bath. Then bus to Praia Flumense area to small hotel, Ibis Park. 14 June 1972. Went to Museu Nacional and talked w. F. Pires, who made suggestions and phone calls for us. Camello away for 10 days; Stockholm conf. Jaguar huntng + commerce prohibited since 1967, the enforcement poor. Xingu park might have died + jaguar, embeloin eat meaty monkeys + birds. British gp. (Mats Izawa book) worked near Abaetira, now reachable by rd. from Araguaia. Cattle in region now. (Pires think jag. minare who settle present.) Black jaguar from Xingu, southern Bahia, nr. Manaus (many date four mammals nr. Manaus). Ken Steyer has settled in Igarassu (manus men who was with S. said person, no jago): / Skin of 2 black jaguar, 1 jaguar ad, 2 cubo, in collection in cases. / At nearby fauna museum talked w. Sr. Albrigbi, preporator. 80+ kg. (Recabador) They had 07 jaguar mounted, from Cocais area, shot w.. 22 yartel, Oct. 10, 1957, ated rainy season. There were 2 young or 07 v. a f. Had been eating capybara & calf. Skin pale background; manipores to ears. (Fernando said jog. killed dog 100 m. from him in Xingu area, and 4 yrs. ago.) / Mus. had a F. pardivisder, Rio Xingu, 6/4/1946. / I was surprised at large size & long legs of Chrysocyon (Lobo guaru) - said not to attack livestock; eats fruits rodents. In cage, Albrigbi had 2 golden marmonets w. 2 1/2 gram young. Two other in adjacent cage (Lemtid. rodalia). / After much talk w. various at museum, agreed that part ofal in Mats Izawa best area for jaguar - I was concerned by Corumbatai, Copira, Rondosopolis, Coerces (S. Central sealty). Then we now rode into undeval. areas, such as then Barbarea (Valencia gap). /Belam. Jog. at HN-DNPM said about 15000 people from Ceara settled in "agradier" in north, about 10 of them. / About 80% of Brazil said to be forested, about 56% in Amazonia.

Onça vermelho = F. concolor Susuara Piramboia = Lepidosiren (lungfish) Tapacabirico = f. pardalis (u caso). catia = agouti. Lobo guará - Chrysocyon Gato pintado do mato = f. tigrina

14 June 1972 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Walked w. Reim. Looked at exhibits & zoo. Returned to Praia Flamenca. 15 June 1972. For Thurs. Went to BPONPM - RADAM office in Urca, and talked w. Dr. Russell about radar Amazon survey, but received no additional information (Zinke expected soon). Then went to Museu Nacional (Trigon line gone all the way) and lunchd and talked w. Peres. He made phone calls for me. Then to Jardim Botanico, where tried to locate Dr. Vandeleut; unavailable. The garden is 10 a + acres, I think, and considerable botanical research staff concentrated to it, and large library. Much forest on hills above, toward Tijuca (?). Returned to hotel. 16 June 1972. Friday Spent most of day on reports & letters. In evening to train station (Rodoviaria), where took bus to Vitoria. Station large & lively, no buses to Brasilia, Salvador, Porto Alegre, & many distant ports. 17 June 1972. Arrived Vitoria about 0800. From hour before, green-green hills cropped short, cattle, granite outcrops, and patches humid forest on some slopes. Vitoria a seaport, w. large vessels. Another mod. town. Waited for bus to Sta. Teresa. Have bare granite hills around town, and patches trees on slopes. Took bus 1300 for Santa Maria Teresa, about 2000' ups. Patches forest on hills, green. Museum "Mello Leitao" area a few blocks from center of town. About 1/5 acre, gardens, w. scattered buildings, cages. Ruschi bird on jet, w. wife, daughter. Two Rose Craps Boys, Paulo Abravalia & Erik Longera, lived adjacent; worked on rose manure, plants, & helped Ruschi (57 yrs.). Some small workshops in cages, including at least 3 Leontidius chapmaneri, and some tinamous (tinamus), curassows toecerus, other. But mostly hummingbirds - outdoor cages, indoor in one building, various sizes, and about 20 species coming to feeder on patch of flowers. We were put up in house donated by Crawford Greenwalt, 2 bds, kitchen, modern. Jaguar - Ruschi said one in reserve "Novo Lombois", 7000 ha, near Santa Teresa (and by his museum Museu Nacional). Also F. pardalis & wiedii present.

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C. Koford 29 Journal 17 June 1972. Sat. Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo Brazil Another species 'Severataepis' (sp?), north of Rio Doce near coast, 30,000 ha; cut in 1941, had many jaggs. In late 1950's, still some. Fertile N., mrs. Lorke, reserve "Conego do Verde" had many oreoetes (5000 ha. Area along Bahia - C.S. Lorke, trying to get for preserve, also her joguara - and forests of S. Bakia, especially around Itamaraju + Mts. Passoa. There are other preserves in E.E. Santa, including Ilha de Condeicao where Domodochylops found out (over a ton, says A.R.), a marine biological station near Santa Cruz (envir. in Rio sends students); Pedro Azul, 2500 ha., west of Vitoria; Ferro Grande, 10,000 ha. 5000 ha., w. of Castelo & S., and Rio Bardeira area (2098 m.) of Nat. Park of Caparaos. Large areas have good protection. Most have living facilities. / Rauschi has traveled widely in Brazil, has influential friends & family. He highly recommends legends of Dr. Verdier in Serra de Bodoquena, west of Miranda in part of valley of Mato Grosso. Kui Curry-Leibold visited them about 4 yrs. ago. From plane, they saw joguara carry two cubs to room, one after other. Srq. Fernando, son of Sao Paulo & part owner, a friend of A.R., agreed to have 19 hunters on ranch, communicate by radio, special dogs, 2 planes. Rauschi gave me better introduction. / Rauschi had published about 90 papers, nearly all in his own bulletins. Main on orchids, bats, monkeys, cassowaries, food lists, but mostly on hummingbird biology (largely from obs. repetitious). He sends hundreds of eggs to Charles Silley for egg-white protein analysis. Visited annually by C. Brownwell. / One paper tells of area where animals hunted out, & poops given in area / mammal. He said many meguara in Bahia (sp?) area, Rauschi leader, and that did not shed antlers. Tell many fascinating facts about displays of various hummingbirds. / Had told him of Fernando Antiga C., & A.R. were enthusiastic about getting him to do field work that he could no longer do, especially in Caatinga high country. Paperjatos (?sp.), Ecuador, said to have 40 sp. hummers. / R. said many

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Spent most of day typing progress report, letters. To hotel in Catete.\n\n20 June 1972. To Rodoviaria stn. & took bus for São Paulo, 6 hr. ride. Mostly open\nhilly country along route, w. coarse bunch grasses, little cultivation, few rocks,\nfew cattle, shallow red soil, brown grass - like some area Calif. in root range.\nOccasional planted areas of eucalyptus. Many fields had ant or termite\nmounds, abrupt, about 2' high, spaced fairly loosely. | Bus station similar to Rio;\nperhaps larger; by R.R. station. We walked toward C. Universitario & stayed Lotel.\nSão Paulo, Brazil\n\n21 June 1972. We took bus to C. Univir., Inst. of Botanicsmen, and found office\nof Dr. P. Nogueira - Neto. He at home, but aunt Vera showed me colonies of Melopoeina\nless, specialty of D.N. He invited us to his home for lunch, & we talked there. Good lib-\nrary of recent natural history books in den. He gave us copy of book about a visit to\nU.S. He interested in livestock & in introducing gland to Brazil - thinks exotic wild-\nlife only way to justify saving savannahs. We had seen glade on ranch, 2 hrs.\ndistant. He had little personal knowledge jaguar, but was leader of men for-\n``` ```json\n{[illegible]}``` `json\n{\n \"text\": \"18 June 1972\\nSanta Teresa, E.F. Santo, Brazil\\nscoloti, jaguars, in some nearby preserves. He hoped to catch local tiger\\nalics, for transport elsewhere. | Once Kunhi visited ranch in Mato Gross where\\nhad to travel by boat. Once, saw jaguar swimming the river, about\\n30 m. across. | A.R. related that in 1967, common jag. skins prohibited.\\nBut English Govt said they had 2 million skin stock. They were kept until\\n1970 date to sell - but A.R. says actually used them to intimidate traders\\nsecure skins. Eventually confiscated 800 000 skins, 96 000 of\\nSocuri (=onaca). Info. published, IBDF, Dr. C. de Carvalho invited\\nand knows details. | In 1936, a jaguar near Sta Teresa. A.R. saw\\nit coming road in sand occurrence. Once when camping he heard\\nscraping sounds at night. In morning, found it was a jaguar\\nscraping turtle shell.\\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\\n19 June 1972. Arrived early morning on bus. Walked to Museu Nacional. Met w.\\nFernando P. Spent most of day typing progress report, letters. To hotel in Catete.\\n20 June 1972. To Rodoviaria stn. & took bus for São Paulo, 6 hr. ride. Mostly open\\nhilly country along route, w. coarse bunch grasses, little cultivation, few rocks,\\nfew cattle, shallow red soil, brown grass - like some area Calif. in root range.\\nOccasional planted areas of eucalyptus. Many fields had ant or termite\\nmounds, abrupt, about 2' high, spaced fairly loosely. | Bus station similar to Rio;\\nperhaps larger; by R.R. station. We walked toward C. Universitario & stayed Lotel.\\nSão Paulo, Brazil\\n21 June 1972. We took bus to C. Univir., Inst. of Botanicsmen, and found office\\nof Dr. P. Nogueira - Neto. He at home, but aunt Vera showed me colonies of Melopoeina\\nless, specialty of D.N. He invited us to his home for lunch, & we talked there. Good lib-\\nrary of recent natural history books in den. He gave us copy of book about a visit to\\nU.S. He interested in livestock & in introducing gland to Brazil - thinks exotic wild-\\nlife only way to justify saving savannahs. We had seen glade on ranch, 2 hrs.\\ndistant. He had little personal knowledge jaguar, but was leader of men for-[illegible]\" }` `json\n{\n \"text\": \"18 June 1972\\nSanta Teresa, E.F. Santo, Brazil\\nscoloti, jaguars, in some nearby preserves. He hoped to catch local tiger\\nalics, for transport elsewhere. | Once Kunhi visited ranch in Mato Gross where\\nhad to travel by boat. Once, saw jaguar swimming the river, about\\n30 m. across. | A.R. related that in 1967, common jag. skins prohibited.\\nBut English Govt said they had 2 million skin stock. They were kept until\\n1970 date to sell - but A.R. says actually used them to intimidate traders\\nsecure skins. Eventually confiscated 800 000 skins, 96 000 of\\nSocuri (=onaca). Info. published, IBDF, Dr. C. de Carvalho invited\\nand knows details. | In 1936, a jaguar near Sta Teresa. A.R. saw\\nit coming road in sand occurrence. Once when camping he heard\\nscraping sounds at night. In morning, found it was a jaguar\\nscraping turtle shell.\\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\\n19 June 1972. Arrived early morning on bus. Walked to Museu Nacional. Met w.\\nFernando P. Spent most of day typing progress report, letters. To hotel in Catete.\\n20 June 1972. To Rodoviaria stn. & took bus for São Paulo, 6 hr. ride. 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Journal 21 June 1972. Sao Paulo, Brazil group. He said rat' planned for Amazon area. New park, 2 mos. ego, in Mato Grosso, = Caracori', mr. Paraguai River. He thinks most jaguars in Amazon pessimistic about wildlife future - parks needed. Thinks conservation making progress. But want more people and oppose birth control. Charles Mikes scientist has worked here w. D.N. Paulo said many scientists have come to Brazil to work and have never reported results, as some had feelings. He had cold, had just ended classes, so not at his best. About 45 yrs., senior. Nice house & grounds; apparently well known old family! poisonman D.N. sent us on for short visit to Just. Butantan, where snake serum made. Out- door site w. many snakes, wiped; schoolchildren and others viewing them. Near university. | D.N. rent car w. us to Museu Paulista, university not. Driving past about 45 yrs. old. serum, Dr. Vongolini director. He was unknown herpetologist, talkative, grew- up w. tinia. Not talked w. Williams at Harvard. Starland had been here 2 yrs. V. knew Wols, German, father. For about 25 years he had been making trips to Amazon. Now they had two boats then, which go up & down rivers. | He said that about 1970, in season of 6 months a hunter took 10-20 ocelots, 1-2 jaguars. Ocelots trapped in box(if logs) w. drop door, strangled w. wire. Kitten Skins 300 cr. value; 1000 cr. for prime jaguar (Dec. 1970). Jan. 1972, however, he met only one hunter looking for jaguar skins, a Brazilian on Rio Grande river. V. thinks prohibition has been fairly effective, & little demand jag. skins now. In Amazon, always are working boat. | Always skin trade in Petrona and oaclet. About 10 yrs. ago, learned to tan jag. hides better. Many quit other jobs to hunt jaguar - along Tapajos became principal occupation. | V. said other hunters built landing strips above rapids along rivers - lately working along Rio Canimejarans (v. of mouth Tapo Tapajos). | V. himself only once saw a jaguar. But working w. locals, shining & talking, has heard much. | Beat 'L.P. Guar'raos & Garbe.' Topir - many on reserve 105 km. from S. Paulo (part of watershed reserve). | Black jag. - has seen 30-40

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C. Koford 32 Journal 21 June 1972. Sao Paulo, Brazil shin, lost from E. of Brasilia - Brasil in S. Paolo zoo. / Traders take good up river on boats; sell to locals, Lucy Hester. / Boat more steeping jog. shrewd to identify old, prevent sale of recently taken shin. / Main remaining pristine forest area in Amazon are between Rio Negro + Solimoes, to N & E. of Manaus (Rio Branco), above falls a tributary. Good near Marajo. Some spots unexplored, even close to Belen. / INPA - V. thinks Brinkman is only good man; bioclimatologist ?) At camera giant antaters, V. once saw trees large & smaller; I claim then said usually burnt in pairs. / Wildlife goes along lazy Amazon river from mouth of above falls. V. has not due to Mato Grosso in many yrs.; thinks most jobs amazon. / Notice say joga eat stranded fish, caiman, turtle (scoop out ulo breaking shell). Notice snake jog. competitor for turtle eggs (not P. pepperoni, etc.). V. was 2 mos. on river nr. Medan, + thinks he is somewhat inadvertently in science. (Faked photos). V. also had poor opinion of Rucki writings, tho admitted R. knew much in head. / V.'s last Amazon trip use Dec. - Mar. Plan to go again October. Says, in 1915, E. half of S. Paolo state was "unexplored" in rape. Now Mato Grosso settling fast, many rancher. Museum here has about 10 jog. shin (not seen). Highest priced have strongly marked spots, said V. (older - lower price). / V. said real wealth of Amazon is in mining. Arapoa - while run bought. Rio Jari - to grow cellulose, but probably actually to strip mine it. Military govt. of Brazil does not tolerate disagreement, so advice, not effective, thought V. / He telephoned to friend Carlos Reis de Magalhaes, conservationist nr. wildlife internets, and set up date for me. Sao Paulo, Brazil 22 June 1972. Went to office of Mogelhaes in mid-town. Pleasantly received. Heard that Perdin, owner of Bodoguesana, had died. Ranch had railroad through it for 125 km.; 3 stations. Swamp and savannah. / Recently,

Nature. Vol. 236. April 7, 1972. p 277. Review of 'Moto Basso' by A. Smith. (Had knowledge - destroyed anyway.)

C. Koford Journal 22 June 1972, Thurs. Sao Paulo, Brazil Carlos had flown to Borania, then by charter plane for 700 mi. to Rio Xingu area, between selves to N, somewhat to S. Poodle hunting fort in region. They saw many tracks of big cats (about $300 one way from Borania). | Book on hunting - La Cunha - "Vozine e" cacador em Mato Grosso." Accompanied T. Roosevelt in Mato Grosso. Carlos said Curio Santos books are popular, for public, not factual. Carlos had article about 1960-61 in "Geografia," Sao Paulo, about hunt in Bodeguana. Old journal "Caca e Pena," Sao Paulo, 20 yrs. ago, may have joy. articles. | Octet - Carlos said killed about 30. Most ston- ocks empty. Others had mostly porcupine Didelphis, next Candeia. Really all had opossum in stomach or podo feet. No feather found in food. These in Sao Paulo state (Puma - stomach had Didelphis), coatiou, cassu-ama- dillo, once collard perscany). | Miranda ranch, adj. Bodeguana, hunt- ers w. much experience. | L. introduced Pauls, brother, who associated w. Bodeq. ranch; we invited to stay 10 days, & they will fly us in from Campo Grande on June 30. About 30 yrs. ago, older brother Oswaldo had hunted on Bodeguana from private railroad car. Used dogs - good success. | Hunt methods - side Carlos - dogs; drift down river, day or night; calling w. drum (="concedeira"). Drum north, anyzon. Jaguar came. | Carlos recorded now in zoo - played book w. ampli- fier, large speaker. Some response, but thought stupid now. That he thought good method. | Melanisti - may be 1/3 in northern Mato Grosso. But now at Bodeguana. Melan. i parte central & N. Brazil. | Trap scelate - Amygonia - log trap w. roast (to preserve) monkey bait. Ovulperante of puma, Oncicola m., named for Carlos. He emphasized habitat distraction - one ranch cleared 25000 acres/yr. for grazing; and hoped to increase to 75,000. But C. thinks law enforcement has

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C. Koford 39 Journal 22 June 1972 São Paulo, Brazil reduced trade greatly. | We took him out to zoo. Specimen grounds. A "lim safari" area. 3 cu. entrance fee to zoo - one / million / yr. zone. Lakes w. waterfall. well labeled cages. saw Rhynchon (long-legged but less hyena-like), Pternuma (playful - sits up). Have about 5 black 5 pintado jaguar, 10 oceloti, 10 margays, several gets da mata tigress? (= F. geoffroyi? - some from Manaojó do.). Mostly in vet. + breed- ing compound. One man said black jog. 99% sterile. But they had successful black or spotted & watery, with cubs same color as parents. Unfortunately could not get at original data cards, as "Ladelas" not there; other did not know much, relied on keeper to tell them. | Also had's clouded leopards, several caracal. Group of playful Brachyteler, two red-faced uakaris in fine condition, 2 said had black uakari. | Ocelot - preyed & broodstepper, little space between) w. 07; other pair in cages. | Director, Mario Autui, friendly, but little ext info. Secretary from California. | On oceloti in lake, group of yelubars, ateler, saimiri, logothrix, potti - some w. only 5- 10 yds. water gaps; | Hundreds of white-faced Deaulougymus in lake. | Carlos R. de M. said had rank 25 km. distant - L. Sanyor, - Schwarz, others had visited there. Some Brachyteler. | We returned to central town. 23 June 1972. Friday. Returned by bus to Rio de Janeiro. 24 June 1972. Saturday. A park of about 16 ha. on Av. Vargas having about two, mostly ferine, + lemons, pandas, and 100+ agoutis running free, tame, food fed by people. Few groups - mostly well scattered over area. No small young seen - must good area for deer of reproduction; vid social behavior. Parque da Republica? Went up Circunves by train - fine view of city + broader.

(300 exs. offis). Bacchi -1939- Paper bach- vo foulelin gin. Agem Canto de Magalhães Encaixabos founs brasileira. Aos Paib. 336pp. Quatofam Ponera de Otaba, Canba.

C. Koford 35 Journal 25 June 1972 Sunday To Petropolis, Brazil. We changed hotels. Then took bus to Petropoli, about 70 min., mostly thru wooded hills, to about 2000' elev. Summer rest of Dr. Ledett, now King of Brazil. Visited F. Pires and family there. Returned to his. 26 June 1972. Went to Museu early. Fernando delayed. Looked over old Casa e Pesca revistas, w. hunting stories including some about onca pintada in Mato Grosso. Journal mostly 1941-1945, a few issues in 1968-7. Printed in Sao Paulo. Ben Street sketched them in, oft w. picture joguara. Mario Moreira Pedericki, Lilly Porter, Willi Kuehli, prominent authors. Dani azageiros "lance joguaro", one seriously wounded. Some use baited trap (armadilha), of log of stick w. drop down (= chiquero). Some hunt w. dogs. Others try "sapera", especially when jog. come to water, night. Saw article by Carlos Lacerda, author of Casas e Caçados, 1950. Reprint of part of T. Roosevelt book in Portuguese, in 1945, Jan-Apr. issues. / Tried to meet Magranni; arrived too late. 27 June 1972. To Museum again. Carvalho there (entomology dept., beetles), having returned from Stockholm meeting (mostly political, he said). Told me. He said he was assembling different data for 1960-70. He said when commercialization in Para was stopped, over 1 million were on hand (including anaconda, caiman, etc.). He thought joguara mostly in deep forests near Amazon, higher ground between lower sites. He thought none far in S. Bahia, former good hunting area, and like do Bonaval, because of ranching development. Probably still can be found in Xingu scale, for Indians do not hunt joguara. He said he would assemble data and allow me to see it. / Fernando B. had invited Alvaro Aguirre to come. Later had collected birds & mammals for museum, had been mentioned also deer. Casa e Pesca; now retired. Had written booklet on fishing & hunting in Mato Grosso, had lived many years in C. Santos near Desc Ruim (former great variety game) and Gooro-topia province (probably still joguara there). He thought S. Bahia never too

Caça e Caçador Curios Santos F. Pinguet & Co. Rio de Janeiro (Imprensa Nacional) 202 pp. Paper bound. Tells about old methods - spears, arrows. Game code. - prohibited but used. Traps - box traps w. acacia for chicken, goat, other bird. Traps for smaller mammals. Steel trap, snare. Desejos: Onça-pintado, jaguar. Jaguatirica, maracaja in the note. M.-mirim (Noctifelis) M.-pintado (Marggy). Onufelu p. 54 Jan - Sept. 1944, officially spent 73,518 shins felled. By diri in 1943 to N. Amer. Describes hunting birds, arm turtles, swans, pates, deadfells. Shotgun, dogs. p. 122. Caça às onças e gatos. Canquês de melhor-lugar; jaguareti. Vários varietais nomes - bantim & ni-dam. Jaguarana seifera = onça preta ou troje. Jag. majá seligue of livestock in M.G. & Brazil. "Grua" - Blestoceros. "Borbo" - Mozanumfura "Culbino" "Veado campeiro" = Oryctereus - open country, deer. "materno" - m. rufa. "Catuaguero" - M. swifliceras Cunha, Heitor Pereira da - "Viagem e caçada em Mato Grosso." Rio 1922.

Journal 27 June 1972. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Broken up by searching for jaguar. Ocelote said harder to see than jaguar. One night killed about 30 chickens in pen; next nite, broke in again and repeated (Rio Dos area). In Rio Dos - Bolivia area, not hunt jaguar with dogs (catherson), but formerly used large dogs traps, with salinite sewed inside, as figued in C. Denton book. Spent 15 yrs. in C.C. Auto. May get info near Linkara - Estacao Experimental de Ocaua, or at Refugio Agor- Cacau tania. Man "Manuel Morais" used to be in area, but much. I thought at Ilha perhaps still jaguar in Baraonal. Aguirre collected 20 and 2 jaguar on Nio- anta Setania in same area, virtually breeding arena (probably kept; spess. in fauna museum). Again think jaguar eats mostly deer, pecary, feral pigs - probably not smaller mammals such as (5.08) porcupine. Aguirre knew S. Scenel who had place near Ocaua. One American woman came to hunt; in one nite got no jaguar. This possibly before perhaps 70 yrs. 1960. Aguirre a small lean man, apparently tried to tell about the harness. Would be useful field companion. He said that skin jaguar and ocelot brought high price, to 1500 c. for jaguar. In afternoon, visited Dr. Alceo Magnanini of IB Desenvolvimento Florestal, 2040 Lakes Lato, up slope behind Jardin Botanico. This is federal forest & park dept. He told me of recently formed preserve, 70,000 ha., near lat. 18° where Rio Paragua Iate Bolivian border. They propose a future Nat'l Park in pantanal north of Aquidabana, but he thinks little chance of getting it - too much pressure to use the land for agriculture. He also indicated 5 modest prospective parks more in Amazonia. He said all commercial & amateur hunting of spotted cats prohibited. The old park professional stock of pelts supposed to be stamped. But many taken to Bolivia, worked or Bolivian, & exported, including to Brazil. Often hide cat skins between other to smuggle. Golden marmosets - about 20 turned up in England, confiscated - returned to country of origin; = Belgium - thus said to have come from

(illegible) Alberto Lobo Machado 112 A Litr. 247-13/6 Rio Rio Doce area - Est. Exp. Cacau (where Manoel Morais?) Refug secretaria Bombural - area of tall thick grass. Sometimes "acucar a onca" there; hard target, compared to Tucun Bahiã. Comitiva - gp. of vaqueros?

C. Koford 37 Journal 27 June 1972. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil! Buenos Aires does not have this rare species. Many species of birds, mammals, plants, now listed as having complete protection, no comments. | M. was friendly, talkative. He gave me short introductory letter. Suggested people in Campo Grande who could direct me to others. | He said I must get letter from in order to do Conselho Nac. de Pesquisa, for research in Brazil. 28 June 1972. Went to office of CNP, in Castello area. Directa of the techn.- scientific div., Dr. Moreira, very busy with a meeting. I was denied to write a letter to him, & did. | To Museu Nac. again. Fernandes about. Worked on Cayo Coco & Roca Artiller articles again in library. | Yesterday & today hot! Preparations for Mato Grosso trips. 29 June 1972. Left hotel. To train station. Left gear (except) at Museu. Talked briefly w/ Pierson. Task 1030 live for Campo Grande. Went via S. Paulo, then west all night. (I hrs. time change to w.). 30 June 1972. Arrived Campo Grande 0530. Walked around town. Much farm goods, saddles, leather, but usual wear & same tourist shops. A few modern office buildings, steel stores. Visited Museo "Do Brasil", at a ("Florence Kennedy") preschool school on Dr. Mato Grosso, & 14th July Indian costume, but some mounted birds, 2 jaguar skins. Talked w/ Directa, who suggested a little drive on 3 de Maio. Stayed at Hotel Colombo briefly, to both & rest. Then to budget hotel, Campo Grande, to meet A. Luvino (accountant), Alexander Ferreira (administrator) & others of Fazenda Bodogueranos. All to air- port, where 2 Cessna plane took in to ranch; about 1 hrs. flight. Near C. Grande, grazing lands & some cultivation - soon patches of low largely deciduous forest. Patchy variable range & slopes - increased to W. - saw a few miles across. Many rocks in various directions as well as railroad. Occasional meandering stream or small muddy lake. Then a range of hills w. rock cliffs, broken forest between & below them.

[illegible] See Roosevelt book- Brazil, hunting

C. Koford Journal 30 June 1972 Fda. Badagana, Mato Grosso Brazil. Beyond land flattn - passed by Merida, small town - lake & river near it. Then landed at hdgtn of B. "D", where a dozen or so white llds, & cleared grand land sftennis. (Took photos from plane en route). We were put up in large house, about 6 bedrooms, + living, dining, etc., nicely built & furnished. 1 have become of a bad resistant wood, aracaia (sp ?). Mango trees, flamboyance, palmus, others seen down & clearing. On way saw a few grand land fern, snake. 1 staff member young - about 30. Also, evergreen, informatics, just little interest wildlife. He been here since 1970 - said prohibited hunt (except pecanin, & fishing) or extract raw from work - looking for jogian skin, 1000 cruzeros. He has since about 1967. Same jogian depredation in savannah & cerrado area then. But long period dry years he apparently reduced all game - mod rain 1967, more heavy since 1959. Ranch about 400 oo0 ha, but western 100 ooo recently sold. B section, each with its "ratos" and airstrip, extending w. to Rio Paraguaia. Alex says he seen only one jog in 8 yrs. Others agreed, rare. 1 ranch objective to get cattle on all land; then improve habitat thru cleaning, selecting & breed of stock (2 Swiss Brahman). Redoff - agreement, Univ. Fla., here 2 yrs. - saw cat (ocelot ?) swimming over. Best English. Plant "colonial" grass (Panaeum panense). Cut & clean, burn twice in successive yrs, then seed by plane. About 1/2 percent ranch "perturbed", but w/to the flood water (floods farther N., or Sao Lourenco & Rio Negro areas). Old Rosqueiro guy (cf. Fernando Leite, who once worked w. S. Siemel). Alex liked development now to last century in U.S. (but with planes & other helps). 1 Sauron angolan said to be rare. But 2 kinds peregrine, deer, antelope, armadillo, capidary, alligator, land turtle, few snake. Ocelot - scarcer than joguar. Walked a dirt road to 5 ft for (hr. Trache fayer, jay, anteater, agouti (?), others. Saw opossums, lizards, woodpecker (grey cast), fernante, many yarate. Forest about 60' high, fairly open, many dry lower ground,

C. Koford 39 Journal 30 June 1972. Fri. Fazd. Bodoquena, Mato Grosso, Brazil. many deciduous trees; dry aspect - rather like Campo de Caceres! | Alex. said visited Europe (last yr.?); met Italian who said used to buy about Vechins addenda to Aethi: -(jaguing + cocol. ?) produced by Brazil, but now could not get. | Carvalho - heard that army enforced prohibition on cocoa shrive, & were doing good job. | Their sunrise excursion today; little breeze, warm, dry. Vegetation mod. grown. 1 July 1972. Rode in pirogue to Pato Canga, adjacent estio. Saw herd clearing in part of forest - opened long term left (for lumber, & killed by fire so sharp than falling). In hills, forested, but some areas of ungrazed 6' tall grass. Below hills, thick grass but trampled + grazed down, but still 1-3 tall. Short scarlet palms in groundland. | We saw gpe 1-4 clear in groundland. One two fought, engaging necks + heads, ending w. one showing other side. Saw one small antelope deer a road, when grass tall. | Saw about 50 Carajyrs, about 10 Cuthlites. Large gray hawk landed in front. 2 sparrow hawks (dark, grayish) perched a fence. Spur of black ani, + gpe of 8

Joseando Leite - old timer (Caradaza?) RR sta.

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When 5 ampm in morning, saw 4 - and 2\nserinior (?) near them. All retreated when approached to about 50 yds.\nAssociative similar to ostrich & bustard? Even stay 50-150 apart, not\nbundled in retreat. 1/4 mi. distant, 3 more even one 100 m. from other\n(family gps? tinitrius? home range?). Radcliff said thought young\nin January; all 9 & lay same nest; one 57/6p.; gps only to 4-5;\nsome eggs around nest broken, & young first or fly larvae /R. said\ndoes require 20% off land left as forest, so they leave it in hills.\n3 July 1972. Mon. With Alexander, agronomist, & another, went by plane to Pato's\nBodoguana, via B. Station on R.B. to W. At first fast dry, about 50% of ground\ncovered. Bird-flowered tree (Tolelaria?) in hills. B. retis in circle of garden,\nlevelled about 0400.\nperhaps 5 km. down; about 100 citrus fruit trees there, & a dozen lllygo's\n(lower). Boss, the other administrator, wore pantaloons. Nests of Ferrarinus\nin branches flamboyant tree. Blue-gray tanagers. 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All retreated when approached to about 50 yds.\\nAssociative similar to ostrich & bustard? Even stay 50-150 apart, not\\nbundled in retreat. 1/4 mi. distant, 3 more even one 100 m. from other\\n(family gps? tinitrius? home range?). Radcliff said thought young\\nin January; all 9 & lay same nest; one 57/6p.; gps only to 4-5;\\nsome eggs around nest broken, & young first or fly larvae /R. said\\ndoes require 20% off land left as forest, so they leave it in hills.\\n3 July 1972. Mon. With Alexander, agronomist, & [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Kofad 41 Journal 3 July 1972. Fzda, Bodoquena, M.G., Brazil stream (mostly dry) - rather zigzag - puzzle effect of green vegetation. A flat-topped hill, "Agite," conspicuous landmark. Bronze cattle. Little water and appeared, but fairly bright green. Extensive stands of 50' paratudo tall blue-gray tree (= paratudo), well spaced, many w. termite nest at base. (Last part of "xerodo" had complete ground cover, area of thick palms, or of bamboo (?). Also sparse" of palms + 70' tree in grassland. Took photos. Landed at Reto's Acurejos, still. 2 yrs oldy. About 3 wooden houses. In yard, fajiciera tree w. small long-tiled patio, caribeola (white fruit, red meat). A white (nearly all) flycatcher (?) = "jiguire". Ocumi palms, and tall fan palms (coconos). | One man there said much game; over trees. But also said he came about every third day, & no mention of ovens. | Off again to W., over paratudo. More photos (t & red). Large area of regularly spaced low termite mounds, like maria mounds; perhaps 10 m. Between crests, no central hole; shaded; then in dryer grassland. Rio Paraguaia, conspicuous arched bridge. Reto's of Puirol, 2 wood houses by river; still. 2 years. Hells to west & S., but flat horizon to N & NE. 4-5ft. high termite mounds about 100 yds. from river. Burn 100yds. wide. Trees 5-6' tall w. yellow blossom. A caracana pinkish-top termite mound - saw hole 6" hole high up, smaller near base (burrowing mambele?), but very few had no opening. Flushed 2 large sapirinalgito (?) from open ground- wraps long, marsh-bank like flight; flew 100' & settled; white belly, black throat, carpineiro white band over wings. | We then flew N, looking at paratudo & gpa cattle. One pond, artificial dam down, had about 100 siligatre divided up dry shore, perhaps 6' apart, white points pointing outward. Taken to E., south of Agite hill, & landed Reto's Bodo- guena again. | Waited there about 2 hrs., & we lunched. The capatacy had been here since 1965, another part of ranch before.

C. Koford 42 Journal 3 July 1972. Faza, Bodeguera, Mato Grosso, Brazil. He said saw last one female 5 yrs. ago. Carlin, felled 13 in 5 yrs. He said being culture now. Alex said never professional hunter here -- perhaps 5. Animals. Another had dogs. Mostly, men saw nuttara near camp & found jojuera there. / Grand buildings, in open trees (seen at least 5 Furmanini of the Lute) mud nests, 9' to 15' up. One had 2 perch'd next to it. A white-colored bird in open; gray, black, white throat, wing bar. Woodpecker (?) too. / Returned to Budgegatera. Fruit fell in wrong areas, leaving dead stalk & exposed tall trees. / Last eve, took 1 hr. walk a dirt road about 8:30-9:30. Saw 3 capybaras on ground (light color; strong white marks) away dry river at edge woods, one small deer (manguna ?) in green leg bones, one covid (fox? - long gray hair, same black area ; stilly) on ground, one Didelphus in tree. Heard no bird calls. / Got large anthur swamp den (Blaster.) in well at Fita's Bodegu, 2 sets at home at Budgegatera. None of pampa deer seen yet. 4 July 1972. Departed 0400 by pickup for Mirimado (sp ?) rios, on Miranda ruins. First out to dirt highway at Baixum site ; then w., turned off to Bodeguena rios, then n. to m. Rui 100' wide; said had fish-piano, pear, others. Many birds in early morning. Foggy. A jalinus flew up from road, carrying stem in bill. Saw a "fox," perhaps 5 kg, gray w. black tail & drawn. About 5 wooden beds. 3 days since of seeing. "Capit" said had never seen jojuera on tracks there. Several men were pistol- one shot at a caperca in tree. / Heard Furmanini in yards. A few "carindis" or parrot + woodpecker. At edge woods, red crested woodpecker, jay (black head, white belly), other birds. / Soon left w. 4 others on backroad, to look new route near road on pattered. We each had 2 sharp flowers under pad as top of saddle -- comfy & soft. We road through grass 6 to 8 tall, and shrubs, palms, meguite. Not muddy a dump. We passed large field of

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c. Koford Journal 4 July 1972 Frida, Bodogweng, Moto Grosso, Brazil Termite mounds: There about 5 yds. apart, to 2 and some 3' high, A-shaped. Many had Burundi (formicidius) dig into top or side. Flat ground. For about 2 hrs. we rood through untroded area, scows thistle, stinking scrub, thick grass - hard going. Then reached ruins of Mutins - 2 wooden bldgs., truck on road. Then on along dirt road for 2 hrs. To train station & ruins at Carandugal (when old train passed late, but out). On way, the men shot a 9-banded armadillo. Once, in early fog, 2 jollier black & brown flew over. In good, four sparin birds (mostly, avir), one against cuckoo. After Mutins, occasional terrier. Found no serpentine dropping or tracks, tho mammal tracks on road. Bent route pan for trucks. We rode about 30 kms. on map, I think. At Carandugal, stuck loading carols. Arrived there. Saw a small snake w. green water. Phone came about 3 p.m. & returned me to bed. quarters. In eve, talked w. Alexende F. about other fogzades w. no water & perhaps joguars. He said Carassó, near the presene, rich in birds, even in fish. He also knew some (?) of Santa Lucia, let's Bis Pigui + São Lourenço - about 500 milhetras - when was water. He said much center to propose rail park in central Pantanal, as cattle & ranches already there. 5 July 1972. Sunshine morning. In & near low Ficus in pasture, flock 40+ long pointed bills; parrotlets - green w. yellow bend wing; tight flock, but sometime spread out in pairs in flight.) About 8 a.m., walked W. toward lake. In first pasture saw 2 snar (as on 1 July). In Congo Rio pasture, beyond lake, this found present 6 in one gp. (at least an other) - same area as always seen before. We went behind hill W. of lake in Tangue pasture. Mod. open in parts; some large from tree. Dry small streambeds. In shady area, pro-penlor, white-breasted jays, red crested woodpecker. Near lake, where stumbled out- ered) mud tracked up - mostly seen tracks, but also large tooth, and topein (large & smaller). Saw shrew costi. Sue found a livr

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C.Ko Ford 74 Journal 5 July 1972 Fzdd. Bodequena, Moto Grosso, Brazil Dust trails about 16" long, 10" wide; thick; red center on hindlegs + tail - on front flow. Conspicuous. Tracks apparently O (elk-foot). / Broken open pasture, springing in 1/4 acre fenced area, w. mauri palms, ceasopia, other trees; wind under had many deer tracks. From this clump flew 6 large (perhaps - arjoli) crowns - black, white heads, white patch at breast wing - they flying singly, about 100 yds. to forest edge. / In front, signs mammal use - trails, scratches, eaten mauri fruits. / Saw 40+ Crogypor circling high, and above them were Boreoampleus circling slower. I saw and shot a new deer, a small deer; ran w. tail down. In pasture, 2 Teictis ibris (?) (water bird ?) on ground. Two hawks, w. white bodkin, black wings, circled in distance. Returned to lodge, 12 30. / Rudolfo said tapirs near Pato Corvo - men told not to harm them. / Late afternoon, walked 5 on road thru dry front until after dark. Overcast, muggy. Little bird activity. Returned in dark w. light. Saw about 4 birds. One capybaru'd on ground, calling. Other eyeskin - probable small cat, deer. No owls. 6 July 1972 Overcast, calm. Early birds flying 7 a.m. A jaguar track reported near Acarayol. Plane took us to Bodequena. Walked around: saw parrots, flock of brown avis, F flock 100+ birds (parrot?) high over plane, headed for hills. Three old mud nests of Fiernarum in one tree by house, 18' up, 6-8' apart. / Wind reversed. Plane took us to Acayol. Told that wind covered area tracks. Capataz, Arguello, said little game (hum of no area seen). Another man, unguide, thought "mints". / Waiting, took plane to Pucuro. (photo re...) to and Saw many sq. lem. of termite mounds. Rough landing; strong crosswinds. Boat to Acuri. Then horse ride for 2 1/2 hrs. Around area of area tracks. Much of land brush grass; mats of shrubs, palms, tree mixed. "Panties" in gener open stands (Paracourella?). About a dozen Polybours on ground in coral area. One curieja in large stock pond. Two small deer - necks meters- reported

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C. Koford 15 Journal 6 July 1972. Ftza. Balsiquera, Mato Grosso Brazil in grass among termite mounds; allowed opossum hairbrush to [illegible] then rain, tails [illegible], to make clouds. Our guide said serrot (Blackbuck?) in area; leather prized for saddle & shoe leather. Flew back to Presidente Prudente. They had been working & reporting cattle today. / A visitor from Ftza. Monte Lucia: Said few jag. there now, but formerly (over 10 yrs) had professional huntsmen w. dogs; killed over 50 jaguars one year. He said a pilot in Brazil Jungle hunted much. / Alexandre said army enforced game laws. He reports seeing violators such as gps. fishermen, from plane. Army men come. A. said he saw army confiscate load of alligators skins at Corumbá. Later skins were returned to owner, who claimed he had alligator farm. Much cold/cloud across border in many items; like animals. A. replied: About a year ago, on plane from Para to Brazil, set by skin buyer who said he formerly bought huge nos. skins Brazil, but now could get none and had to send in leader Town of Belém, Pará, Paraguay (?). A. said, we never prohibit hunting is that attract people who want to hunt; in 1958 (?) David Lakefuller killed a jaguar in 10 minutes of hunting. waiting to Other hand about it, came to be hunted, the kill was a rare occurrence. (Much wind today, the August said windiest month. 7 July 1972. Nimbus clouds. Heavy rain shower about 0730. Then winds about 20-30mph, occass. light rain. Rain on and off, & winds, throughout morning and until about 1500. The clouds higher. Walked to lake to W. saw track Tapir or ground sloth. Pair of Tuxteira in tree; very agressive. Pair of Ptilocelphs (Lop-eared) about same area as before, & track also in mud on road. Cold day. Clearing about sunset. 8 July 1972. Saturday. Alexandre did not return, so our flight over Pantanal delayed. Walked 6 on dirt road. Near water pool, 50yds. offroad, track of tapir. Frequent large & small dog tracks, many probably of "fox" size perhaps of ocelot-sized cat. Cold but cirrus clouds, most

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C. Koford +6 Journal 8 July 1972. Fedo Badegran (Guacuru), Moto Grosso, Brazil breeze. More cattle roundups, processing, separating today. Both Croppett & Polybon in old cassons! Both at Acunajó, in open grasslands, saw several white birds w/ black primaries (flycatchers? - about 1/2 x Vermilion flycatcher size) perched atop shrub & foal, in open. In late afternoon, walked W. to Loko. On grass about 5 yds. from bushes, a Bothrops about 3' long, D-V flattened, & tilted flattened body toward me, curled tail tip at tenes. When disturbed, held front 8" area of body about 3-4" off ground, somewhat colas-like. Took photograph! Ineve, Pete Clement King from Miranda came (America, from N.Jersey). He had been based Miranda 4 months. Earlier, farther S., on Paraguay border (when said smuggling a thriving business). He said Canela-Minda road only about a year old (P.R. is much larger), and that he heard from Miranda hunters that much night hunting for deer along it - one group killed about 500 in one year. C.K. thought much clandestine hunting, little control or enforcement. No specific sentences seen at night along road to Miranda. Rudolfo said forest clearing at rate of about 12,000 ha./yrs. on ranch. Aiming for 100,000 head of cattle (300m ha.) eventually. Alexander had talked w/ Dr. Magro Coelho, head of family, at Faza, Santa Lucia. He had said formerly professional hunter w/ dogs, but now wildlife protected, then hunters put themselves elsewhere. Coelho said we could stay there but in July, vacation time, many family visitors. Brother of C. = Dr. Helio C., of Campo Grande. Htdrs. Guaicuru 9 July Sunday. Overcast/stormy, cold! Anne & I walked to W. for about 1/2 hrs., then back. Dry fruit, many locos in ground. Tracks of "fox" common on path. Also dogs said tracks - possibly not domestic dogs. In area of atrebulas (no notes), thin table, green; we heard howler monkeys & moved toward them but did not see. Band of about 8 rusty jeep w/ black body driving

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C. Kofard Journal 9 July 1972. Sunday Fzda. Pedequera, Mato Grosso, Braz. in loose flock (like Drawings of Mexis ?). One rit, 2 pair of pellet-type wood- pickers, on 6-8" diam. trunk, 10-20 ft. up. Vermillion flycatcher, and white (flycatcher ?) same open area. Den trees occasionally, enter small den run w. white tail bird (lazy hen nozoma ?). In his yard, always had a young nozoma, done in select about 1" long, very tame, pettable. | About 1:30, departed for Miranda by car with Pedro Clement Kug. He said he saw pecarier from this main road. Crossed Miranda just on bridge; 50g. south. The town, about 5000 inhabitants. We stayed at Pedetritico quarter, next to church on playground. Clon & Claudio (Brazilian padre) said much hunting by local people on weekends. Claudio said a jaguar reported killed at place about 20 min. away, recent. day. Remained cold all day. Miranda, Mato Grosso 10 July 1972. C. Kug took me to Miranda Estancia by jeep; he had driven there about 1 1/4 hrs. on bit road, though about 15 gts. Passing the river's, more swampy. Saw a jabiru, swampy parade w. water hyacinths, gojara, tern, sunhija. a driver run around near road, fleeing spread tails. white bars, seeming to by C. Kug direct flat of tail later, rest up. Also saw 2 rheas (emaciated rhea said to be associated after). Candy house, 20+ buildings at center, next to large reservoir. Main barn luxurious. Living room about 30' long. Several jaguar skin rugs. Antlers and skulls (gojara) on walls. Own fireplace, a line of gojara shells- purple 20 a max. another shelf held smaller ones, perhaps some of pure. A board meeting in progress, so met some officers of company. | In yard, cage w. 37+4 gojara, another w. parrot & owl. Macaws in yard, flying free. | The administrator, lounge, apparent run of area. | Is interested in wildlife. said now prohibited hunting (except pecarier & armadillo ?). Said father had killed many gojaras, perhaps over 100. He had killed several. He estimated 30-40 run on the ranch, mostly in the swampy eastern part (300,000 ha. all together). He thought, home range about 15 km. diam., but depended on food supply & nos. rates.

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C. Koford 78 Journal 10 July 1972 Miranda, Mato Grosso, Brazil! David [illegible] killed more cattle than jaguars. He had lost some jaguar in camps, or could not follow w. dogs (large Brazilian dogs, like brown great Dane, said derived from early slave-driving dogs - we saw several). Says jigs. dogs prey its water first - run fairly long distances, large animals - fish, slops. And- really move faster further, each day. In about 5 days, ready to feel again! Thinks produce more than 1 litter /yrs. Because said mammam - can be seen down with car or at times. One man said news (blatserer) present, but hunting strictly forbidden (many antlers on walls).|George said his father bought ranch about 1950, when Searle Daniel was there. They bought all of Daniel's equip- ment, to stop commercial hunting. Daniel had compound about 50' wide, in which he photographed jaguars. (George said heard that S. did recently.) One man said not to believe everything in Daniel books. Jorge said he had killed about 20 (?) jags. in 20yrs.; last about 2 1/2 yrs. ago, became ranger men habitations. | George invited me to come in a few days & stay, said that we could probably see jaguar trapper (go by horse from road). No said some ocelots but seems, or hunted heavily for pelts - if got outside ranch, taken. Had used box traps to take ocelot in parts (it did not know skin price.) |Took some [excellent good] hopeful photos of skulls in house, w. borrowed flesh. George interested in introduc- ing exotic game to ranch - zebras, antelope. Jorge said that hunted jaguars could pick most possible place to turn & attack pursuers. We low thought animals had defensive home ranges; rare to find two together. |Returned to Miranda. On mid ridges about 3' w-de cover of lunch buildings, old nests of Fumarium, with Passer domesticus on & around (also in ? them). 11 July 1972. Task 0830 hrs for Camps Grande, about 6 hrs., just atopse. Agui- duvana larger than Miranda. Shot dirt. to w., range of rocky hills, with some nearly vertical red cliffs about 300' high. Patchy cerrant (?) forest along base of cliffs. camps there later. Most of road good red dirt road through "cerrado." Looked for Fritz Blumh,

João Borges Neto Aero Rural Vila Nicodemas Fritz Blume Magnus M Coelho Fz de Tupacratán Toto Radon

A. JORDAN Journal 11 July 1972 Campos Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil. recomm. by A. Moguavini; moved to Corumba. Bought 12 July 1972 issue of Cruzeiro, which included article by Claude Koch on jaguar hunt in Mato Grosso. Various people think refer to Fzda. Caceres- of Joao Borges Neto (Rio & C. Grande). 12 July 1972. Wednesday. Overcast morning. Waited for Miranda Est. pilot, + searched for him. No luck. Writ to residence Fritz Bloema; moved to Corumba. Rainy day. 13 July. Thurs. Pilot, Cogan Franco arrived wr. note; can go to Miranda on Monday. Visited Lido Silva, Syubela - only cattle-rancher-like. Neighbors now working on fazenda. Wildanimal skin trade terminated, prohibited for over a year. Went to Aero Rural, (Aero Rural, Vila M'cDana) to look for Fzda. Caceres- owner, Joao Borges Neto. Found his house, but he had flown off to ranch. Left note + introductory letter for him. Went to secretary of Magnos McKelvie, in Libby, ref'd to Hotel C. Est. Not speaks English or Spanish. About mid 50's, (Sta. Luzia) energetic. Said no commercial hunt on ranch since 1948. All pastoral - not cutting forest. Wet area. Know of only one cow killed by jag during last 2 yrs. Said 60% of cattle of Mato Grosso in Pastoral. Suggested Fzda. Tipote (Aguidana) ceretan, of Toto Bados (Luisa b. on ranch), as source hunting info - they been afternoon. Jago + egg. Left Lido Silva, of old Caceres Bears articles, of this family. Springy. 14 July. Fri. Took 0830 line for Corumba, about 4 hr. trip. Overcast, spiky morning. Good red dirt road. Stopped Aguidana (clean, pound), Miranda. Beyond, mor pade on pastoral. Aow two jaguar by road, many cassowars, oxen. Dendrocygne, curibotes, white egrets, comancus, parrot flower, lemingbirds. Round his longuasi, about 300 m.; no large. Fleeting rifts of hypocantho going down stream. Beyond, flat pastoral w. scattered brush, trees to 50' tall or grasslands. Then more tree, many in pink flower (Talemia?). Up about 200 m. over a line of hills, red rock in parts, covered w. dense-grown forest, mostly leafless, to about 90' tall. Many sq-mile sub-dense forest. Down to lower level. Rumber. Much almost a partly closed forest. Many of the hanging stork nests, often 2 or 3/tree, in spread leafless tree. Stop Corumba. 74

Alexander Ferreira - admin., Bodoq. George Ellis - admin., Miranda E. Tonito Marquez pilot - Bodoq. Palace Hotel, C. Gr. Cezar Franco Alt., Miranda Est. Sidro Cedro 145 - Vila Cabruera. C. Gr. Fritz V. Bluma c/ Universidade, C. Gr. (Paraty), posteiros - Pantanal) 14 -- R. Curado, Corumba- Mugno M. Coelho (& Antonio) Edit. Coelho - 915 13 de Maio, C. Gr.

C. Koford 50 Journal 15 July 1972 Grumba, Mato Grosso, Braz. Apparently prosperous town, perhaps 5,000. About 5 tall modern buildings. On Paraguaí River - many boats about 50', & some steel hulled about 100', at close at shore. Reple Hyacinth, some over 5 yds. long, going downstream. A line of fishing boats in stream. Some very old Spanish building. Many leather shops, several gun & sport goods shops, but no spotted cat skins or parrot saw. Some had guayaza shells, tamar roads. Only cattle driven seen waterfront. No animal products evident on market (no down, feathers). At skin wild Frits Blume, guarda, painted costume expert (for Cavalcanti, vol 14 -), but he about to trip (can not find him thru University in Campo Grande). Rain late afternoon. Manganese mine said to be about 20 km. distant. A small museum in center city; included jaguar's sport, some snakes (did a pickled), old photos area. 16 July 1972. Sunday. Took 0840 train to Miranda, about 6 hrs. Good rain driven pastured. After cross P. ruin on bridge, then open stands of pure "paratiba" trees, to 20-30'; some in yellow flower .3' native grass under. Done near Tenente Viana's. Then area of cerrado, deciduous forest, or Fogdo. Bodognava. Visited Padre Palentzeiter (2 Americans, Glen Abbott & Ken Knopp) in Miranda. Previous arrived figures of Nova Suza - vi see. 17 July. Monday. Telephoned Miranda. Got. for truck & waited. Came about 3/4 p.m. Recent heavy rain as much water on road. Saw on road: 1 gentis, 1 wood warbler, 1 saetia. A gp of 6 large swan. Sp. 10+ blue macaw, flying. Big like just before how a few water buffalo near it. Lake had corvinans - count? or shoe about 6' long. (March by edge had Thresis thines, duckers, jacanas, g.d. heron, big egret, lapwings, flycatcher (?) all black sps. white head.) Flights over lake to us, late afternoon. Battered gp of rusty hawk (Da brite. Parota, ibises in flooded lines, small flake ducks, egrets. / Ocrea patoda in cage; said 10 yrs. long, & taken sub, a sp. No production young yet. The & over panda wolves hearing sound, north open, large stiff cul, now almost spotted, playful. / Several large land turtle in yard. In see talked with veterinarian, live 6 months, Pedro Davila. He knew many Sabel (?) ```</thinking> `[illegible]` </think>```json {

article - A mulher na Transamazonia. Marchto. No. 1056. July 15, 1972. pp. 78- Color photos. "Agrosolar" - cooperative settlement - spaced 10 km. "Travessao" - clear lines every 5 km. road, going in 5km. "Loter" - along there, for wid families. Plant. Hunt. Program of INCRA. Pay own period of 20 yrs. Also an "incentive" program for developing land. Pare. Alto Para Parque? Cara Cava S. Lou. J. Borges. Narvo Tres Bocas Dorache Guanandi - fed. of land, Aquidauana. Pocue - base of piloto. Bororo ndiahi - hunts jag. muchj Kuaws

c. Koford 51 Journal 17 18 July 1972. Miranda Estancia, Mato Grosso, Brazil. pastoral fazenda. Had walked on Caceres for a year - said many men p. thus, killed perhaps 200 cattle/yr. Adj. fda. of Braschi (Paul Natividade) had English administrator; also many jaguar, esp. in area called Sete Valter. Healthy rem. of Sao Paulo had houses in Tres Bocas area, yet Curico- & Paraguai. / Talked w/ George Ellis. He said that man killed by jaguar at Caceres, about 1 yr. ago (when hunting) - got behind tree, but jog. reached around both sides & grasped. About 3 yrs. ago, neighbor tried to kill 4 w. spears; it went to side toward a woman, & he attacked & wounded jaguar. [?] peccary] Finally shot. But man's scalp torn off from rope forward. Queixada - very dangerous; large bird, 4 centiles beyond edge; jaguar fear & seldom attack - but take many p cariteu. Jaguar eat many caimans - they got one too. Also take one. A fat ema in yard put head into jag. cage, & jog. grabbed head in mouth. Man tried to pull ema body four out, but head came off. Jog. also in dense thicket, higher ground; even may not be tall. One called 44, from size (?) tracks, hunted about 20 times, unsuccessfully. / Jabiru - now building stick nest not far from house. Piseda - rare; found one on road. Blasturus - present, but protected; several sete antler on wall, but mostly found, not killed (one set Oyetocera antler in well). Blasturces - hard but big hunter for kids; can be approached from dammied to 5 meters. In swampy places. Eng - nests now. When late Aug., may see 20 young together; hard to run down. Serania - not associated w. ema; rarely flies, but if pursued in can very fly once. King vulture - have but not many; in rocky area found a large doury young which he thought was this; no color head, had smell in place (perhaps black vulture ?). 18 July Tues. Short walk, 7 a.m. Clear, cool, calm. Much noisy bird

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C. Kopard 52 Journal 18 July 1972. Mirante Estancia, Mato Grosso, Brazil activity in swamp dry house. Jp. 5 lemurings, apparent squirrels. Heard Alsatia calls in distance, to SE and to NW. Saw 2 blue macaws flying. About 1030 departed for retiro's Delinha, far to W. about 2 hrs. in jeep, much or muddy road or thin water or road. Initially though closed forest, later then surrounded with swampy ponds, near a caneta; clumps and lines of mata. (our woods natives) Near side, Jp. 5 blue macaws flew. Saw four animals along roads. Vultures, caracaras. Two jabirus lay one pond. Delinha in clearing; palm hut 4 2 families; with me man, Sue & I went to search for onça tracks, leaving about 1:30. He had seen track about 3 days ago. We stopped and looked at shore around pond. For along creek later when many by-stands - Later, (plastuceros) tracks small den, and some clots he said. Then about 4 hrs. alongside for retiro; largely thin 4-5 ' thick grass, scattered burders. Our guide then said needed all day to search. We started similar route on jeep road, 10' wide, too muddy for car. Searched border another pond, 100' across. Then from here he saw onça tracks on road. There was fine set, an "Patida" animal, for about 100 yds. Tracks came out of grass, went in. Looked nearly as fresh or tracks of dogs with us; probably made last nite. Came out of bunchgrass to road, later back in. Bunches have recent trails between them. Area "Canjas de mercin". Old tracks, guide said was Tamandua (Driscyon) canidius (Myrmecophaga). Found remains of a delinha (sound skull) - grey hair w black tips. Oldest track: Measured 11 to 12 1/2 cm. wide, between outer edge of 4 toes. Toes, & whole track, nearly circular. Guide thought made grande, larger than seen previously. When asked what ate, he said "gods, gads, mites." Back at retiro, other seemed rather surprised we had found tracks. This area flooded & isolated about half year. Started back about 5 p.m. Again saw jabirus, toucan (toca). After dark, met 4-9-banded armadillo on road. (jeep now run x built one). / At ranch house, about

with anca track - outside toes. > pilot-hunter Poccé = Ignacio. About a year ago, shot by accompanying hunter by accident. (6 minutes) Once would wear an obj. forgets of Liviu Rada. Vet.- Mundo art. M Salu D'ávila Agredo Book - Português Contemporâneo. Georgetown Univ., Paris, Wash. D.C. 2007 1966. Maracabai Abra Cla Penal (?) Padre Redentristas - Vigários de Paragua 79380 Miranda, MT.

C. Kofod 53 Journal 18 July 1972 Miranda Estancia, Mato Grosso Brazil 30' up in flamboyant, commuted most of small long pointed-tailed guan parrots; 2 seen in each of 2 of the 3 entrances... Took photo. Jorge Olbei said next two civil gyans. | Jorge said that arapa santurim whistle like ticsmon (Crypturellus) In eve, with headlamp, saw red eyes about 20 canines in swampy broken lake near home. Bats flew low mean + under mango tree in yard. Saw caprimulgids on road while driving; heard near house in evening. 19 July 1972. Wednesday. Cirim boys; women. In swamp near houses, where brushy corn, capilara droppings & old skull. D. said can see jaguars, canquado, caïtatu. | Many charbelacras in front edge just N. of retiro's buildings; many colas seen, morning. | Yesterday saw trayan with red vesta, green back, along road. | G. said hard to find serro (Blastocerus) than onça. He could recommend no specific place for guaxiúva - said in swampy banks, near water. | We paddled around edge of W. half lake; saw edgetons, beavers, gorillas, but no manimals (2 hrs.). | About 1/4 mi. E. of house, 2 scremers (Chauna) Chavino on green grass meature; flew when approached to 100'. Later photos 2 in swamp edge, at about 60'. | Saw glary iris, black & white silva. | About 2 p.m., D. showed us jolin's nest above road about ½ mile E. of house. In middle large tree, then leaf cover, on open branch about 30' up, a pair of storks about 5' diameter, 3

Lila Doherty Arbuckle, Colf. About 1967, came to St Aguediana area to hunt.

c Keford 54 Journal 20 July 1972 Miranda Estancia, Mto Gr. Changes Morning walk 1 hr. Two pairs Caimans about 50 yds apart, in shallow swamp (a few rocks) edge lake. On nearby dry gravel, group of about 15 large nightjar?, white backs on long slow surges, as seen at Paivis. When disturbed, again landed in grass & became almost invisible. Black throats, white belly. Nearby group Almettas in distance, perhaps ½ mile distant. Two Tukuratins roosted in jabiru nest tree. Glossy blue flicker about 10; flew in line ^. Large pigeons on ground; blue- grey loxias w. pale arm upper dead area; 50+. At entrance to main house, common parrot rest of rough sticks (few old coconut flowers) among coconuts (long tail, yellow green breasts; dark shield red, black, yellow [round].) Falcon (aglemado? - broad under tail is white; white fore & throat w. u. black mustache) on branch w. dead bird (Furnarium rugos?). When I flushed it, flew with prey. Parrots screamed much and several mobbed hawk in air. | Saw a cayugura in area broadcast green at edge lake; reminded me of a woodst, hen-like. | Truck took me to Miranda. Down jalime; several blue macaws en route. Brief visit w. Padre Pedestrista. Then 2 p.m. train to Aguadana. There met Pe. Ricardo Fiorini (sp? ) and others. Found that Lincoln Bonder on fogenda. Ricardo took me to visit Anatol Zuiewski (sp?), 1479 7 de sept, who had been friend of Gascha Sewnd. Z. had visited many fogendas in “focalização” work. He had several photos of Sewnd – one with small children, wife,

C. Kofard 55 Journal 20 July 1972 Aquidauana, Mato Grosso, Brazil at Baronesa Camello, on Miranda Colonia, in 1944. Z said S first hunted in Densalador area & north. S had bone boat, river boat, all Hunted equipmt. Hunted many areas. (I think) he got 200 or so for removing an area pir- [illegible] toas. (Conversation with Z in Portuguese). Z had photos at least 2 hunters. Mirial, in 1965-66, Anoesia, Campos do Indio. Z remembers little of biological data; thought S had notes on size, weight, etc. S civil addresses: Green Lane, Penns. Newwood 2324. Later - S Mirial, Museum and Stree, Rte. 29, Carbondenville, Pa.] Z said some called once through barrel of shotgun. Z said only .22 rifle necessary to disabled shooting ins at medial eye. Said ate many guayaba - also alligator, turtles, tapir - usual list; not antelope. Z first in Mato Grosso in 1927, when rough dangerous place. Z thought this Foz do was still an oca hunter & equipment on Trepacement (SP ?), next to Miranda. Son of Z, about 20, said did much local hunting near Aquidauana at night. They both knew well of prohibition of hunting cats. Z said family saw and lost top of strike to trade oclete. Steel trap - once p. claws off own foot. Son said oclete not far from town. | We stayed with Padre Redentorista. 21 July 1972. Gordon had not returned from Trepacement. We visited Sr. Sr. Sady Braga in Aquidauana. He had Foz do. Saison, aunt of Mir- anda cat. Said had hunted 1946 to 1962 (when injured by gunshot). Said killed 64 onca pintado, only 4 parda (thought none or pantanal). Known & avoided Serral; said once S put camera in with joguin, & latter feared the snake. He hunted now on his Ariraguas. Said joguin almost finished - also latia and arianabo. Oclet - no info. He said had never met commercial hunter. Ranchers paid Serral expenses to hunt their areas.

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C. Korod 56 Journal 21 July 1972 Aquidauana, Mato Grosso, Brazl/ He said cervo also rare, largely because of softors. Said cervo selecte, had bad times during dry periods. Fazendario pro- ject cervo now. Less flooding than years ago - unfavorable to cervo. Hot weather, once pastados may lie in water. He has hunted only w. dogs, in day. No killing at night. Rare for pursued joguar to go upater. Jog. kills cattle by letting back of head. Eats gado, canino, gurejado, caicatu -and lint. Seemed sympathetic to wildlife. Said he had killed six joguirs. Told story - about 1910, man killed pregnant & ; opened, had 2 cubs. One kept alive as pet-slept on bed, guarded daughter. One when licked girls arm, she pulled away & joguir bit her. Sent to zoo in Rio. One day shot at a really killed keeper. Moral - never really tame - inherently wild!

1940 period of the [illegible] - an incident at which I had just looked back, started something -- you knew not quite what and never once told which nature in all your stating ways, alternated once at leaving of aid to go in public or get in paper on photo list and look a deal pasted plate which did get out one of it was it altogether based but how attention, watching primary jobs was 1951 made -- postulated imaging so called kind and kind. Told that no much told me when I had to know; I thought behind hiding this providing behind only one all good learning, both (?––) - I didn't get out. In range at told and told anyway's power der I believed in it -- not plan was -- from. And had told.

56+ 57 July 1972 Miranda Re: Reeds said - about 1 yr ago, a Scandinavian man (w. wife & child) came to area and took photos in Pantanal, later published in Ouryei's o Marchete . who ? Miranda Est. Serge - one or 2 cattle killed by area one night. Then scattered in pond. One was moving, and we went toward it only to find Orca eating a carcass. Aquaduava 21 July 1972 Sady Borges - 64 o.p., 4 parts '46-62, Panda - few, in Pantanal, but dull colors. Fyda. Ssican, w. of M. Tirapicatan - 1. Ponder, Aquidava. 21 July 1972. Took 4 p.m. train from Aguinaldo 22 July Sunday Sat. to Campo Grande, arriving after dark. Then took late bus to Sao Paulo and to hotel. 23 July 1972. Tried to call Nogueiro away. Maya Took afternoon bus to Rio de Janeiro. To hotel near Playa Carioca. Rio de Janeiro 24 July Monday, To Museum. Wrote letters + answered mail. Met Helmut Siek briefly - no time to learn jaguar, but he said had had some experience with them. Tried to get Marodo no luck again. Talked w. Fernando P. again.

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO Em Do Ao Assunto

(1) 25 July 1972 Rio de Janeiro at Museu Nacional, talked w. Dr. Jose C. de Carvalho, Dept. Entomology. He is member N Research Council and also w/er w. IBDF. He thought that idea of 4 mill. ha park in Pantanal absurd, because land valuable & already taken up in forestry. He favour smaller park, 50 thousand ha, with cooperating surrounding forestry. He thought food supply very important, and that only wet area survived it. Trans. Amazon highway & branches, to be developed 100 km. each side. Recent paper by Mario Pereira in Science et Nature, #110, 1972, on Le destin de L'Amazonie, had figure of resulting area. C thought amazonia still largely undeveloped, but mature rain forest poor for jaguare because of lack of food. Smuggling - Bolivia to Santar (under trade agreement), Leticia, Parã. Juggling of papers to import. Prohibition of all commer since 30 april 1971. Any proved had before, can still sell. C surveyed stocks as of that date - Maracaja - 38,507. Isto (=uniii) peludo - 56,914. O.Fls. pintada - 28,278 (=tiguia) Onça 21,249. Puma - 170. O.peta 7. About 130,000 spotted cats only - not the million revived. These stocks from Para (mostly shot-baited cat; F.tiguias), Para, Amayvora, Maranhão.

Braz.,1 Biological preserve - 6 Caraara - 80 000 H. M.T. Serra Negra 1 100 Renem. Sooretama 24 000 Esp. S. Nova Lombardia 4,347 ES Conegos de Vento 2 400 ES, Nat. Park - 12 Anaguara 460 000 ha. - largest. N. 1/2 of Ilha de Bananal. Florestas Nacionais 12 Reserva Florestais 9 - One n Carinana; w. of Belem. Estac. Flor. de Experimentação - 8 Delegacia in Belem, Maraua. IBDF, R.10 Antonio Carlos 607 12º Publs. - 7th fl.

(2) 25 July 1972 Rio de Janeiro Sales of skins confiscated, should be included in IBGE book, Annuais Estadisticas, said Carvalho. Seems apparently in Dept. Agriculture - C, theirs should be in Interior. These are state game officials (wardens?), C. says. Needed - enforcement of Pan American Convention, Bolivia & other countries. There have been skin confiscations in Oceanic - Schwerty? Dr. Spots Fechner - from Brazil. Should allow import only with papers, saying raised in Brazilian states. Carvalho will go to College Station, Texas, soon for a stay of one month. He has large pencil table of skins for or hand when trade stopped, & hopes to finish & publish - wayby finished by January. Went to downtown office of IBDF on or Antonio Carlos, 607, 12th, and received copy of game laws. On 7th floor, at Biblioteca, saw bulletins already published and secured some. 26 July 1972. Again to Museu Nacional. Met Dr. Castro Cora (Inst. Florestal) de Carvalho, family at Museu Izoldi, now with forestry C.P. 1322, dept in São Paulo. He thought probably jaguar or Marajo, and probably a Moro do Diabo preserve near state line west (?) of São Paulo. / Fernando P. suggested Jenney at museum in Montevidos as source of information. Unable to get Dr. Machado, hunter. Wrote a letter to him, & to João João Marjém. Prepared to depart Brazil.

Mario Poian - Inst. de Entomologie Agraire de L'Universite de Pavie (Italie), 1972. Seconde et Nature article, #110. Assunto Do Ao Ref. Annuario Fitodistria 136-E Bools - Viagem por Brazil von Spix & von Martius engravings trop. annuls IBDF office - Carvalho Bateria de Caça, 1972 Em Av. Antonio Carlos 607/12º Mr. Odilon. Plastic relief map Brazil - Editora Mondavet S/A, Sao Paulo, about 2' x 3'. Colors. (Made in Italy..)

60 Journal 27 July 1972 To Buenos Aires, Argentina Took Varig flight, scheduled 0830 to B.A. Over an hour late starting. Flew over tropical-blue sea w/ scattered white clouds. Then over coast, probably of R.G. do Sul. Sea muddy, a white sand beach, and behind this lies a long muddy coastal lake or estuary. Land dry, mostly rolling grassland, patchy trees, obvious farm blocks, shrubs or trees in band along water courses, meandering rivers. Probably grazing lands. Then overcast later until arrived B.A. No customs inspection. Went to downtown hotel. Telexed Dr. Crespo for morning appt. B.A. cool. People bundled up in coats. Dark clothes. But hustling along Av. Florida. 28 July 1972. Friday. Went to Museum - out Corrientes to N, then about 5 blocks on Angel Isidro Zaballos. Dr. Crespo in office - about 65 yrs. Friendly and open. He had rough range maps of the cats at hand. F. colocolo p. the most common - (I saw many women wearing these furs in coats. Small black spots.) F. geoffrayi - central Argentina, reach Patagonia. F. pardalis - far N., + few. 10-15 yrs. ago, many in Misión. Firma "El Rey," Salta, has some. Also in Aguas park. In one city at Belis. Boder, 500 secret traps sold, C. said. Much hunting of these in Bolivia, which F. minidii - rare, but desired and hunted.

571 pahlf r-5 To Professor Baron von Wollaston. A.D. et Jacobi de la Caille, qui n'est a l'Institut de Paris (Motte), au bout - transport vers neuf - quatorze, etc. 1772. Duvet et Molin. quaterne, etc. transverses. etc. abrolea studer britannica, ur a, globum veli. 28th & 30.9. ju publor? a nul ante handel briga. Jacobus studor brut. quarante et videb. lotuora globum qual quart videro, hederago jindler plitana, yel. Ref. inventio studer, Jacobus moraf universa Camperii Eledistia 186 professor, universi atque quidam in velit. abual gyrar? pblor9 , quinar dt .A.DI boinna kima-midel tranvo Bachlund et tulley montesparna antous Kiegan per Brond -monte-sparna antous hoppa gyanum vel ager. D. barbeflet ltel. for Apus & van Mieris sed atque unqui ballual digned . loco .A.D engraving hop, anno startet ad quo? jultual tud, valoli. - uuum et tenu globum 571 pahlf 8.5 a nullo e tuodo veli.4 & alterred tue motaffe in quod vide abrolea-dtural legus Caberach . nefa kua yblinut, apg.3 dt tundo hunde to stelkafte Jopar egar elvar Ov. Arminio stelkaifte Jopar egar elvar quae-Ost-Opn -innua tem ob 9 depleca .7 lunde , atque in rufi veli jincum tonum jintuged lotuora? Sprangflg,7 l.atoga stoll ob unit + "ref. andalibity two Reinbated doxen "910" maj 3. valabunt in quam (sgo .apr 21-01 brachistophylaxi inula. unum nod, etc. ,huo sunt talera oo2 , nund, ride to pta ero talo, sider in cubits jatial dum. bias.9 ,kitual bra breada tud, uran - interin.

28 July 1972 Buenos Aires Jaguate - mostly Misiones, rain forest. Recently some in isolated area of Cordoba. Hunter got about 1000 pesos nuevos for skin. No hunting commence in effect of jaguar skins legal (butchler inferred stock?). Paraguay - no protection of cats or wild animals. Considered tourist attraction. Friend recently saw piles of giant otter skins in warehouse, Paraguay. Formosa - train line goes & goes through dry country - 15 yrs. ago, jagu. came to roost near train stations. Across N. Argentina, wet in Misiones & E. Formosa, then dry central, humid again in foothills in W. Some in NE came (?) Sanjojos de Esteros. J.C. suggests area of Oran, near S. point of Palicia. Rio Colorado area to W. had jaguar. Santa Maria had wet forest. Tartagal, to NE, now important area, now being developed for oil. Senia Santa Victoria, NW of Oran, good potential area for pavane. (Oran between wet & dry zones?). Vicuña - a reader at Alva Pompa, S. of La Quiaca, had some; also alpaca, llama, chinchilla. Road W. of S. Antonio de Cobres had vicuña 15-18 yrs. ago. Also some in Andes to W. of San Juan (possibly vicuñas there). Habitat destruction great, espec. in Misiones during past 20 yrs. Argentina - one of (?) first in S. America w. Natl Parks. Neosaurus - still many, or jaguaras in S. also plenty of rheas. Swart? Some rumber, plucks rheas & release; sell feathers.

and sword please, there was minimum platform - strength to attack, which I do not believe in our potential to find out some way soon tanks (in principle) legal ideas maybe happen in idea for initiation on - prepared (? data interests training husband winning blue ideas into thing to align more, therefore break and next - earnest . prepared consider in gp 21 - please grab different idea to save antata must wear stone at some point after earnest. I'm minimum in two, integrated. It could all else in mega bond, but we got I called it spiritual (?) since IH in word. W is another for times & near, maybe for me happening. OT never studied, maybe but, W it was shared and distinguish now IH at, definitely - there troubled studied mind this of big enough final man, some of our initiators being more for WH, similarly (? very job that we wanted now) . earning of 2.5 requests also to ensure a - surely selected, namely people who, near but remaining earnings, but needed as minimal 2 for W bond to not make in some solo, maybe gp 18-21 (auto-entering platform) and few granted minimum in various keep interested totally & in brief (?) focus - integrated. Maybe there what that we wanted & in victory of us, from data - research! also return and more. weeks to study solo without idea smaller & much

Journal 62 28 July 1972 Tucuman - Dr. Miguel Zello, Oroz & Esteban, orithologists. May have field information. I then went in afternoon to office of Dr. Juan Carlos Izodoy, former veterinarian, in charge of Caza y Pesca. He issued permits for effcts of animal skins - this includes foxes, racoons, beas, egiana (over 1 million pones/yr.). I saw one for 1,200 F.geoffryi. Can export skins as long as legal in state province where taken. Joguen probilities, however (unless foreign origin proven? - also, fur coats). Office on Av. Belgano, no. 845, B²; hours 1p.m. - 7p.m. Pleasant man, about 65, good English, voluble. He had published book on Fauna Silvestre, 1963, Consejo Federal de Inversiones, Republica Argentina. Compilation of info. on species species + all laws up to then, in Spanish. Now out of print. He hopes to bring up to date & republics | To take and export animals, must get permit from Izodoy, then from state where to be hunted, then get animals, then permit from Izodoy. Some fees paid, but do not go into wildlife dept. | Izodoy also said habitat change had been great, with weened crops, oil development. He had little biological data on cats. He listed some tanneries + fur dealers in his area, which I might visit. He knew my name from previous work (Garden Bump had worked in Argentina - he had left equipment for game bird research station near B.A. (Marcello?). He thought Paraguay the

58 lowney STRI Wt. 8.5 , milled a good , all things and - moment / . introversive bliss and yet , stregolations of Dr. J. I do sniff at months in new net-l to speak in , minuscule words , pastel colors for steps of stories twice it , said if you miners, awful bodies out - minds being man b. (perhaps illness) over a year, as mild truffle* . upguff? I did not . what other miners, states in legal words infer many individualized , totalizing new-fangled grouped as we sniff it. (strangely, also - ? second man travels . m.t.-m.l and .28.348.01 his had published all scholars, did? So two-dozen a future Federal & (Ed?) , actually must in level down of Form filling , 196? of interpretation ? , intangible groups, in , and it for small + minor steps - a up said I expect all . Things to two not. Answered , victims traps him what -T | . Siblings & stab at state not out , picked only things top turn turnout , aliens tag set, but not as it who two of trends that keep self used , picked and total him one good | . topics filling upon becoming slow, strong and hot upclose stub big-scaled still but all . Translating his of + minuscule area total all , star in it times toplan & decide , are it is indeed streaked) down miners now over you word all but it - integral in below last speed unintended described ways of language the growing threat all ( Moran? . A.B.

63 Journal 28 July 1972 Buenos Aires supplies of cat skins. He also thought probably jaguar/ocelot in Iguazu park. The province game officials in Misiones (6 other prov. ?) as in the Tourism dept. (Dir. Turismo); I got address of last man known in office at Posadas, Misiones: On Calle Florida and vicinity, we saw many women wearing coats of F. geoffrayi, ocelot (gato onza), jaguar, a imitation of same. Some imitations of synthetic pile; others are of puma with printed black markings. We visited a few store where coats were sold. Some made of pelt of feet or bellies of jaguar, many pieces sewed together.. One fine long ocelot coat seemed to need 10 skins, well matched for color and spotting. At Dennis Furs, Embassy Center across from the Plaza Hotel, jaguar coats at over $2000 U.S. ex., ocelot about half that, short ocelot costs $5-600, gato montes less. There were at least 10 coats on display or on racks. This company did own manufacture. They become aware of no restriction on taking coats into U.S. There must be thousands of ocelot coats, hundreds of jaguar, in central Buenos Aires. 29 July 1972. Saturday. We took train from Plaza Constitucion to La Plata, about one hour, to visit student interested in jaguar studies, Miguel Angel Arra [Calle 40, no. 1397]. He had compiled much info about jaguar in Argentina, from goat publications and hunting-fishing magazines (Deana, Arma y Tris [still publ.] & Camping [declint.]).

(Diana, owner of this (still valid)) or Cramer (obviously). ...two and a half days ago in Derrytown. ...and a couple other things. It is not certain that the whole thing was published. ...or anything else. (TPE1 no. 462) ...in Derrytown. (Derrytown, Maine) or something like that. ...or maybe even in Derrytown itself. ...or something like that. ...or something like that. ...or something like that. ...or something like that. ...or something like that. ...or something like that. ...or something like that. ...or something like that.

Journal 29 July 1972 Buenos Aires + La Plata, Argentina. But he had not surveyed specimens in museums, and had not actually been to any of the places where he wanted to work. He thought there was a preserve of about 2 million hectares in W. Chaco, potentially good for study. He knew of Jimenez in Montevideo. Had not been to Iguazu. But his author + card files impressive. About 25 yrs., tall, black bearded, chain-smoking and somewhat nervous. We visited La Plata Zoo with him- one old & jaguar - cages rather dirty, poor repair. But good number people on Saturday. Also visited the La Plata Museum, where Cabrera had worked. Old ornith building, interior circular arrangement. Stuffed mannele & small habitat groups (Loxotoma, Canis, Dasyprocta), halls of articulated skeletons. Research quarters & collection in basement floor, not open today. Peter Arno said there was a preserve for Blastocercos in provt of Entre Rios. Camping vag., July 1969: 8-93, article: En torno de tigre y de gamboz. By Paul Ernesto Carnow. + p. 94, no author: Como se caza un tigre en 1969. Said that in Paraguay use small goat for bait, tied to ree. when jag. comes, put new bait, hole in jett w. Thelphus. At night when jag. comes (odor, cries of goat), helper illuminator and hunter shoots. A safari co. at Col. Eugenio Saray - camp 30 km. distant. 1 man for 14 days cost $2000, + $100/tigre.

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65 Journal 29 July 1972 La Plata, Argentina article figures square of 110 km.² w. C. Darby at center of W. side, bottom north of Philadelphia, E. side to W. of Rio Negro, as jog. hunting area. / Diario, Oct, 1960, no. 250, p. 64. Los tigres de Pintancas. Dr Rafael C. Agostai (250?), "catunias" - a trip of 1930's. Apparently much less in number than in Venezuela. 30 July 1972 Sun. Buenos Aires Visited various areas including zoo. Over all rather fat + far 2 cheetahs, afr. lion, tiger - but jaguar ? ocelot? Coyes old, rather run down. Some Plobati old cager with scallops + gerijlreed on top. Many people. Near Playa d'Italia. Dolichotis running loose on danna, when tame, sat in open. Sauro guaya in pen. 31 July 1972. Monday. Went to fur tanning of Deerfield (Babil Blanco 1350, out from Premio Junta), where talked w. president, Juan A. S. Menda: Asoc. Indust. de Aprestos y Tintorero de Pielas. It said taking of jaguar & ocelot prohibited for last 2 yrs., as so in Argentina, but some imported legally, other not. This company dresses furs for others - some died even sent from U.S. to have no interest in continuing supply of cats - do about 100 jaguars + 1000 ocelots per year. Stats notes - common - 1971, about 1850 new-to-ZF exported by country (jaguar #4, 136. in Curso Largo, Ano XXIV, Feb. 72, + other series. In 5 mos. of 19 72, 3,763 spotted - 1563 Holland,

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Journal 31 July 1972. 1200 EEUU, 1000 England. Price cats down now. Was $5-600 for untanned jaguar in Europe a few yrs. ago. Usually 30% waste in pelt skins. About 10 yrs. ago, improved cat fur through "reinforcing" - dying slightly blue to offset yellow colors. Trade agreement - sort of common market - w. Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru (?), or free exchange hide w/o duty (Andean Common Market?). Export figures captured by for hides + furs in Compañía General de Corrientes en Frutillar del Para, Av. Metre 360, Auckland (Tel. 22- 7411, 4408). Most tanning of guanacos - also much (suburb) fors, nutrias. Suggested see Dave Neishman, FIATP, Auckland, for statistics (Auckland; 22-46 22-7302). | In after- on, again visited office of Juan Carlos today, Director of Corps of Conservation.... International conventions - none on cats, but recent one on vicunas. Old general convention of 1940's. Also one on whales. Efforts - few of spotted cats last two years; last gato orga export, skins from Paraguay, Oct. 446/1971. Gato montes - effort often in thousands. cat Rare for skin to be unspotted then exported, the case for nutrias + some others (some from U.S.A.). Price of gato orga (ocelot) down since 2 yrs. ago. Godoy had one deer very influential, had 40 inspectors, one in each small tannery in BA (7-8 yrs. ago). Also high official in park - Latin first S. American country to lose (after U.S., Canada). Now had no people, mainly self + secretary. Had proposal developing for single national game law to set

"Lament" 31 July 1975 [illegible] 1500 £800 18:00 Cardiff [illegible] now? - I'm sure of it. I don't know. If you're right, then what's your evidence? And if not, why not? Or maybe you're wrong about that. But even if you are, (I?) wouldn't mind, quite a bit. You'd get me in trouble? - Well, we'd have to know the truth. So what is it? I think the problem was with someone else. Someone who didn't want to admit it. And that's why he couldn't say anything about it. The only thing he could do was lie. But then again, maybe he wasn't lying. Maybe he just didn't know better. Anyway, I'm sure you'll find out soon enough. Just keep an eye on him and see what happens. I hope this helps.

(B) Koford 67 Journal 31 July 1972 Mon. Broad Buenos Aires outlines; this would be implemented & applied within each province. This is still in preparation, but first draft! also, in 1965 had proposed a Convention Endemism for threatened & migratory species at some meeting, but no acceptance. | Iguazu - about 100 000 A. on Argent. side. Godoy said much poaching in park by Brazilians. He will give me introductory letter. | There is a Comité Argentino de Conservación de la Naturaleza, of which Godoy is now president (Av. Santa Fe 1145), O. Person & other N. Americans listed as consultants. 1 August 1972, Tue. Buenos Aires went to Museum & met w/ Alfredo Ximénez, of Montevideo, mammalogist working on taxonomy of F. giffreji & pardinia. Was with Van Gelder & AMNH gr. in Beni, N. Bolivia, a few yrs. ago, in area NE of Mogdalena. Said must tracks of jaguar & other cats there, tho saw none. Now few jaguar in Paraguay, th't thought, as Chaco too dry. Ocelote in E. central area), Fuerte Olimpio x'ts. east of Km. 145, Camps Esperanza. Also an area of Rosario, new Mato Grosso border NE of Asunción. Hugo Pease now at Pato Iguazú; had seen "type" safari in Chaco. X. thought unreliable date, may concurante. (Factor of P.W. dead jaguar, client, in an arma store on Plaza San Martín). X. said F. pardinensis = synonym of tigrina. F.g. Paraguayensis, all in Uruguay, apparently often

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Journal 1 August 1972 Buenos Aires eats food in tree, then feeds on ground, as shown by stomach contents. Also climbs eucalyptus tree to feed a small birds, such as parrots. urisii, which reaches S. limit in N. Uruguay, espec. two areas, feeds in tree; more strictly arboreal. No habitat diff. from geoffroyi domain. F.colomb, feeds ground, rarely climbs. Uruguay - many melanistic F.geoffroyi . X.thinks F.g. (= gatus matres) - X. had taller & fogain of measurements F.g., rough tatter of F.pandeli . Was going to São Paulo for long stay, to work on lots. X. said many hunter of lots in Paraguay; much use of steel traps, also sticks traps. X.thinks F.g. now more common in Uruguay than 10-15 yrs. ago, when he first trapped for them. He said some caught in daylight, so not strictly nocturnal. Thinks F.g. can breed twice a year, 3 cubs, so high breeding potential. But difficult to keep & break. Melanism may be increasing - white furrs not desired by public - about 10% of F.g. are melanistic. / X. says many gatus matres costs in lower Montevideo, few of fogain or ocelot. Some officials of govt. want to introduce exotic animals, including leopards, for hunting. Hard to explain difficulties w. exotics (today borders had much pressure to introduce exotics for hunting, tourism ). In Uruguay, why protected species is Arctosybelus, of which regular harvest of about 16 000 per yr. X. energetic & like personal.

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69 Journal 1 August 1972 Buenos Aires I looked over J. Crespo's range maps for Argentina. gioffrenzi - 4 subsp.; all over Argentina to about 41°S, incl. open country. F. georgica - along Andes & Chile from about 40°- 48° S. jocasta - Andes, S. to about 32° (a little N. of Mendoza). pardinii - from (formerly S. into Córdoba). E. of Salta, S. to Corrientes, to about 29° S. In Brazil, in Sta. Catarina but not R.G. do Sul. F. tigrina - NE corner Salta - W. boundary to E. of pardinii. SE boundary S. of pardinii, into R.G. do Sul in Brazil. tigrina wiesi - like pardinii but in E. farther S. than tigrina or pardinii, into N. Uruguay . yagoundi - S. to about 41°, perhaps extending range to S. Mostly farther inland than pardinii. yagua - about 65° long. live in W., S. to spot along river in N& Córdoba (5-6 yrs. ags), generally to about 27°S., including N. Misiones . F. colocolo - all over Uruguay & most of Argentina. / X. had copy of proposal by P. Benie, U. Sea, to study all bands of spotted cats in Argentina, Paraguay, by radio telemetry & other means. Too all inclusive for 2 yrs., especially in difficult country (Juarana tongue, mosquitoes, disease). / Jiménez also talked w. Araya; I hoped would help him get started on limited project. Bob Brownell, working on dolphin, with funds from Smithsonian & Nat'l Geographin, accompanied Jiménez. / Max talks w. Crespo. stayed in downtown hotel.

105 August 27, 1931 The above is an integral infusion of red fwoodbark b. 2°+2 Tundt at integra woollen (polish P - igwafff) dile + which yield - mighif. - putrescine mayo pindulin at 0, miluna - stalingy. 2°84 - 104 Tundt surf surf - indibrog. (grainum 8 V stool o) °55 Tundt (obtain at 2 min) liquid sub. 2°+5 Tundt at putrescine at 0, then fo 2 3hr weight f. dil at 0.9 % initial count at in period 36. indibrog fo 3 at period w - still more. -stains ingot figures in dil at 0.9 the indibrog fo 2 indibrog no ingot with 2 dist of 3 in trail indibrog did require 1°+7 Tundt at 2 - diminishing, growing 4 min alcohol and butyric acid putrescine at after pindulin polutina at 0. V in mil. yield 25 Tundt - mighif T polunary (age, age 2-3) added 8 U in mix be - sulcus f. micronum V pindulin 2°+6 Tundt gypsum kid x1. integra f from a younger one which the plate set red. D mixed H gal European in ml, compared, mighif in star tetragrofo surf minium no pot. uncer into it putrid (appetiment) putrescine thiofho in pindulin, migh jars and lot sole juncum | (amino putugram between 2 sheets tip and all below held b mildly in pindun, lemon-dial. figuf steped then a normalised surf of them of to it with | . young binquinace fetal mixture in lyota

Journal 2 August 1972. Wed. Buenos Aires Visited Argentofur, 3012 Bóldoa. Stacks of tanned skins, mostly sheep but also gazelles, vicelas, shunks, Logotaurus. They export skins & garments. President, Jacobo Fiererman?, talked with me in Spanish, & was hospitable. Probably about 65 yrs. This firm processes about 10,000 skins garments (F.G.) per yr.; think about 20,000 used all furin per yr. All stamped by govt. often tanned & rejected. Loy kort (tapeds) again about 20 g. mater., 10 out, or 3 yogia. Think synthetic will never beat fur market much - people prefer natural product. Also, sheep fleece can be dyed & printed to resemble anything else. He serves 5 tanneries. Seefeld in largest tanning! Says some furs taken by poisoning carcasses - no commercial hunter, but poor people, sell to local store (boleche). Natura mostly from crockers. Think not many cats or gazelles coats in B.A. - too expensive. More in Germany, Switzerland. Much talk about markets & prices, which I did not get. | leather fur coat At a neighboring retail store, talked w. Mr. Correio, who thought synthetics were the coming thing and that skins of wild animals were exotic - really harder to get. But also thought that women want "lo que no hay," so natural furs would persist. Natural cats too expensive for most argentinians. | Again visited today. He confirmed that no commercial skin hunter,

Januari 21/2A brust fondeath, which s105, unfastened belt, and decaying machinery and rail under platform, inside stationery + window trouble got it. must stop windows in an old jacket (communist) school, February up 23 found plebian - A.D. Keptel now +, damaged "administration" inside 005, 01 found machine and with inside the base over tracks, wind! (up us) (-p-7) stationery + basement steps. trap rd January 20 . up us (00:01 station. p ac found winger (tragedy) find just and under blew inside traps which? - engine s- and, turns left-hand way (trap) - down train and gilgnadlean & letting + kept al herself quite | punct Keptel in belief . minute 2 comes all. rule on- machine machinery got what with was good look at blew upgoing tool, actual damages. machine and platform control. (checked) etc in other waygoes again stop gunner for which? gunpowder found in wall. example set - A. B | Kepten belfs like, mining to station tracks all but! now up instead checked. M . v killed , into later possible and just given at now switched-up thought ohw - into own elements blow p inside test box test object also tried - keep it usual plain section as "good or angel" from never impute at two built thing blow and getted time used | . unfastened turn up actual data damages on test beingfor all

Journal 2 August 1972 Buenos Aires “criollo” and that most animals taken by few individuals, by blows, all means possible including firearms & live bands. 10.101 This Faure Delastre volume, 1963, gave export of goats wintering over 1941-1960 period as 667, 743 (562,120 =30,000/sq.) from 1941-50); goats range 8,864. For 1972 exp export of goats winter was about 7,300. Bolivia - small store - exchange skins for goods. Later talked w/ Mr. Fellman (well?) at Maximilian Furn, nr. Plaza Hotel. Some fine goats winter coats, pun together so look like one piece w/o seams. or wool Needs about 20 skins. For October run 15, this can do with 10-12. Not manufacturing coat costs at moment. Retail sales; not export. Sells about 5 jogger coats per year. Thinker synthetic will not replace natural furs. Like others, emphasized poverty of new hunting skins, & that trade helped them. He thought only darge parks could preserve animals. Also much cattleland, & exports inside of order of wool. He thought that younger generation little interested in luxury & fine clothes, & this would diminish trade. But Germany wealthy & many fur coats thus. The journal PC/2, in German, featured stylish photos & coat ads including jogger coats. Center of trade at Frankfurt. Said many fur dresses in U.S. put out of business by labor unions. Few make but may get $ 4/day.

10/26 3 Aug 1971 & "milling" 101:01 157

Journal 2 August 1972 Buenos Aires Continued to sell tanned jaguar pelts in windows of fur wholesale stores, tho essentially no official imports. 3 August 1972. Returned to Ladroy's office and got letter of introduction. His assistant (?) said now only 6 people in federal game & envt. dept., including only one inspector. The badly need support thru influence on the Minister of Agriculture & Isconderies. I read Ladroy's proposal for a federal wildlife law. First point was that wildlife now belong to "nacion" under legal code, should be property of the public. Wants to finance w/lt thru taxes on guns, ammo, & hunting ept., part of casino winnings, other funds. Maybe IUCN could help with plane a support. In 1965, Ladroy had presented at a conven'tin a convenis for all South America for wildlife protection, investigation, cooperation, coordination - but no response. Working & fighting for wildlife w. little support. Went to Museum & looked at fossil bones of Megatherium, glyptodons, other huge edentates of past. Mylodon hair tuft about 1/sq. ft. looked fairly fresh. Again met Ximenes, who had suggested to Ara that walk on another species of cat, perhaps jaguar as feasible. Crespo told me of expansion of Onycotologes in San Juan area of W. Argentina. Also he said foxes hunted hard, as agricultural pest, and now scarce may areas where formerly abundant. Prepared for departure. 4 August 1972. Friday. Flier to Montevidio, up coast first, then up river to W. Our rolling grazing lands, dry, but spots w. many small round ponds. Inland, grass greener - than max cultivator, palm trees in fields, as reached Asuncion.

1 servust A August 5 (921) Dinmet undraw in attlefakoro stjarmhifje en platser alljunta dasklader uaf fo sag hans snffo sjpalad et limited .STP1-taugust 5 paur. koe (9) -trawne aM , interkambrie fo unted na pho pishdine, tapt, wase en umap lantef in dgrae d stiatet en medtfi antt Jaggerbaar plbad att . retsignis - enf humpre qyebad bundl , nirebined + antitarged fo qvald nor sjffdan tett wau tawr, taist, uel "hning lantef relativ att fo pterop ad blacks jubaljeled alne "stbar" att - en prame mag-rostat unte dwm wera af statuwal sjppat. chuf antt, aweme ziswae fo taerg , tippre patmual bel grinst 501-A . truggers wonnlig stin sjfled blawo 40/1 of mindad stied blif enwere so introwere to betwen - interwewse, retsignis, integratione, motering sfflune attll. en sjffdan af ptiljof + pishdw . wanspervan taed fo urud lantef to hebed & masuull att k.w | truggers trug jasttubareqad antt , statuttydjs mincktajerM . bnef pluef bakod , zf. po/ twado titt wial untoljM tatt aat et braggers bad eldr, nwanem X -tum iscpd . stued en uaregjerpbag, taeg fo nixage natione en dwe - uf skel in vagetypor ofo winawerke fo en blit apard , land tittad antef jure et sold . intagera 10 fo are - uone yearwewae won bro . thug pauttwaigp oas . untuaptt af brapad , trudmule glenof walu isnawet C af -retwented et matT . plabnt .STP1-taugust 5 - igjutter waro 10 et nwar spe, wed tairf twera bune gruen en sterftind , yder sjbal pigprg - enn nett - uenare inareg, lantud . alnag bnerer . minual blader oo , allif in wurtuler, untullies

Journal 4 August 1972 Asuncion, Paraguay About Asuncion about 350,000 in country of 2 1/2 million. Fine homes on edge town. Some modern building, such as bank, high rise hotel, in center town. Prices 50-100 % higer than Argentina (offer: shfl. 126 g to $, but can get 136). Went to Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, met Mr. Douglas, who called Phil Myers Jr. (MVZ grad. student). Myers living in rather large house & took us there. He has collected rodent lists, in area and hopes to do good doctral work on vesperal. Lists in compansion w. N.America. Felix Myers, 28 part Paraguay long cultivated, N.E. Still undeveloped. Asuncion, Paraguay 5 August 1972. Sat. Visited Robert Cator, in office. Tall, 65 yrs. a so. Has ranch of 109,000 ha., in chaco to NW of Asuncion, nr. San Juan de Bolazav. At first he said that cattle & jaguare didn't mix, so had to kill the jaguares. About 10 per year taken on his ranch, & no apparent decrease. He said they took good beef, usually 1-2 yr. olds. But pure were, or get into corn & killed all sheep. Cator 42 yrs. in chaco area. In N., where brush increasing, he thought jaguare increasing. Philadelphia a center for hunting & collection skins. A remote colony to E. of there. They'll holler before had searched country & settled on area nr. Chull. C. Daray, perhaps becomes more open than mr. E. border. Usually cliente got their jaguares, rather small. Cator said if cowboys jumped jaguar, would try to rope him. Personally shot jaguare w. a big pistol. Said had only seen 2 jaguare when

Loomis 4 January 1935 paragraph 200,006 ...institutions in 100,000 of which are owned by the state. The remaining institutions are owned by private individuals. ...of the total number of institutions, about one-fifth are owned by the state and four-fifths by private individuals. ...the remaining institutions are owned by private individuals. (201) ...institutions in 100,000 of which are owned by the state. The remaining institutions are owned by private individuals. ...of the total number of institutions, about one-fifth are owned by the state and four-fifths by private individuals. paragraph 200,007 ...institutions in 100,000 of which are owned by the state. The remaining institutions are owned by private individuals. ...of the total number of institutions, about one-fifth are owned by the state and four-fifths by private individuals. ...the remaining institutions are owned by private individuals. (201) ...institutions in 100,000 of which are owned by the state. The remaining institutions are owned by private individuals. ...of the total number of institutions, about one-fifth are owned by the state and four-fifths by private individuals. paragraph 200,008 ...institutions in 100,000 of which are owned by the state. The remaining institutions are owned by private individuals. ...of the total number of institutions, about one-fifth are owned by the state and four-fifths by private individuals. ...the remaining institutions are owned by private individuals. (201) ...institutions in 100,000 of which are owned by the state. The remaining institutions are owned by private individuals. ...of the total number of institutions, about one-fifth are owned by the state and four-fifths by private individuals.

74 Journal 5 August 1972. Asuncion, Paraguay. Not hunting them w. dogs. (Tiger Hill S. usually used a goat for bait.) Eventually Carter turned out and invited me to come to his ranch. Also said would introduce me to manager Steve Sanchez. He had received letter from P. Bernie, who expected to arrive about Aug. 17. Apparently some oil development in NW Paraguay. C. said salt hunter in N.E. also that new menzita had decided to kill jaguars! With Phil Myers, went to small ranch on edge town & put up 3 nets near clumps grass citrus tree. Took 2 Fawnia rena, (1 spec.) 3 Bostrychia scoparia, 2 juv. thresher, 2 gratchelchen (?). By about 8 p.m., 3 lots (P.M. species.). Continued in small notebook.

{ "text": "45\n\nlemonet\n\n10/27-1994\n\n[illegible]\n\nof [illegible] - [illegible] (T) . [illegible] just to\n\nI am it is better. I do not want other photos. (Kirk\n\nwhen the program is complete, he will be in a\n\nto find some of these who joined. I had tried before but all\n\nthen his 9. progress well - example: [illegible]\n\nI enjoy it a bit but it never ends. It takes E. and\n\non me + not able to do one more. One is too important for the W\n\n[illegible] a lot, sometimes I am unable to write 2\n\n(1990)\n\n(1990)\n\ngot . (5) collecting + [illegible] of 2, [illegible] E\n\n. (1994-1974) with E , -1,9 & Tunks\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible]\n\n[illegible [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Ctf#2162 C.B. Koford 1972 1973 Catalogs #2019-#3032 (1963) #4456-#4562 4531 Verse for coll. note

Koford 3037-3319 '67 Peru 3811-3881 '68 Mexico 21.2.'69 - Chile 3901-5920 }'69 Mexico 3 July 4173-4333 4801-4835-49 ->to 10. 4001-4172 bats, Chile 2 and '69 - Peru 13.4.'69 Peru }69 Peru }70 and '70 D. skull 4341-4454 498 4490- 4490- Guatem., Mex. Venez, 1973 Peru ) Dormit perp. Venezia, Brazil 1472 Parag. 5. '69

Koford Specimen Catalog Peru 1963 Approx. L. 12°-25' S λ 73-45' W Mouth Rio Santa Rosa On SW side Apurimac R, (actually, then, Dist. Ayacucho) Date CBK July No. 15 2019 Oryzornis? T. 4 mm. long. Same site. Stom. 3/4 full, white. 15 2020 ♀ Oryz. ? ♀ lgst. ov. 1 mm. Tree nr. river bed 163-70-22-13. Fat , 35gms. 14 2021 Tyrannid Myiarchus cephalotes? ,30gms. ♂ T. 7 mm. long Hydropsalis clinoceerca 14 2022 Chiropters Brush edge sand, on river bed. ♀ lgst. ov. 1 mm. Rocks, brush, in river bed. 14 2023 (Caprimulgus) Hydropsalis Beetles, stomach, full 50gms. ♂ test. 10 Beetles, stomach, full. 14 2024 caprimulgus Rocks of flat river bed. 65gms. ♂T. 6 mm. Guadua cyanescens 15 2025 Jacamar Tree near river edge woods. 30gms ♂ T. 19X10 Edge bushes near river bed. 15 2026 Sylvisagus? 347-20-75-52, 875gm. ♀ or n.e. 1mm. juv. Thyrauthorus coraya 16 2027 Thamnophis ? Thick bushes nr. river . 21gms. ♂ T. 11X7 cis 16 2028 Cacique cela Tree near river edge. 105gms. ♂ T. 5 mm. 16 2029 Trogon viridis Mod. deep forest, edge trail. 100gms. ♂ R.T. 12X4 Pionus menstruus 16 2030 (Amazona ?) Bare tree, edge forest, Crop-green flat seeds 245 gm. ♂ T. 11 Nyctidromus albicollis 17 2031 Caprimulgus? Ground, leaves coffee edge forest. 61gms. ♂ T. 2mm. Ieam. Pionus menstruus Thamnophilus doliatus 17 2032 Thamnophites? Bush by trail, singing, nr. Coffee grove. 30gms. Ara couloni 17 2033 parrot Tail tree, open forest 275gm. No emb. or rag. Coffee grove nr. papayas, for's st. 18 2034 ♀ Didelphis 720-360-58-44 925gm. ♀ juv. Dr. Lmm. Galbula cyanescens 18 2035 Jacamer. Deep forest by creek. Skull 1/3 ossif 29gms. ♂ T.f. Myrmoborus leucophrys 19 2036 Formicarid Deep forest undergrowth 21gms. ♂ T. 36 shot, day light. 885-365-111-42 19 2037 Dasypus Deep forest tangle undergrowth 10½/10 visc. ♀ lact. Deep forest nr. stream. Out of 30t. 19 2038 Saimiri sciurens Shot by Koepeke. 700-420-83-27, 875gms. Oraris - 4 black (blood) spots L., R. Mod. lactal tissue. 20 ♀ T. 2mm. (mm.) 19 2039 Formicarid = ? 21gms. ♂ T. 4 mm. 20 2040 (Campephilus?) Dryocopus lineatus 220gms. ♀ no emb. 19 2041 Tiny phyllostomid 48-0-9-11 - ♂ T.5 19 2042 Phyllostomid. Net in clearing by buildings, 68-0-13-15. R wing memb. torn. ♀ 1emb. c-r 12. " 19 2043 ♀ 1emb. fmm. " 66-0-12-15. 19gms. 19 2044 Noctilion? " 92-16-16-23, 29gms.

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Koford 1963 2 Specimen Catalog Peru 1963 Date CBK July No. Luisiana, Apurimar River, Dpt. Cuzco, Peru. 1900 ft. 19 2045 ? emb, c-r 20. Dirias? eternity Netted, night 93 103-15-16-21, 28 gms. 19 2046 ? (emb, cf. 22 Dirias? Netted, evening 89-14-15-20, 30 gms. 21 2047 ? lost. ov. 2 Praya cayana Praya t. 15 (same site as same Dido/dinis) 115g. 21 2048 4-eyed possum Trapped, dark forest. 586-318-42-34, 400g. 21 2049 ? lost. ov. <1 mm. Calospiza schranki Tanagra green Bush in dark forest. 20g. t. 4 22 2050 Carolli? Net, night. 69-0-13-15, 20g. prob. jur. 22 2051 ? lost. ov. 1. Hyloctistes subulatus Dendrocolaptid Molting. Cranium 4/5 ossif. 30 gms. t. 9 mm. Xiphorhynchus guttatus lost many feathers. 22 2052 t. 3 22 2053 Formicariid = ? t. 9 Lepidocolaptes fusicepillus t. 3 NE side river, deep forest hill. 31gms. 24 2054 Dendrocolaptid 24 2055 Carolliawh. dors. str. ? no emb. 66-0-14-16, 22 gms. 24 2056 ? Phyllostomid Netted in clearing nr. river. 60-0-10-15 t. 12 Hydropsalis clinacocerca 24 2057 Caprimulgid shot, stony flat by river. Stomach large beetles. 50 gms. ? lost. ov. 3 24 2058 Caprimulgid Nycitdromus albicollis (Paras.) 70 gms. ? emb. c-r (6 Phyllostomid 62-0-13-14, 20gms. 24 2059 24 2060 ? Noemb, 4 mm. st. bulge. (Paras.) Oth. " Net, clearing at edge brush. 63-8-14-17, 16 gms. ? 24 2061 " " " same net. 69-9-13-19, 17 gms. 25 2062 t. 1 Flycatcher #?? Myiophobus fasciatus 25 2063 ? lost. ov. 3 mm. Ortalis guttata p.m. crop, green leaves. 350 gms. t. 8 (not enf.) 26 2064 Ortalis guttata a.m. crop empty. 400 gms. 25 2065 t. 1 mm.. Hummingbird Hylocharis rostraba t. ? (R hum. broken) 27 2066 Phyllostomid Net, open grass edge clearing. 71-10-12-18, 20 gms. ? no emb 27 2067 "; same 70-8-13-17, 16 gms. ? 27 2068 "; same. 72-10-14-19, 18 gms. ? (emb, c-r 16 27 2069 Phyllostomid, other 58-0-9-19, 20 gms. (stand) ? 27 2070 " 65-0-12-15, 19 gms. (std)

0700 Raul Tacalle

Koford, CB 3 Specimen Catalog 29 July 1963 CBK NO. Y2 mi. NW AracuchO, Dpt. Ayacucho Peru. 9700 ft. under pepper bush. 2071 ? no emb. Eligmod? 138-71-19-14, 12 gms. 2072 ? No emb. Phyllotis 210-111-26-21, 30 gms. 2073 ? no emb. Phyllotis 208-109-26-22, 20 gms. Rock pile 2074 ? No emb, Phyllotis 246-134-28-24, 45 gms. high dry The above 4 on SE slope; rock piles & walls, scattered pepper bushes, cactus, short grass. 30 July 1963 Tapuna Pass 5 mi. NNE Tambo Dpt. Ayacucho Peru. 13000 ft. back broken 2075 ? ? partly eaten Phyllotis pictus? 215?-100?-28-20, 35 gms. In stom. punale Vaccinium-like berries; chupuro. Kiwincha bush. Red chiggers cam. Under boulders among cushion plants, rock slope. Partly eaten. No emb.; ut. 2 mm. wide 2076 ? Akodon boliviensis 163-72-24-12, 22 gm. Stom 1/4 green. Rest seeds, insect. Under Kiwincha bush, rock-grass steep slope, some moss. Red chiggers cams. 2 August 1963, [1/2 mi. NW of pass] [12300-12700 ft.] fat. Skull broken. 2077 ? Neotomys ebriosus 184-78-24-15, 42 gms. 5 p.m., hole at base stone house wall. 2078 ? No emb. Eligmod. 130-62-18-15 Base boulder, grass slope, 12700 ft. NW slope. No emb. 2079 ? Oryz.? 215-124-25-14, 21 gms. Thick grass nr. rocky bushy by stream. 12300' No emb. same. 2080 ? same. 192-113-26-14, 16 gms. 2081 Phyllotis 179-89-20-17, 22 gms. Base rock wall, dry slope, short grazed grass. 50 yds. from stream: 2 August 1963 3 mi. (est.) N. Tapuna Pass, Dpt. Ayacucho, Peru. 10700' 2.6x4 2082 ? Phyllotis 162-84-19-16, 18 gms. Bare tree in opened woods, near rocks. 15' tree. Mossy, ferny, in shade. NE slope. 2.6 x 4 2083 ? Akodon? 198-97-24-14, 37 gm. 2084 ? Akodon? 200-98-24-14, 30 gm. The above 2: Dark men- few patch green woods, 15' tall. Mm. rocks, stiles, on ground. NE slope.

Koford 4 Aug. 3033 ♀ juv.? Tachyphonus rufifrontier Specimen Catalog Peru 1963 1963 Cuzco 4 Aug. Luisiana, Apurimac River, Dpt. Ayacucho, Peru. 1900ft. 2085 Lizard. Floor of forest. 2086 ♀ lgst. ov. 3 mm. Tropen Juv. 2087 ? Habia? In flock; furnariids? Floor dark forest, bush to bush. 2088 ♂ t.6 Tanager Tachyphonus rufifrontier Tree, mod. dark forest. t.10 Lepidocolaptes fuscicapillus 2089 ♂ dendrocolaptid Tree/trunk Nr. ground, mod. dark forest. 30 gms. t.6 Eupsittella weddelli 2090 ♂ Parrot Opened tall tree forest 112 gms. 5 Aug. ut. bulge 6 mm. wgsed. 280. 51-0-9-14 2091 ♀ Phyllostomid Netted dark forest (by A.u. Kotzke). 12 gms. 4 Aug. t.1 2092 ♂ Hummingbird Chrysorania oenone 5 Aug. t.4 Melanerpes cruentalus 2093 ♂ woodpecker Open tree branch. lgst. ov. 1 mm. 2094 ♀ Monasa nigrifrons 2095 Monasa 6 Aug. ♂ t.4 2096 Troglodytes musculus 12 gms. 2097 Sparrowtail t.3 Synallaxis aerea-areae 19 gms. Sex? Skull 1/3 ossif. Xiphorhynchus guttatus 2098 Dendrocolaptid climbing trunk, edge clearing. 54 gms. 7 Aug. t.2 Todirostrum? 2095 ♂ Flycatcher Rica patch. 10 gms. a o.n.t. Skull 6/10 ossif. 2096 ♀ Finch Melting; tail mostly gone. 11 gms. t.6 Pygociridon cyanoleuca 3000 ♂ swallow Carrying insect to hole in thatched roof. t.2 Donacobi's atricapillus 3001 ♂ (Mimus?) Edge clearing. 39 gms. watsonii 3002 otus Mod. deep forest. 116 gms, 8 Aug. t.4 3003 ♂ Thrupis Galospiza schrankii Sex? Juvenile? 2004 Ecvenard Habia? Mod. forest, nr. floor. f ♀ SK. 2/3 ossif., 3005 Jacamar Galbula 28 gms. t.17 3006 Crutophaga qui. 105 gms 3007 Teid lizard - Ameiva? 3008 Bufo

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Koford 3 Specimen Catalog Date 1963 No. 18 August Louisiana, Apurimac River, Dpt. Cuzco, Peru, 1900 ft. 3009 ♀ seedeater Sporophila castaneiventris Cropland, fence wire Mod. fat. 10 gms. t.1 3010 ♂ volatinia jacarina Bushes, clearing Mod. fat. 11 gms. one. Tur. volatinia 3011 ♀ small fringillid Bushes edge clearing. Tur. 3012 ?7 (Campophilus) Phloceastes melanoleucus 200 gms. 12 Aug. t.4. Buccunid Chelidoptera tenebrosa Top dead tree nr. river 3013 ♂ Flycatcher Colonia colonus Tree nr. river, edge clumpo. 20 gms. 3015 ♂.t7 Small Parrot Forpus passerinus 30 gms. Open trees mrs. streambed; B± present. Disc. ♀ (leg. ov. 2mm), 31gms. 13 Aug 3016 Bat 14Aug. t.9. stow. ram.-dry, seeds? Badly ant eaten 3017 ♂ mouse Dry grass edge burnt field 189-70-24-15, 50gms, Discarded ♀ had 5± black spots uterus, no embryos. ut.bulges 18 24 3mm. 3018 ♀ moose 193-102-20-14, 27gm. Disc. ad.♂, t.9, 35 gms. Common mouse, edge burnt fieldm. grass. Common in Luzon. Just t.8 3019 ♂ same 199-108-23-14, 24gm, 3020 Fish clear pool 20' diam., mud bottom, 12" dtrp, grass lined. 3021 Tcid 3022 ♀ Desybrocto 555-45-130-45, 8½ lbs. lust. ov. 3mm. 3023 ♀ Tyrannid Elacnia 3024 ♂ Black flycatcher Colonia Colonus Tall tree nr. river 18 gms. t.8 Iridoprocne albiventres 3025 ♂ swallow Common for river. 15Aug. t.7 Dry grass edge burned field. 3026 ♂ Dark mouse (Tail short) 173-65-24-15, 35 gms. t.8 3027 ♂ same 182-73-24-15, 43 gms. lactating (Ectop.) 3028 ♀ Myatis N-r pool 84-39-7-12 3029 Frig Edge grass dry stream in clearing. 3030 Turtle Trans. we at in pool of small stream. 3031 lizard at night, on leaf in coffee area. Pale green bred. 2 emb. 15mm. 3032 ♀ sylvilagus 383-30-80-51, 2½ lbs.

C. Koford 1972 Specimen Catalog. 16 Feb. Sayaxche, Peten, Guatemala. (in hotel) 4456 Frog. 17 Feb. 8 km. S. Sayxche, Peten, Guatemala (Lake Petrxbctm). Frog t 4458 Phyl.bot. ? 445-89 Phyl. bot ? 445-90 Phyl. bot 446061 anolis 18 Feb. ?t 446t antilum 89-0-18-23, wspd. 5 30. 21 Feb. Tikal, Peten, Guatemala. (Ruins) 44627 small bot. 44639 Small bot. about 2 or ceiling of upper room in Temple de Inscripciones. 44645 Carollia? 44656 " about 2 in shot low passage, lap. C numm. mi. w Acapetahua, Chiapas, Mexico (La Encruc 26 Feb. ? 4467 Screeptus 4467/8 Foot 70-16-9-16, wspd 295 2 on native limb, 72' up, active midday; others present. 4468A skink. under bank of palm tree on ground 4469 Lizard 4470 Phyl. bot, small. Nuttel night, Facial dark stripe, yellow edge ear. New hatch but, tw 4471 Phyl. bot, red. 72 " alone 2 metted nests in thstled shed

el. 4473 la Concepcion, ni. Acapulco, Churros. Odor. Lizard 4474 Andes: Orange-gray, yellow flop. 4475 Some Lizard. Grayish pale lemon or gray 4476. America Nests Twits, Santaney, Chupar, Nixio (2as gander) ? 4477 ? Landana ? 78 Album, real. yellow tiger. ? 79 antillean. Big teeter. ? 80 album. ? 81 alb. Odor. purp. Doris. ? major C-R 22 ?, 1 emb, C-R 22. 3 lots of 3 sp.; ?, 1 emb C-R 38 may stumble. ?, nullip., femus G2.

Koford, C.B. 1 (0+2) 1972. Specimen Catalog 16 Feb. Sayaxche, Peten, Guatemala 4456 Frog. shown room, hotel. 17 Feb. 8 Km. S. Sayaxche, Peten, Guatemala (lake Petex batun) 4457 Frog. Edge lake. 07 4458 Phyel.lot. ♀ 4459 Phyel.lot. ♀ 4460 Phyel.lot. 4461 Anolis Boards by buildings 18 Feb. dried 4462 Antilena 8-9-0-18-23, wspd 530. 21 Feb. Tikal, Peten, Guatemala. Ruins. 4463 Small lot. 4464 Small lot. above 2 ascending upper rooms in Templo Inscripciones. 4465 Canalis? 4466 " above 2 in shot low-shouted passage, lap. c ruins. 26 Feb. mi. Acapotuhua, Chiapas, Mexico. (La Encrucijada) ♀ 4467 Accapterix liliacata 70-16-9-16, wspd 295. with sev'l other on ride trunk, 12' up active midlery. (Tabitolo.) Very active + fast. under leaf palm trunk on ground. 4468 Small shrub. 4469 Lizard. 4470 Phyel. lot, small. Netted night near thicket shed, open trees. Yellow-edged cane. (also, 2 following) 4471 Phyel. lot, small. 4472 Phyel. lot, small.

1675 Specimen Catalog [illegible] 13-Feb 8 km 2 sexen, Peters (male & female) (under glass) 4.20 Find [illegible] [talked] 4.25 to [talked] 4.29 p.m. ? [talked] 4.31 a.m. 4.76 [illegible] [illegible] 4.30 [illegible] (talked) [illegible] bomb 5.07 5.25 5.47-7.15 7.0 a.m. sat talked 6.00 p.m. talked 8.00 p.m. [talked] 9.00 p.m. ? talked 9.30 p.m. 9.40 a.m. [illegible] [illegible] and [illegible] at 7.30 9.15-10.15 (talked) A. C. D. (talked to) 22 & kmw 9-21-97, [illegible] 4.30 p.m. [talked] afternoon and [illegible] with [illegible] [illegible] - [illegible] [illegible] at 8.00 [illegible] 9.00 [illegible] 9.30 [illegible], [illegible] - [illegible] - [illegible] - [illegible] - [illegible] [illegible] 10.00 [illegible] 10.30

Koford, CB 2 Specimen Catalog. 1972 27 Feb. mi. Acapetahua, Chiapas, Mexico. (La Concepcion) &/v. 10! ↑ 4473 Lejard 4474. Amela. orangy gray gular flap. 4475 Lejard. among dead palm leaves on ground. 4476 America. 1 March Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico. (200 grounds) ♀ 4477. Lancania? ♀ 4478 antilum. yellow troger. ♂ 4479. antilum Large testis. ♀ 4480 antilum ♀ 4481 ♂ antilum adv. progyn. Same species, discarded: ♀ emb. C-R 22, ♀ emb. C-R 38, total tbs: ♀ nullip., freeman 62. 8 lots, 3 sp., many stelled flies. End

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C Kofard 1972 Specimens - 4482-4489 5 June - 15 August Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela. 3600 ft. [trail, Portachuelo] 5 June 4482 Lizard, Vermilion rater. Bromeliad base, 6' up. 4483 small frog, cadmium yellow back & legs. Forest floor. 6 June L.8x5 ? 4484 or Oryzomys alagularis merid. 311-168-34-25 jun.-no emb.or scars. 4485 ♀ Hesperomys anomalus 251-130-33-18 Both at base tree trunk in cloud forest along trail on ridge; deep shade. [Cat (?) partially eaten; skulls lost in later detail cleaning.] 30 June 1972 4486 Guaicuru, Fazenda Bodoquena, Mato Grosso Brazil. 30 June 1972 4486 Frog. [200 km. WNW of Campo Grande] Carandaza, Fazenda Bodoquena, Mato Grosso, Brazil. 4 July 4487. Snake, pink ventr. [200 km WNW of Campo Grande] Galinha, Miranda Estancia, Mato Grosso Brazil. skull only 18 July 4488 Dusicyon - pickup. Filadelfia, Boqueron, Paraguay, 15 August. 4489 Toad. Many under strut light in evening x 3 2 naming skin, 1 skull 2 1 liz., 1 snake 3 2 frogs, 1 toad 8 spec. 469 - Sept. 13 4455-4490, 91, 92 Dermochelys dubia 4493, 94, 95 - parais skels

(O) (liberté) 7 July Fey de Rodriguez Achilles - prix mort St. maie foy - Guacumbo, F. Bodo. 18 July 1972 - Mirada Estacion, Retro Galmha + skill mil? Decision [gras bar]? 15 Aug 7 Tract Filad. Chipm. - Sagelian simme 74 - aluc

CBKoford 1972 Specimen Catalog. 4482 - 4489 5 June - 15 Aug. 5 June 4482 Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela, 3600 ft. [Portachuelo] Lizard (Protoporus ?) - Bronzid loss, 6' ups. Vermillion venters. 4483 Small frog. Cadmium yellow back & legs. Forest floor. lost 5 skulls- partly eaten 5 kms) 6 June 4484 07 t. 8 x 5. Oryzomys albipularis merid. ? 311-168-34-25 jur. 4485 ♀, Heptornys anomalus 251-130-33-18 Both lose two thumbs in closed forest along trail on ridge, deep shade. 30 June Guacuru, 230 km WNW of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Brazil. 4486 Frog. 4 July Carandzal, 280 km WNW of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil 4487 Snake. Pink venters. Greenland m., Lourer. 18 July Galinha, 200 km WNW of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil skull only 4488 pickup Duacayan 15 Aug. Filadelfia, Boqueron, Paraguay 4489 Tood. many under street light, sent good, evening. 3 mamm. 2 skins, 1 skull 2 rept. 1 liz., 1 snake 3 amph. 2 frogs, 1 toad 8 spec. + Paracas Skulls

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C. Koferd Specimen Catalog. Venezuela - March April 1973 1973 office area in [Guatopo National Park] 65 km. SE Caracas, Miranda, 8 March Venezuela, 1000m. 4490 Gecko. Under old sheet metal in abandoned orange grove . Orange water. 4491 Frog. Translucent. Outside after house light, night 9 March 4492 Gecko. Rocks at edge clear stream in forest. Pond top water. (Have Kodachrome photo.) Forest floor. 4493 Frog. Body light orange brown w. dark blotches; dorsal (mimics leaf background). humid forest, crossing long, mm wide, nose to tail. On leaves by water slope, n 12 March Rancho Grande, 14 km. NW of Maracay, Araca, Venezuela. 1100m. 4494 Snake, ringneck. Newkodochrane. 14 March Urama, Edo. Carabobo, Venezuela. 100 m. 4495 Gecko House area walls, night. 96 " 97 " 16 March 98 Gecko Cement floor, day, shade. 99 " 4500 Teid lizard. Greenish; yellow belly. (Large - bright green heads, tails). 501 Gecko, small Concrete walls in shade by house, 02 " to 3' up. Cat ants? 03 " 4504 4505 Teid lizard yard of house 7 April Hato de la Cruz, 37 km SW Arismendi, E. Barinas, Venezuela. 4506 Snake. Boa? Laterally flattened. 8' up in branches (Photod) of leafless tree at night, under gallery forest. Red eyeshine (moth-like). Nos. 4491 - 4506 2 snakes. 2 frogs. Teid 2 lizards 10 geckos

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C Koford Specimen Catalog 18 Mar 1969 Wheeler Range [Swallow Quick Pasture], White Pine Co, Nevada. skull only 4507 ♂ F. cancolor. Coll. by G.W. Carroll. #14. Donated by Jeff Brent (Aug. 1975). No. 14 Douglas Point, Nye Co., Nevada 24 Apr 1969 Coll. G.W. Carroll. Donated by Jeff Brent skull only [1mm?] 4508 ♂ F. cancolor Nevada. 28 Jan 1969 Bassett Creek, Schellcreek (sp?) Range, Co. skull only 4509 ♂ F. cancolor. Coll. G.W. Carroll. #10. Don.: Jeff Brent 26 Jan 1968 Cottonwood Ward Mtns., Co, Nevada skull only - broken in 1/2 - no mandible [1mm?] 4510 ♂ F. cancolor. Coll.? Don.: Jeff Brent. #7. 1 May 1968 N. Flk. Cleve Creek, Schellcreek Range, Co, Nevada skull only 4511 ♀ F. cancolor. Coll. G.W. Carroll. Don.: Jeff Brent. No. 17. 3 Oct 1968 Hnesgan Mtn., N. Rattlesnake, White Pine Co, Nevada. skull only (sp?) 4512 ♂ F. cancolor. Coll. G.W. Carroll. Don.: Jeff Brent. No. 16 skull - no lower jaw. 18 Sept 1968 Black Mtn., E. of Steptoe Cr, Schellcreek Range, Nevada skull - no lower no mandible 4513 ♂ F. cancolor. Coll.: G.W. Carroll. Don.: Jeff Brent. ♀ ok (lower jaw ok.) 3 Dec 1968 N. Flk. Cleve Creek, Schellcreek Range, Co, Nevada skull [1mm? - small sk.] 4514 ♂ F. cancolor. Coll.: G.W. Carroll. Don.: Jeff Brent Bank 18 Mar. 1969 ♂ F. cancolor. Wheeler Range, [Swallow Pasture] White Pine Co, Nev. skull 4515 ♂ F. cancolor. Coll. G.W. Carroll. (#13) for exchange 4516 1968 or 1969 S. Nevada. Coll. G.W. Carroll. No data. skull 4516 ♂ F. cancolor no data 23 Jan. 1968 Diamond Mountains [Horse Canyon] Eureka Co, Nevada. skull only - no lower jaw. 1mm. 4517 Sex? F. cancolor Coll. G.W. Carroll #3 7 April 1969 Indian Creek, Schell Creek Range, Co, Nevada. 4518 ♂ F. cancolor. Coll. G.W. Carroll 11 June 1969 Ward Springs Mountain, S. of Mud Springs, Co, Nevada. 4519 ♂? F. cancolor Coll. G.W. Carroll. #19

CB Koford Specimen Catalog or 1468 1969 Eastern Nevada. Coll. by G.W. Carroll. (Donated by J. Brent) skull only 4520 juv. Felis concolor skull only 4521 juv. F. concolor skull only 4522 juv. F. concolor skull only 4523 ♀? F. can color skull only 4524 ♀ small F. can color skull only 4525 ♀ lg F. concolor skull only 4526 ♀? F. concolor skull only ? 4527 ♀ lyg F. concolor skull only 4528 F. concolor skull only 4529 F. concolor 30 Sept 1975 Whiskey Creek (T33N, R6W, S 19) Shasta Co., Calif. skin + skull E: 20 x 25 m by DFG Don. by G.I.R. F+G. Stom. cont. 2.7 kg. 4530 ♂ F. concolor 2080-005=291-100, 129/65 (on 5 Nov.) skin + skull Aug 1975 8 mil. W. of Paso Robles San Luis Obispo Co., Calif. E: 21 KTB, Donated by Calif. Dept. F+G. 4531 ♂ F. concolor 1880-770-262-99, 82 lbs, 1972 Nr. Orderville, Utah. (Coll. Jeff Brent.) skull only 4502 ♀

1969 4455 Denmark, Parson 13 dept. 4490-91-92 Denmark, shell 93-94-95 Purpose shells, Parson 45% rate. a) 45 31 (key Peter stn) RF 47P 62 t 85 L RR 39t 58t 73 L LE 48 65 78 LR 42 57 t 74 L Came LL 25 log (lateral, low to top chord)

Koford, C.B. 1973 Journal South America Felid Survey colombia Venezuela Panama

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Koford 1 Journal- Colombia-Venezuela trip, Fel'd survey. 17 February 1973 Berkeley Calif. -> Colombia. Departed home 4 p.m. for San Francisco airport. Took United flight to Los Angeles. Walked over to America and departed 2030 for Colombia. accompanied by son Chik, 17'1/2 yrs. Plane stopped 1 hr. at Mexico City about midnight. Good view extensive city lights. 18 February 1973. Arrived Bogota about 8 a.m. Before landing, saw smoky infested hills to N. Saw about 3 snow caps. Green around Bogota. Minimal custom inspection. To Residencia Alemanes. Later walked to foot Morante & took funicular up. Several fires going in jungle, smoke haze over valley. Local resident said this is exceptionally dry year - no rain so far. Walked around city for orientation. 19 Feb. 1973. Calm, clear, smoke haze. Went to Indigena office. Bogota, Colombia Talked w. Amilcar Lopez (Marijo, Parque Natio). Then to Laboratorio de Investigacion de Vida Silvestre, Cra. 19 No. 30-15 (Tel. 32-59-16). There we found Bob Cooper, several Peace Corps workers from Tuparo and one from (3) (Humboldt State student) Mocana (=Don Wise, letter, Vestakemora), A.A. # 2082 (Indigena office) in Villavicencio. Also there was John Oesberg, visiting from Smithsonian Inst. | We're said 1500-2000 families settled at N. edge of Mocana reserve, near Vestakemora. Per Banderas had been ruined and Mocana made a National Park. But much entry & cutting, espec- ially along rivers. Now Indigena building a "colonia" as head- quarters, down river & walk 5. from Vesta Kermosa. He said people claim no cats in that region, but he saw many monkeys. His job mainly administrative. He thought little understanding of conservation among Indigena workers in Mocana area. Also that people there disliked Indigena. He said all of Mocana park was forested. Could fly to S. end, at "La Mocana," from Villavicencio. Vestakemora about 5 hrs. by road from Villavicencio. | We're also

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Kofod Journal (Felid Survey) 19 February 1973 Bogota, Colombia told me of recent Indians scandal - a plane load of cat hides and skins confiscated by customs at air port, there being illegally shipped w/ approval of some customs officials. Allegedly some had been put into India for this illegal purpose & another person said twice or many hides counted or declared. Need more info on this incident. / J. Hennessey said prohib- iton effect crude hides initially good for conservation, but thought eventually would result in more pressure to hunt cats. He said big Bogota tanneries have not yet started to tan cats - may start within a month. Cooper said very good tannery - Manizales? JH said agreement w. Brazil in Dec, 1972 that Colombia would no longer accept hides from Brazil (unless traders raised). Need agreement w. Peru also & Venezuela. No thinks skins coming from Panama, Darien on Pacific side to coast of Choco, thence by rail. He & others said few new steel traps (t. de cepo) used in Colombia. For jaguar, drag monkey carcass around & hang it up to attract - later, put bait and wait. Tigills hunted mostly w. shotgun at night. Rodricio, field man of Lab, says sometimes use pits for tigris or deadfall. Cut shotgun shell case to make single slug. / Erwin Bernstein (& Carpenter go. from Florida?) recently had groups for about 6 weeks in Bolivia, W. of Norori, on monkey census project. A jaguar had been shot by a local at Colorado - considered rare event by locals. young An ocelot seen once. Probably ocelot skin offered for sale at 50p. ($250). Much clearing by hand for rice fields. They were at S. end of clearing & settling zone, just N. of Serrania de San Lucas [this range still primitive they said,

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Roford 3 Journal 19 February 1973. Bogota, Colombia Rodensis & Rodentia too). Mangroves now mainly grass + cattle, tho probably some jaguars & ocelots. North of Danta, largely open with scattered deciduous clumps & dry (J.H.). This year has been exceptionally dry. J.H. said S. Sucre, E of San Marco, mostly cleared. Area further N., around Ovijas, much cotton. Lower Cauca, rice plateau. J H said still much forest in S. Cordoba. Cleared blocks in lowlands of coastal Cordoba, but also uncleared blocks. On Pacific side, few mangroves N. of Punta Conchita. Choco - lumbering but little developed. / Catatumbo Basin - J.H. said Venezuela interested in cooperative runways. Some oil development. But mostly good rich humid forest. / J H said S. end of La Mojana probably best for tigers. Said fresh vegetation (inllaves?) attracts cats too. Said little clearing of forests S. of Rio Guavare. Black jaguars from near in Vaupes, Rio Putumayo, Capeto. J H said had no specimen F. tigrina, but ranged up to this line, often in large chaparral or some cacti. Probably it + pardalis more in coffee zone. Bogota 20 February 1973. Again to Lab. Looked over skin collection. Officials showed up about noon. We arranged for trips by car to Mojana, then Tuparo, accompanied by C. Baroja & J. Eisenberg. / J H said that skin prices had risen much in last 3 years. 1970, over 2000 pardalis minimum larger 1500; now only 300, pardalis 2000. He said 70mm population still in free, measured from nose to base tail. F. pardalis sometimes called: gato de monte, gato sala (Caribbean coast), panaguero (llanos), curaguaro (Amazona), maracaja (Leticia), tigriillo pardalino (Capeto). F. tigrina called gato mata, tigre gallinero, maracaja. Data pardo include young venom cats - fur characteristics. But fly looks common in jaguars

CKoford Journal 4 20 Feb. 1973. Bogota, Colombia. some areas; not rare in tigrillo. / Asked J.H. about spot hunter; he said some at Bucaramanga and -? Briefly - Restrepo, former pres. Assoc. de Tiris. also director of zoo at Barranquilla. / F. Tiguia, found jaguar in some stomachs. / The skin origin records "Antioquia" included many from Choco, "Atlantico" from much surrounding area. / Near Manizales, a jaguar taken recently. / J.H said that in central Meta about 1955, some lake or gallery fauna, ranch owner told him they took 5-15 jaguar / yr. (could) still save them. / The Medem jaguar, which attacked man seeking fish, taken guayabero ? Jan. 1959 on Rio Guavio (J.H.). J.H. said he once saw jaguar on log dangling tail tip in water, as if fishing. He had also seen an emaciated one on turtle on a log. Once found 3 turtle shells with positive evidence jaguar trod there; Sirena Macarena, near pool; large mossy turtle. J.H said domestic pig a favorite food jaguar & Cajuta, one dragged large pig 1 1/2 km. / Medelin zoo - black jaguar from Choco. / In 1971, at fundo Meta Grande Mr. Tupana, jaguar found dead. / Meta & Caqueta, mainly hunting for natural jaguar. / Los Caque men recently at Colorado said also got four fairly fresh jaguar skull there (+ 1 recently shot). / that was on He thought more or less cat that area would try to kill it. / Eisinger said that he had spent about 11 days in S. Chiquiza at A. del Tro parque, Mexico about 5 yrs. ago, & had seen many scats, feces, skeleton tracks, and one jaguar. Last apparently had followed him to close distance, about 5 yds, then dog chased it. / about 6p.m.; departed Mr. Ernesto B. 21 Feb. 1973, drither albite, cisseling, & Dile K. for Villavicencio by car. Arrived about midnight. Briefly talked w. Fred Nelson. Stayed in old lab building. 21 Feb. 1973. Looked at animals at Villavicencio lab. Pair of Ptarmys. Many turtles in concrete tanks, shells tagged. Several kinds of

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Koford Journal 21 Feb. 1973. Villavicencio, Colombia. (coro palmed) carnivores, but none had bred. Turtle nests: One nest lay 2-3 slots. Several kinds of snakes in cages - boa, Bothrops, and others. /Carlos Velazquez, collector in this area 30 yrs.; said jaguar around Villac. 20 yrs. ago; tigre/shine sold at 3000-6000 p., jag. shell 200p, canine tooth 50p. (teeth are mounted in the on neck chain). /Molina said closures in Ecuador seemed to be working well, that new large take in skins in Oriente, that, disliked Panaman, that Pacific coast area depleted of animals during war. He said woolly a monkey prefer foraguan fruit as lasted long. /Cristo B. said that Bates had collected monkeys when present plaza of Villav. /We talked to 2 young men in town. One shop offers to buy skins; said bought tigris at 1500, sold at 2000. Showed us one ocelot skin, 83cm. from tip of nose to tail. He said four jag. skins sold as prohibited. Carlos V. said much skin trade in black market; deals being done for 20 may sell 40. /About 11 a.m., we departed on road to S toward Vista Hermosa. Air smoky + fires visible. Flat but foothills to east. Patches of woods. Some openings to a mile across. Many scorpions. Cattle often left standing. Zebu cattle. Small farms. Land cattle quite near some cattle. Perhaps 90°F.; no wind. Scattered tall palms. Some palm orchards - oil nuts? Hills mostly wooded but largely secondary + some burning there. /Road completed to Vista. perhaps 1968, C. said. Then rapid colonization. /Several swifts flying over opening. Passed thru small town. About 1330, crossed long bridge over Rio Ariari. Clear water flowing but low. Several fish seen. Oropendola nests on some trees. Falls of guava. Town of San Juan de Arama; a few miles beyond, ranch of Don Nicasio ( & Miss Frankley).

Koford 6 Journal 21 Feb. 1973 S. of Villavicencio, Colombia. with 18 yr. old Don Jr., running ranch. 1715, arrived Vista Hermosa. Outlier of Sierra Macarena dimly visible through smoky air. Many openings cropped coarse grass. Town said to have about 2400 people, region several thousand. Calm, smoky. Walked in patch front. A few lots in country have large tree. Big aguacate Chachalaca calls. Caprimulgus near head singing. Toward frog calls. An Indica who asked w. about 4 men (Jefe = Alfredo Castillo (?)). At night saw squirrel sized mammal jump in brush = ratite? Dry. 22 Feb. 1973. Drove about 21 km. on good dirt road to Pimienta, small town at end line w. Indema station (1 hour), by Rio Chuspa. Arrive about 0845. River flowing, smooth, many sandy beaches. Went down stream in Cagaro about 20' long w. outboard motor to Guiani, about 1 1/4 hrs. Shore lost much forest but many chirimoya, laurel trees. Saw many birds: parrots, cormorants, anhingas, herons, shore- birds (called gavistas), large tern w. broad white dress & wing, small tern, glossy ibises, blue heron, big & small kingfishers, 1 osprey. Occas. trees to 100' +. Overgrown clearings. Birds (thorn- stone like), swallows, toucans. At Guiani feet & tail of large (Cusmii) Critter was dead a few days; hunter said they ate it. (Leuklein, (anthropologist) studied atlas in area 1968-69, ex-mission from Villavicencio. / We hiked in great wide trail then clearing to the Colonia (Indema building) for 4 hrs. Few mammals but herons, parrots, other birds. Many roads. Several clearings in stages of man cut, to burned out, to planted in bananas. Cotinga, ant bird, tinamous calls. Reached colonia about 1345. House 30' sq. in construction. Patrolman said saw collared peccaries, then tigre, in area last night. Had seen many tigre tracks along "trocha" thru woods. Saw many "pajuel" trees

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Koford 7. Journal 22 Feb, 1973. Sierra Macarena, Colombia and I saw feathers of two (cucaro). Said also many topis, deer, few tigillos. I saw several large burrows, 12" diamete; they said none of big armadillos. I went about 15 min. along trocho toward Cerro Rajo, 12 km distant. Narrow trail. In all, 68 km of such tracks from Rio Cobra. Said rocky area beyond Cerro Rajo about 3 km. Tracks We drank guarojo. Then started back to ruin. Erik saw an agouti. Other saw an armadillo or, horse. Arrived about 5:30 p.m. Tosh went back up ruin to retrace in dark, arriving about 7:30 p.m. Then drove back to Vistahermosa for the night. Caprimulgids & other calls at night. 23 Feb, 1973 Departed about 0800 to San Juan de Uraba. Calm, smoky. Flat, ranchhouses, short cropped grass clearings, clumps secondary & taller forest. Stopped at the Don Humberto ranch. Forest along stream; many birds. Boun- ded boulders. Many clear pools w/ fish & tadpoles. Few jays, cormorant, ant birds. Don Humberto III, has 3 yrs, has some water on birds, mammals. He said tigills trocha by min to 5, about 1 hr. Chickens, cattle, some crops. Ernesto - N. Chocó exploited, rest primitive forest. Exploitation Pacific near coast in S. Pipeline from Putumayo area for oil. Much mangrove. Rich fauna for birds, rats. | Cland. Petroi. Co. (Mr. Philip, wife anthropologist) helped Barriga stay in N. de Santander. Bruce Alton, American, has worked w/ Indians there for years (contact thru U.S. Embassy?). Putumayo pipeline to Tumaco. Central Marino exploited, but primitive to N. Cundin area near Tres Esquinas in N. Central Putumayo, said Ernesto. Two Peace Corps boys working at forest experiment sta. in Chocó

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C. Koford 8 Journal 23 Feb. 1973 Nr. S. Juan de Urana, Meta, Colombia to SW of Rio meta (come via Turbo, funy, rio atrois), moto./Don Nunes said much rice, cotton, sorghum, corn now planted in area along river. - Vieta known road, some by log companies. Probably will expand. / We drove toward Villavicencio. Had on 3 flat tires. Arrived after dark. Melan said he did not know of steel traps in Villavicencio markets. / We met 2 guys, cape days, & Gonzalo (boss of Tupango project), and others who will take us to Tupango in Jeep + Churipa tomorrow morning. 24 Feb. 1973. No rain. Overcast in smoke. Dry. Melan said it was first real dry season in 4 years. Waited for Bogotá go. Various delays. Walked around town. Saw large steel traps of European origin in one hardware store. Some pineapples & oranges for sale, but little fruit in Sat. general. Finally got jeep to leave in evening, about 9 p.m. We rode 6 in Jeep - Longley, 2 P.C. men, Chile, Eversley, me. Rough road but dry & passable. About 2 hrs. to Puente Lopez, small town. Then on all night through flat country w. few trees visible in night. 25 February 1973. Stopped at sheltered house for big breakfast. Grass greenish, old grass dry & hard. We saw many fires at night, one in day. No galleries after over 1 km long, about 20 m. tall, some more. Below cattle some zones. Occasional sylvilagus on the road tracks. One tamandua concession on road. We stopped at one “restaurant” where there were about 10 peccary skulls, 1 howler, 1 tapir. Another had several sets whitetailed deer antlers, all small. One had skin of large tapirs. / We walked in one gallery. Trees to about 100', mostly in green foliage. Four large red-headed woodpeckers at least six military macaws in tall open trees & flying. In open fields and fences, black & white flycatchers v. White, also one

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Koford 9 Journal 25 Feb. 1973. Nr. Tuparro, Vichada, Colombia with large tail (carrying grass). Occasional Butio-like hawk. Waited for Uruu truck w. Induna supplies; did not come, as donut ed gasoline to finish trip. Thumbac rolling country with Perhaps 10-20% in forest. Large galleries some several km. long. Most had "caño" of water in interior; clear water moving w. small fish. Some different Tabebuia (pink flowers) and jacaranda (purplish) flowers! About 9 p.m., saw 3 solitons on road; one Pterogym fox, jecus, said sapromygid on ground. Crossed log bridge to the western status of Tuparro reserve. About 10 people there. One thatched house for cooking & sleeping. Clear caño about 6 m. wide w. swimming hole (many fish). Fire still going all around horizon, said locally by Induana. Most grass burned and short. Local man said jaguar tracks reported near Puerto Quemado. Other place trader reported near cave was 1 1/2 hrs. up Rio Tuparro from the Orinoco. In spite fire, stars clearly visible. 26 February 1973. Monday, about 10 a.m. departed in Uruu for Rio Torno, about 14 km. All through burned grassland. Low patchy gallery forest a mile apart. Trees recently burned. Big rodent mounds, 2-3' high, irregularly spaced. Much ground covered w. earthen tubes, apparently worm castings, 3-4" high. Near river, area of hundreds of termite mts. to 2' high (photo). Narrow band then 10-15m. tall on S. side river - river about 100 m. wide, muddy, slow current. We put outboard boat in water went downstream about 1/2 hr. Saw 2 yellow - cocked ibis, 2 kingfishers, a few glossy ibis, few other birds. Arrived at sand bar about 300 m. long & 70 wide on N. side. Around least (?) terns flying over. We looked for tucans.

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Koford Journal 10 26 Feb. 1973 Faunal Preserve "El Tuparro," Colombia. found tracks tapir, many aguiliana (+ dropping), lives of cat or Puma; tracks. Cat judged large adults, for one set about 9 cm wide, widely spaced, 7½ wide (= hind foot ?). Tracks near bushy, but also river edge of fine sand bar. Max distance betw. tracks usually 1 ft, occas. 2 ft. & few track coats (?). Spoonbill feather on shore. Many small carin tracks & saw one about 4' long. / We returned to track. Few birds along river - many less than near Macarena. I anubis, first blue herons. / Band grassland area had occasional bettongie barks over on ground. Caracara. Oscar. Sky 1/10 cumulus; warm & dry. / We did all last nets + morning but dropped in afternoon. / Area visited today not rich in birds. Probably 2 cats' tracks represented. / About 8:30 p.m., Uming from Villavicencio arrived w/ supplies. Wind rose in evening. Clear sky. Plans to Orinoco tomorrow, 3½ hrs. to E. 27 Feb. 1973, Tuesday. Early morning, 2 turkey vultures atop tree near station. Pair large parrots flew over, calling. Pair of blue & red macaws flew over gallery forest. / Fair set weather instruments at station. Did mostly rice, beans, pasta, soup. I did kinds of small fish swimming good in cisterns. Cile took a few to about 8" long w/ back & fins. Boye said had seen Jacare in Rio Torro; often in Rio Orinoco. Joe wrote from Milwaukee, Schmiedel had been here up. Photographs to make a documentary movie recently. N. went in morning as before. / I saw several bats over looting pool (10yds. across) last eve. / About 10am, we started east in jeep for "Tuparro" main bldgs. near Rio Orinoco. Rough dirt road. Nearly all grassland burned at first. About 175 km by road to destination, a 3½ hrs. continuous travel. Stopped about 50 km out where green shoot grew (Artemisia and a reed are

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Roford 11 Journal 27 February 1973: found Territory "El Tigre" Veragua, Colombia thick broad stalk ( ) said to have been burned early Dec. (3 mos ago). Space between galleries often 2-3 miles, but galleries dense & to 100' tall, some fire-killed trees at edges. Occasional butternut bombs, but essentially (J.E. photo) no animals burned are. Once a white-tailed deer standing under chuparros and durn when new green grass (the P.C. boys say deer migrate after burnt new grass). Out to area of mounds about 1 m. high & wide, spaced 3-4 m., appar- ently made by large earth worm castings. Brazos said areas between flooded but taper nearly (photo). Mounds of hard clay, + road made in their area very rough. Some burned off some grass covers. I stopped at site of Crisóstomo hole angling in for about 8', about 10" diameter. A juv. J.E. photo Dureya (these) came out and stood about 5 yds. from car. Another shale burrow, 16" diam., 100 yds. farther on. P.C. boys say they saw them a week ago. Wells clearly dug w. huge claws. I stopped to minitize gallery about 75 km. out. Area perhaps 2 miles long, 0 to 200 yds. wide. A clear cano about 5 yds. wide & 10' deep in spots meandered thru it. Area of "camp tree," previously visited by P.C. boys. They said saw band of Abuta there; we went to give stand and found apparent bandit tracks (very elongated foot + phalanges) in mud by stream. / Several kinds of fish visible in cano slow-moving water. Blue & red macaws, parrots, other birds. But we saw no signs of pecarries, agoutis, anteaters, other first floor mammals. Dried leaves covered ground. Dense vegetation, dense, tall, many small palms, but little undergrowth except occasional small burrow (armadillo?). Walking outside gallery where chuparros & other scrub, saw small grey-backed woodpecker, once a clean owl. Much of outside ground strewn with erosion pavement of river gravel, & saw few low hills of similar igneous rocks. I We pushed on to W. about 3½ hrs., came on start of huge block

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C Koford 12 Journal 27 February 1973. Final Terr. "El Tuparro," Vichada Colombia volcanic rock boulders & outcrops. These continued to Orenoco. Saw several caprimulgids on road in dark, and one or two frogs. Arrived at Tuparro camp + had usual rice, beans, potatoes, peanuts in water. Apparently guards + several families here - at least 6 small children at once. Some 4" long grasshoppers came to lights. A gen- erator runs lights in several people's houses + elsewhere (but no water in pipes tho modern plumbing). Some few bats run lights. Read + saw no wild animals in camp area. Warm still raining. 29 February 1973. Early morning, bird apparent almost in far distance to S. Macaws, parrots, doves, woodpeckers, falk-tailed flycatchers, active in trees near houses. Still muggy morning. The boys gave us a big Hercules beetle (cocoid). Many black biting flies afterwards. We drove about 5 km. to edge of forest & saw at least 3 med. sized black monkeys going thru the trees (Colobus mirim ?). Saw tracks of cati(?) smelled pecary (?). Fair winds, insects + birds. Outside of wooded strips, passages in thick grass, or of large net-sized mammals on solids. We walked up slope of black solid granite about 500 ft. to crest, where we saw Orenoco River about V-mile distant. Forest clear, but wide sandy beaches on Venezuela side (photo). Found several lizards on rocks (coll. one for station). Found at least 3 small holes beneath boulders, 1-3' off ground, another in 3' high shallow cave (coll., Amblyrhina; left for lab.). Not windless; flies biting + bothersome. / Returned to Tuparro lodge. Crawling to leave via Pto. Carreño about 3 p.m. We lay dreaming for Tabun, Villavicencio, about 4 p.m. Hopefully in V. by tomorrow late afternoon. / Orenoco about 200 m or more wide; slow current. Said rapids up + down stream. Jorge Rodriguez said little hunting here or nearby. But he carried shot-

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C. Koford Journal 29 Feb. 1973. Tuparro, Nucheda, Colombia. grew shells when walked w. us. Saw no medium game but little grass. Big fish available in arroyos & said good fishing. Departed 7 p.m. in the dark, a super-jeep truck. Rough riding & rough drive, Lopez. We saw one w-t deer in open, growing broad acacia, 200 m. from river. About an hour back to start of big black granite outcroppings. Brief rain shower. Arrived Tapir camp about 9 p.m. Short stop. Bushlaw in dark. 1 March 1973. Arrived Quista about 0515. Then turned over to guard 3 boys & shotguns (16 ga. single) found hunting in Tuparro reserve. Then drove on to W. Arroyos rare. Grass mostly coarse Andropogon, much of it burnt. Small huts with some water; usually none. No cover at all for 90° a mile of garden in many areas; remnant sprouts between even after over 3 miles. Seemed driven to W. Saw no wildlife on road except occasional ibis or heron. (On Rio Meta) Arrived one fair sized town about 1130, Puerto Lopez 2 hrs. farther. Rio Meta about 100 m. wide, slow flowing, clear wooded banks when first mentioned. Near Puerto Lopez, rice companies and tilled land. About 10 km. to W., paste of various introduced grasses - pangola, colvial, grama, etc. appear with trying to improve grazing. Drive here then farther E; smoky, hot, humid, but near Villavicencio, arrived about 1600 24 hrs. from Tapir camp. In arroyos, with no long stops. Much shelter use by rough side. I saw wrote Dr. Medar. He said knew 2 men in Llanos Orqueta, rubber dealer, who had turned into skin dealers; sell ammo, game. Indians now hunt for leather instead of for food. FM was stationed in S. de Morona in early 1950's. Many white-lipped peccaries; in April-May, migrated through a savanna there - sometimes over 300 seen at once. Could hear roar at long distance. One trip near highest peak, saw troop big jaguar which followed them (4 hunters). FM said actually saw only about 6 jaguars in life. In Colombia since 1950 (university in Rome). 13

C Koford Journal 14 1 March 1973 Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia Early 1950's, truck road to Ibagué, mule to S. J. de Arma - all forested then. An air strip for DC 3 at Macarena sta. (approx. Vista- Bermosa). / He reported tale of 8 day jaguar hunt in Laoma Cueva in 1957. They called jaguars out of clay & sometimes zanzaruelo. Few saw and many fresh tracks but got none. Later other (Lee Bros.? ) came with trained dogs & got many. / He thought tourist left. Hunt in lower Magdalena was about 1963-66 & was shrouded in life mag. Captives released & shot. El S. of Cartagena, Golfo de Morrosquillo, the jaguar on medina wall. Had killed bears & several large "civetas" went up tree. Shot. Dry area w. cattle & 1950's. / 1954, alpacatari in Macarena saw jaguars. Apparently was rich forest area. 2 March 1973. Had had rain shower last night; first for long time. / We found that truck had left 0400. So waited further w. Melao. Then took bus to Bogotá, the trip. Steep slopes across canyon still forested for first hour, later cleared, burned, eroded. / We went to Jardines Lab. Talked w. Bob Cooper. Clemberg had not arrived. Went to residence of Dick Reed, near lake. Shot slower in Bogotá about 3 p.m. - first in weeks. / At residence, met Stewart Boyter, who had been in Colombia about 2 yrs. working with Mathews-Dornis, Indians of N.de Santander, on Río del Sucreto. Their hunted pecarí, agouti, tapirs, w. bow & arrow (guns rare). Really killed cats, & sold any skins. He said mostly uninhabited forest. But heavy clearing in N.W. corner of N.de S. Bruce Olson, missionary, had been encouraging Indians to die and cultivate over last 11 yrs. Also clearing in NE corner of N.de S. Mostly little immediate danger exploitation N. of Casanare-Tolima road. Boyter hopes to go to D.C. Berkeley (Anthropology). / Visited Jorge Hernandez at home 3 March (Cra.19, Calle. 39, # 18-14). He recently returned from trip to Washington D.C. to a Plenipotentiary Conf. to conclude an International Convention on trade in

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Koford 15 Journal 3 March 1973 Bogota, Colombia. certain species of wildlife. Feb. 27/1973. Two appendices were lists of species & subspecies prohibited; and those for restricted utilization. The prohibited distinct included F.p. nattereri & masoni, F.u. microagates solivini, F.t. arnoldi, F. jamaicensis, & P. orca. / Jorge thought little catus had from Canada, but no evidence. He said one smuggling chain then Bogota to Maraca and up the Andes to Guyana. Curacao & Port of Spain may be smuggling ports. He hopes to arrange import convention w. Venezuela soon. Still vague on terms of agreement w. Brazil. / He was waiting for minimum of at least 3 years in cat hunting. Said had secret records from Europe of airline carrying skins & etc. This evidence could achieve much in reducing trade. He thought agreement w. Panama also needed. He said Coypus probably occurs in Colombia including llanos and prob- ably made the runways we saw there (subsp. capybarae?). To Caracas, Venezuela 4 March 1973. Sunday. To airport and departed 2 p.m. on plane for Caracas. Boarded Mordelphi - today start of Carnaval, & next two days holidays. Stayed at hotel in Bello Monte. Walked w. A. Lima at night. Thousands revelers, government crews w. confetti. 5 March 1973. Went to home of C. Mordelphi in Alto Florida. / He said red front area in NE Amazones, "Kotaje", accessible by airplane (his cousin (?) who goes weekends). He was interested in Eisenberg project. / He said jaguars surely in Iguapo park, 1/4 hr. from Caracas; we killed them about 6 yrs. ago. People believed it went for jags going out into semi undulating zone. / T. Blehm has acquired puma cubs in local Cavea & planned to stock w. motis animals; 2 grunts, female; may be good for skeleton study site. / H.F. Timme said had examined about 6 skeleton stomachs; contents mostly cricetid rodents + 1 agouti (also sting, no subspecies except a dead), lizards, turtle. / Near Paragua, N. central

N Y Times 22 Feb.1973 p.78. article: "Illegal wild furs rising ..." a shipment from Brazil to Canada intercepted at Idlewild; included many cats, Tiger Census in India - S.R.Choudhury S.R.Choudhoy 2 articles in Cheetal 15 (1): 67-78, & 79-84. methods measuring tigers. Observations: Brazilian population - Espécies da fauna Brasileira ameaçadas de extinção. 1972. 175 sp. article by F.Pires, H. Leite, Coimbra-Filho, Vanzolini, Carvalho, Maganini. Tourist may say: Venez. - 350 000 sq.m. Height: Pico Bolivar 16,427 ft. 10 million pop. 3.3% ann. growth. 10.6/km² Canaima - 3019 ft.

C.K. 16 Journal 5 March 1973. Monday Caracas, Venezuela Belizean friend recently shot a brocket, then saw a jaguar behind it. Sangola Molina not yet returned. Collectors' shacks moved to Rancho Grande. / Mr. says can arrange plane transport to various number for field work. Carnival holidays today tomorrow; most scientists people out of town now. 6 March 1973. Tuesday, Still carnival holiday. We visited zoo at Parque del Este. Pair ocelots in large cage; when water truck came to spray, one climbed 15' up wire & along dog ledge to remote corner - used white to climb rather than digits + claws; about 3"x6" mesh of ¼" bars. Cat skunk. / No jaguar. But a pair of Otters in wet open pool. Birds included Cox whistling - long descending whistle - and bellbird calling repeatedly. Swallow, swallow-tail, duck, tucans, a mocking jay. Adult & juv. Sarcoramphus in cage. / Later went to zoo in Parque "El Peñon" in Paraiso area. Much larger collection mammals in smaller area. Two jaguars sleeping one cage. Pair ocelots. Single margay. / 2 Sarcoramphus. Many Tropical birds. Some exotic birds & mammals too. Two capybaras, 2 Tapirs. Spider monkeys & island of C. nigricollis. Sensitibris, macaus, several Barbarys. Jaguarundi - gray in color; vernacular name given as "gato montes o onza". / Found Nat. Science Museum closed. Pleasant temperature morning, hot afternoon. / Mandolff said Orinoco delta to E. of Tucupita underdeveloped swampy; reports jaguars. Riparo said drought in area causing movement of cattle to S. (Another article said rats causing great crop damage (also carry leptospirosis). Estimated 400 million R's/yr. loss. Esp. Barinas, Portuguesa - rice, sugar. Leptospi- can obtain in forests; dog transfer to man. Confide infected meat. / 7 March 1973. To Mandolff's office in Chacao. Arranged trip tomorrow w. Luis Cedano, for del Parque Guatopo, to trade for a few days. Base of park is in Jose Ravon Orta. / Met Alberto Brugada Salaya,

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17 Journal 7 March 1973. Caracas, Venezuela desire park dept., who is trying to get jaguar reserve set aside in Yasunuy, 15000 ha. of Inst. Agrario Nacional Land. He said jaguar, odoto, pampas tree; also peccar, agoutis, timarou, peccaries. To be called Dona Paula. Reach via San Felipe or Puerto Cabello. He said jaguar in Mata de Guadalupe, NW of Caicara on his finca- quits; N of La Brea. Also F. wiedii in N. Falcon in Nat. Park ... del Toro, Pueblo La Taza. || He said F. wiedii sometimes makes call like timarou (panda) and then attacks prey. Says no steel traps used by Venezuelans, but by poaching Colombians. They're spotted in Guatopo. Says no mision parks by Venezuelan colonos, but some by Colombians. Another tiger area near Coral Viejo, NE of San Fernando, near an Inst. Agrario station. || Also tigers in swampy zone to W. of San Fernando called Sangro de Chaguaramal. Many waterfowl. Also pigs at Cano Ruede, W. of San Fernando. || Article in La Religion, 6 Man., said 80 nations including 17 Latin American signed convention of endangered species prohibiting most commercial transport across frontier. || Various papers reported many fires in savannahs and woods, in Portuguesa, Cojedes, Sucre, others, & 200 ha. on Rio El Avila near caracas. Other articles deplared burning & cutting, largely because affects watershed & water supply (now shut). Peanuts - big crop (in Lago Valencia?) on El Fango Tigre & Motem (spp?) - 13 mill. kgs. - for oil. 8 March 1973. Thurs. Luis Credara arrived 0830 & drove us to office of Instituto N.P., 150 km. from Caracas via Santa Teresa, all paved road (2 hrs.). It was only 1½ hrs. late. Park 42,600 ha., estimated 1458. Credara has been there 9 years. He said only 3 men on park staff. /Loved food than Minas to three hills of mosquitoes + other insects, fairly dry, w. few larger trees. Lower forests largely small round

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18 Journal 8 March 1973. Coatopo M.P., NE Venezuela growth. Some burned spots, & said much entry by livestock, wood- cutters, fire setters, some hunting, in this part. a single jaguar spotted in lower area. later up to more humid forest zone. Stopped at guard station at Las Macanillas & talked with worker Simon Guerrero, former hunter. He said usually hunt by waiting. Traps not used. 2 yrs. ago on trail to S. of his station, he met a jaguar about 2 m. away, he said. Luis O. said that in 1967, Northbound men stationed at Las Macanillas had dogs. Jaguar killed 3. They got hunter who put out young goat & killed jaguar, said to be 155 Kg. Simon said ocelot eat mostly tinamous & other birds. Escobar said that last year about 4 pm one day a jaguar crossed close in front of his car, bistro. Las Macanillas office / Another jag. killed upper Coatopo. Tapo de Agua Fria in 1971, as annoying family there. Apparently no skull crabs kept in either one. | looked off area. One dog belly by highway. Smelt horse on road. Good view down forest canyon to NE. Bus (Carrera -> Altoporte via Sta Teresa) passed by office on highway. We saw macaws, oropendola, tanagers, and several large long-billed green-backed todies near office | Took walk up local moss edge trail to "fundo" abandoned about 10 yrs. (old mango, coffee, banana trees, mango trees). 30 min from office found jaguar droppings in trail. Two large white pieces, one 8 cm. x 3-4 cm., + two larger globes of mostly pure hair w. a few bone fragments mixed (and some). Our guide said dope (= rare) hair. Collected same. Many path trails in this area, humid second growth + abandoned farms on mod. slope; was guide said jaguar go everywhere, not a quiet or fixed trail. a handful of green skeleton on guard partly eaten and again a skull cleaned up, said by Jose. | Many long views over forested fairly steep slopes from office area. No more

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C Koford 19 Journal 8 March 1973. N.Pk. Guatopo, Venezuela Lothos used for bugs. [illegible] inside this park mainly for water shed protection map showed hundreds of former settled sites; now few or none occupied in most sections. Drain into Lagartitos other dams. Spec. (gecko?) Took lizard w. orange venters under sheet old sheet rain on slope away from orange tree. Inside said many maybe when oranges ripe, Nov-Dec. Many possums when mangos falling, July. / We saw no good topein trail. Heard howler maybe in distance to NW, inside (Jose Elias Alvarz) said 3 kinds monkeys; sargento, frutino, & mocos (?). (He did not recognize my description of more or less a marimonda?) / Summit about 1 km. beyond office. Then descends after a few km., first dry, many orange-flowered bushes on S. slope. Outside park, slopes grassy, brown, especially trebled, burned patches, some still smoking. A great contrast to green forested slopes in park. / Near office, 7 macaws flew over about 6:15 p.m. I flushed a quail (tortolita?) from old plantain plot. / In cave, took a tree-climbing frog in house after near outside light; escaped the type. Nati'l Park Guatopo, Monday Venez. 9 March 1973. Near office, many little chickadees about 6 a.m. Fog at dawn. Clear sky. / Previous night, ½ hr. looking from roof no caprimulgids, bells, revealed no eyeshine mammals or birds, no luminous insects. Fair variety of moths at household lights, but no great beetles (said mostly at start rains, may). | Off on hike up main trail in park, w. Escobar & guadalouque Elias Alvarez. started (0800) at point about 12 km. toward Macanilla + walked W. upslope (~ Rio El Colorado) in forest. No plantings or clearings. Narrow trail. Heard aloueta about a mile S. at 0830, much howling. also saw part of troop of smaller red-brown monkeys scattered

C Koefod 20 Journal 4 March 1973 N.P. Gestopo, Miranda, Venezuela Echo. in green tree tops - Clio said "macaro" (Sanguito, frutis (big w. white across forehead) = ?, and macaco (= Cebu apella n nigri - mittatus?) recognized by him. Often saw armadillo diggings. Ground covered w. leaves; yellow clay beneath. Occasionally hard timone. Many medium-sized trees, some larger to 4' diameter. Probably had been cut in far past. After about 2 hrs, still on ridge, intersected old trail. They said it was formerly a cart trail from Santa Teresa to San Antonio; now grown over. This point pro- bably 100' below summit level. We turned to S, & went along sidewalk, made a less level trail, for perhaps an hour. They said surprised at lack mammal signs - blamed it on settler invasion - said more near office area because of protection, old fruit orchards, many poses and other small mammals. We found an apparent jaguar deposit, droppings similar to yesterday but about 3 cm diam. Two pieces, damp grey muddy color. Contains claws, small spines (of porcupine?). I saw part. Open large insect in center of trail + ground cleared for about 10" there, leaves & sticks pushed aside so by pawing, earth packed and no clear scratch or apparent urine (same yesterday). No odor kept at a few inches. We dropped into a small clean rocky creek bed, much moss, ferns, water rock plants. Then on, passing other creeks, & eventually reached an old trail composition at a clear stream. We had found a seen about 8 gums (big black) in trees along the way. Clio saw possible speceay (barquiro). All fair humid forest but not dripping & many small tree. Many vines, some thick & woody, others stringy. Clio

Journal 9 March 1973 Nat'l Park Guatopo, Venezuela cut in a "rocuro" tree 3' diam. with straight hole, which had milky latex which tasted like thin cream; he made 1" hole in bark & the milk started to bubble down trailer, slightly sticky. Said a good drink. Only about 3 old slashes on tree. / At one point picked up a possum skull, probably Didelphis, but we saw no other animal remains. A few deer tracks. Four trees in bloom, but many fallen fruits & seeds (green foods?). Last part of trail about Rio Santa Cruz a mile, descending, to a clear stream about 15' wide. Chis cut quite a bit here. Said cursed for about 6 years. We saw almost pair of guans, searched about 200' away quickly - seemed to indicate little disturbance. Bloody blue face, red gular patch. Small fish (4") + crawfish (3" across) in stream. Said to be old trail complete nearby. / With brief stops for water, lunch, it took us 5 1/2 hrs. to reach end of trail. Start time about 1330 & moved faster, so saw little. Back at starting point about 1730. Chis had found a small geyser on rock at side clear stream; it ran across water about a foot. Let us put it in sink of water it could indeed go across top, but mostly not breaking surface spec. tension, likely perhaps acting as float. We also picked up frog leg from trail in hard forest; cream colored 1mm. line tips more to tail; pointed Kote: nose. / Day morning, dried strips gave - We all picked up numbers of tiny ticks, especially around ankles & belt. / Chis said there were sloths here (one kind) but we saw none. Fair numbers of bats seen in evening near buildings. The pineapine dropping also had apparent snake scales; saved sample - and 2 nematodes. 10 March 1973, Saturday. Talked w/ Escalona & looked at map. Walk yet: day started about 1 km. before Macanillares station. Went w. to File El

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22 Journal 10 March 1973 N.P. Guatope, Miranda, New zuela Colorado (Fila La Inymana to N). Then SE and down to Rio Santa Cruz, at point about 2 km. W of Fila El Castillo, near S. centre of park. / 8 guarda-parque, located around perimeter. Montaneros from Arguello, also Santa Teresa; little from S. (Altagracia), Cecilio (+ another man) thought tigres in steep forested area NE of Riddi Pedro, in many fruit trees. The other Cecilio said pecaries especially fond of graves. Another probably good area in St. Central section of park. Mainly 4 drainages in park, Lagartijo's most important. Asked about sloths, the third man said many. They + related dead lots of remanigues from road. They said where many cecropia (guano) trees. I suggested there may be 10 tigres in park; they thought more. ] Escalona said they would like to gether biological info but needed an official directive explaining what to do. Probably record + mapping of sightings + sign jaguars would be good start. / Highest point in park about 1400m, to SE of office a caser Matanza - Javonico line. || Mardelphi thought that magpie at least formerly common at Rancha Grande; often seen on road before so much traveled. // About 3 p.m. we walked up trail near office to old blocks + rocks. No new droppings found. One mammal (aguti) scuttled away on ground. Two guano in trees. Ground packed hard, leaf-covered. / Sunday 11 March 1973. Morning fog above our dwell but cleared about 8 a.m. Cloud chocolate clouds from edges forest; continued at twice to midday. (We again walked the local trail to old orange orchard. Near highway level high doglike bark + rush of animal in forest; bloody, long feet - probably a jaguar or a large yaguarondi. Muggy + still. Little bird activity + no monkey heard. Normal droppings. We departed about noon w. pickup (driver Olibio) and went N. a few km. past Macarita, then through locked gate to mud road which descended through forest for 1½ km. to upper Rio Tagua, where there were guards (not park) house +

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C BK 23 Journal 11 March 1973. N. Pl. Guarapo, Venezuela calle tully our ruin. Near house we saw 5 at malaya, said to be "moss" in tree; pale white tails curled down, drawn on back but mostly black. One juv. dropped lightly 15' to another branch. These in green forest in bottom of river, where trees 60'. Humid & hot. River clear, fish 6" long in schools, scales & fins on back indistinct much larger present. Stream about 20 yds. across, flowing well. (Lawn Taguaza to be damned soon). About 3 km. before ruin, passed small stream + saw one new kitten by stream in shade; it flew 50-70 yds. upstream; further downstream flew up into tree & perched 25' above ground. At one point a green snake on road, frequent greasy of body (2 ft.) went & still; then it rushed off road probably 6" or more in length. Good forest vegetation along this road & probably good for animal surveys, though obvious entry for hunters. Yesterday midday, from office area, we saw a large kite w. wide swallow tail; all white below w. black tips wings read gray above; it flew high above forest, fairly fast. A large swift came down at it and the kite descended fast. / Drove on to Caracas. Much area covered by marquis about 15' tall on dry flatish rolling ground; cacti there? Hills much burned near the outskirts, but patches of trees in pockets & dunes showed potential if not burned. Caracas, Venezuela. 12 March 1973. Visited Madalfo in office. He made some calls for me. Finally got invitation from Dr. Angel Marcos (Valencia 88-615) (of Cades Galavis) to visit Urana ranch. Apparently jaguars had killed several cattle there recently and they had killed two jaguars. We packed and departed for Maracay and thence to Rancho Grande, biological station. Arrived late afternoon. Light rain in Maracay. / Medina returned in evening & we talked. He said (of accomplishment) there is presence in NE Bolivia, Altopl. de Naria, far distant, but

Administrador General Federación de Cazadores de Venezuela Apdo. Caracas 50672 del Este. Calle Real de Adona Isanda Edif. Tres Hermanas - piso No 10 Tel. 71-42-23- Caracas. Dr Angel Mancera 041-88-615 Valencia code Libreria Cumbre Colección Científica (series pocket books) Munte Avila Editores

CBK 24 Journal 12 March 1973 Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela Doña Paula in Yaracuy soon and hoped for panda faunal reserve in S. central (8 sept 1971) Guaras soon, in savannahs. He said infested jaguar recently, essien near Churuguara, S. central Falcon. Said much clearing in Barima forest with forest, for agriculture, but their forest preserves there and doubtless tiger still. / He said Colombia undetected traps in Venezuela. / Mitkes 13 March 1973. Tues. Osvaldo arrives from Univ. Los Andes, Merida. He said reports on SE foothills of Sierra Los Angeles (Merida range). Jaguar in swamps of SW of Lake Maracaibo (x bad drainage). W. globe, much cattle & population. Oil east of lake. Sierra Los Angeles much cut- over but still forest areas; all humid forest. Said probably tiger in Selva de San Camilo, far W. Apure. / Also talked w. Paul Schwartz - for he had not been in field since last May. // Went to Maracay to phone to Marcera; he had gone to Caracas! More delay. Back to Rancho Grande. Remained foggy in area. / Cleared cat skins. F. concolor, 31 July 1969, measured 1220-410-190-65, wt. 20 kg. (Chupaderos, Bolivia). / The only F. tigrina, 24 Feb. 1972 (Rio Negro, just a little Chicharran), ♀ 790-305- [?cur.?] 115-45, 2 kg; coat rather fluffy - spots similar to widii but more hair slightly posteriorly; some open spaces lighter color within; tail rings incomplete. / A large F. widii ♂, 955-410-40-53. Same weight about 3 kgs. / F. pardalis, one ♂ 12.8 kg.; 1150-385-160-55; t. 34x25; 16 Jan. 1969; Rio Grande, Bolivia. Most weight about 9 kgs. / F. pardalis ♂, 17 Mar. 1968, 13.5 kg.; t. 33x29; 1220-410 tail; Col. Cejides. / Maddoff was mistaken about black F. tigrina being here. / Foggy & drizzly all day. We walked trade up- slope from lab. Saw 2 titi monkeys (Aotus??) together. Heard Alouatta in distance to S. Took a new - needed sample on tail; red black bird neck & red tail (orange red) twitted in various seeds. One good alarm call at least as anything big hanging next. spec. more

Caza y Pesca article. Presa de Izuri, Guayana Oct. 1968 - animal rescue. Flooded 800 000 m², (too km²) 80 Km² Rescued 15 000 animals - mid. snakes, birds - 2 jaguars. (+ 9 photos.) Nov. 1969. no 43. Velutini . El Rostro, Apure, 1957. Says 148 legs. Vernac. names. cachiramo montañero sabonero venados lochas caramorudos cariquito Baguiro cunchote oso palmero meltero osito sedoso

25 Journal 14 March 1973 To Urana, Carabobo, Venezuela. with Paul Schwetz to Maraca. Thence to Valencia through dry country resembling SW Nevada, especially on several small foothills (Costa, Ning). Humid atmosphere, bare short grass (brown) hills. Valencia bustling and many modern stores & buildings; looked prosperous. Shared Manera; he had gone to Urana. We went to Sta. Cecilia. Hills near road covered with brush about 5 m tall, about 1/3 dry, mixed with cactus - possibly good for scute. Stream near coast & some hilltops in fog had trees. Near Sta. Cecilia, mesquite fairly mostly grown. St. C. had store, big shops, but few modern buildings. / We departed 12:15 and went W. to Moran and thence Urana. Hills to S. forested, trees to 30m. in valleys, except for lower parts, and dominantly green. / at Urana found Manera and CGH (= Carlos Galavis # ?) about 70yrs. They invited us in his old home at river end of tiny town. / Then we looked at prize bulls in corral & stable. One recently grand champion (of ?) at Houston. Home had dozens of certificates & trophies for cattle, primarily Hereford, Brahma, & such types. Apparently Galavis family dated on breeding bulls. / Manera arranged for tiger hunter to guide us tomorrow; the man who had killed several in last few years because killed cattle. Two males taken recently were < 100 kgs. Manera said that in another ranch a tiger had killed (formerly) about 12 cattle in succession. / He said usually hunt by dragging partly eaten carcass to good spot for shooting us. Light at night, also a pipe scare trap sometimes used. We thought puma present but apparently fine & not dangerous to cattle. Found about 12,000 ha. He said that many locals hunt in the Dana Paula area adjacent to ranch; now no protection there. / Near Urana town we saw several long (30 cm) tree lizards, largely green color ground + trees on bank.

Journal 14 March 1973 Nr. Urarí, Venezuela Light drizzle after dark. On walk home under ever-increasing, saw 3 large (150mm) geckos spread 10yds. apart. Fewer northern other spec. insects, mod. cool. Later caught one large under cover, two small (60+ mm) 3 geckos. creptle but only a few inches up. Saw another, mod. length on outer leaf of air plant in tree over termite nest. Mosquitoes in house both times; holes in screens. 15 March 1973. Foggy sunset; ground wet from sprinkler in night. Our guide, agricultor & hunter Manuel Calero, turned up about 1100. He spoke good Spanish & was small insignificant man about 55 yrs. He said he'd hunted tigre using bows or bait. Occasionally for mud still traps (w/teeth). Hunt white by walking at night w. light. Said no primer here - but has jaguar & another cat, apparently jaguarundis. Ocelots more common than tigre - often 2 together. Once killed two adult male tigres same place, at interval one week. Recent tigre taken were about 90 kgs. Cat deer, coypulong, peccary, agouti, turtle, fish - everything except shrews. Of cattle, take mostly calves. Attacks flock of birds rarely. Drag prey, often over 100 m; later return to feed. Caracaras taken peccary, deer, bird, smaller prey than tigre. We drove W. to San Pedro (about 6 km; small settlement), then turned L. & went 8 km to bridge over Rio Yaroquía (20 m wide, faulty flowing fast), then went on road down river for 6 km. & dusk darkened. Walked about ¼ mile away from river on dirt road, then parallel to river in drier up bed of a branch. This about 20 yds. wide, sand and mud, occasional small stagnant pools. Some pools had several fish on bottom; some banks showing - slugs; called guayabos; about 12" long. Saw two dead coatis, skull broken. Occasional empty shotgun shells. Many footprints - apparently people came to hunt, fish, play. Occasional tangles of downed trees across stream bed, & very muddy spots. Forest

Benamoro - (accomat?) jaguar one man said kill 3-4 cattle / yr. pay 400 b. for killing - but why hunt when & those which kill cattle .

Journal 15 March 1973. Heda. Urama, Varacy, Venezuela on both sides w. their belenier & palmy much undergrowth, spaced large trees to 30 m. Saw 2 at stream, group of Amazon ? capy, pacote, 10+ red/blue macaws, several guans. Occasional light trota rain. / At outlet on Yacuy, Manuel said he saw tiger & cubs there recently. In streambed, we found jaguar tracks soon, going both ways about a week old. Diameter 7 1/2-9 1/2 cm. stride about 18" Also saw tracks (often) occasional small cat (jaguarundi?) & some apparent felid (5 1/2 cm. dawn.) - some of last fresh, in living human feces muddy. Saw a herd w/o monkeys. No fresh droppings but an old dropping about 3 cm diam possibly racoon; appears jaguar dropping at piece, middle each bed. / We continued downstream about 2 hrs. Manuel said no new tiger tracks, but saw some at certain place much further on - rain grew heavier, such bad mudskin, so we returned to road getting fairly soaked. / Being back then for Pablo, man there said he saw tracks & and 2 cubs a week ago - not cared somewhere to N. We plants go to different place tomorrow. Rain stopped about sunset. / Manuel said tiger sometimes goes over 10km. Down to different area; later look again. These streambeds would seem to make for elongated home ranges along them. / Manuel had lived in this region about 30 yrs. He said many fewer cats & gave lessons of cutting and reduction of forest. / Rainless calm evening; many birds evident in yard. Few swans at lights. One large gecko under cover near light. 16 March 1973. High sunset, slow hills, calm. A small hayscope (reinita - or seen in Pto. Rico) worked yesterday starting nest on branch of lime tree in yard dy house; today has fairly solid nest bowl, 2' from end of branch, 6

Journal 28 16 March 1873. Hda. Ur sana, N. Coast, Venezuela, Feeds w. green heads & tails around yard; took a small ibis with spec. little green. But tails of large green ones in two snapshots. Caught large Ameiva in snapshot, alive, & Chile kept it. Saw other to about 20" long & 2" diameter - as seen in Puerto Rico. / Our guide & transportation failed to show up by midday. Administrator arrived & supposedly arranged trip for tomorrow. / Evening walk to W. about a mile to canal. Saw many parrots - short tailed flying in pairs, long tailed in large groups - at least one smaller parrot but too. Kishodue common; occasional one on back of a Brahmo. At dudly many bats flying low over road near trees & water trough (many quote an invocation after dark) Saw one nighthawk, high up. No rain today. 17 March 1873. Driver arrived 0930 (due at 0700). He took me to San Pablo, there to Rio Yacucuy. Between, one 1/2 mile wide swamp w. canions, grasses, gallinules, egrets, many water birds. Driver said he had taken two capybaras here last week, one 90 kg. Then 6 km down Yacucuy river on dirt road, to where men felling aamate tree & hewing out logs. Trote & ganding made considerable openings. Driver & Manuel conferred then. They mentioned killing of about 8 solvas at Arnes, Copra, and Bonan- za (hedas?) to N. Apparently a 7 and large sub taken there not long ago, within 4 months, by another hunter - he took skulls with him, the men said. Manuel said when he hunted on one of these ranches, they paid him 20 B's a day for a week, + 400 B's for killing the jaguar. He current said skin worth about 200 B's. But also told of offer of 500 B's for killing cub & 1500 for jaguars in same area. He would like to hunt there, if I could stay a few days, but needed ammo. He said killed jag- uars at night up to 40 m. with flashlight & his lightweight rusty 16ga. single. Both men said a bigger jaguar taken off to W.

Journal 17 March 1973. Hda. Urara, Venezuela recently. They seemed not to know the hunting was illegal. | Saw 3 or 4 Aulacobyphus tanarus; two fed on green fruits of plant 15' up. | About 12:30 we started down same caño as on 15 March. Saw a 6' caiman, barely alive, in center of it, where no water for a few hundred yds. | Live & dead guapolo (?) fish, some over 12", in small drying pools near them - but few troche now; why don't scissors get them? | Went on same caño until about 3:15 p.m., when trail got narrow. The jaguar trail of previous day still somewhat present, about 9 cm wide across toes. Some were tracks smaller 4½ cm cat absent - fainter across toes & lighter; front & hind feet same or "reversed" size - judged jaguarundi (locally "gato" or "cigüita"). Some of these among fewer tracks apparently fresh. Placed old jaguar tracks & cast two. There (small) about 7 cm wide across toes at maximum. | Picked up one large dropping w. some fragments + hair; pale grey; judged of jaguar. | At one point we saw two monkeys, rather slow & quiet, climbing among palms at edge caño, about 5 m. up (black legs + tail, greyish head, brown- ish body; Color nigra?). Looks like howler, macaco (this one), and (squirrel?) night monkey present this area. | Caño became narrow & vegetated, then still a trace, soon turned back. At 4:30 p.m. we found very fresh jaguar trail on top of our own trail, made about 1:30. So an active in day! and following our trail, in part. The trail dashed across the caño for 5 m. through grey mud, animal sinking in perhaps 2 cm. - evidently it had been slowed, probably by our approach, & fled across caño & into thick vegetation. I sniffed about but smelled nothing. Tracks same size as the old ones - presumably some animal had returned, to its after several days absence. | We looked track it up the caño

30 Journal 17 March 1973 Hda. Urana, Venezuela (cat food discarded) for about 1/2 mile. Then trod around R bank & went off into thicket. Along caño it had wandered a great deal, probably searching for food scraps. It had inited half-dried carcass of a 3ft Iguana, but perhaps not extant. Once walked in mud to edge of a pond about 3m. across, as if to drink. Used stride about 18". Occasionally stepped over log about 1 ft. high. We found no droppings. We told no one about our find, as the info would bring hunters; the next tracker, perhaps tomorrow, surely would see that tracks & report them. Usual grass + mosses along caño. A small green kingfisher. Black+white sparrow-sized bird on ground, walking. Many Myio- dryastes. Driver took us back. We stopped at swamp between San Pablo & Rio Y. - several large black birds with some white markings standing on ground, perched in snags, or flying - our driver said it was "areco" (= screamer ?), bill like turkey, crest on head, most like turkey. At least a dozen in this swamp. Water surface mostly covered with a light green plant of bowl shape, each plant about one ft. diam. Hundreds of cattle ergrets perched or coming in in flocks. To Caracas 18 March 1973. Sunday. We departed for Puerto Cabello; then went to Caracas. Smoky air as usual. Caracas 19 March 1973. Holiday here. Looked in book stores. Visited La Guaira & Macuto on coast. Bused Maralfe. Caracas 20 March 1973. Went to Madolfi's office. There met Harry Sieber, airline pilot and former hunter. He knew Venezuela well. Said four jaguars now in Apure, due hunting because of cattle depredations. He strongly recom- mended Hato de la Cruz, of Dr. Alfredo Paul, in E. Bermejo about 68°40'W. Around protected. Fairly open for car travel. Formerly had 2 jaguars in cage; or I would

autonomous C v Guayana - dead, cut, water. Ship can Selen I Agric N - dead

Journal 31 20 March 1973 Caracas, Venezuela come to area when shower in hets Many other birds & mammals abundant too. (Later T. Bohn also recommended it.) This was about 50 mi NE of Bruguol. / Gideon Zidron also recommended area of San Juan de Manapiare, N. Amazonas. Cated priest there, holy foot-ups Can Panquito, especially to Laguna Maguiri area - jaguars, tapirs, etc. G. said one of best wildlife spots in Venezuela. Not far from Yotuje but much better. / He also recommended area S. of Maritech in central W. Bolivia, about 65°40'W, in fasthills. Some Indians there. Cattle a problem to V.; diamond miners to N.W. (miners very destructive to all life, G. said) central Another good cat area near Cataceda, N. Apure, about 60 mi. S.E. of Bruguol; formerly good jaguar hunt area. Carabina region - poor wildlife; miners; infertile zone. / Visited Dr. Hector de Armar, Banco Desarrollo Agropecuario, & friend of R. Páez, jaguar hunter. He referred me to Hermano Brigg (of CIF, Plaza Castellana) for info on recent jaguar + ocelot killing for sale to Colombian buyers in SW Barinas (esp. Culebra area). He also introduced me to Luis River of La Salle Inst. River thought that this conservate de mammiferos, José Manuel Belsaz, had data or sets from some of others. River said he well knew the region of central Sanario S. of 4 Barinas, around 8°40' N. He said rather dry open area except for slight shallow ditch about 5 m. deep, which had brush & a little water. many ocelots. He said ocelots mainly in dry country when some water. He cited several places where saw an ocelot - thought mainly only one. / Later in day visited Dr. F. de Frie in altamira, pleasant quinta & garden; jaguar + ocelot skins, heads nt. goats, etc., more, bears - a former hunter. Born 65 yrs, w. younger wife, both apparently German. His ranch a triangle extending S. of Bruguol, home 1200 m. from airstrip. Not about 20 yrs. - nothing there at that time. Animals protected 18 yrs. Possibly 8-10 jaguars, + abundant capybaras (due to

Travel Burgess & Barnes - "Far" daily.

Journal 20 March 1973. Caracas Venezuela kill 2500 soon, or too many; white tailed deer, antelopes, red howlers, done scarlet ibis, anhingas. He said photographer Wiedemann there now. He said jaguars recently killed calves, bison; because of dry season? He said many farmers had fled, perhaps then departed, see yellow fever? We can visit ranch going with his driver on morning of March 22. Drive. to Bruguas, too! Driver had said once shot jaguar while it was eating a river turtle. Many turtles at Bruguas ranch - many eaten by jaguars, said de Frias. / Hector de Armas. said largest jag taken by this group was 126 kgs, on his finca, many years ago. // Met with Hermann Zieggy, bigs, in office. He was about 30; other- parties; three large photos in color of him w. jaguar carcass hanging up. (Also w. African buffalo.) Apparently wealthy flying boots. He was very upset by destruction of forests + wildlife in W. Basins. Forest preserves entirely disregarded; only names; no control. People taking cats with snares, fish with huge nets. At least 40 jaguars taken or seen since last May, + one ocelot. These sold to buyers who came from Colombia. (We did not know Medina). Interested in possible introduction of exotic game - mt. sheep + goats, mule deer, eland! / again talked w. Mardolphi. He said CVG, IAN, essentially autonomous groups bent on development - had put sheep in tree forests, much of it sandy easily erodible soil. Much felling, clearing, road building. Read article in El Nacional, 10 March, told of plans to construct roads in Delta Amacuro (CVG area). Another told of planting 28 million pines on 20,000 ha. by end of 1973 in area N. of C. La guaira. Mardolphi said some wood pulp industry but less than Colombia. / He said he had examined stores of

Jorn Kindblad sibyllagatan 1143 stockholm Sweden movie photog. Guaras - doing wildlife book. Al Foto.g 77-10-40 Foto del Olt (officer. Limited - s. of H.Tammaro Prague 32 20 65 off. 77 21 75 form

Journal 20 March 1973 Caracas, Venezuela joguarundi & found much rabbit remains (from whom?) 21 March 1973. Wednesday. Waiting for trip to Paragual. Stopped for lunch. Visited "El Pajar" zoo & director Pedro Trebbau. There are no pair jaguars, 2 pair ocelots, + a lone margay (he said at Parque del Este a pair, missing blind?). Quality & history of animals poor for reproduction none yet (except for one litter at P. del E. - one did survive). / He reminded a call from Silvio Gonzalez Plaza. Said "invasion de tigre" en el Noreste de (= Surpeque de Tujimato?) Caracas Plaza - San Jose de Turmero, Valle de Santa Rosa de Cumaná, Guarico. Group planning to kill the tiger this Sunday. They have already killed two (tigers?). / Jan Lindblom-Lindblom, young Swedish movie photographer was there. He had been filming wildlife in Surinam & Guyana. We all went out to new site of zoo near El Recreo, a huge high rise housing project, to photograph pumas. Took 5 with us. Released them along a small stream with thick grass at sides. The two tanets promptly escaped up a side path & could not be recaptured. Lindblom took his photos. He said jaguar + ocelot in Surinam at Browings Park & elsewhere. He had appar- ently been staying near one tribe (in S. or Guyana). Indian agents restricted them from hunting jaguar unless animal really decided to be dangerous to humans. But missionaries had encouraged some hunt for skins to sell, so Indians now hunting. L. had argued biblical interpretation concerning wildlife with the missionaries. L. said conditions for wildlife & studies in Surinam were very good. He especially recommended Peter Tammesma, Land- looscheker, to help. / L. to show movies at T. Pedro Trebbau house on eve 22 - probably too late for us. / We went to home of friend of Trebbau, - al Protyg, in Prado del Este. / His wife had a F. typing and

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CBK 37 Journal 21 March 1973 Caracas, Venezuela F. concolor on lease, and a pair of F. pardalis in 4 x 8' cage. No breeding of last; or smaller than 5 but tried to copulate at times. They grunted a lot at night he said. Much growling when we were near. The tigrina said to be from Brazil. Only spots low on sides were open & margay - like. He said sometimes fed them 2 whole chickens each - about 600 gms. each - and they consumed all of it. Hollow speaks English, alternative of U.S.; enthusiastic, tall, about 40 yrs. He knows most U.S. zoos & directors. He says their (deal of some ?) wants to start a research area & may respond well to suggestions. I suggested est research center, especially for reproduction & application to wildlife management. To Brucal 22 March 1973. Waited for ride to Brucal. Davin came at 2 p.m., in a Bus. He took us via Valencia, then toward Barinas, then on to Brucal. Good paved road all the way. Into Portuguesa, land much settled in small farms, probably family deciduous forest, now patchy second growth. After dark, many insects in air. Fairly new bridge over Rio Guaparo. Arrived at home about 10:30 p.m. Several buildings; comfortable but no luxury. Administrator, Resident Bieschoff, he's 40 yrs, said Colombian buyers cannot effect high prices for skins. Often see gps. several Colombians effect traveling. Within past four weeks, tigrin reported to have killed a calf and a cow- calf; but we kept rank to S. Cien Agrias, established over 40 spe.; kill jaguars there & burned much pasture. No intentional burning on El Paoarin. Hato El Porvenir, Brucal, Apure, Ven. 23 March 1973. Talled w. Wiedemann (sp.?); prof. photographer. He has been here about 5 visits, usually about 2 weeks. He said that he took the well-known photo of jaguar on a log over river in area SE of Pt. Agrias, where man was - he was perhaps first man jaguar had seen. W. was

Carlos Emilio Ferreriz Sociedad Anónima - Banco Popular corpo R.B.) Miguel Orellana - Teatro del arte y cultura m. Peral

@BK Journal 23 March 1973. Huto El Porvenir, Apure, Venezuela. in a cayuco boat & took several shots w. 80mm. lens on 6x9 cm camera, getting to about 15 yds. It had rained here previous night & we thought that the jaguar was drying out. Only saw jaguar one other time, when in boat w. his wife; there was great fuss among birds & jaguar on shore; poor photos. W. is very patient photographer and spends much time in the field; should know much about animals. / Ben had taken us to S. part of ranch. Land flat, fine sandy. Some planted grass but mostly natural. Green grass, widespread dead trees & "mats" of dune moss. Chile, mango oaks (said to be 5 leagues thence), ceiba, sabana, around houses. From us we saw a burrowing owl. Occasional white tailed deer, some 100 yds from brush cover (10 a.m.). Occasionally groups yellow finch es. RB said jaguars formerly numerous but had died out (and moved?) with yellow fever about a year ago. No know of any yellow fever in humans. He said now is low breeding season; seen one pair & few males. We saw bucks with small head antlers. / New house, said to be pardon, about 2000 alt.gts on ranch. / New Plateau, family said to have captured young ocelot recently & freed it. We were to stay at old ranchhouse at Plateau. / We met two dragadores. One a hunter who used to hunt for Cia. Inglesa. Claimed to have shot 34 jaguars and missed 3. Hunted w. dogs. Called jaguar w. yound (toto, etc.). He thought it called faster than so. Only one & many all there, he said. No that thought cubs usually December, 2 maximum. Had cubs in cave or burrow hole, often shallow, or under thick brush. He said kill by biting neck & "nose" from above. Jaguar drags prey, after several hundred yards. / We visited camp of game builders. One man said he said he saw two tigers in area about a week ago. He also showed us old tracks in now-hard mud, probably made December or Jan, he said. None knew of

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36 23 March 1973. Friday. Hato El Porvenir, Apure, Venezuela fresh tracks of jaguar & ocelot. Most ground has been dry, except at edge of water with caño (Agua Verde). The area of caño teemed w. (= canibe) life. Water boiled w. schools piranha and catfish; stream littered with dead fish & their remains, including some fish over 2' long. Hundreds of baba (alligator), some over 10' long. Hundreds of turtles in water & at edge; some about 400 mm across. Thousands chiguire of capybara tracks - we saw an small gps. in woods, saw large gps., with ¼ grown young, at water in evening. Some readily swam across the caño. Late in day, saw 100 gps. out into grassland for caño. Many probably over 50 kgs. They are now being shot for market (about 2500). They give dog - like barks in alarm, a single bark. Saw freshly dead Dasyprocta by pond; coati was eating at it. Hundreds of black and of yellow headed vultures, in trees & on ground near caño. We saw dozens of huge iguanas w. nest or brood, running, in trees, swimming (underwater for 2/3 of 20 yard crossing). Turtles, alligators, iguanas often on same bank. Occasionally a large Tupinambis lizard (called 'canepial,' said RB). Of abundant water birds; wood ibis, white stork, 100+ white ibis 20, jabiru, scarlet ibis 20, anhinga 20, cormorant 20, heron 100, tigrillo 2, great blue heron 10, night heron 200 (incl. juven.), white egret (in 3 birds), kingfisher 10 (2 birds), sparrowbill 20, vermilion flycatcher 20, shrike 20, and other (esp. many jays on road in sun 20; thick above, 1). A real zoological park of reptiles & water birds! / We walked along of caño Agua Verde & through adjacent 'monte' but found no tracks, drop- pings, or other cat signs. / The hunter said he searched w. dog from basecamp, yet located no cats. We thought Jaguar did not move far; much less than 10 km, he said. / We looked at various sites

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Journal 23 March 1973 Hato El Porvenir Apure, Venezuela. Verde of Aqua Verde in woods along shore, Many piranhas up to about 10" long, among dead fish. In flashlight beam in eve often two or more alligator eyes seen at once. Quit about 19:30. Spent night at Casa PlatanaL. 24 March 1973 Saturday. We revisited several spots along Aqua Verde but found no cat sign. Caracaras consumed fish on bank. There are a few towers about 20' tall, put up for observing animals (old & non repair). Caught a fair-sized Iguana in 8" diam. hole in canal bank, with two others in hole. Turtles proved difficult to phx to or quickly slid into water. Alligators at darker here away, but spotlight distance about 50'. Pairs of 20' black & yellow-headed vultures in tree 7-8 a.m., apparently roosting, but saw no concentration at mammal carcasses. Mostly fed on fish near water. / Reinhot came; told me more water at Coto Salto + loaned us maps. We went there mid-afternoon. Some water holes 1/4 or 1/2 mile or more long + 20-30m wide. Few dead fish on banks. Fish in usual birds - also saw fairly noisy some litters, which allows approach to 10m at times. Noctyges, anhingas, cormorants, black herons - numerous. Spoonbills, egrets Mod-sized ibises in trees. Gallinula catching insects in air. / Many capybaras, some allowing approach to 10m. (10' or less in light at night). Many gpa 12+ included about 1/4 half-grown. Each chord + 1/2 gram across rumpa. When pressed, they circle back towards a canoe and kept down 3m. back into muddy water & swim under water. Some stayed under 1 min. t. appear mostly out all time day, often 50m at from nearest bush; rather tame / Found some feces 300-400mm long. Numbers in the long muddy pools, as at Aqua Verde. But more great bus - tree to 30 m. Much more calling of birds. In eve I saw a fox; we found many tracks, during them probably. Running along top of bank. / We found

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Journal 23 March 1973 w. Brazil, Apure, Venezuela about 5 old cat tracks near a drying pond; 7½ mm. deep; toes slightly lyme separated then joines; oval? Bird & capybara tracks dominate & obscure other tracks. We swept dusty road & other areas along track. We camped by water hole in caño. Bats out before dark. Noctyx especially noisy. Found a Didelphis dug eyeshine. Caimans, bootys, capybaras, others making noise all night; sometimes in spreading burrows. A deer & capybara walked thru our camp at night. Accessible water cano continues at least 2 miles over good dirt road, branches leading off to S., or small ones through grassland to N. Capybaras dominant wherever water. Tamar live - perhaps little hill? yet; often gave "alarm bark" but did not flee. They & big squirrels can swim far & well under water; usually submerge upon entering when frightened. But occasional capybara groups swim across w. heads out, including juven. / In Agria Verde, Eike found an anaconda about 4" diameter wrapped in brush under low face of water; we could not make it reveal head or even move much by poking w. stick. Only snake we have seen so far. No macaws seen in this area; no macaws seen or heard. / Flushed a caprimulgus from nest on ground in forest with two pale orange eggs. Heard some calling in evening. / Capybara eyeshine dull; often taken for coati- mulgid at larger distance. / Almost no marginal or biting flies. 24 March 1973. Sunday. Much bird racket in early morning. Noctyx, hangfisch, anibis, Bellula perched in deadwood tree overhanging water by camp. / Walked along edge forest, edge caño water, other spots, & found no fresh cat tracks. But many of capybara, some of fox. About 7 a.m. I saw a fox trot up the road, pause to crouch. About same time I saw adult Crox chubutoni walking slowly on same road, perhaps looking for food, for about 5 min. When

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Journal 24 March 1973 Hato El Porvenir, Apure, Venezuela. it left roost on one side, another walked across road following first. Woods bordered road line. Only ½ mile by road from Loguero family house, so it seems they do not kill the wildlife. / Again saw the Crysopyga bird at short distance, walking up canal. Also found a mata-mata turtle, carapace 13", walking slowly; we walked it off, photoed, released in big pond. / Mod. large today; smoky haze & rain-station close. / Returned to Cara Platana lagoon at 10a.m. Still no gasoline. / At one point on road, a saw photo white-bellied small caracara stood perched on large yellow bull lying down. Lopewrip - spires & small flowers seen. Called "Brigitte, candir" or "branca alvora"; common around lagoon. A flock 50+ included about 20 to red-headed adults. / In one spot in field, flock of glossy ibis, many jochuan, 2 jabiru, 1 scarlet ibis, 1 big white egret, a few yellow-mocked ibis (Christina), + a few cattle - in area 50 m. across w. large green weeds. Near house, large & small dove on ground, Forpus parrot, blackbird flocking, killdeer. / We returned to Caño 70 about 4:30 p.m. We took a few dead fish to put out on bait, (c. caride) caught a few pincher for same. Hung there on sticks or from wire, our soft ground, or put dust on ground below to get turtles. / Found old turtle, judged extinct (7½ cm across top), now small mud pond. / Again saw Crysopyga, one about 2 km SE of Cara Mercedes, in Caño 70 when about 25 yrs. wide, we saw a barrel-like object, stuck up in water, moving erratically; on closer approach proved to be an Anaconda bill. We saw at least 4, possibly 6, at least 3 being smaller & darker grey brownish. Larger ones very glossy fine & tail. Occasionally came up & blew, or sent bubbles out, moved a fin in tail. Other times, water boiled & serpents not visible in muddy water. Cichlid sat on bank & strummed points of their comb in water; this seemed caused change in dolphin activity. Some

Matti regno con Massimo. Fammi scrivere fosse

24 March 1973. Sunday. Huato C/Brenes, Apure, Venezuela. b/w photos came near lim & water build 10' from shore. Two came from 100 yds. to return I tried to take b/w photos in evening light / At dusk, about 30 small bats (pointed nose & open look & one over each eye, teeth out mid-petagon) fluttered low over 5m. deep, stagnant pond. Clang roal saw on Duregion. Near one fish boat saw Delphin. Muggy evening. We camped by water in cano as before. 25 March 1973. Monday. Three fish boats taken; trunks indicated presence with fox also at one. Near the old scat tracks, 10' from fish boats, we found new otter tracks, (photos are) 7½ cm across toes, stride +50 mm. We traced these about 75 yds. in open bottom near small pools; no droppings or evidence feeding. / We walked up a tributary bottom, mostly sandy & bare about 5 yds. wide, some pools w. small alligators. Coke found an acupenda in one pool & saw a Cead w. white belly. He found several fresh tracks, 8½ cm. wide, of apparent cat but toes & pad more elongated than jaguar; = puma? / We returned to previous site & again saw several. One was rolled out, showing head & side, then another of similar size followed. One raised head out 5 yds. from O'Brien's slope to look at him. Later we gave great start of fin on tail about 10' from him as he sat quietly on bank. Bishop later said he thought there were about 6 in Cato 70, & that they came when he was lowering earth dam built at time of falling water, so landlocked until winter. A larger no. about 3 km. downriver to E. of Brenesian; heard two Perhaps 20 in the canos. / We saw one gnu. 50+ jolien stoke in front of Agua Verde. Occasionally saw a Breeking by roding grassland. We drove back to designation, or about out of gas & supplies. Apparently Chiguis hidden had been working w. of Agua Verde; we said he saw a tiger + dogs ago. They are moving its lateral area to hunt to E. / On to rados

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C.B.K 41 Journal 25 March 1973. Hato "El Porvenir", nr. Bruzal, Apure, Venezuela. from Caracas, de Fries suggested search for jaguar near Casa Larga, to E. of Platand (our former headquarters). Perhaps chiquire shooting had driven them there. | In about 1½ km of mango orchard (30 m tall) mixed with (A. cinnamod ?) other tree, we saw howler monkeys. Resident said they came about 7 yrs. ago; gradually increased. Now are inf., one from last yr, 2 2009 others. They stay in mango area year round. Rarely heard. Come to ground to water trough for water. | Also in yard, about 25 imp in 50' tree, a Nyctibius glabri gracilis ?) perched upright; said to have a young one there. Said to (Weidmann has photos of it) have been here 2 yrs. | We noticed loading of dried salted chiquire meat - looks like their hides (not chamber). Sold for $1.20/kg. about 8" retail, to 10 or 12 in Caracas. Niche gives value, they said. We had the meat for supper; rather dark, stringy, but good flavor + little fat in meat. | Later we saw all the red howlers! Large ♂, two seemed much smaller than Berta Chala had seen. 2♂♀, each w. infant, and two of intermediate age classes. All appeared healthy, in reddish brown pelt. Play among all swarms, except perhaps smallest. Resident said almost never to ground. | We briefly visited a lake, Selva, about 5 km. N. of headquarters, where Weidmann was photographing. Indeed, recent remains in water + on shore. In one corner, stakes, spongbills, and root ducks; all took flight when I approached to 100 m. On a nearby shallow pond, dozens of jacanas + a group of chiquires. | By noon, we received permission to visit Hato de la Cruz on Wednesday. | A man brought word that "John" Hill, raised, found near Agua Verde; we plan to see it + the Casa Larga area tomorrow. | Much talk w. Weidmann in eve. As often, he said Gran Sabana now had few animals. Flowers best for seeing animals. Saw good fruit in W. Barrier, formerly, but now much cut down, including fruit producers. 26 March 1973. Tues. We took jeep + went to Agua Verde area where Sogamoso showed us remains of medium-sized chiquire in dry grass clearing. He said he had

Reinhardt Oct-Nov - longy opera, + today - 9, figs, 27. measure a.m. - 5 h., also: Nails made - some club. (5x6 km) Cfr. - 15 proj, 1500 out. - last off all out of the out. - N pt too - prop 5. Yield - rain - fresh with in moment action - 9 + 2 subo - break w. en Gto to (70 km.)

@BK 42 Journal 27 26 March 1973, Tues. Hato El Porvenir, Apure, Venezuela. (= puma) saw a lion feeding there about 5:30 p.m. day before yesterday & that remain had been partly covered w. grass. Last night it (?) returned and ate rest. That group of men, camped at Barinas, had no further news of jaguars or ocelots. | We went to Casa Jorge, near SE edge ranch. & logue was there 10 months. He'd be bad seen no jags or curaguara. He went with us to the "carretas" tr. E., rough raced dirt road. We found water of C. Jorge, then on to intersect w/ c. 70 (pools only). Man living there, small star, said no recent trails guaran, but men from nearby town killed big male to E. on Carro 70 about one month ago. | Area E. of carreta much burned, including edges gallery. Empty rifle shell boxes. No fence. Another ranch. Casa Anglesa to S-des said to be much burned. We walked up & down C. 70 looking for Curaguara tracks; people to E., pools to W. but no tracks. Returned to Jorge but stuck in the same fad in jeep on way - took us rest of day to get out, clean engine, & got back to ranch - with final aid from "Pedro." (= Bernhard Beishoff). | B said that by 26 March 1973. wed. radio, Jaguaron in field reported: Poma (Casa Marescuti). fresh tiger tracks near water trough. Antonio (10 km to W.), saw a tigra w. 2 subs. / RB said that last time to find in Oct. - Nov. in "Baja del Tigre". Much muddy ground & no cattle to scan tracks. Many young herons such, & curagua ate many of these. He made some check on mulvin area last year & saw track of 4 jag- uars in area about 5x5 km, in area where we had camped (4, f w. large gang, big or). Curaguara tracks numerous - also in N. part of ranch. He estimated 1500 cats on ranch, 15 jaguars. He thought my part of track from Ciro 70 too large

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Journal 28 26 March 1973, Wed. Hato El Porvenir, Fdo. Apure, Venezuela for any owllet; probably jaguar. / By radio, Madolefi advised return to Caracas to arrange craft trips. We took down "por puesto" to Barinitas, the other car to Guarico, due to Valencia, another to Maracay, where arrived after 7pm. We stayed near town. / On route, all country developed into grazing or cultivated square clearings with mostly deciduous trees between. Corn seemed suitable for owlets; but prey sufficient? Most land rather dry now, but covered a few running rivers, and Brugada area much flooded in winter, so not stand readily pastured by flood said "Palo Alto" next day. Called Madolefi's home, out. 29 March 1973. There, again tried to call Madolefi. Finally reached him at home. Coming to Rancho Grande tomorrow. We stopped then went by bus to Rancho Grande station. Talked briefly w. Mufiz. Then got out several rat stomach contents in formalin, for examination. One (P.A.B. F. pardalis # 223, Cojedes, June 1966) had parts of large rat, apparently grey w. white feet. Also a nesting passerine bird. / PAB 228, Rio Grande, Bolivia, 250m, had slender mammal including skin & hair; coati? / PAB 254 same place, 1966, had nearly whole frog (Rana boylii sized) and parts of another. PAB 66, same locale, 1969, had parts large mammal perhaps larger than coati; some white, some near black. Buntolo # 207, Chupadora, Bolivar, Bolivia, 1969, included ventral center of snake (1" drain?), + meat w. hair of passerine. / One stomach of F. tigrina, 24 Feb. 1972, PAB # 6", contained medium sized rat; Rio Negro, Territ. Fed. Amazonas (SW - Mr. Sanchez). Skin showed probably immature. / a F. color from El Bolmar, Bolivia, 1970, held at least 3 large cont- peltes, + wings of insect (orthopteran?) about 5 cm long, + digested scrape skin (mammal?). / Three stomachs F. jaguarundi: 2 held parts small (150mm?) sized lizards. One held 2 small rats. All had several stomach worms. No mid-size stomachs. No reports of cats in museum.

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Journal March 30 February 1973 Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela. But collector P. Antonio Bermudez showed me ocelot skin of one taken just above (San Camilo area) in Feb., half grown, $5,700 grams. / B. said usually hunt at night or light. Ocelot may stand farther cave toward light. The Rio Grande area was hilly humid forest, similar to Rancho Grande, with stream nearby. He said they had jaguar nose in San Camilo area. Previously found SE of La Urbana in Bolivia. B. thought that H. Pittini park good for F. wiedii seen as food in part (see Mondolfi comments). / E. Mondolfi arrived, told us a 2 jaguar cubs captured & released on Nats de La Cruz recently; a q also ( + photoed) (by brother ? of Dr. Paul). seen recently there. Probably we go there next week. / Later, discussion w. Medina & Mondolfi. Medina thought only solution to protection jaguar was large preserve, as in SW Guianas. / In U.C.V. collection, now at Rancho Grande, 2 F. tigrina from La Culata, Merida, 3000 m, taken in early 1940's. / Medina let us go over confiscated skins. Two of jaguar. A mixed pile of 205 included 203 I judged to be ocelot, 36 F. wiedii, and 66 unidentified (mostly fuzzy skins). Skins of ocelots to about 103 cm. from tip nose to base tail (but about 35 across chest), skins of wiedii to 69 mm. Many skins had no feet; many had partial tails; some lacked ears or entire head. Photographed some. No tigrina recognized. Many labeled Maracibo-Zulia, Caracas etc., presumably not smuggled into Venezuela. Much variance in spotting among pardalis; much less among wiedii. / a map in museum here shows location 7 ratl parks, 7 forest reserves, 3 mail monuments (like guanoa caves). / Medina said tracks of jaguar seen at Chiriviche recently; moving me and to ask? Mondolfi to notify us by radio when can arrange trip w. Dr. Paul. / Cool & partly foggy most of day & evening. Few visits at light on porch. / Sancho Garcia of Maracaibo said to have pets: 3 ocelots, 1 tigrina.

Journal 31 March 1973 Sat. To Chichiriviche, E. Falcon, Venezuela With Arnoldo Oliveira & another boy, we drove to Cuero in the Chichiri- wide forest preserve (about 13 x 4 km). Via Valencia & coast of Isla de Toa. Many coconut groves along this coast. Some thickets of mangrove & preserved mangroves even now, and fairly dense green forest in hills inland, as there was near Arima. These hills said to have a few jaguars. The Aria Valley planned for extensive agricultural development. We entered the preserve and went a few miles through low dryish forest (5 cm.) and red soil clearings (dried parks) to campsite by shore, where extensive mangroves. Said to be many flamingos at Chichiriviche - sometimes tens of thousands. We saw a few herons, scarlet ibises, cormorants, parrots. Hundreds of trogons of flocks and roosters in clearings & dusty spots; one appeared to be of note. Saw small bats in evening. A steady breeze from sea. Walked about 2 hrs. along coast, looking at tracks, but saw no mammals. Occasional deer tracks. Said to be pumas (Puma) & some trogons seemed to corroborate this. In evening (no moon) spent another 1½ hrs. walking, and about 1 hr. around midnight. By flashlight saw eyes shine 2 mammals on ground, but could not ident- ify. Probably some ocelots and jaguarundi here; one local employee thought so. This really startled me. 1 April 1973. A bad dawn, another hour or so of search, but saw no mammals. Some fox & raccoon tracks stop my footprints of yester- day, however. Occasional long-nosed (Tied?) lizard, medium size, under broad running. Saw no Tapir and Iguana, as the large lizards, however. Probably this green coastal belt, largely deciduous, supports ocelots, and squirrels, flies, snails, provide much food. About midday, drove down to Paria Grande, not in lowlands, foggy at R.G. Hundreds of people stopped a reclining dugout up, though not too small

El Nacional - 2 april 1973 a full page of about 6 articles by various men (F. Tavares included) about deplorable burning & conservation in Venezuela. Several other articles in same + other papers re fire destruction especially. Also another unhappy about litter, hunting, fire conditions. Prof. Paul Kruger - Dept. Engineering, Stanford - a student devel. plans for coaler connecting rivers - Rio Negro & other rivers. Corp. Venez. de Guayana - development Guayana.

CISK Journal 46 1 April 1973, Sunday. Randa Grande, Venezuela picnic grounds. All roads & canoes utilised. Long summer parking places seem much needed. Essentially no trails or entry from Maracaibo on foot forbidden (a F.A.C. guard always at El Limon entry). To Caracas 2 April 1973, Monday. Moved from Maracabo left Randa Grande about 10 a.m. for Caracas. Arrived about 2 p.m. Mardolfi back to office about 3:30. No further communications w/ Dr. Paul. / News slipping mainly about extensive fires at this season - conservationists deploring. There had been a 3-4 day fire on Monte Avila in late March; 19,000 man hours spent on it. Mardolfi much occupied in some conservation meeting; phoned T. Blohm; he said A. Paul was at ranch yesterday; thought to be 2 or so, 8 + 2 mules on that ranch now (H. de la Cruz). Caracas 3 April 1973. Tue. To E. Mardolfi's office. By 10 a.m. had not arrived. So went to La Salle foundation, in large good bldg. near N. end of Av. Maripera. They had a skim of topics, mics, & portfolios, but apparently no other information. But very hospitable groups. / Returned to Mardolfi's office. He had phoned Alfredo Paul & we could get flight to Noto de la Cruz tomorrow. Phoned De Frías & thanked him for some visit. Phoned El Pinzón-Tellano gone to Maracaibo. Prepared to leave. Caracas 4 April 1973, Wednesday. Mardolfi's driver failed to show up - so took taxi & arrived at Aero Club, La Carlota airport, ½ hr. late. Met Dr. Alfredo Paul, early 50's?, former civil engineer. Quiet & thorough in his ways. Nii's plane a turbo Baron, 2 engine, about 7 passengers; but only me 3. Automatic pilot + full dual instruments. Off at 0900. Usual smoky atmosphere. Up to about 8500 ft. & headed about 230° toward Noto. Ground below hilly, dry, with brush & trees in pockets hills. Bumped rather soon

El Faro CLXVII Mar.-Nov. 1956 Marble - atile on y pedre, etc. la della dirt. - 74-25-05 1960 Atten Agrícola de Venezuela Min. A. C., Div. Planig. Agrario. days population - maps of land use) vegetation. Map 12 - Di. Kart Hualca - vegetation (total). Dist. Forestal fortinancero, de Iquitos (acacia) y Capuvirán, Mombo, 1959 1961, atles Floresta de Venezuela M # C. Div., Rec. Nat. Ponor, Grazan. specimen - F. Laguna - of la della museum Jaway auyaina Rio Negro. Aina Rouge after Joliot 24-1-51, 1650m. Shan (pun?) x above. also at la della - 6 parodies 1 windi (abiod paradisi) 1 orna albin. Paragominia on entomical note.

Journal 4 April 1973. (Wed.) Caracas -> Hato de la Cruz, Venezuela smoking. Dry watercourse. Similar. We passed town of San Juan de los Moros. Over Cajedes - some green trees and less hilly. Mats caused many hills. Drierish grass flats. Remains 5. Cajeds, & rolling. about 80% grasslands. Rio Guare flowing well & green on each side for perhaps 1 km. - large muddy pools water in area. Descended to ranch headquarters. Some muddy caños and perhaps only 50 % grass here. A nice house w. screens, generator, stove, refrig., stock of food forever. The ranch 30,000 ha. Paul bought it 16 yrs ago - undeveloped. Now building extensive fences to divide into portion. About 5000 cattle. Burning discouraged but several burned areas due turtles (turtles), some said by outsiders hunting morocoyes (turtles). /About 2 months ago, ♀ and 2 cubs at saw carnage. Cubs captured w. lessons. Both dead, 20+32 days. Paul made them release cubs later. They came back near Pancho's (man in charge) house. Now thought the cub had left ranch. Most thought tigre also gone. One worker said he saw tigre at close range 2 days ago about 9 p.m.; three wooden hammers at it. Another worker, "Tango," thought tigre came here to breed, then left. /Formerly they had a captive ♀ near Pancho's house; he traded it for some wine for forever in own ranch. /3-4 weeks ago wife of (Caño Caceres) Paul met tigre when on horseback a few times from ranch- house. Brother-in-law (?) had met most close range & photographed it. T radio seen within 100 m. of house. But recently one saw last 3 weeks. Pancho told of broken along road for distance line. A few dirt roads to N. & E., but not to all parts of

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Journal 4 April 1973. Hats de la Cruz, E Barinas, Venez. trunk ranch. Summer trails can be used to access El & Santa Catalina. / Paul says toucan rarely kill cattle. Probably feed mainly on the dead pigs here - also deer, chiguirin, lapaz, etc. She lady says on this ranch (16 yrs. ago), they killed jaguars. // Paul used to kill jaguar because they killed quail, but T. Blohm convinced him that jaguar valuable so kill snakes. Paul would like to introduce exotic gallinaceous birds. He said that white now rare. he said that a few years ago, beef and meat decrease build off deer but did not affect cattle. / We took fence inspection rider. Paul. In muddy pond of Cano Cascazo, a cow stuck in mud; about 50 meters, most all bloody, ponds interesting or ground it, we bailed it out. / In one pond we saw several Caiman (=babos), jocotes, chiguirin, a few turtles. Small fish abundant & sometimes jumped out into water plants. Few scalds also, sparrows, var- ious herons, cattle egrets, 2 red/blue jays, groups parrots, military turtledoves (?), snipe. Paul said two birds warbongs; bowers & "capuchins" (= ?). / We saw several vultures & pre-caracara feeding on fresh pig carcass. In general, similar to Hats El Veneno, but fewer deer, capybara, agouti, chiguirin. Said to be "drier" in western part too. / We met a man riding on motorcycle for about 1½ hrs. We came close to fog on road. Flushed several capuchins from road. Saw one w/ bright red eyeskin in top tree in grassland. / No planted grass - mostly tough Paspalum (?). / Hot day but a few clouds in afternoon. Paul returned to Casan about 5 p.m., leaving us with Toyota jeep, motorcycle, house, & other hospitality. Checkers called me home in evening. 5 April 1973. Chorus of owls at about 6 p.m. mostly tall. About

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Journal 5 April 1973. Thursday. Habo dela Cruz, E. Barrios, Vener. 0700 we left w. Antonio, "Jaguars" less about 12 yrs., to look for jaguar & ocelot tracks & sign. We took road to N. Passed a caracm of large cañon w. several meters feeding; 50+ meter from shore, fully & no water nearby. A dead Dussanjan log road (hit by car?). We stop- ped at edge, route "belt" walked 100 yards to a drying, muddy pond, at area called "Los Calabazas." A few old cattle carcasses there. Well. Very too. Some muddy water. But we found no cat tracks! Then went about ¼ mile S, w. about 200 yds. to water in Caño Cano (= cañada?); muddy, building w. small fish. Saw 2 piece tops of stumps; a little fence w. opening where some farm dirt pole could be set or moved. / at end of caño, a few small jaguar tracks, apparently fresh. About 50 yds. distant, by edge pond, a pair of ocelot tracks, a few days old. Antonio said cats usually kept feet on the harder ground, so had to find tracks by water when deep sleep. Here also, flock of about 30 many hostygues. We flushed groups of about 6 Gray doucotoris from tree; fairly tame. Tracks of chigüire here. Tracks lapa, babo on shore. / Antonio is thought hamlet was preferred food of jaguar; said they can disturb one's occasional morning field. / Yesterday we saw a Tamandua (= anteater - uniform cream color) low w. kid in belt bore isolated tree; approached to 10'; at shrub-like tree rapidly. They say Myrmecophaga tridactyla, + 2 kinds of cachicamo (Dasypus novemcinctus & "salamandra"). / About 1615, left w. Antonio for Caño Cascarones. We looked at dirty trails of dry route. Forward tracks of monkey, probably Blue, we had 5. along Caño - by to N. When to muddy area, saw 2 muskly cattle lying on banks, are almost dead. Another fairly mild. Several

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50 cyst Journal 5 April 1973. Thurs. Hato dela Cruz, E. Barinas/Venezuela "Tarzan" said he saw a small like "Toddy", 2-3 km S of camp cattle carcass nearly a in mud; apparently heavy boxes from this trap. Several dead pigs too - they seemed capable of going through the mud. We saw several Odosileus; at least one or with several points on bad antlers, one seemed unpruning; too many pigs & cattle. So back to airstrip + to 5. At home of "Tarzan", saw the cage about 5'x8'x3', where jaguar had been kept 3 years. Tarzan said that other jaguar traps had come to edge of farmyard area, about 100 m distant, but he had not heard roaring or seen the animals. Apparently others had somewhat inflated this event. We had many goats + ground brown beneath scraggly tree / We went on to area of Antonio's house. There a dry cave but one pond in dried mud bottom. We found no cat tracks there. Waited until dark. (New moon) Then looked w/ flashlight. A Didielphis seen & came to 2 m. to squeak. Later we walked up dry cave + back on return, I saw reddish bright eyes in near the water; animal did not stay quietly, so poor view, but at least for eight possibly an ocelot. We saw a few other yellowish eye- shines, probably of foxes & capybaras. But generally very poor in life - few insects or dead leaves spiders. Antonio said often ocelot tracks than sometimes jaguars / We returned to home about 9 p.m. / Two cross-colored frogs which in the bathroom; called loudly in middle night at least twice, not at least twice previous night. They can click on vertical walls. 6 April 1973. Friday. Strong calls chacalaca & howlers in early morning, about 6 a.m. We took jeep + a logueero + drove to La Mula, arriving 0700. Searched dusty road through "monte" for trails. Usual fox, raccoon, deer, ocelot. One set of Myrmec-

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Journal 6 April 1973 Hato de la Cruz, Barinas, Venez. Ophaya tracks. But none of cats. Patches of dug-out burnt. Other parts, ground covered w. large dry crunchy leaves. Some pair of Are - said to nest near. At another route we saw monkey tracks in road dust. Color ? We saw 2 Alouatta in one tree; fairly tame. Another place, gp. of 4 including one with infant riding on back. Occasional woodpeckers seen on trunk. / Found only one pair of ocelot tracks in about an hour of search. / Went to a near-dry pond & mud sink called La Tapia (Loseya ?). A Canis luridus mud w. gut & body showing. Remains of peccary hide here. Myrmecophaga tracks in mud. At least 4 Big in one tree, about 10' across central "pond," which dried up, small fish. / Then on to Los Cedillos again. Found a few fresh ocelot tracks at top of water. Water for several hundred yards, about 50' wide. Number of dead cattle, piranhas, others on banks - extension. About 30 hostyias in each of 2 trees about 40' high; fairly tame, very noisy birds. A few more dead & dying cattle near edge caño. Black vultures in trees, but saw no living vultures. We found remains of Didelphis also skeleton of Felis pardalis (sound skull) on the dried mud. / Lastly, to end of caño about 1/2 km. to S. (also then yesterday). Fresh ocelot tracks in mud at top of caño. Water extends for at least a few hundred yards. Many hostyias in broken & true. We saw one Color (pole from capuchin) about 20' up in tree near caño. Woods very dry here too, but about 75% of trees have green foliage. Somaro is green; some 30 m. tall & spreading that wide. / Last night we saw many chiguires and cocora tracks, some of other, dug cavans. We saw one cream-colored Tamandua about 20' up in green tree resting in branches. Found no apparent jaguar tracks

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Journel 6 April 1973. Fri. Hato dela Cruz Venezuela. this morning. (Same in hand and a few months old). / Usual smoky haze today w, 10-15 m.p.h. breeze from E. & a few cumulus clouds. In fact at La Mula, yesterday, we saw one group of scott turkey on main road of small jaguar on a dusty side trail. / Man here say that scotts eat many chickens at house. / 5 April addenda after Los Caballar area we went N. a few km, then walked sw then fords down to "Huachaguna"; a near dry caño, arriving about 0430. Here we saw at least 2 European. About 100 boating in an bush close to only water hole. Caimon & large shoals. (known) lived in mud; came out when prodded. In the twilight, a large owl w. spectacles. Saw 2 agoutis in forest. One site, the upper- 5 April canopy partly felled by burning base & logs (or heavy) taken from upper branch; fire cleared 10 ha. area. Our guide, Antonio, paid no attention to smoking logs, palms, flowers. / Along the caño at Huachaguna we saw at least 5 King Vultures, includ- ing a black young w. tinge of color on bill and small caruncle, at least 2 others with heads partly feathered & wings gray rather than white. So probably nest here! / On the rood, we saw one Dasyprocta agouti in open. / At some point, a flaming fire in grass at edge route. Bird on ground around it, about 30' out, was about 10 Butes- sized hawk (reddish brown mantle, gray body, black wing edging), presumably getting insecta rodents drawn out by fire. / April 6 - same general area, we saw at least two White-tailed? hawks, hovering, diving to ground (not in the brush). / In evening we returned to Los Caballar caño. Put out sardines near water & dusty trail. Brush hut of smooth with branches. After dark, looked for eye shine. Saw many eyes of Caiman but none of mammals except a few deer, and about 4

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C64 53 Journal 6 April/1973. Hato de la Cruz, Venezuela Arbologue (3 on road). Along road, saw 2 or 3 mice, but generally nothing in about 20 km. of driving (to El Toro windmill, edge road). Returned 10 p.m. Saturday 7 April 1973, About 8 a.m., I went to Los Colibris area, Chile to Los Mules. Dry windy day. On dust trail near my marine boat, a few [illegible] for puma? I found tracks of jaguar, about 9 cm. diam. across toes, at other spots I found no recent tracks of cats, in spite of dirt. Yesterday we saw two Dasyprocta granisina? in fan palms & 20 trees at edge route, Los Colibris (at 1/2 mile) Chile reported finding two Dasyprocta + two opossum collared possums which joined to one grp. of 25. Not quite tracks, some possible cat tracks. / Again saw a few small litter how our savannah. / Los Colibris & Los Mules about 7 km. apart - could not? be same jaguar? We searched for tracks on road + trails in other route areas; none of cats found. Returned to base. / Very dry windy day; fires started life & smoke visible seen km away. / About 3 p.m., Alfredo Paul arrived w/ wife & another man. Paul said that (about 5 p.m. - me, the "prize") plan she saw jaguar a month ago was about 1/2 km. S. side long on Cerralon, near the dam. A second seen in that area within a week. / The [illegible] workmen said they saw a puma drinking at Jalito water windmill, about 7 km. E of site, on two recent occasions. / We spent time 5:30-8:30 p.m. along road through route at Los Mules. The ground fire had progressed & already burned about half the area, including site where Chile saw possums. In wood we saw dozens of tracks of Ocelot makeup. Saw a toucan in top large green tree in moderate smoke. On road, many tracks here, and one long set of tape trails + others. We saw a few rabbits and capybara, some unidentified opossum, & a Quetzal walking in burned area. Hoped to see ocelot, but none sighted in flashlight beams. I saw opossum red, in tree, 8' up in branches; thought it a moth, but it proved to be a tree snake (saved specimen). Agile, twisting, could flatten spec.

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CBK 54 Journal 7 April 1973. Habana de la Cruz, Venezuela Dusty, laterly. Toolophotes (8 April). Saw at least 4 Terranum (cryptus?) walking on road in a burnt grass in woods; rather tame - last view I can remember. Fire made food scarce? Fire burning hard at 3 p.m. - at least 3 going on N part of ranch. Saw large Agamas taken on road. Sunday, 8 April 1973. We visited Los Caballer about 0730 but found no new nest sign. Later to Las Mulas - Myrmecophaga tridactyla on road; also Capybara, tho far from water. Saw green Agamas in tree. Saw a Cobra (sepsarius?) moving alone, in the in burnt forest. Found dozens of tracks of cat-like animal on roads, perhaps all of one animal (possibly a small, smaller). Tracks 5 cm. diameter. Extended a few hundred yards on road, but found no droppings or urine spots or scent. Saw pair red+blue macaws on bank 80 ft. up. Not calm day. Returned to "casa" about noon. Prepared to deport. Fire measured again in afternoon; Paul explored and said nothing but no attempt at all to control when fire nearly smoldering in early morn. of mate air. Took off about 4 p.m. Did square him on ranch smoking, & more on other reaches to N.E. Near Corazon, brown hills w. lighter bottoms of canyon + occasional green bottoms where apparently irrigated. Fire has probably greatly increased burnings of N. Venezuela. Corazon mi smoky as dryne. Caracas, Venezuela 9 April 1973 Monday. To Mardolphi's office - then to arrange departure & to El Pilar, when talked w. P.Trebbau. He had authority for proposed research centre near Urao in Tachira, to be sponsored by Soc. Physics, mathematics + Natural Sciences. This place would include compounds for studying research on cats, + (a tourist zone) deliver on tourist attraction + produce stock for zoo. Again looked at the zoo cats / returned to Mardolphi. There again met Alvarado & of Paris, heard there was park project along his house in Sierra Berija, which probably had pellets and jaguars. Paul at Cuerpo del Toro nr. Santa Cruz de Bucaral, Falcon, prof-

Post - must drawing & draft, planned. Too vast for good grouping now. "Fabrics" - fabric pole - production.

Q13K 55 Journal 4 April 1973 Caracas, Venezuela ably had jaguar sign. The Doña Paula area SE of San Felipe was plain colon refuge, & hoped to include a private ranch to bring area to 10000 ha. another refuge project N of San Fernando in E. Barinas, including primary areas, area NW of Caceres in Guarico might make a National Park. He said jaguar had recently seen on island at Maracito, near La Barca W of (S. Guárico, nr. Urrao) Caceres, & that rangers planned to hunt them. The Carlos Ploza road, where hunt was planned, was in Guarico S of San Juan de los Morros; same area where Mondolfi invited to hunt. Bruguez said animal pop- ulation low in Territ. Amazon, much of it poor plateau soil. There were in a "Selva de Humedal" extending in from coast; Bruguez thought much of it would not be developed for agriculture - at least large forest reserves would remain. Mondolfi had not read my Varg- mela account, after a month in his hands - funny man - so copied it. To Panama 10 April 1973. To airport and took Panam flight to Panama, passing directly N of top of Sierra Santa Marta. Clear sky there, barren, some blue lakes, and small snow caps; photographed. Rest of sky cloudy until [= ?] descended. / To Isthmus Memorial Lab where talked w. Monday. Asked about nearby area to see ocelot sign, he was hesitant - mentioned Cerro Azul. (Wolves or cats parasitic, rodents worthy). Then to Smithsonian office & talked w. Neal Smith. He said black jaguar recently killed on Pacific side, east of canal. He said that 2 in ammo dumps in Ft. Kobbe area said fly soldiers, to have apparently lived in a culvert; the monkey farm project there abandoned. He told of recent trip to Panama in Feb. - at Volkerberg, he saw 2 jaguars come to pond near house in evening, in spite of generator noise. S. part of Surinam still in wet forests. Other thought ocelots through Carol zone & even to C.I., but no specific mention. A few gray

Journal 10 April 1973. Panama, C. Zone woman, recently of Liberia, interested in jaguarundis & other carnivores (1½ kg?) had been recording vocalizing calls on BC1. She had small ocelot cub, pur- chased for $50. Halted by police. Mike Smythe, will go to BC1 with him on 12 April. / In central market we saw skins of puma and jaguarundi for sale. Dealer said ocelot skin would be $40-50. Jaguar rare, expensive. / 11 April 1973. Briefly visited Gorgon mems. Lal., then Smithsonian offi- ce. Went to Corozal, Environmental Health Div., to see Charles Keesey; out, but saw collector snakes, insects, other preserved animals, $7000 freeze dryer. All thought ocelots in C.Z. but nothing specific. Also in Corozal, to Veterinary Public Health office, where talked w/ Nathan Isale & his Chief, Col. — P. latter told of ranch of Harry Daniels, Animal Quarantine Station, Mendi, CZ. Own 10 yrs. had killed 10-13 jaguars there, 9 on his 10 000 a. ranch, also one puma. (2) Some black jaguar taken. Ranch along N side of E. ridge, off of Colon-Maria Chiquita road, turning to E. a little S. of Rio Veijo Bridge. The Col. said that "Felix" should leave area several years. Hunter on ranch, "Felix," should leave much. About black jaguar on Taganopolis ranch, adjacent to daniels, about 1 wk. ago. / Pedro Miguel area, puma taken recently. One seen mother First Nov.-Dec. 1972 (P. Cole). About 8 yrs. ago, dead puma along pipe line road. / Recently 2 ocelots killed by hunter on Pacific side, W. of canal. Also army officer, Zaragga, said saw ocelot at road there, in Imperial area, at night - he did not spread report as field operations would take. Hunting goes around in C.Z., some by Panamanians; I hear of clubs in zone. / The Col. (Vet.) said much logging roads in (Darien - 3 towns & Tractor Trails. / Isale says hunts from road

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Journal 11 April 1973 Canal Zone gang off to N. from near Chagres River, Panama area. / Bale said that several ocelot born at Ft. Sherman zoo (Capt. Lollini in charge). There is small zoo at Summit Gardens w. ocelot, monkey. 12 April 1973 Tue 0700 Boat to Barra Colorado Island. Talked w. manager, Nick Smythe, others. Smythe said previous ocelot occasional then breed in trailer. He has taken about 3000 photos on BCI with automatic cameras but recorded no predators. Mostly agouti, posa, Procyonidae. He thinks about 4 agouti/posa. Agouti gain territorial; about 2 1/2 ha. per pair. / I discussed problems of automatic photography w. Smythe. / He checked dam & manning e.g. set up to measure water flow from 25 m. water shed in Lutz Trail area. / Essentially nothing in flowers. Many dry leaves in first floor & trail. We walked via Balboa Trail to Van Tyn Big Tree & Rock. Later to Town, AVA 12, back to town over Betela, & rock. Saw 2 agouti, 2 trogon, a jay, & a few small birds - also saw howler several times & heard them too. Saw no squirrels, sloths, antelers. Saw no leaf-cutter ants. I think area of palm has survived over last 15 years. I expected forest to be now free of small trees at eye level; but growing little if any, perhaps even less upon in AVA 10-12 area. Saw no tayra - Nick says not seen since - but 2 coati (Nick says too many near lab; come to garbage area). / Mrs. Cur (sp.?) had jaguarundi litter (said to have paid $100 for it) + ocelot kitten on island. / Barbara Parsons, "paca" farmer at Adel Dancy apartment. Dr. Robins (spell?), staff member, said many spider monkeys & other animals for sale at Darwin Compound, shops, by dealer Armstrong. / Paper

Ing. Paulo E. Touma A. Rec. Nat. Roma Av. Ispania

CPRK 58 April Journal 12 August 1973. Panama, R.P. said the black jaguar had killed 10 cattle, taken April 5. April 13 August 1973. Went to Ingenio M.L. Talked w. Dany (Howard?), Belli Baker student, who has been making a memento in lowman area of C. Z. for a few months. He said has seen no evidence sets except for a wet footprint near stream, possible jaguarundi. His assistant, George Barrett Jr (?), said he had seen a female black jaguar near Almacito, Bocas del Toro. / Monday said landlords there going to harvest and grazing. He thought San Blas lowlands good for ocelots. Area of burning mainly on Pacific slope, from mid Panama to D. C. Rica. Atlantic and E. Panam was humid. / Monday accompanied me to office of Parques Nacionales opposite El Panama Hotel. Talked about 30, energetic, recently back from Africa. He said there is no control on hunting or effort, except for official prohibition of some species, including jaguars. Said no parks except C. Campana. Area near Colombian border has official protection for wetlands protected mainly. He was aware problems due to of jaguar depredation on livestock. He thought recent Washington conference would have good conservation effect. He agreed probably much controls in wildlife products to Colombia & was interested in Venezuelan Chiguire program of management. He was especially interested in getting funds for Panamanians to make a wildlife projects. Returned to San Francisco and Berkeley.

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Cat fg #2164 Koford, C.B. 1977 catalog #4600-4610 Journal Mexico Guatemala

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CB Koford 1977 Specimen Catalog. (Guatemala 22 April 4 km ENE Chilasoo, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 6000 ft. 4600 Teid? lizard; brown, wide head. Abronia aurita (Coll. F.J. Koford) of buttressed trunk Bottom moss on slope in interior cloud forest, at Finca San Jorge, Daytini. 4601 Small snake, yellow ventr. Rhadineea hampsteadae Edge of forest road in interior cloud forest. 4602 Shrike: Scincella incertum (Zygge 11x6 mm) Under rocks at edge forest road; interior cloud forest. 4603 Shrike, an 4602 but smaller. Scincella incertum 4604 Small frog Eleutherodactylus bocourti Near stream, edge cloud forest. 4605 Small frog E. bocourti " " " " " 29 April 4606 Adeloporus taeniocnemis (Coll. C. J. Koford) Bushes, bledelomies, in closed cloud forest area. Contractin? 4607 Teid lizard. Bevisia moreleti (coll. E. J. Koford) Dark brown. Ferns by stream, clear land. Bleiberry bushes. 4608 Hyla? Eleutherodactylus bocourti Small frog, 3-V 27. (Coll. F.J.K. from F. Alonzo) 30 April Anolis cobanensis 4609 Anolis (coll. E. J. Koford) 4610 2 km W Chilasoo, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 5500ft In stream. weddeni Mastigodryas (Coll. E. J. Koford). Oak forest. melanotamus laevis ACC'n # = 11869 MVZ # = 144529 - 144540

S M I x tatan Ruzde Roswiz - N E uro Cudum, Buz fan Huber & N. -

CB Koford 1977 Specimen Catalog. (Guatemala 22 April 4 Km ENE Chilasco, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 6000 ft. 4600 Teid ? lizard; brown, wide head. Abronia aurita (Coll. F.J. Koford) of buttressed trunk tatter wood on slope in interior cloud forest, at Finca San Jorge. Daytime. 4601 Small snake, yellow-white. Rhadinea hypostegadae Edge of forest road in interior cloud forest. 4602 Skink: Scincella incertum (2 eggs 11x6 mm) Under rocks at edge forest road; interior cloud forest. 4603 Skink; on 4602 but small. Scincella incertum 4604 Small frog Eleutherodactylus bocourti Near stream, edge cloud forest. 4605 Small frog, E. bocourti " " " " 29 April 4606 Sceloporus taeniocnemis (Coll. C. J. Koford) Barely visible, in closed cloud forest area. 4607 Teid lizard. Borisia moreleti (Coll. E. J. Koford) Dark brown. Fern log stream, cleared land. Bleaching brush. 4608 Nyla ? Eleutherodactylus bocourti Small frogs 3-V 27. (coll. F.J.K. from F. alango) 30 April Anolis cobanensis 4609 Anolis (Coll. E. J. Koford) 2 Km W Chilasco, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 5500 ft hr. stream. 4610 small snake Mastigodryas (coll. E. J. Koford). Oak forest. melanotampus larvis acc'n # = 11869 MVZ # = 144529 - 144540

C Koford 1977 Journal (Guatemala trip) 3 April 1977 Berkeley to Shandon S. Luis O. Co. with Dick K. & Julie Poffel, drove in '66 Olds pickup via San Jose to Shandon, 255 mi. Observed partial lunar eclipse. Now only one Diptera in recent roods in evening. Low rainfall year. Stayed in "my" shack. 4 April 1977. Breakfast & talk w Sam McM. & May, mostly about the proposed 1080 poisoning on Hunter Lygott & recent public meeting about it. Then via Bakersfield & Mojave then morning. Arrive stop San Gabriel & San Bernardino mts. Among new cities E. to Josh Tree N.M. then visit Cotooed Springs area. On post Direct Contact camp w Chukchansi 5 April 1977. On via Indio, Blythe, to Tucson, arriving 2 p.m. 1000 mi. from Berkeley. Visited Ariz. Fossil Forest museum. Stayed w friend Carol Nageh, now working w. Mexico - U.S. program of museum. Tucson, Ariz. 6 April 1977. Shopped in Tucson. Confere w. Dr. John Sandlinson & with Amadis Baca, kind man w. multiple interests. Met Ted Parker of E.S.U., who had worked in N. Bern. Sam said that Paul Schulty had reported Kuiters in Verery - malama Carcer. (Otis Barrell & Terry Johnson (Colombia work in Santa mets nts.) did not come.) To Mexico 7 April. Departed 0700 via Greyhound Line for Nogales ($3.35 ea.), at Nogales saw gps. 2-3 Cotteti in air up to 25/gp. Departed 1100 235 p.s.e.k - arriving 21 p./ $1 on old TVS line, arrived at 6:45, 275 km. to Hermosillo over space buck dry lands. Departed 11 a.m. To Sinaloa, Mexico 8 April. Arrived Mazatlan 0500. Breakfast on beach. Many Frigate, gulls, terns, pelicans. Visited stores, markets. Departed 2130 by Pacific Line big engine no radar than a Hillside for Guadalajara (105 each). Walked to Mexico. Hours were spent at hunting. 9 April arrived Guadalajara about 0700. Rented at Hotel (125 p. for me, w 3 beds; Tapatio). Visited markets, plazas, markets. Saw new mild animals skins for sale. Departed 2300 via Omnibus to Majis for Nayia, 114 p. each. (Live birds in market included blue grosbeak, green gape, black-backed grosbeak, big tanager, toucan.

Ted Parker KSU Nazareth area - Peru - bds. A. Rea intent: Nuevian curve - Domes today culture in area. Bone identification some work Belize Karla Corado - A-3 museum - office in Nazales. Met her 1/7

C Kofad 1977 Journal 2 10 April 1977 Sunday Mexico D.F. arrived 0600. Airport - like bus terminal. Electric bus to Chapultepec park. Visited Anthropology Museum, Mexican culture sculpture of gold, silver, blood, most impressive to me. To Hotel Jardín Colima (3 beds, 210 p. total) near Zocalo. To Bellas Artes + Alameda. Ride to front. 11 April. More tourist gawping around Zocalo and Alameda. To A.D.O. station up that period to summit, then down. windy roads. (1st of late badweather) and took 1630 bus for Oaxaca; 115 p. each. arrived modern 12 April at 0200. Small but good terminal. More tourists & busses than in last winter's with Sue K. about (1971) & prices generally higher. (En route stopped at small towns. Matamoros was impressive, clean, was a fair in progress - ferris wheel, merry-go-round.) Visited market, rich in basalt, pottery. Visited store El Colmillo Mexicano, a block S. of 50 corners of Zocalo; in 1971 I saw stock 50% velvet skin there. Still cats many tanned skins including 15+ magpie, tarred, complete ones selling at 100 pesos (<$5). Other stuffed: Few colati - perhaps 3. Also tanned skin of otter, deer, puma, ferocity (role of many skins). Talked to Joaquin Bergman, son of original owner. He said cats from mountains, white in scarce now; taken w. traps. /Market rich in string & straw hammocks shop. & straw bags. Much fruit, nice vegetables. Visited Casa Arena, where leather goods + other cloth articles made on large hand-loom, dyed in open outdoor pots. Ed: Bag squirrels in trees in Zocalo. A medicine - man still had skins of tarponate, coati, raccoon. Brochier prominent everywhere - now many nest materials. Vultures rare in town. Wooded mountain to E. Departed 1 p.m. for Tehuacan (51p. each). Thru dry rolling country w. maguey fields the main greenery. Then descended a long canyon w. eroded limestone, veg. of open sky bushes, columnar cactus, prickly pear, ocote, umbrella - crown tree (some w. yellow flowers) or silk-cotton tree (Bombax ?). Rocky, cattle trails everywhere. To broad road at bottom

C Koford 1977 3 Journal 12 April 1977 Edo Oaxaca, Mexico w. running water, 5 m. wide Bambolindo tree. Occas. 2-3 Cathartes. avocets. Up & down road. Near river left of green tree palm, corn, mango trees. Small Tillandsia on cactus tree. Broad valley w. mango fields (Mts. w. clouds low to E.). One higher zone w. small yellow moss w. dried scales. (a few) penis, very open stand. Smoky fires on mountain. Mtns of stele trails. Near Tehuantepic, much thorns and "hues" - like mud probably mosquitoes. Bus went to Delia Cruz, larger & more populated than Tehuantepic. Passed a large lake to N. Saw no Crocodylus (the third in Tehuantepic when I was there w. Pitelka & Reimer in 1950). In T., staring down old market building. Hotel Doraji closed & abandoned. Town seems to have deteriorated since 1971. Stayed at Hotel Oasis (ceiling fans; 130 p. for 3 in room w. bath). to Textla Gut. 13 April Market. a woman launched agave star or agave eggs, two had 10+ agaves alive, tied; Esh photos them. No birds seen market & few large fish (jacks), but many dried shrimp & pompano-like shiny flat fish (nearly fresh types?). Departed 1315 by bus for Tutla (54 p. each) as good as any bus we rode to N. Stop at Juchitan, a town junction then on through flat country w. dry brush, mixed often thick - arid country? Some mangroves, iguanas, doves. Temperature stops, end of flat; mango orchard. Then mount ups into, thus dry deadwood fruit. Several fires, much smoke. Trees to 10 m. tall. Acacia Acacia, Cacta, & denuded slopes. Upper levels, open pines to 12" diam. Portion of grassland, oak, rocky slopes. Pine & cacti alongside each other. Network of stele trails. Upper land rolling w. some fenced & grazed pastures. Spring brook + low trees, small Bambolindo. Clouds are rare to N. Cultivated or grazed pasture fenced fields at times. Cactaceae trees, then more dry pastures. Ascended again, deadwood tree, mostly leafless. Bambolindo. Thick cover at times. Then level, rolling,

C Koford Journal 13 April 1977 Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico again. Town of Ocozocoautla, no large buildings. More rolling country, fairly thickets, brushland. A dry said rain in June. Tuxtla - new buildings than in '71. Many new cars. Seemed prosperous, bustling. To Hotel Colon on main plaza. The cylindrical fruit tree in park now larger. Trunkles in them. In early evening, 10+ large bats (antelope?) swooped around central lights atop 30' pole in plaza. Some minutes flying there. Calm, warm night. 14 April 1977. To I.H.N. zoo. A new building of heat. Renos not, headed by Dr. W. Natterer &, orchid specialist. Talked with him. He said main problem was that Mexican needed food, lumber. Too many people. Only hope for wildlife was reserves. He had plans for 200,000 Ha. reserve in delta Lacandon, SW of Bonampak, where few inhabitants and not yet logged. Fairly flat wet zone. Later talked w. M. Alvey del Toro, who said that area suitable but plans only on paper or no funds for guards. "Vigilancia" poor in all Mexico. Said still jaguars in S. Lacandon, on S. coast, + Sierra Madre of Chiapas. One seen at a new Tabite recently. But somewhat depressed during last 15 years. He was proud of new acquisitions of 2 Oropendola or from S. Moja. Pair orioles in one large iridium; no reproduction. One jaguar only. But several grisons (vegetarian in daylight & said to turn red?), tayra, 2 yagouandis, agoutis, margays (shed antlers regularly), tepin, paca ands (1 white lipped). Familiar acquaintance. Both daughters worked at zoo. Nollott group displays in large cages. A.W.T. recently published Mammals of Chiapas (+ gave me copy). (Hot, muggy, + biting flies in Tuxtla. (35 min.) Departed 1345 for Comitán via Larras. Route past zoo + market. Fresh tomato - ends of forests, tomatillo fruits on trees, now ripening. Wide flood plain. Fort river from hummocks area. Living fenceposts. Road winds up through low deciduous forest to pine zone. Stream on mineral elevation. Brushland trees to 150' tall. Much thick mixed under

C Koford 1977 Journal 5 14 April 1977. To Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico growth. Cultivated 1/4 & plate. Jungle from fine in valley & hills. Small cliffs. River to 70' + muddy w. deadish water. Descended some to flatter area of San Cristobal de los Casas. New bus station & evidently increased tourism. Continued on thin power, to 70', 14" drain. l.b. Some goats. Mixed pine & large oaks. Town - Tropic? Then grew can to 2 tall. Cultivated plate. Up to pine & oak again. Large boulders in a few. Arrived only as safe to Comitan, 5 p.m. Quiet town w. friendly people, not apparently curious about gringos & backpackers. No bus s until tomorrow. So hiked N. out of town & camped at edge of sugarcane field. Ovenet, about dusk started to rain heavily. Biggest tent burrilly but did not shed water so got soaked. Retreated to a shack w. partial roof. Rain, thunder, lightning, stopped about 10 p.m. 5/6/77 To Panchimalco (Guat.) 15 April 1977. Followed new century woodpeckers, mocking bird, & few black vultures. Eids caught a green racer; released & saw quail. Dry brush & rough stone walls. Took 10 a.m. bus to border (12 p.m. ca.). Three darkman front, descending. Slowed Mexican tourist side. Just Guatemala was thickset. for $200. Id. 50¢ for shoe inspection (very serious). Buss to Huehuetenango, Soldado 700. Down steep winding steps well largely devoid of trees; some fine. Huehuetenango stop, then on to Escuintla (Soldado jet.). Small bus ($04) down to Solola (rather moist, many companies) & Panajachel (now grungier than nature, a dirty run down settlement. Found Long Street at some "Panda" (red gate, 29$5 wst; for "Mete - ambra") and talked w. him a couple of hours. He suggested going to El Panda, about 80 km S.W. of Guate city, & getting info on rides from loggers who worked NE of there. He also gave me a letter to Sr. Eugene Schwendener, Fermina "El Bello" in Gaval, who may have a fine inn site. E. of the Jaramillo. Over the "cumbre" N. of San Jeronimo there was a side road E. to Chilares, about 1800 m., which might be useful. Street thought entry from north side would be different. We stayed in town at Maya Panda,

Alcalde de Sololá Virgilio Alvarado Sololá - Col. Para. Ing. Mario Dary Rivera Director Escuela de Biología Univ. de San Carlos de Guat. 15 Calle "A" 14-40 Zona 10 Guate, Ciudad Tel 680383 (casa) INFOR La Aurora Ph., 2. 13 Anex. Amigos del Bosque - 9 Calle 2-1, 2. 1 sr Villagrán Rida (ap?)

CKford 1977 Journal 6 15 April 1977 Panajachel, Guatemala $3 each, OK but many flies. 16 April 1977. Visited Street again. Took 12:30 second class bus for Quetzalcoatlus. Arrived 5 p.m. at market area. Walked to Spring Hotel (13alle 9 aven. 2.1); room for 3 = $9. Tell very room w. windows to morning sun. / In night, series of 10+ explosions to E. & big fire. The customs house burned up. Hotel men said first run for about 12 days ago. April 17. Sunday. Sightseeing & shopping in Quetzalcoatlus city. 18 April 1977. Monday. Visited Schneiderman at Cholo furniture, av. 7. He had found a furor near Los Lores (Hospicio de Manantipán), said domestic commerce, colorful birds. He told me of Oscar Hartleben, who had Los Lores store at 5th or 6th callej zone 1. (Tried to call him - out), who had furor near Chichicastenango. / Shopped. Noted some blunt stoves & cartridge boxes. U.S. canned goods very expensive. No more evidence of new wildlife pelts for commerce. / Visited Ling. Mario Diaz at Polite- ic School, av. Manuell Cruz on Escuela Politénica (of many). He remembered me from 1972. offered to update letter of introduction. Said an American (Janson ?) was working on some sites in Lake Atitlán. Facts much reduced in later. S. de los M, much cutting of trees on 3 mile buffer on logging from INAPOR or amigos del Bosque. He talked of a quetzal reserve farm at Finca near Panajachel (km 156½, wood house w tile roof & tile roofed gate), belonging to Bernardo Lammers, where we might stay; another name "Benito." He said main for boats on L. Atitlán & can go to San Juan, Chichicastenango, or Chichipén. M. would like students to get field training. / He had plans for a reserve S. of Panajachel, w. around "colonia" (c 110 ha) offered donated by Soloma municipality), + mines outlying, emphasizing quetzal protection & studies. Mario very good naturalist & seemed cooperative. / Went to bus terminal + found too late for last bus to Soloma area. Hard rain for ½ hr. Stayed at cheap hotel ($2.50 ea.). 19 Apr. 1977. Tues. At Pizucula Barrier, 19th st. & 9th ave; took 8600 bus for El Rancho ($1. each). Then walked hill, sparse grass, rocky road,

Journal 14 April 1977 Guatemala dry open mixed brush, rare cultivation. Agua Caliente river, bridge out - palms & mango trees in flood plain. Occur. silk cotton tree, calabash, mango (green fruit). Lots some columnar cactus, dry spring brush, guava bushes; El Bagazo. Occured small patch a few feet forestation. Dense muddy Metapan river at El Rancho jet, many new food stalls, chicken & coconut, guava, watermelon. We changed to bus to Balacá, 66 km. On way, small villages, cactus fences. Bank to Morazán about 1800'. Margins, irregular hills, dry & rocky, open brush. Green valley to E (Morazán ?). Road cuts thin gray serpentine. Occur. Aspidistra or giant acalingia? K 200-11'- Rain started about 250', shortly before San Lucas (gas, lodging). Rain to 56'; (E 10") small rain, small cover (= h. escape?). /Aspidistra & oak mixed in rain. Map limited upward. Steep slopes; occur. small house. No recent clearing of rain. Cerro Santo Vista Hermosa 3500'. Small forest. Occur. Santa field Ocho to tell. Rocky soil. Deposits & stone 3700'. Settled small houses on ridges. Some level slopes Occur. brush north. Branches in rain. Cactus solution +100'. Cerro de Santa Elena (fish to salina) w. trail & jungle station, food stall. Brown sand- stone. Fire in hills above 40 to 80'. Long lianas hanging on trees. /Ok left bus CJ photo + hiked up road (34 km. to Peralta), 1030. Thick brush w. dry large branches. Patches fruit tree. Occur. Liquidambar tree, in green leaf. Muggy air. ¼ cloudy. Occur. clear forest stream from rts. /Took a bus at 1130. Santa Barbara - clearing w. 500' small houses, 3500'. Stone. Map small bushes long "Spanish moss" on trees, bro. melaleuca. Open pine forest on steep. San Matanzas 10' wide stream, broad road to E (to Chichicastenango ?). "Comisaría Policial" Finca Elvira del Derrumbe (cloud grassland). "Nido Perdido"; (2 Americans said to have a "colonia" of fruit bats; religious govt.) Cow, cattle. Pine & oak. Occur. large 1 tree. Cloud forest about 800' above above road, not over below. Small. Occur. houses (La Unión ?). Pinus house. Thin tall forest near road. Tree ferns. Corn fields on fair slopes. Some broad slopes. Snake. Town of Peralta - small & sleepy. Clothin

Journal 19 April 1977. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala station man (INDE - alijo para program). | Walked back toward Quirín. A road to E among forest from Peralta - mostly for walking? Used bladetop surface - said built 5 years ago - no road before, so recently opened. Hiked ride to Quirín & talked w. Javier. He lives near town's house. In pine or mixture broadleaf + Liquidambar. He said quetzal flowers have most mornings. We saw small teal bills over pine on point. Steller jays conspicuous / Javier said a woman from San Francisco, Anna Oller (sp. ?), had stayed there 6 mos. last yr. & studied orchids. He said tigritos + lemillos + piosts + tepescuintle present, but no panteras. We found chachalaca call. | Took walk in woods. Saw black catgus, finches, Mountain flycatcher, big robin, bluebird, a = Spinos n.? Cynocypa ? joy (sand-joy w. black head), sparrow, yellow billed cuckoo & hummingbirds. / Saw gr. 15+ scotts (?) agates flying in morning. Fire-flies spelled in night. 20 April 1977. Mr. Peralta, B.V., Guatemala. Morning walk. Saw a heron in broadleaf tree. Jays prominent. Visited Plantain "Santa Teresa" near him 155, when Florida's bird now. Paul Gentry & Jimmy (14 yrs ?), Mrs. G. away today. New 5 years. Said howler monkeys in front. Often saw quetzal near house. Forest patch looks about ½ mile during last 5 yrs., as municipality land. Gentry thought Guatemala's sought to kill everything, & for me too actually. From John Campbell, (SNAFOT) (U.Texas) scientist from D.C. city, had visited, set traps, netted bats, caught birds (including salamanders), and taught Jimmy much. J. had formalin (incl. skins) specimens of frogs, lizards, snakes, a few salamanders. His uncle in house & his brothers in jar cage. Said new B. godmani was fairly common near Peralta. Paul said a waterfall about halfway to Peralta was called "cave of the quetzal." A Col. Esteban had Santa Rosa ranch S. of Peralta, an old road (S. of 300 m E. of Cerro Alto).

Geog. Insti, Guate Sr. Lee ? Niño Perdido E. site 2 Amer - forest patch. church gp.? Vard = .8 y M. = 33" 10 x 10 v. = manzana 64 manzanas = 1 caballería (110 A)

Journal 20 April 1977. Nr Purilha, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala a Dr. Benitez of Purilha has investigated lands near there. A place called Pananguinto, low area, about 10 mi. SE of Purilha; road via horse- ride. Said puma reported near Nuevo Perdido recently. Local people kill every- thing. A boy (18 yrs ?) named Portalen, in alde about 1½ mi. S., knows country & would be good guide. A man named Dit (sp?) Amer. Univ. in Guate.? or Del Valle? often visits & camps w. Purilha / La Union, Sw. Emilio Royer, farm shackle and, very sensible & reliable man, about 40 yrs! Paul Gamaly about 50 yrs. Limited visits wint anytime. We left Purila about 13:00 took bus to San Julian (inter at jct. below Purilha; much more clearing & pastureland, cattle. Pinion gone. Patches trees. / Took bus to Talcuan ($1.30 ea). Down canyon between steep slopes by stream, thick brush. Crop fields. Beans, corn, bananas. At Tanalchi, loaded many Indian women w. basket on backs, reded blouse, low cut, flat harra plates. Body stunted; min 5 m. wide. Trees large. Pinon opposite (S aspect) slope down to 2300'. Large clearings on steep slopes. Terceno similar, 1800'; in narrow valley. Below gradually widened to ¼ or ½ mile bottom. Broadleaf palms, lone ceiba trees. "Papelchi" antiquities; station, school for majordomo; pastureland, cattle, fences and buildings; sign said 430 ft. elev. Streams permanent. Cattle agouti. Living farms. Smoky air. Dusty road. Narrow wooden bridges. Valley broader, 1 mi. out. (Town of La Junta larger, as busy market. Celad trees. Many fields of dried corn stalks. First patches step limestone hills. Hot, muggy, dusty. Arrived Talcuan 6 p.m. Mangoes, watermelon - little other fruit. A small hotel (1.75) but we camped in nearby field. One public washing pool on small stream. Main river solid with hyacinth. Boulder prominent. Hard shoulder valley. Road to Pueblo Viejo but no higher country beyond productive area; apparently no roads around far up on this side of side for M- cliffy peaks of foothill range visible, but air too thick to see vegetation

10 Journal 20 April 1977 Rio Polochic, B. Verapaz, Guatemala EJ pix to s. there. Most speak in Indian dialects. Some migration at night, & many dogs. 21 April 1977: Smog still in morning. Overcast night but no rain. Could have turned to El Estor + taken boat to Morazan, but did not - returned on June toward Coban. Limestone hillsides & scarps, cliffs, near roads. Rain to 10 m. and fairly clear. La Tinta market crowded, lively. Chile peppers from families of main type legume in gardens; nut worm from San Francisco, Calif. Papalotz, green + stream clear, faster. Then really mountain toward EJ photo - note Tres Picos, about 1700'. About 3100', hanging nests (oropendola?). Rain in S. aspect slope, fairly pure stand. San Julian, + 700'; changed line & went this 1335 by Quixin (5200') to Centro Colonos (mail), the foot of Chilascas road at + 4000'. Hiked up then small river. Then got ride in return pickup from Hilberto Angeles, who had finca about 4 km E. of Chilascas. He in- vited us to stay there, finca "San Jorge," about 6200' at edge of current forest. Mostly thick brush near Chilascas, or occasionally a few forest trees. A few houses + tiny store. Large coffee fields + many pigs, turkeys, dogs. Hilberto showed us the dam + irrigation canal near Santa Cruz. He said no fish & would like to introduce them. He said a road went about 15 km E. + up to finca zone of Sierra de los Minas; we saw no pine logs or egypt. box, however. Planted cypress trees near canal. Many Lysiloma tree. Alnus-like shrub (mosses). He planned to save about 3 colocation of primitive forest at his finca. He also worked in Nuevotango in Centro Frentista. He had bundles of seedlings of pine, avocado + other plants to transplant in his area. Offered facilities + housed us small house w/ tiled roof. Tall broadleaf forest 100 m away, partly cut, & current river away. One road penetrated 5 km further. In evening I heard sharp calls of a large owl close by; rather like more code, & apparent call of smaller (owlet ?) owl. Hilberto said owls were freezing in Jan-Feb here.

C Kofrd Journal 11 22 April 1977 No Chilesco, B. Verapaz, Guatemala About 7 a.m., left on walk w. guide Vidal. Up trail to SE to current front. Saw 2 Aubrenypnum tanum (palo de naranja) at 100'; saw red & green toucan. Band of 15+ Colobus in partly cut area. Mitrophanes flycatcher. Red-tailed hummer, Big black & white woodpecker w. red crest & banded breast; many chips (possibly 2). A 30' dead tree in much shade many holes made by feeding birds or some large jagged shape hole; Vidal said quetzal had nested there, no ridge in front among broadleaf trees, saw 1 agami in tree - nearly black. Searched for Calyptorhynchus - no success - the Vidal knew them, said found a tunnel & wooden dracks. Found yellow-brown frog under rotting branch (brown iris, black male striking pattern to eye, 2 bands across forearms; all yellow; in females). Vidal said large toucan occurred - also leonillos, tijerillo (snail-like humming), tipicacaule, low (we reported a week ago). / New cutting below logs. / Another walk in afternoon, on bulldozed trail to N. Saw rain toucan (white area?) saw dead tree; chips w. lifting bark as if capital. A brown bird, not noted, stop stump in clearing. Agami genal. Birds for solenodon; took 2 shrews, an orange alligator lizard, a yellow-brown frog (speckles on lower jaw, chest, anterior thigh; 4 bands across thighs; yellow line at edge of dorso-lateral ridge, yellowish eyelids). Partly opened front. Rain came about 4 p.m. & held rain for an hour or two. Called 3 hooters in forest; saw tracks of mapache (nose) in mud; another trail possibly tapir. Vidal helped search for solenodon, but none found. Rain on & off into night. Heard small owl in night - series of 5 notes. Rain stopped in night but remained overcast. 23 April 1977 Sat. Cuckoos singing night; worked away over 3000 seedling trees & other trees in plastic sacks on banks. / Hot walk up road; 1/4 snake w. yellow ventral underwood. Now search but no solenodon found, the all know them - said sometimes in woodpile or open ground. / We helped retrieve seedlings. Trogan egg (american) fragment near house. Packed boat to Heriberto in Francisco Alvarado, who was friendly. Catcher has one eye, but pleasant. I look sloppy. Hated to jet. Walked Chilesco in about 1 hr (4 km?). Saw Cyanocitta in shrubs. Road to Chiles good,

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C Koford 12 Journal 23 April 1977 Mr. Chilesco, B. Vergaz, Guatemala walked down the small river. How tough walking in rain, about 5'80' after 3 hrs walk, truck picked us up + took me To La Cumbre. Took a bus down to W. de Soloma. Donuts then almost pure sand 30' per m. low brush under, few pines. A pretty area or other line (orig). Soloma - a sleepy small town w/ few stores or facilities. Cedar trees in groves. A "radio" in progress - still roped + sand down paved road; carriages ahead + 2 horses slipped + fell on the pavement. I departed on 5 pm bus for Guate. via El Linder. E. & N. slopes were low dense fog rain + cold mixture on slopes + might be suitable for study. Shallow below, 2500'; river ended - mostly sparsely vegetated brushes down to 1100'; columns + cholla cactus below 15,' big drilled wood trees near 2 fairly clear streams. Good views are Mazaten the crest of S.de los Minas, but too smoky for obs. of vegetation. In Guate, stayed at Hotel Suiza, 25Q ea. 24 April 1977. Sunday. I took plane back to San Francisco. Bob + Julie stayed for trip to Lake Izabal May 3, after a few more days at Feria San Jorge.

Cat Pg #2165 Koford, C.B. 1978 catalog #4611-#4707

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C Kopad 1 Catalogue El Estor, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala. El. 100'. [Las Dantas] 6 Feb. 1978 4611 ♂ lemb. C-RB. Artibeus lituratus. 93-0-20-26/50 gms. In formol Forearm 67. Notted edge garden on hill, 8-9 p.m. In formalin. 7 February 4612 ♂ t. 4 Artibeus pharotis 50 (sk.+skull) 10+ gms. Not in morning; edge garden on hill. (DUATISS. ET OF C.Sibley) Philander opossum 50-267-40-26. Liethrop dry marshy pond. (DUATISS. FOR ETOR & C.S.) 19 Feb. 1978 virgo griscus not fat 4614 ♀ lost. fell. <1mm 10 gms. White iris. Notted by Carpinia at edge garden, midday. yellowish wing bars. yellow eye ring to brow. [Rancho Mirador; de B. Lemus; Km 157] 26 Feb. 5 Km ESE Parilha, Dept. Patz Verapaz Guatec. 1600 m. Peramea-stylemae. 264-136-25-29/60 gms. Under fern atop rock above stream bed [in Banda, Güsayote house]. Empidomax flavescens salvini 4616 ♂ t. 3 ♀ SK. 1/3 clear. Empidomax? + aviventris? no fat. Notted early morning near stream in cut over area. 27 February ext. name; sex? 4617 ♂ t. 11x5, turgid; C.epid. ent. 218-111-14-18, 40 gms. Mouth hole at base tree near rocky stream. 28 Feb. 1978. 5 Km NE Chilosco, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 1900 m. tail bicolor 4618 ♀ t. 5x3 Pithorodantys 158-90-18-15. Skull broken. Broken & broken at ferns near house. RH Rat- tail unicolor 4619 ♀ 3 emb., CR 20. 284-156-32-24. Under footbridge and, grass & brush. (another of 83 ESK in whole under tree (butterfly edge front.) 1 March 4620 ♂ b. 5x3 Peromyscus 300-160-36-18. (internal flocked) (coll. EFK). orgs. Ro Mammals, under log, heavily opened cloud forest slope.

To Univ. Sam C. Wilsonia EJK Hummer EJK Arbiter EJ39 Catharus 4625ck T. grayi 81EJK Myiodonastes unicolor - 2 March 78

CKo Pad Catalogue 2 March 1978. 5 Km NE Chilasco, Dpt. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 1900m. 4621 ♀ Emb. C-R 1mm. Rat-like 4619 264-131-30-22 4622 ♀ 1/g.ov. <1. cotharus ? frontzii no fat, nettled, brushy sloped slope. 3 March. 4623 ♀ reprod. imm. Heteromys Peromyscus (coll. EJK) (see his notes) 297-162-35-20 skull only v.imp. - Rat-like 4619 Peromyscus? no skin 4624 ♀ reprod. imm. Mouth + lower mandible yellow. 4625 ♂ t. 1mm. to U. San Carlos cotharus frontzii Cat. no fat. Brush slope, forest. 4/3 March Formal 4626 ♂ t. tiny Bat sturnira? Nose lf, no stripes (1hr old) Forearm 47. / organs ETOH Formal 4627 ♂ t. tiny Bat sturnira? Same. Green bushes, slope edge forest. / organs in ETOH - fresh. Formal 4628 small frog - S-R 21 mm. Pearly hedgehog; golden color. Light brown, pale middle stripe. 5 March 1978. 4629 ♂ t. 17 x 10 Rat-like 4619 adult. tail tip missing big.c.epid. 268-129-32-23. Formal 4630 ♂ t. tiny sturnira? Nettled area wood, edge open forest. (Organs in ETOH, fresh.) 6 March 1978. DNA 4631 ♂ t. 7 x 4 Peromyscus affinis no fat + 4 x 3. Bl; Chin gr.-neg. water - bad tail 4632 ♂ Diglossa brunnei baritula Both nettled on neck than spread island forest slopes on dryish slope. Formal 4633 ♂ Peromyscus back 610mm (coll. EJK). Edge spread island forest slope. 30mm sweet bag in shule pouch (gardenospe?) 7 March 1978. 5 Km ESE Puralha, Dpt. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 1600m. Formal 4634 ♀ no emb. Desmodus frm. 63 (organs. ETOH, fresh) Formal 4635 ♀ no emb. sturnira forearm 46 (org. - ETOH, fresh) Formal 4636 ♀ C-R 1mm sturnira frm. 46 (org. - ETOH, fresh) These 3 taken about 2 pm in net among second growth vegetation, 1/4 mi. SW house. El Estor FlatSK 4637 18 Feb. 1978 ♀ Hirundo fuscicauda? FlatSK 4638 5 Feb 1978 ♂ t. 3.0 Myiarchus (tuberculifer?) DNA blood

Discarded. - 3/4 - like 4619. juv. ♂ 230-115 (tummy?- 38 mm out tail, in ROH) juv. ♂ 250-132 5/mar. Disc. juv ♀ 250-134 repro. inactive v. imperft. 3/6 a.m. Disc. juv. ♂ Peromyscus like 4619. t.l. 205 t.103

E. Koford 1978 1 1978 Specimen Catalog (Guatemala) 11 April 1978. 5 km NE Chilasco, Dept. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 1900 m. sk.sk. 4639 ♂ t. 9X17 Scirius 380-172-43-26, 280 gms. 12 April skull ossif. 4640 ♂♀ t 1½ Diglossa baritula body molting Coll. EJK mod. fat. 9.6 gms. skull not ossif. 4641 ♀ o.n.enl. " " body molting Coll. EJK slight fat. 7.8 gms. Edge road near brush w steep slope of cloud forest; mist net. 12 April 4642 - 5 km. SW La Cumbre, Dept. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 1200 m. Formal- skinned t642 Crotales on black pond road 3 a.m. 13 April 1978. 5 km NE Chilasco sk.sk. 4643 ♂♀ t. 20X12 Peromyscus Coll. E.J. Koford. 33 293-157-33-23 91 gms. 1-2m. brush, secondary; under stumps. Organs in ETOH. ad. skin. 4644 ♂♀ t. 1½X1 Ontoporus cinereus 12 gms. no fat. [Same species: released Call. Manda Hunt. Nettled, roadside on slope, brush & open cloud forest. 14 April.] → 14 April 1978 Formal s. ROH 4645 ♂♀ t. 10X5 Peromyscus 277-144-32-23, 70 gms. Formal ♂♀ Coll. Martha Hunt & E.J. Koford 4646 ♀ Emb. CR 33. Desmodus rotundus 72 gms. wings rem. Call. E.J. Koford 4647 ♀ 1 emb. C-R 33. Desmodus " Formal A 4648 ♀ pg, C-R 23. Peromyscus like 4645 74 gms. Coll. Martha Hunt & Bill Disher Formal B 4648 ♂♀ Oryzomys? 257-141-29-17, +2 gms Mod. dense brush on hillside; opened rain forest. Base of tree. Formal Call. E.J. Koford 13. ROH 4649 ♀ no emb.- repro. underf. Heteromys 286-168-57-19, 58 gms. Formal 4650 ♂♀ juv. Peromyscus? 34 gms. Formal 4651 ♀ juv. " 33 gms. s. ROH Formal acid 4652 ♀ repro. inact. Heteromys 278-152-34-17, 56 gms. Ditto skat 4653 ♂♀ t. 1½ Neotoma No fat. 9 gms. blood sk. ½ clear swif t Chacoana Vauxi DIVA 4654 ♀ ov. not enl. Mod. fat 12 gms. Formal repro. 4655 ♀ inact./r. imp. Peromyscus 267-143-33-22, 53 gms. Formal orgs. ROH 4656 ♂♀ " 74 gms.

4/14-15 Jovs. - Peramyceus Disc. ♂ 10 gms. - brown spot chest. ♂ 46 gms ♀ 40 gms. - resp. to. immature.

CKoford 2 Specimen Catalog [Loc. San Jorge] 15 April 1978. 5 km NE Chilasco, Dpt. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 1900m Formal 4657 ♀ Desmodus rotundus. Netted. 39 gms. Formal 4658 ♂ Peromyscus 266-138-30-22, 66 gms. ROH Formal 4659 ♂ Stenoma Netted; slope open forest. 29 gms. skin 4660 ♀ test ov. 1mm. 16 April 1978 Arenomops albiventer no fat 14 gms. Formal 4661 ♂ Reithrodontomy coll. Marsha Hackett 160-90-17-16, 12 gms. coll. Bill Ochs Formal 4662 ♂ " 162-80-18-14, " ROH Formal 4663 ♀ no embs. or scars. skull above '4 clear DNA 4664 ♂ t. 11x6 Atelopeter drummondii 42 gms in folder 15 April 4667 ♀ egg in duct Myodaster cinereus no fat. 39 gms. and DNA 16 April test ov. 1mm. 4665 ♀ Atelopeter gutturalis no fat 24 gms. 17 April 1978 Reithrogne 4666 ♂ t. 12 x q. Tundus geayi Reithrogne (?) no fat; 80 gms. stend 4667 ♀ test ov. 1mm. Arenomops albiventer no fat 19 gms. Formal (Organs removed, in intestines & stomach.) ROH 4668 ♀ inactive repro. tr. Heteromys 309-173-36-19, 73 gms. 18 April 1978 Formal ROH 4669 ♀ Stenomia? Formal ROH 4670 ♂ Reithrodontomy [Loc. San Antonio] 19 18 April 1978. 8 km ESE Chilasco, Dpt. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 1900m. Formal 4671 ♀ Reithrodontomy 165-103-18-15, 8 gms Merry black under 6' bush, 50' from stream in elm - barberry zone. Formal ROH 4672 ♂ Reithrodontomy 161-103-19-15, Caught by hand at night inside rotten log that lay in burned field. 20 April D. To Goat blood 4673 ♂ t. 8x4 Caeomys vulpes vestiferus Donated to Govt (12 hrs dead) 42 g discarded or 4674 Another - " ♂ t. 8x5 - no tail 42 g. in morning About two in same net, green meadow stream & bush.

15 Aprl. - Dressed Carpodacus flavicans ♂ 11 gms. t. 7x4mm. ♀ 10 gms. Sept. ov. 3 mm. clean. ♂ t. 1mm. Wolbachia rusella 17 April Disc. Bermpheii - fluffy chest. ♀ 48 gms. - repro. inactive; valva unisp. DNA neg. - no spec. - ♂ Bermpheii - unicolour tail, fluff short & wider, black around eyes, white feet: common bird here.

CK Ford C Kotad 3 Specimen Catalogue 21 April 1978 [Quetzal Biotope], 1 km S.E. of Bendita, Dept. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 1700m. tail broken off Formol GX3 4674 ♂ ♀ t. k+f Peromyscus 163-55-25-21, 35 gms. Formol 4675 ♀ vepro. juvi. " 218-117-25-19, 36 gms. There 2- on ground in damp woods near brush are in order. Same as above at Quiric? Formol Ruff about 140 4676 ♂ t. 10 mm Peromyscus 282-140-31-23, 84 gms. Formol emb. C-R 18 Ruff-about SKIN HOST 4677 ♀♀ LIT., RH " 280-144-31-24, 79 gms. t. 10 mm 286-146-30-23 above 2 in dense undergrowth. a third (♂) is found dead to M. Day. 76 gms. Formol orgs, ROH 4678 ♀ no emb. Peromyscus 228-120-24-20, 36 gms. " no number. ♂ = another - dissected ♂ & 240-130- 30 gms. gave to M. Day in formol. t. 6X3 mm. above two taken in house, live trap. 24 April 3 1/2 Km SE Tecuru, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. 900 m. 4679 ♀ or not cal. Dendroica magnolia? 51 fat; 89 gms. Netted among pines trees, grassy hill, ground cover. 26 April. 3 km S. of Teleman, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guat. 50m. Formol 4680 ♂ Banded mouse 200-90-27-68, Mushymell. skull only Base rotted palm stumps in brush at edge coffee planting on slope. ROH 4681 ♂ t. 8 mm Antilurus bitratus 90-0-20-23 others in FJK catalog. By pond near house, mist net. Near palm tree. [Las Dantas] 30 April 1978. 2 mi. W. of El Estor, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala. 10 m. elev. (used egg after capture) (12 hrs. after cap.) 4682 ♀ leg ov. 10 mm Myotis yucatanensis? 37 gms, sl. fat. 4683 ♂ t. 7mm. Oryzomys gundlachi 12 gms, no fat. 1915 4684 ♀ leg ov. 4 mm Bestigya montana yellow leaves 125 very fat sign-paint. 42 gms. (12 hrs.) 1 May 1978 (dead in net) 4685 ♂ t. 6 mm Euphonia helvinacea 12 gms, sl. fat. [Finca Andres Paja] (1370 m. elev.) 7 May 1978. 8 km E. of Tactic, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. (7400 ft. elev) Formol C-R 40 ✓ 4686 ♀ emb. w. hair Sternira 29 gms. Formol ✓ 4687 ♂ " 25 gms. above taken in mist net near main road among citrus tree.

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CP Kofod Specimen Catalog. (Guatemala) 9 May 1978 [Finca Miranda] Km.5 of Chilsco, Dept.Baja Vera Paz, Guate. 1900m, Formel 4688 ♂ Artifibeus Formel 4689 ♀ Sternira 10 May 1978. 10 km NE San Jeronimo, Dept.Baja Vera Paz, Guate. 1500m. [Mr. Monterrico] Formel 4690 ♂ t.13 Peromyscus 235-120-24-19 Formel 4691 ♂ t.11 " 224-115-22-18 Formel 4692 ♀ " 250-128-25-19 above 3 taken by EJK in dry shrubland; Liquidambar, Quercus, Pinus. 11 May 7 km N. of Santa Cruz, Dept.Zacapa, Guate. 1800 m. [El Marmol] Formel 4693 ♂ Peromyscus Coll.EJK, live trap. 226-120-25-20 Formel 4694 ♀ " 145- (Formel 4695 ♀ RH (GR 6mm.)" 145-40-24-20, 32 gms. (Formel 4696 ♀ no " 193-48-24-19, 28 gms. above 4 + 3 decedent. Taken among limestone boulders, lichen brash leaf litter, other. [1 km SE of L. del Mono] 12 May 11 km N. of Santa Cruz Dept.Zacapa, Guatemala. 2200 m. Formel 4697 ♂ t.15. Epid.lae Peromyscus 262-133-30-22, 61 gms. EJK catting, some; & other decedent, same kind. Taken near wood in dense dark forest, near lake under trees & logs. Same species as Chileno, apparently same: Sk.+sk. 4698 ♀ tubes 3mm diam Peromyscus 301-160-33-23, 82 gms. 17 13 May 1978. 10 km N. of Santa Cruz, Dept.Zacapa, Guatemala. 2000 m. Formel 4699 ♀ 10 embryos Peromyscus 224-115-25-20, 35 gms. Dry pine slopes w. same color; near logs & brushes, no rocks. Dev. ♂ 26 gms. t.10; ♀ 26 gms., no emb.; parous; ♀ 25 gms.; no emb., parous; ♀ 21 gms., trice fo., yair. (gray); 39 gms. t.11. 16 May 15 km NNE of Rio Hondo, Dept. Zacapa, Guatemala. 1700 m. [Matos de 4700 4670 ♀ pregn. Sternira 34 gms. Morena] [La Casona] 18 May. 6 Km E / 2 km N. of San Agustin A. Dept.El Progreso, (2100 m) 4671 ♀ ov.n.enl. Aphelocoma unicolor 94 gms., leg 70mm ♂ 701 molting wings; p.t feathers head. Found dying on road.

11 May El Marol ; Peromyscus, brown. Discard ♀ No emb. End. paren. 234-120-25-? 38 gms. Ante atr face white. ♂ 26 gm. t. 10X5. Epi. swollen. ♂ 28 gm. t. 12X7. ♂ 26g. t. 6X5. 12 may Peromyscus - big gray, brown chest. Desci. 61 gm. ♂ t16x10 Dk. gray dorsum. 60 gm ♀, no emb., paren; tube 20 mm. diam. Dk. gray d. No. = 4698 [ ♀ 82 gm Brandon; black from | 301-160-33-23 to eye & around eyes. 16 May Big Perom. - brown chest, black face. Platanus. Desci. ♂ t. 15X10 ♀ 2 emb. C-R10 70 gms.

C Koford 1978 5 Specimen Catalog La Casona 19 May 1978, 6 Km E. 12 Km N. of San Agustin A., Dpt. El Progreso Guatemala. 2100m. Formal 4702 4672 ♂ t.5 Heteromys 284-157-33-18, 68gm. Formal 4703 4673 ♂ Peromyscus 224-117-25-19, 36gm. back; Formal Moose-dark feet, gray body, thin tail (shoulders eaten) 4704 4674 ♀ same as 4673? 225-116-26-18, 24gms. Formal 4705 4675 ♀ lact. Peromyscus 234-121-24-24, 48 gms. Formal 4706 4676 ♂ t.12 x 6. " back severed by trap 240-119-25-20, 44 gms. light gray below, buffy lateral streaks. 20 May 1978, 6 Km SE Peralta, Dpt. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. 1600m. 4707 4677 ♂ t.3 Cypseloides ruber 19 gms, mod fat; same species Notes: 4 other, w/o chestnut collar, over stream in pine-oak woods, ot examined: 20gm. & ov. not ind.; 2 were 18 gm. ♀♀, o.n.e. - end of trip -

19 May Dimi. big Peron., buffy chest, black face, dark grey back. Usual Chileno type. 07 t 14 x 9 287-149-31-23, 6+ gms.

Koford, C.B. 1978 Journal Mexico Guatemala (two separate trips)

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C Koford 1978 Journal- Gate Trip 25 Jan. 1978 To LA and Mexico Departed SFO on Western Air. to LA. Thence on night flight, Mexicana III to Mexico City. With Eike Koford. 26 Jan. 1978. Arrived 0500. Trolley bus to Aeropuerto sta. of Metro, but not permitted on because of luggage. Took a Delfin bus to west toward Zooco Cosme. with help of 2 friendly boys, got off near ADO bus terminal in Arena Vista (N. of Plaza de la Revolution). Took 10 a.m. bus toward Oaxaca. Arrived thus about 2000. Clear, dry, cool. Stayed at San Tomas hotel or alameda, about $5 for 2, with bath. Dis- covered that had lost my wallet which contained tourist card, among other things. Probably pick-pocket got it. 27 Jan. Oaxaca: To bank to report lost credit card. To ministering public office to report loss of tourist card & other things. Then took 1730 second class bus to Tuxtepec Inturuguay on 28 Jan. arriving 0400. In rush to get tickets on bus to Comitán, Eike had his wallet stolen. We took 08:45 bus (at 10 a.m) of Cristóbal Colón to Las Casas. (Met Michael Nudle of New Mexico, & wife, on way to Antigua.) Briefly at Las Casas, then on 1315 bus to Comitán. Then immigration authorities in- formed my papers; after much talk, they decided they would have to telephone Mexico City, at my expense, & could not do it until Monday. Spent night in Comitán at El Delfin, no water. 29 28 30 Jan. Sunday. Took walk to La Quija, about 2 miles to N., where life primitive. Moved to La Villa, cheaper pensions. Overslept yesterday, sleeping today; cold when cloudy. Turkey vultures & black vultures frequent in air. Plaza walk - sound in eve; music, parade w. fireworks - San Valentín

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C Koford 2 Journal 30 24 Jan. 1978. Mon. Lv. Comitan 0800 on Transportes Tachos to Guatemala. for border. Wooded hills then. Immigration officials helpful & friendly, but telephone not working - so waited about 3 hrs. Then line clear, + one guard telephoned to Mex. D.F. to verify data of my lost tourist cd; I paid 90p. (22/$1) for call. No inspection. Met 2 men w. car from Minin; jwn to Dr. with them, $2 for tourist card. Cursory inspection of a few of our bags. Then the Minin men drove us on to Huehuet., when we cashed traveler's checks. Took 3 pm bus for Guate.; arr. 8 p.m. Pos Hotel Diligencia, $5. (For 2) 31 Jan. Shopped & strolled in Guate. city. Visited Mario Dary at Botan garden. He said he had not read my letter about project, sent last Nov. Dig. No available at Kormar; 4 zebra + chemicals at Kormar, cable 9 am. 11 av. Plan to go to Eter via Emilol line) on 3 Feb. Stayed at favorite Hotel Smija, $5 for 2. 1 Feb. 1978. More shopping. 80% ETOA $3.10/1. at farmacia. Formalin, 2 lls. 1.30 at Kormar; 1 ll. glas. acetis $1. Visited Just. Indigenista, very minimal + needy in zone 2; some info on Kekchi. Mario flew to Eter for the day; it rained there. 2 Feb. 1978. Shopped for food + agpt. Steel traps, Adanas cloth, ammo components, on 4 avenida, 15-18 ca. Visit- ed Mario; very busy as usual. Gave him written plan of cost tickets for Eter trip ($300) from 5 de los Mejia project. Emilol ac., 14° c. m. 6° av. 3 Feb. 1978. Fri. Lv. Litagua sta. (15-42, 0° av.) 0810 on fine bus, a former greyhound, about 1/4 full, for trip to Marino. afts. num. cloudy, 100%. Second growth trees broke on hills. Black wetness. 0850, bridge at “Aguia Coberta” over- one yellow (Codiospermum?) flowers on tree; some red other, mostly leafless. 0940, El Ranch - maguito, canchela

C Koford 3 Journal 3 Feb. 1978. Dpto Zacapa, Guatemala eastern, food shadows, dry. To E, gradually greener; 60' trees near Motagua R., which was slow, muddy, 40-100' wide. Pte. Quijo, broad valley to N. Flamboyant tree (no flowers), cale- bash tree by road. Pte. Palmilla - 4' wide stream. Leafless trees on S slopes - guamules - limbo? Rio Chiquito. Sugar cane. Tucalutan - 6' stream, pte, town. Stopped at Santa Cruz for restaurant. Melon, watermelon sold. Road said road N. to Sta. Los Lotes older, 8 km., + one up mtns. to marmoleria - can see it on slopes. He said "tiger" in mts. Le. 1045. | Jocapa rd. goes S. Rio Horso - 50' wide, muddy; waterfalls in hills to N.; town - green trees; oases. Then marguerite again. Occasional Cathartes in air. Juncos pte. - fast, muddy, 10' wide; waterfall to N. Switchbacks roads up slopes to N. Pte. Santiago (10' stream). Pte. Alheta. To N., S. slope w. Leafless forest 10 m high, pine about 500' elev. along highway (earlier 1900', near cloud line). Pte. Arroyo. Motagua R. slow, wider. Mayanolas older. Occur. oaks, willows, white. Lotes older & pte - 30' wide stream. Km 179 Serradero "El Sauce" Some pines 200' above road (wet). Occur. ceiba tree. Pte. Dña Maria; R. Motagua nw. large. Pte. Mestiyo. Banana groves. Jocapa - Izabal border. | River de Paz older & pte. Forest line of broad-leaved white-trunked trees, 500' elev. up. (K192). Palms in bottom. Occur. 30' pine mw. highway. Red slate rocks mw. large. | Valley widened. Rio Motagua, wide meanders. INDECA mill to S. Palms, lowlands. Los Amates town. Piñiques ruins to S. Some coarse grass hills w. very open pines (rain - effect?). 1150, turning to Mazatenango. Dirt & gravel road wound up wooded valley w.

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C Koford 4 3 Feb.1978 Dist. / Izabal, Guatemala leafed forest, so fairly solid; pine above. saw green tree frog. Waterfall. Palm thatched homes (rambar). Limewater outcrops. Up to about 100' elev., then down to L. of Izabal. Planted rows of 50' trees w. 6' O leaves. 12-10 at lake edge. Air 77°; water 79°F. Some tree clumps to lake edge. Town 1/2 mile to W., where "ferry" waiting. Epuibol docks w. finish made 40x70' palm roof. Saw 3 Pitangus in ruins; yellowish warbler (2 sps.). Cormorants - approx. 100+ on lake. Pelicans - I or 2 sps. Sandpiper (small, wing bars), gull. Waited to about 1330; then launch headed for Estor; arrived 1505 at Epuibol docks w. palm roofed pavilion near the quings' colony. Saw farm. New shore seen green heron (yellow legs). Hills to N. had forest above 500'+; second growth below. But forest patches near lake. Univ. San Carlos lab (P.R.E.A.) next to guest house La Punta, a mile from our boat landing. Jose did not show up; we hiked w. our 100+ lbs. of gear, then got ride in pickup. Jose at the lab; living there w. Q. and Mandy, about 25 yrs., from Phila; also living there (here a month). About 40x80' bldg., concrete blocks, glass miami blinds, w. hot water, refriq., electricity. About 1/4 mile from edge lake. Saw glassware & chemicals. Estr. no aquaria or large glass jars. Jose took us to El Estor to shop; junks older stuff. Oranges 3/5¢, avocados 2/15¢. Prices high. The colony had its own line of stores near their quarter; a P.X. arrangement, not open to others. Put up but not near lab; set out 3 live traps. No catch. Saw a few bats in eve. We walked to edge of lake & with dipnet & headlamps got about 10 small fish, which

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Journal 3 Feb. 1978. El Estor, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala. we took alive to lab; see CJK notes. 10+ parrots flew over in eve. Saw ipomoeolas. Mark said blue & yellow trogon seen near lab. Set up but not net, lab. 4 Feb. 1978. Rain night + most of morning. No catch in net nor lab. Large & medium parrots flew over. Anser. egret. Seen from mr. water. Brown jays - flock 7+ in trees in lab. or Lewis a black headed snipe in Caesopia. Humma (Amazilia ?) at hibiscus flower. Pteroglossus ? or majoriter mollitus? auratus One spragphila longirostris seen over. | Tried fishing w casting spinner, struck but landed none. | In mr head noted small fish near dark + minute in grass; obtained several species, which CJK kept for preservation. | About 10 slow- flying medium-sized bats flew from first landing shock when disturbed during day; some also from underbridge of bridge. above water, & small flew from down bldg. about 6 p.m. | Moved net to near lake; another 100 yds inland, in grassy area at edge tallin vegetation. No catch; closed 8 p.m. | Also tried throw net & took several small fish, to 7", including anchovy (pelates s1/05) (Adolfo Pozuelo, another, said common; EE-pesca called iperca. 5 Feb 1978. El Estor, Lake Izabal, Guatemala. No catch in nets. Specimen fish # got 400 gm. tetra, $6305, and an Electrophorus s1/27. Kodachrome of both. | Last one Erik caught a Kinosternon turtle; also Kodachrome. Their mom, car hit me on road; Erik saved twice in ETOH. Took a Myiarchus in net + saved blood for DNA tests (see back of this page for descr.). Cistothorus trogon - near dock, K1,2 3,4.

CK 4638 tuberc. ? ♂ 7 ♀ 3.0 5 Feb. 79. La Danta. Myiarchus tyr.? DNA. wing 61. t.l. 7" crown dark rusty grey, bill black, back brown-grey, tail same w/ rusty borders, the gray throat & breast, yellow belly, no wing bars but outer edge see rusty, slight crest, brown iris. Calmes 21. Oryzoborus sparocephalus ♀ tall. < 1 m/ Dark rusty back & head, lighter rusty underparts, white wing lining - no belly patch diff color. Tail grey-brown uniform. 129 mm t.l., wing 56. Bill brown. W sq x-scot. bill = 2-5 "A" DNA blood by EOK JK

Journal 5 Feb, 1978 F/ Estor l. [label], Guatem. Top of tree; spread tail as open shot note. Saw yellowthroat in marsh near lake. Occasional black vulture mature. / With Mark, went by launch to Ensenada Los Lagartos, 7 km to SW. Lake muddy. Flashes olive, occasionally, to 100+ at times. Occasional gull; fruit feed waters; b. atricilla? Also an orange- hilled tern w mud-flapped tail, fairly large. I osprey. Occur, caribaja. Common & many egret. Little blue heron (var. spiz) arbor hawkins. 1 Mycteria flying. I Podilymbus gale. A flock of large dark ducks w large white speculum- Dendrocyga autumnalis; 20+ in flock. Large plover, broad- tail size; gray & brown - nigricostrie ? Occur, 1-2 in trees. Saw few peccaries at edge Cien. Lagartos. (This area a wild- life reserve now, said Dany). We saw a 2' long snipe- ing in inlet, later hopped on floating log. / One saw big turtle w/ ridges on back; saw heads of 2 other turtles, which dove, & one in dead stump tops in water. (The water is white of manganese deposits, a streak in it black; apparent- ly four fish in it (cat net + spine). Saw 10+ raft- flying brown bats flying among trees over water. / We returned to Las Darwin, saw Centrim (rupicolae ?) wood- pecker in tree near lake. Hot Nettle seeds for DNA sample. Nerve last not at dock. Two R-nose Ialau. Antilurus littoralis in another net. (DNA sample tissues) (see EJK notes). 6 Feb, 1978. Strong wind. Adolfo P + Mark took launch to Palenque. Not took Dumetella. Walked in grassy field near airstrip + flowing stream. Cell biopsy for DNA sample (kept 1 spec.). Saw 6" Basiliscus, & a turtle in stream (Kinosternon; hinged plastron).

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Journal 6 Feb. 1978 El Estor, Dept. Izabal, Guatem. pickup. Didelphid saw. Now white-collared seedeater + volatinia (grays, fawnposts). Only old oropendola nests where Eirik saw last May. 1km away now 3 tromanes (red-rumped = arcasii ?) fly into tree near front door. Not took Myiarchus tyrannulus, Tyrannus melancholicus. Released fruit. Also Cathartes thrush-mimic, + Amazilia t. n. near K. lake gaza in net. Caught green heron in last net near shore; photoed cue, took 2 new ants. Interesting birds in nets. Clear cool evening. ? Mycteria americana calls from yard; can't see or hear terns each eve. Swift- now seen lake one of 5 Feb. Progress: n. swallows seen 5-6 Feb. 3 2-4 7 Feb. 1978. To dock at 0700. No birds in net. 3 line trogon in under springs; no catch (porrum ?). Bird nest near house took volatinia & (i.gallula) ballena mole +. Clear clouds but huge foggy. Nobody I saw 2 trogons (viridior) perched 10' apart in trees (20'me) nw. water. K 112. K. boa Called out inlet to edge lake; saw (Helicornis) swimming along shore; it crossed 40m. inlet. Saw 1 cattle egret perched tree-top. Pair large parrots flew over. Mistletoe flycatcher near house & docks. Not; blue or indigo bunting ♀ (released). Summer tanager ♂ (?), n. K Colonnade, no clouds. Netted a Pitangus sulphuratus; photoed. Later Eirik netted a Polioptila guatemalensis at edge wet brushy patch. Brown jay (♀ 1gst. fell 1½ mm). Netted male lola (DNA sample). During day Eirik caught few bee-eaters on river mouth & canal. Evening – net out near dock, over water; lots flew close to it but not caught (k. nana ?); took down 7 p.m. Clear night. Another Attilus litigiosus netted at edge wet clouds 10' higher. Cue – set 3 small local live traps w. wet bait under bushes near small pond. 8 p.m., nuthatch?) tyrian nectar (sp ?) took a 4-eyed possum (Philander ?). 8 Feb. 1978. Calm & hazy. Eirik took a Centurio woodpecker in lab net. A large aerial woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus ?) escaped. Also a small leaf-

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8 Journal 8 Feb. 1978. / Estev, Dpb. Izabel, Gastrea. wood but thin. Head chocolate to V on lower slopes than more. Erik + I pedaled boat out inlet; saw gpe 7 (n+) gr. billed lions (5 m. away in brush), Heliconia (100 m. W of site yesterday; it flew short distance); gallinazo, citrusline trogon, gpe of shot-killed pigeons; a Clercin patricia (?-alone, eating whole 10 x 15 mm. reddish-yellow fruits from tree); hammer ? w. straight red bill, black head & shoulder, rufous tail dorsally, pinkish (Anagris squamosa? - only looks seen). Took a treasure net. (Possibly little kingfisher seen in Campia last eve at distance) Baltimore oriole; strip bushy near inlet. / Erik went in boat not + released; Volatinia, Compsophila tangarae. w. Adolf to get water sample; back 11:30. / Flood Corridor in grass- land. Gpe. anis also in brush in grassland, to S W of lake. Not seen duck entrance 5-9 p.m.; later moss but no catch. 9 Feb. 1978. With Erik to Potaje; Adolf's Pangulo row us over inlet, about 50 min. on calm water. 8/10 alt at some clouds. Saw 4 pelicans in gpe; ocean gull or large tern. Swallow in gpe. To S of Potaje, river nice slowly; many cangos, largely flooded + green. Flat mostly grazed grassland, w. scatted palms & other trees. Most huts w. palm thatch. Barbed-wire fences and hundreds of yellow cattle. Hiked S toward mouth of cango & J. Maizlis fauna. No lack many palm fruits, + a large con cute hill w. large red antenna. Burned airstrips. About 15 min. walk to house, 15 min. to river in cango mouth. Clear + flowing; many fish to 5" long. Broken up first but tree to 100'. / Erik saw a marmosa (24' antlers, white under tail, chocolate brown body) at 15'; apparently sick. / Parrots flew out. Saw a gpe of 20+ swifts; some had white area at shoulders (=Panyptila?). We saw gpe. of 10 and of 8

Journal 9 Feb 1978 Patezte, Dpt Izabal, Guatemala Cestophaga, in lucus + low branchy trees in flat gardens. Knobbler nearby. Cattle egrets - 1-5 gmrs. among cattle. An apiary with 100+ hives, fenced. Heard my alamatta. Saw hermit (Phacethornis) at platillos + other flowers among shrubs. Cibi saw apparent Tigre (redsnake). Drymopoa linctora occurred dead still in ruin. Small langflesh - green w. white collar (in ?) americana?) over ruin. Trail continued S. to an olden-looking jaguarom? that Cibi visited last May. [People not curious. We walked back to Patezte, + took boat backs to San Dantas. ] After- noon of 8 Feb, we visited long Watson, of the Epinal plant, at the local "club" (food, drinks, pool, movies). He came slowly w. Mario D. (company page for environmental studies). W. will own any club privilege cards formers, + trips by land down Rio Dulce). This afternoon, we visited Watson at nickel plant. Apparently so. for about 3 lead concerns, one to S. of L. de Izabal. The close me about 20 sq km; present hill of spartina should supply ore for 5 years. Only water pollutant in heat. W. talked w/ plant employee Luis Perez, who had prospected in S. de las Meras 20 years ago. He said there were panzer + a spotted cat, a foisey. Trail from Banco [Rd. front down] to Jones (NE of Rio Nardo). Some errors from Santa Cruz up to marmolonia, then walk ridge. Another trail from Sanico (in Lake) to Las Panteras. He thought game + ven snakes had decreased over years. But thought still saw white- lipped greecin in swamps at head of lake. Few mines in S. Delas Mera - look ten. Still some local hunter at Cator. Came w/ late man Sanchez. W. said Miguel Doney in charge of

Journal 9 February 1978. El Estor, Dept Izabal, Guatemala. agricultural development. We saw several of Dany's PREA reports; mostly lists, compilation of water analysis data (chemical) for many stations around lake. Worried about possibility of introduct- on of eptaria in L. de Izabal. / We returned to lake area. Set out 2 nets on lower slopes to N of road, where mainly bushy weed growth w. larger twigs in arrays. Both E + Iw. G1 pond. 10 Feb 1978. Rain at daybreak. One net to N had 2 catfish, literatus + 2 catfishes. Other, closer in newly cleared area swath in brush, had a lit., 2 a. platy, + 2 glossopeg- ines, collected seeds of + Amegilla. Released birds. / A Myrion tuberculata had ½" follicles. Well later in marsh, garden net took many bristled grasshoppers, 2 green cranes (? see over) Calm CK 4637 sunset day. Crude to colony to shop. Took 8 Holing? (gathering?) in garden net. / It took it easy w. gut trouble today. / One night palm stolen? Took down nets in pupa, for chance tomorrow. 11 Feb. 1978. Saturday. To shore opposite colony at 07:00. Calm, ¼ moon. Anablepses in mangrove flowers had at least 4 orioles (J. griseocephalus) flying. Many bees around flowers. Also 2 large blackbirds (Dives?), + a hummingbird (Amazilia sp.). / Talked to a man going fishing + hunting; waters low but formerly lots, bassias. Saw shark. Said hunters permission & topographic at night at head of lake. Big per- cary also present. Ajapian killed person lake, not long ago. Main food fish in lake is roblete (= smelt ?) the many tarpon. Also marlin. A guy said heard that manatees found dead near lake about 2 mos. ago. He had heard that meat sometimes sold for 40¢/lb, have a N of swallow nr. rope thicket in field or dock; noting? / Found boat came at 9 a.m. about 14 passengers w. me in Betan

Drew vire ? V. oliv. ? 10 Feb. 6" t.d. (hill top). Dull olive green above; more brownish on rump & tail. White eye ring + line to mane. Slightly curved bill. Yellow throat & breast. White belly & cricum, yellow wing lining. No cape. Brown iris. Black toes. (2 alike - released).

Journal 11 February 1978. El Estor, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala. 25 w z. 165 hp engine. Saw tarpon rising in distance. Stopped in Rio Dulce at Cateman Island, near Ft. San Felipe & bridge in same situation. Some luxury boats there. Shore lake & river nearly all wooded. Came down trail to 5 secured woods on upper slopes. V.g swallowtail at Cateman (hotel garden). A large gray-backed gull. But no other kind of bird sp. except Frigate near Livingston. Boat Rio Dulce only about 100 m wide. Channel said to be deep, 30'. Some vertical limestone cliffs. Steep forested slopes w. some burned (illegible to cut trees). Livingston a small town, lumber center 3 blocks; old wooden buildings & rusty roofs; population largely black. No post office. Daily mail boat from Oco. Barinas. Small oil pumping dock of Chiribah. Fruits & basic supplies sold. Cacao on hangin to E. w. coco trees. Frigate birds over river estuary. We walked about town for 20 minutes, then took up Rio Dulce to Cateman Ldg. Lunch stop. Then one hour Lake Izabal to Coban, about 5 p.m. Orioles still feeding in gallito trees. Put out a net across next clearing in brush, to S of highway. Caught an antthrush in garden net, late eve (released). 12 Feb. 1978. Sunday. No rain; calm. Not held a pleurogram but + Anthra littera (jun. - released). Walked into El Estor. Bike went with and ecologist for day, & I went w. Tony Mackie (hunter on dock, 11 Feb.) to a Lion's Club outing at Rio Seco, a few km E of town. Did not see corn fields (grass can be 6'); some cattle. Rio Seco fast & fairly clear, about 7 m wide. Rio Seco slower, wider - said to be good smelt fishing at mouth. About 30 people came; had lunch beef, turtle soup, chicharron, beans, rice, & so on. Much talk. I met town mayor and several Guatemalan plant people, including Luis Ponce (large gp of estate in this area). Tony M. had gone

Journal 12 February 1978. No El Estor, Dept Izabal, Guatemala to Marquette Univ., Milwaukee. 2 years here; maintenance dept. Met Dr. Juan de Dios Calvo, head of lab & snake staff; good English. Large job for faunistics for enzyme analysis; may be able to make dry ice; relative in law of Mario Dary. Men thought about 8 kinds of turtle here. Said porco morales sometimes in his Dukes. Mention fairly common; Morales said saw about 20 one night. They think four people from the monster, the M. said he shot one about 2 years ago. (N's Saturday hunting-fishing trip yielded only 1 large aguama, shot w/30 cal. rifle). /Later, in cafe in El Estor, I saw skin of Felis wiedii on wall; spots dark-brownish & little open; tail long. Said taken about 2 years ago in hills to N. /We set up not same place as last night. Heard Nyctidromus near lake in evening. 13 Feb. 1978. I saw among shrubs, a ruddy ground dove (Columba- palumbus) and a Cupheonia. (T. lauta) Not in garden took Antennaria caniflora, Darlingtonia patachia, Agave tequilensis & redstem hay 0900 (S. talpo- coti S, leaf full 2 mm., trigid.) Belonged on Ampelopsis. /We arrived in 5' wide stream through grassland and shrubs, 1/4 mi. W of lake; about 7 sps. fish, preserved. /I walked to cove & looked for garterine. Clear calm day; hazy. The plant puts out black under all day. /Cig, sat not at dock. About 200m. out in inlet, 2 or + nearly black short tailed birds, probably cormorant molting, swept past over water, back and forth close to us. bd. id.? C. carolinensis? No apparent light markings. Brownish black, dull, & rough wing feathers. /3 bat nets are out. 14 Feb. 1978. Too wet. Took only one bat (A. phaeotis?). Not took an Ampelopsis (dark bark, yellow leaves; redstem). We went on water samp- ing trip w. Alonga to mouth Cocodrilos Lagoon, water outlet & inlet from plant; off cote, I walked his house. Marquito

Journal 14 Feb. 1978. Mr. El Ester, cattle of plant we saw 2 herons, w. luck (? 165?), in tree 100m. away. (Plant man said a gir. trapped by sleeping around fire.) Not muggy dark, dry, just no rain. / Visited Juan Calle, head of local lab, in car. Received worm-like snake he had taken from hill to N. of Cata recently. We discussed woodcutters getting firedwood near Las Dentas. Calle said destroying breeding habits of some side- side. Calle said that in 1952 only about 200 people here; now over one thousand. He had worked at UC Riverside in past, on soil fertility problems. Seems very cooperative. Good solid English. / Two cats out at night. Temp. about 27°C. today. 15 Feb. 1978. Calm, muggy, overcast. One Vangapapa taken in brush south on hill to N. Took in nets + prepared for trip to Pongos & Toloman. Adolfo drove us to Pongos (br. 0930). Much cleared and burned land to S. flat. Many Congo palms, a stand of African oil palms. Many "living fences". Crotalaria frequent + some. Little agate. Chicken woods on hills to N. Corn + Egypt corn (maizilla). Wide grass- ed road. Agrostis green. Rio Calabaz 100 m wide, fast, milky (copper mine upstream?). Pongos a small quiet town / Hopped a small truck full of Kola nuts, including coconut & T., to Toloman (25). Insisted large Ceiba tree. Cargo in pastern. Busy market in T. 1130. walked to river (E+S + of center), when bridge under repair. Crossed 40m. river in canoe (5¢). Tractor w. trailer waiting to haul people; none to Zarcas for an hour, so walked road through 10' corn to Mina del Valle, foot of hills. Now got a ride or side (on sugar cane or many loads). 1 hr. slowly to Pueblo Viejo on Rio Tinajas (40m.). Think some linear stream. Corn, cattle. Many aris. near road. Living fence various spp. incl. ceiba. / Another truck ride. Cross Rio Tinajas (fairly clean). On to gate of finca Los Calvins & El Paraiso,

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Journal 15 Feb. 1978 4 p.m. Nr. Telemán, Dpt. Izabal, Guatemala. small star and of heat in line. Roughs to E. (Store had a green female cocoa or fava; raised from chile; also 2 grown black & wood ducks w. chicks.) Sper. citrus tree (grapefruit?). Some irrigated portion. / We walked E. an hour (talked w. Vista, of Finca San Jorge y Panama), to store of Rubén Patilla on his finca (he was away - recommended we come). Walked on to find river (60m, fair amount, rocky, clear; small fish below; said to have spices & macawara). Green veg.; palm roofed some houses with stilt, slab & dirt floors. Hiked up trail to SE; bushy second growth, narrow trails, frequent kékchis. Camped at corn husking shed about 500' elev. Monthly forest cleared to about 1000' level. Corn & beans. No rain. 16 Feb 1978 Rio Zarco, Dpt. Izabal Mist in everyone. Chickadee calls. Brown Jays. Turkey + chicken calls. Most flattened spots had remnant. Hiked an hour. Small store at Buena Vista (asked for agua; got water and coffee; ate in kay-lá. Then 5 open- dales. Saw maples, small teide, brasilier. Some coffee bushes (no beans now). Dry corn on cob in most rows in shucks; few bags from rofters. Many trails; often blocked + asked way. / 1020, 5' wide clear stream about 1000', about 400' above Rio Z. level, 1 km SE of Buena Vista, fish spec. shubby slopes; netted several small fish (EJK catalog). Air 81°F, water 74°. Trail eventually down to Rio G. 1

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Journal 16 Feb. 1978. Rio Zarco Dpt. Izabal, Guatem. tail; black narrow mask, black remiger). Took trail up ridge to SE; descent faint, tried others; returned to clearing & camp. I am picking up log, I was sting on finger by 4" black scorpion; but no spe- cial reaction but temporary pain. Swifts - mainly entirely black, 100+ in high milling groups. Heard tinamous - I judged Tinamus & Crypturellus, or on B.C.I. Heard toucan trochil. Caprimulgids active in eve. Clear sky, no rain. Calm night. View of shore face of C. Piedad to E. (limestone largely white). 17 Feb. 1978. Saw several toucans, including big ones, green bill red- brown type, red caruncle, white rump patch, yellow face-throat-brest. Small parrots. Large woodpeckers. Big woodpecker (D. leucostigma?). Humming A birdy place at 0730 (lazy run). Walked back down to Rio Grande (bath- ed, & departed 0930. Saw small woodpecker. Returned to Buena Vista (star 11 a.m.). Saw 2 Leucopthornis circling together, saw swifts near them. /Saw red + black banded snake about 2' long lay trail in green shrubs. Fragment butterfly. 1300, arrived feature at Rio fish coll. fish) spec. (GSK coll. fish) Walked across. /Visited w. Ruben Patillo. About 45. One of first settlers at Buena Vista (most here only 3 years, few over 5). Claimed to have taken 12 jaguars, 10 pumas, in old days. Said small dark deer in mats; whitetail in low country. Said tapirs still near C. Piedad. Cochi de monte (jaguar?) - big persay scent. Sargente + another big blk monkey (mice) w/ throat bulge, sometime white tummy (otter?). Good clear Spanish + knowledge Kechki. Consider for good man to hike to Jumun in 1 day. Can recommend guide. About 20 years ago, man + wife collected birds here w/ very fine shot (the bands?). Known grow other bird- gists. Fish - 3 years ago, much mud in river, few fish nice. I hr. down to Pueblo Nuevo, where boats to Placer R. a trout

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Journal 17 Feb. 1978. Fri. Rio Zarco, Dpt. Izabal, Guatem. road to Patzite + Marinon. Alligators occur in rivers; hunt and sell; $5 / ft. Ray zope (sarcopompha) now scarce; formerly more. Pajuil, tiny mouse, perdy. E & J got some Kabchi women. Friendly + helpful man. Wife sells tortillas, scrambled eggs, sardines, sugar water. We walked back to La Chirra. Talked w/ paludismo man, who said this year over 200 cases in region. He had pills for cure. Truck took us back (about 30 km) to Telcon bridge (Miguel Angel Ramirez, agrimotor; livestock farm. Patillo has some veterinary stock help). Miguel told (Klaus Dregue ?) us of a farmer living at Fin. Contencion who collects butterflies. Hills S. of Contencion appear relatively little cleared; C. Razon + the peaks visible today, cloud plumes. I caught bus back to El Estor (1:25 ea.). 18 Feb. 1978. Sat. Little field work. Set out net in garden and 2 on slope ½ mi NW near canyon. Saw gp. 22 turkey vultures going over hill to N. in evening. At least 3 "tapacurros" at once on gravel road; many calls. The EJK spec, archeologists brought Eriboea curiosa food, found w/ another shot. 3' underground on flats near beach. Eriboeas turn & stopped. Mostly wrote notes on Zarco trip. No rain. Sunday. 19 Feb. 1978. A Sternina ♀ (v. eur.) in garden net; EJK spec. Other nets blank - windy at night. Slight drizzle morning. Took in 2 distant nets. In garden caught a white-eyed vireo on flycatcher (CBK & 4614, not breeding). Organized gear for cK spec. move to Puerto Barrios area. Met up in garden to 9 p.m.; about dusk, another white-eyed vireo in it. (?)

Journal 20 Feb. 1978. Quisis, nr. Purulhá; small waterfall in packed limestone cliff to N of rice (first + mod. class). Good strip & windy above Copalchí; some strips slopes had been cultivated. Lower slopes brushy & steep. Some rice hammers no maize. Tecumal had more modern buildings & gas stations. Up to San Julian. Then to Toots & back - past road. Then past Purulhá & on to Quetzal Paz, alt. 1560m. Raining; can't take away for the day. Conditions about same as in April 1977 visit. We put gear in Lemi's house & walked around. Saw Sphyrap varius varing on trunk, warblers, hummingbirds, big blackbird, oriole - but low overall & birds inactive. Eve - heard no Turmion or creek calls. Dogs, horses, chickens, turkeys around houses. Crows, osprey, various eagles; we saw a few; talkative to W. on hills, above clearings. We hope to establish a "base camp" here. 21 Feb. 1978. Drippy. Sws. G. brought food to tell us. G. had returned; talked with him. Then walked S. on road to visit Paul Bunting (Plantation Alto Tuma, alt. 165). More cleared area than last April, & same neighbor now. He & cousin, raising jimson, said that w. aid of John Campbell (Haleijar, Taylor), had trapped for students & taken about 6 birds, including Ridgway's tanager & a king vireo. Also had put nets for bats & taken about 5 birds, includ- ing scorpion & nectar-feeding. Intent on reptiles had been; appar- ently Campbell had been paying for them. Next walked to the university ranch, now overlooking road at middle of Canoa de los Quetzales; I saw located on paved road. Alt. from Semes' place. Met caretaker Lazaro Chajim; his Purulhá, rider motorcycle. He friendly & talkative, but little formal knowledge. Palanqued, board-sided house about 20 x 50', divided into lab, kitchen, & dormitory rooms. Only a boy w. concrete floor at present. The forest, tall broadleaf trees, hemlocks, rose steeply to W. No trails yet. Univ. now had at least 15 scholars (1500+ acres).

Telenan - Ruben Portillo - now in vet. store Miguel Angel Ramírez - grain store Los cañones river to S. Klaus Dr egue ? - bullflats - F. Cantoria Sadat - not to church Tactic - Couple translate Kehelá. Col. Estrada - Santa Rosa, SW of Peralta - road opp. Teja much land - wife sp. English. Domingo Tovar, younger - Tucuru - family much land to N. Friend Paul Darity. San Cristóbal - Jarvis

18 Journal 21 February 1978 5,300' (1585m.) Qvisis, Dpt Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Stayed cold, foggy, all day. Put out 2 live traps, 1 net, near Lami's (no catch seenite) houses; inspected grass tus mixture. Saw Coptia ides; 2 together, + Wilson's warbler, hummingbirds, green sparrows, other birds. 45° F. 22 Feb. 1978. Overcast but high. Waited for 0730 hrs to Guate. New road saw Accipiter fly over, & one long-tailed trogon (: quetzal). Heard Ontalis calls from nearby area. / Burnt wood 0740. 10 min. to Chilonzo Rd.; 2 3 min. to La Canche, 4800': Wst. front cleared to (1/10 cloudy) dryer, wr. some pairs, & clean skies, nr. Matangar. Perrier's stopped about 2500'. Lamey, dry brush smell, mosquito; few rock anteaters. Morgan rd. jit, km 102, 1400'. Ocellibra costae (?), + some flat-billed costae. Rocky soils. Grazing tenuous trails.. 800'; dry creek & dry river bed; longer trees w. green leaves line shores. Thicker mosquito & costae. Sampled about 1,000'. Steel bridge, wst., riparian trees, 600'; 1 km. to El Ronto. 70 min. to there. / A stop of about 20 min. Saw yiguanas, to 2' long, in market; ins- cursive, or larger lizards above shops. / Delay on road at Agua Cal- iente for 1/4 hrs. Arrive Guate 1:30. To Chetel Sunga. / T hom visits/ Mario D. but letter recommendation (Most of our mail had been sent to El Estor?). Plan to see INAFOR, Natl. Park, Jefe Victor Martinez, mayors. 23 Feb. 1978. To see Martinez; arr. 0830, near airport; small wooden shack of 1 room. He friendly, but not biologist; I have to write a "solic- itud" or sealed paper to ask for permit. Returned to Jardin Bat. to do so. Mario's his secretary helped. Took it back to Martinez; late Postal strike - no service for a few days. in day, so return tomorrow. (But got opened of the other offices in other) Fri. 24 Feb. 1978. 0500, back at M. office; he came about 0900. Typist had to write permit on sealed paper, in other form; took 'til about noon. VM had gone, so couldn't get signed; possibly back 1400. So

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Journal 24 Feb. 1978. Quetz., Guatemala. we talked w. 2 other officials, who passed back book to VA. Returned to city; shopped for mouse & rat traps, lamps, machete, food, etc. Then we took 1630 bus toward Qdan.; $1.50 to La Union. Saturday delay at Agua C. & El Rambo. Foggy to N. of San Mateo Guajolapito (San Maten? 2030. 25 Feb. 1978. Sat. Quisis, 5200'; Dept. Baja Verapaz. Calm, 1/10 clouds, sunny. Out about 0830; looking for birds. Little vireo? Saw fulvous headed flycatcher (E. fulvifrons?) and X. Wilson's warbler. 2 W. bluebirds. Hoarded jay, 3. Flickers. Centromium (landed fruit) w. woodstach bird, red rope & skin. Double (black glossy, lightning). smaller backbird. Heard Alauette to W. | Later, to E. of highway, visited fish ponds. Walked 1 mile on trail. Saw black hawk w. yellow bill & legs, but gray-black breast & belly, w. wide sub- terminal black band on white tail (Butorvialus?) perched. Saw a hunter, indigo a blue; mixed gray-brown + blue plumage, on ground. Another large hawk flying; whitish under wings & black band subterminal on white tail (B. ?). | Tadpoles, & Rana pipiens? frogs but no fish in streams (except in pictures). Back to house. | Expected Mario D. to come, but he did not. | Altos - sunflower in p.m. Prepared snare traps & set near bed (Vista Loma property) stream near Rancho Luisayate (10 small, 3 rat). Saw 2 apparent white- swifts in air; again, a few black swifts or some white antlery. | Mario and about 5 students arrived 3 p.m.; had been to the university nearby near Cunulco. We talked & walked 1/2 hr., before he had to leave. His knowledge of plants appeared to be poor; didn't know any color, or the difference between the 2 pairs in the tree that graysies fed on. But he said O.K. to collect rodents & bats at Loma's ranch. We put up net near Luisayate; inside room upstairs.

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Journal 26 Feb. 1978. 5 Km ESE Purah, Dpt Baja Verapaz, Guatemala (4615) Tropical O, chloronura w. 60gm. Peregrine-shaped Q, lost. (see: ESK) Upper not held yellow small flycatcher + 2 hammers (related). Hamers: one lay, Campelotimus? white spot just post eye, slight downcurve in bill about 35mm long, green body, grey throat; tail large; thin black distally, w. tips white little nodules, much laterally. Other Trochilidae w. nearly straight bill about 1"-2.5 mm or less, descending white line below each eye, small size bird, green body, aristeguided tails. / Late saw a yellow warbler w. grey breast + dark streaks at sides front. / Much Onthini calling from both E. and W. about 0730. / Then saw the dark quadrelaruncus singing atop tall strusside tree; unmarked grey back, thick white eye ring) grey malar stripe on light grey; Ciba says white outer tail feathers; short bill = Minidae? / Small wood war w. short tail on treetops in moss. / (= 2 sq.) Semin- saw one go to water in creek at two spots, gray belly, upper light cutly set spherical 20 mm diam. acorns (leaves) and 4" green pine cone. Cepidomys fulvifrons conspicuous atop tree. / How trogon peaked; tail w. fine black & white bars; belly red, bill yellow; light green on back grey; reappearant white later. dark breast + red belly. / Saw Setophaga Amen. Meldent (C. Potosi ?) briefly, 10' up in trailside tree. / Back to house 0945. Prep. some liyase taken this morning. / Left about 09:15 for slow hike up Co. Capantus to N. Colm, also. Searched brambles, under logs, & rocky netted wood. Captured a few frogs + lizards (Anolis, Cnemis) (see ESK catalog). Reached surveyed line at about 2000 m. in forest at 1320. Forest mixture of species, much tree ferns + bromeliads, up to 30 m. tall trees, damp & some reinlets. Lawn cleared and had stumps of former tree ferns to 10" diameter. Almost no birds seen or heard in forest. Descended back to house; doze increased. / An apparent rough-winged swallow flying near house. / Set out 10 mm. traps, 3 not + 2 live, in bushes or clover, under

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C Loefad 1978 21 Journal 26 Feb. 1978 5 Km ESE Perulha; D. Baja Varapor, Goate. fern clumps, and new rocks by stream. Mail from MVZ sent Feb. 7 finally caught up with us, sent by Dany via rev. Calm night. Mon 27 Feb. 1978. Trope held 1 more (074617). Net sna fish ponds held 0. Eile can reds green trogan w. white bars b/wt. clear on chest; = I. collaris? In open near stream & saw quadrelaneros (chest & belly mod. gray, uniform except for melon area). Two were together along the track & under some cycloney; fine dark mahm m wings (? tail?). Several w. bluebirds atop trunk Camp. fuligif. conspic. on brancher near stream. We prepared to go to Chilares, w. minimal gear. Took bus 14:5. 154 ea. to Chilares Rd. Hiked up about 2 hrs in open second-growth pine (5 needles; mostly 600' derive 10" DBH). Got ride to Chilares in lumber truck. Shopped food in C. Then walked to Fina bar forge. Blackhumas-many, some now ripe (more advanced than at Queues). Saw gp 10+ band-tailed paragon in small tree. Mostly green-leafed brush & broken, w. occasional trees left from front. Logging of vegal set F. bar forge. Also firewood cutting, & trucks of chute (too few) cutting. But still large chunks of cloud forest near 1/2 km house. Heard Trogon vociferous. Put up 10 m. net on east to NW of 4 house. Set 10 snares traps (more) & 2 nets. Tu 28 Feb. 1978. Slept in house. 2 workers also staying there. Heard calls of capimulgido on ground in eve; later, calls 2 different house owls. Net held 0 late, but 1 thrush, 1 humming (photo). Trope-Keitwood. induced by fence near house. Lge. man's-natured ridge on house. Another in hole under tree but inner edge front. Saw or quietel in flight. Saw 2 jays- blue w black area eyes & melon ( Cyanolyca?). Scirmer-brown, for-eg. size; 1 tiny, 1 grunts. Robin-lge. yellow bill, clagacola across heart. Many other birds seen briefly; rich in species in partly cut front. Rodolfo Carlos son of Heileto, arrived in night. About 25 yrs. Attended U. San C. Now

1 Mar.- EJK #84 juv; of CRK 4619 sp. ? saved organs, 88% ETOH. 2/28 small flycatcher seen. Emped.? gray thr., yellow belly, gray back, brownish tail, faint eye ring, buffy wing bar.

c Kofod 1978 Journal 28 February 1978. Mr. Chiasco, Dpt. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala representing owner here. Known M. Day. Has 20ga shotgun - shot at planes this morning. David Tugiller in area. Darton in same pato. Zariza occasions. says local log gets many minor bomber under chute "the fun" logs. We hope to go to San Antonio w. him tomorrow. He offered one of boxes or base. No says Mari is too much pretentious; wants this area united as protected natural park. Seems remedying it ecology. | Noon - no birds in net, but two new holes. Almost clear warm day day; dingy morning, 50°F at 0630. | Redback small snake or road thi mornng; ESTK spec.; photo. Pajaro - gray, vs band tiler; jaguar shot-billed p.? log. 5±. | Lunch w. Rodolfo. A boy said know of shell near San Antonio; killed in area about 7 yrs. ago. All agreed this was a tyrillus. | Clear warm afternoon. Walked trails to S. Beloparam on log. Little activity. gun kill.- saw seedeater syntaby (Orzylome?) | Visited site illegal logging, ¼ mi. to E. Logs pulled down slope out of forest on clay path w. poles of ofen. | One net remains up. Set 12 traps. Net held flyc. hummer with green gorget + blue frontal area; if fed, held acornite, released). | Ear-head owl calls - hollow woody timbre; monotone, 5-7 notes; .. . big? In above at least 2 areas fast; also higher similar calls (? ?). | Now + head copins- nwulside on road in eve; white throat, white underwing bar far out. One call white curra. | EST heard lots of ow cleaning, but saw none. | Whistly calls at dusk in front = teranum? Clear eve sky. March 1978. Cold; 42°F at 0700. Clean. Trops O (brush + forest) swept for a large troqusture in ESTK moustings. Net took Empidius fulvifume; photoed + released. Saw or quetzal in flight + perched; near road, ¼ mi.N of house. ES fairly sure saw ? near it first. | Jay-sized bird: uniform dark rufous look flushed from 2" drain. Hole in yellow clay vertical bank at side road, 10' up. ½ bursten, flushed again. Nest? Furrow- ld ? | On ground in opened forest saw 2 large olive-green fincher? W.

Blood s. 3/2 "Solitaire" (3/1 cap.) DNA sample (EJK), 3/2 Crude spec.-no, no. Gray, white up n. Light large spot basal reniger (spread wing). 4. Lgst. w-1 mm. (enlarging ?). 3/2 Cothurn ?-DNA sample-EK spec. 4622. (Capt. 3/1).

Journal 1 March 1978 No Chilas co, Dpt. Baja Verapaz, Guateem. red-brown caps, black mask (white dots faded?), white throat. / Found a fine mouse in room; put again in ETOH; ESJ = 84 skin & sk. / EJ caught some treeparner, saw andrei. / Breeze today, day. 1300, ES + Rodolfo drove to Colon. I put up second net, on lonely slope edge front, set 13 traps [took big mouse] type (+ES, our not type). Nits took 2 "opened" cage birds, sent alive. / Vidal brought in a 6' green tree snake, tied to end of 10' pole (much caution as it wound a few + scaled it.) / Moved first net to open road at edge brush, where had seen; later [no catch] & caprimulgids. Clear colon night. / Also noted humming 1630; 8?; [bird w. 20mm white line behind eye & slightly curved] black bill; brown chin/smiler, purple gorget (brown edged feathers), booty look round eyes on face, pink feet, black tails w. gray tips outer rectrices, grey belly & eminium; both wing coverts gray; rumpie blue); saw Aulacorynchus - 1. Acorn woodpecker - 1 to 3 seen near twin a road 1/4 mi. N. of house. / ES + Rodolfo returned. 2 March 1978. Troops held 1 rat (EJ capt., CK = 4621); note 0.0700-0800, heard small Trogomelanium (call all day), robinia (bird?), Empid. fulvipes, swifts (small, gray below, lightest on sides face; 5+) over forest slopes. F 12 at 0630; light breeze, felt dry. / Yesterday morning, 2 hawks, Buteo-size, were atop dead branches & 50' W. of house. / Set lower net on ridge road in front, edge road clearing. But put 8 traps (ESJ sent 6) in opened forest. / The = furarid? refuse bird from road bank hole apparently gone. / Andrei & Andreu arrived in evening; offered use of ranch house to our group. / Hot Net took Wilson's warbler. 3 March 1978. Mod. wind; clear day. 2 nits held 1 Empidus flaviventris. Troops held one rat (like 4619, CK) & 1 Panquethus (EJN/coll.; CK 4623). Saw one swallow-tailed kite over town. Erik saw quetzals. He drew blood 2 birds, taken yesterday, & I put skin them. Released Empidus flaviventris from net (too soon). K Walked in forested hills to E. where logging negels. EJ photos often pulling logs. I saw a dendrocolaptes breeding nestwork; med. size, streaked throat on

No. 3/3 A CK EJK. 07 - t. 3 /ng March - Robin - bl. sample & disc. 1" lng. yellow-orange mouth & tongue Dk. brown bill. Brown iris Dark fulv. br. body, wings, tail. Brown legs. Light brown underparts - cinnamon light brown, feather light on tarsi. Nest - mud in front. T. grayi Empidonax flaviventris - released; from net. Rennys rectr. gray, olive edge Back olive. Eye ring - yellow-white. Throat, br., belly yellow - , cinnamon-yellow. (some white) Lyn light gray; iris brown. Bell brown upper, yell. lower. w. lining yellow. 2 wing bars - yellow-tan

CKoford 1970 24 Journal 3 3 March 1978 5 Km NE Chilas co, Dpt B Verapoz, Gcate. light background, hill slightly curved, 30° mm, yellowish. / 2 nets out in ere, at former site. Set 12 ant traps in opened forest on ridge. Wildbirds. Saw swallow ~ swifts, 10°, black w/ white ventral lob, milling; mostly glid- ing & not typical swift flight. Tall clouds to W in eve. 4 Sat. 52°F? (ESK note). 8 March 1978. Clean, calm. Net on rocky slope below tree held 2 loto, probably Sterneia (CK 4626, 4627), tho none taken previous days here. Rockside net had olive green small "sparrow" w/ black & white on head, white belly, as was common at Quicci. Escaped. / Saw T mexicanus, calcaria (ESJ white collar), quietly about 2000 m. Also jaiza w/ black face, no casts, atop 100' 3 Tree. Enspid. flaviv & fulvigris too. Small peanote (go q) flew over. left light br; dark brown superil & crow CJ saw small brown woodpecker w/ white central back & top head. / We saw a laming 3 x, twice on ground: brown, w spanish tail. Saw remaining spheniscid arms, 20 mm diam.; squirrel food? Yesterday saw didelphis tools on road. Capt. small frog under moss clump on road. Saw black robin w/ yellow bill & faint eye ring; edge forest. / Took down nets & returned to house @ 900. Calm warm day. / Saw 2 black vultures near home; later, 1 turkey w. / I walked to Chilas co, 40 min., for supplies. Saw Corvidix in vicinity (Ardeota & sage "pigeon" too). / Clouds increased water left afternoon. We put up 2 nets on road NE of home & set 14 traps. Sprinkled; thunder & lightning after dark. 5 March 1978 Sunday. Election day. Drizzly morning. Traps held 2 CK+ 7630 total of the common kind (4629). Nets held 1 loto, brown w/ white club stripes, saw black robin w/ yellow bill & legs; + lil (a cola), broad, of range brown. Noted robin smaller, black feathers; yellow bill, feet, eye ring. Rain at night strong. Same trap; toads (ESJ large at CK 45 saw up? Aulicorlquaque; green, purple emission, yellow max, black maxible; same yellow post to eye. - eating 2.5 mm drain red-brown abundant fruit

Common hummer - 3/5 r.blue wh bl wh 30mm black back green black ch. - ir. green garg. belly - gr. back - green. rect. - ir. copper-gr. below. tail. - ir. black-green; no light bias cross - gray, green tinge buselegs - white. 07 t. 2 mm.

5 March 1978. 5 km NE Chilasco, B. Vazquez, Grotum. on the w 6" Blower. Saw 1 Semier on ground. We have been turning over logs, branches, etc. daily w/o finding lizards or salamanders there. One boy claims to have once found 20 rinos dormitos near Favia Miranda. / 0430 raining but bright. / 1100-3 hummers in net; one w. white < behind eye (see lab prev. p.), one w. diagonal white line behind eye + refours under area, one w. refours wings + brider gageit (Koda). / EJ photographed Quetzal; saw 7, 9, jay. in open tree above bush, 100m S. of house (croak-like calls). / Overcast continued all day w. occasional light rain. Took 2 of the refours-winged hummers during day; shotred; released. (Descriptin in E56 notes). Note + trape out are wood logs. ^mnn.^ Took 2 Barisio ? + an arbori under fire. (in 205-103, disc.) 6 March 1978. Low overcast. EJ-traps held jins. mouse (like CK 4619) and jirir Pescuuth (in formd). / Released hummer (blue crown & throat, green gageit, green back, straight 20-wn hill (red band 1/3, black distally). / In net, small black-blue bird w. (CK ? 4632.) refours underpants, hooked-tips drill. Walked an hour, searching logs, more clumps, but no results. Visited site of alarria curita catch last April. We prepared specimens. Rodolfo returned. Checked nets - almost 0 today, much less success than yesterday when drizzly. / In one 100' tree, saw 2 Aukasaphyrum + 4 jays). / We took in note 1 p.m. Rodolfo rode us to highway, 15 km of rough road. Nearby dry at 5000'. At garden saw a Catoploza, 2 Cathartes, swallow (Stylidopteryx?). Wasted 2 hrs. - 2 lizards found but jammed full. Got good 75% caride at Cometa Cabeeros, 1 km walk to N. Got ride in huge truck to Miranda farm, km 107, & stayed in Lomas' house as before. Had been much rain here. 7 March 1978. Out 0700. 60°F. Broken clouds. Mr. House, brown warbler w. streaked breast, chestnut crown, white superciliary line, yellow throat & crown, on ground near house. Walked trail across road to E. Saw 4 Cathartes, 1 catle egret. / At house finding log, several hooded jays & a shiny black instead. How flicker. EJ saw apparent Saltator. / About 1030, saw 2 flicker + hooded jays near house

C Kofod 1978 26 Journal 7 March 1978 5 Km ESE Perale, Apt. Bajktrapez, Grotom. first tough, a yellow riola. We set up 2 nets in area; difficult because of horse. / Mon - 4/10 sunburn + dizzy. / Visited Denarity's again. John Campbell, who has collected here, is from Arlington, Texas; assoc. w. a museum in Houston. should have specimen from here. They met with Cooper, Paraguay, who knows a lot about identity local mammals. / Returning to Lanni, crossed a fallow field & flecked dozen of small birds, which flew to larger shade & broken near the road, then across the road. One clearly a blue mining's hunting. / About 8 p.m., should note. One, 1/4 mi S W of house in open forest, held 2 Stummia & one Dsermader. At 10 a.m., no further catch. / We set 14 traps to N W of house within 400 m. / Lightning storm to N. in only night. 8 March 1978. 58° at 0:00; ½/10 cloudy - one of better weather days. Traps held: 0 - but cleaned from trapper (by ants ?). No catch in nets. / Yesterday, 11:30, CS saw a snake in trail near horse first tough; it slithered fast into rocky cover; at 13:30, I saw apparently same about 10' from spot; again went fast into cover. Appears 18+" long, gray w. dark saddle marks; Bothrops ? 08:30, I returned to house to prep. date. / Set traps & put out 2 nets. 9 March 1978. Thurs - Traps held 0; men (8) by each man benecyeste. One net held on Antilbum, small (& JK setting). Cancelled to go to denity. Bus very late; arrived seeing . Cloud Paris. Bus was stopped twice by radar military on way in and we were searched - election afternoon ? 10 March 1978. 08:30, at Deny's office. Talked on hour w. him. He thinks protection of area is first priority. No contract to develop some area or Pacific lands. Says he had about 50 requests this year from people who want to do research or collecting projects; some are imprisoned people from Frints Wald College or Ross Cape. So, not really much interested in my proposal, or in collecting in general. He was reluctant to talk about Bobby Dorin, or to

C Koford 1978 27 Journal 10 March 1978. Guatemala City arrange for me a meeting with him. I went to Elbeth's office on 6th floor of Maya Bldg., next to Hotel Copacatehr; immediately was let into Dorina office. Tall, informal, & spoke only English to me. He was preemitter & gloomy about prospects for support or funds from US. Military govt. Can't value recently struck & got huge salary income from lame-duck president. Banker in trouble. No cigarette went to Cultural attaché at US embassy for information on prospects. Huge losses in trouble - serious situation, & unable to raise prices. All discouraging to me; the banker sympathetic; I was talked about 3/4 hrs. I went to INAFOR and got my collecting permit. C&J's urgent to investigate shipping of animals & permits required. Shopped for food; than took 1630 bus toward Colon. Arrived Lenana, ended 2130. (a month) Yesterday released hummingbird from net - green breast, white line diag- onally down behind eye & whitish chin; I have seen her before. Saw warbler w. z wing bar, brown above, brown line thru eye, blue crown; yellow ventrally. Saw gps. 30+ cattle egrets fly over my house. Umbrella jay - not seen recently. Looking E. from Lenana home, slope of Co. Verde cleared 20 to 6070 msn in irregular lines, with crops on fallow fields in between. Quisis, Bajulampa 2 1600m. 11 March 1978. Clear calm. Walked 1 hr. Only one bird seen was flock 50+ Sprockle tyrannula in fallow corn field; found q. I proceed to depart for El Estor. Took bus at 1530 for San Julian (25¢). Beyond Pocualba, flat valley, better cultivated & grazed, w. slope cleared to top to N. Cassador prominent in fields. Arrived another bus, (75¢) which descended to Tamahui & Tecunún, last about 1500'. Big Ostromji & more about 2100', & yellow flowered Banlocopia by road. River on S. aspect slopes. Stayed in T. Good little hotel!

[illegible] Espenaza Hernandez - U.S.C. - museum - center

C Koford 1978 28 Journal 11 March 1978 Tucuru, Alta Verapaz, G. my garden 1.75' for 3 bed room. Over trees flowering gsp 1-4; saw uniform light gray in dusk. Sp? 30+ meters? rickly; glides north; wings prominent near body. Canidij & smaller black-tailed (Dicr? ) in town. food vigorous. Thrush notes in trees; new song fish for roarin & then up, in snow withers. 12 March 1978. Sunday. We had heard of Domingo Torres newly from Chojil, on road N. of Tucuru'. Left gov in town & walked about 2 hrs downroad to side road to Favia Dos Esperanza. Olibon, huge logwood tree (Epiblema?), along road. Fort ruins, 5-10 m. circle stands apart F. San Francisco; coffee bushes in flower & a beneficio. Parry road up, saw new 6 propeller, about 40 nests in an large sycamore (platan?). Saw Catoploza niter. Saw large Monstera in either (?) the dry road. Brown Aqueledendro: Brown jays noisy. Saw 3 swallow-tailed kite in air over steep slope. Aspected food snake in road banks, only about 2000'. Cestrum aurifume. Sp? of gallinule in orange flower. Up about 2 hrs. slow hike up, to about 2700', came to Favia Esperanza hedquater; garden, leichloma, flowers, burning tinder. Talked w. administrador - Herrera (sp?). Seemed friendly & hospitable to return visit. Planted Eucalyptus; some offuzzly red flowered bird: Tapjaws E. had about 6 Vistonia gabelula, ♂ & ♀ in Pterogyn sulphurea in garden. Many Pterogyna flying about, noisily, Amazilia - Rufescent-tail, red bill w. black tip. First line about 200' vertically above, to S W. Citrus fruits + coffee bushes (in flower). Istemum mesomeloides. A large jay w. black head (Aralopha m.?). Aspected wood thrush in citrus orchard intertw with (round distinct breast spot; white eye ring).

Mr. Constantià - Fca San Julián - 300 m. Volomjix - 900 m ? Rió Porvenir + E. Mr. Co. Razon?

Jaerval 12 March 1978. Mr. Tucuru, Alto Kempoz Again told w. adminstrator. Apparently good, the road can be traveled to Rio Pannara and on to Penchela; possible to 2-wheeler truck in this season. / We walked down to highway in 1 1/4 hrs. Then Hawk - Bates-like: chalky grey back; white base tail + 1" black subterminal band. to Tucuru. Waited from 3-5 pm for bus, then drove up to, Telemar, arriving very late after dark. We camped in football field. Dogs & their barks continued all night, many roosters crow in morning; somewhat mosquitoey, but no people bothered us. About. 13 March 1978. Pampoz. Low morning mist. Left gear in lobby. Took truck to Feira Catolonica (15km); now bridge new, certainly 4-wheeler but possible. Met 3 Prorzo - Balsamo brothers; joining young bees- man w. coffee farm, at least 5 cabelleros; fully pat. fairly protective from cutting the coffee in much of it. Clara D. was a butterfly collector; collector in Puerto; known little of clonoplatina. W we took walk for 2 hrs. in the hill forest, from about 100' to 1000'. We saw + heard many birds, Trogon violaceus. Big toucan (Ramph- otos S. ?). Parrots. Formicavus. Saw large palms w. clusters of fruits. Said to be eaten in a palmita, say vampire wood horses. Say a puma taking children & dogs on neighboring farms recently. Say no jaguar now; orchet in mountains. Family many vises de roda (chinkajous ?). Marahy saw. Say a gray visis on N. side of valley. We saw several Basibacius, + orcas. America-type or Anding, near tail. Ever. say that rock goes into ntc. to about 1000m, up Rio Pannara + Tutolom; ix the 2 hrs. joined in us to lunch in house. Arranged to visit w. students. Interested in wildlife; the little family couldn't get. Had H. Land's book, B.of G., & said very incomplete for their area. But this most abundant in wet season (K. said; he knows

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C Koford 1978 30 Journal Grate. 13 March 1978. Nr. Telemar, Dnt., Alta Verapaz, hand note: The fish I can find pond w. Telepio, carp, + gam- lusia. The third same escapes to rivers. We saw fish in pond to about = lbs, wt. Number of sweet grapefruit falling + rotting. Some coffee now being dried in yards; the species grow here flowered just at same time, year around (robusta?). Lower grass grows in fields or cultivated crops. I returning to Telemar, we saw a Cleonus lucernus hovering over flat cornfields, + many Valentini among bushes + cornstalks. I know her 9 years. Both Hugo's / Hot day. Waited for bus from 3-5 p.m. Bus to El Estor (1.25 cash), arriving 1930. To Los Pantes Rd; saw malpaim there. 14 March 1978. Los Pantes, El Estor Dnt., /zabal/ Guatemala. Spent morning writing letters + notes. Clear + warm lazy day. Prepared specimens for travel. 15 March 1978. Took 0630 public ferry (1.50) for Merico in light rain. Bus to highway (50 cents). Then bus to W. I debarked at El Rambo; Cile went to Guatemala. I took bus to Quisco to get shells + leave gear; then took bus to Quetz. city & joined Cile at Cholit Suxja. 16 March 1978. To Botanical Garden where arranged specimens. Took about 100 lists, to Srofer, where I got a permit to export (typed on sealed paper). Cile to Dept. Agric. + Ind. in Avenues Pkts. and got export permit for snakes & food, and for 15 epiphytic plants. Stayed Cholit Suxja. 17 March 1978. Took 0445 bus, Fruterija, for Talsivan. Stopped in various towns; arrived about noon (charged me $5; but others about $3 !). Charged me $1.50 for Mex. tourist card. Inspected luggage - some carping about my peeled specimens, but agreed Guatemalan export permit as "revisado." Crowded today, before Panama Santa. Took very crowded bus to Tapachula. Changed $ to pesos. 1st class Crist. Coln had no space for 2

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Journal Chapas, 17 March 1978. Tapachula to N, Mexico days, so took second class ($12) at 2pm. Through lander along coast. saw several ferias, as if for land clearing. To forest mountains to W, & large clouds. Few stops, the visited small towns. Stopped at Juchitán for dinner, after dark. Then on through night. 18 March 1978. Arrived Mexico City about 1 p.m., near railway station on Buenavista. Hiked east to an Aeropuerto station & took trolley (3¢) to airport. Crowded, & no plane space worth today. So checked most gear in lockers ($75 for 24 hrs, large), & took trolley & metro into city. Stayed at Hotel Estelar; $3.50 for single up both. Walked in city & got reservation on plane with tomorrow. Hard rain & cold. 19 March 1978. Sunday. Walked around Mr. San Juan Market. Then metro to Mercado, fantastic produce market. Walked a few blocks S. to M. de los Borregos, where pets, baskets, & so on. Birds - in cages, grackles, dickcissels, buntings, cardinals, solitaires, & others. Then metro & trolley to airport. About 3:30 WA to Los Angeles. No problems w. customs & agriculture; our tourist papers helped, but inspectors casual on Sunday. Agricultural men refused to look at live green snake and [illegible] food. Plane to San Francisco, where bus met us. Specimens: CBK 4611-4630 to MVZ. Also ETK specimens.

3/6 a.m. Dréj./juv.-marse libe 4619. t.1.205 t.103 juv.

(Journal (Guatemala trip) 8 April 1978 To Mexico Departed 9 p.m. on TWK for Los Angeles w/ wife Suzanne and son Cile w/ 165 lbs. gear + carry-on luggage. Took night flight of Mexicana for Mexico City, sun. 9 April 1978. when arrived 0530. Quilt thru customs w/o unspooling; had to carry apt. to Mericana debar, about 200 yds. Took 0800 flight to Mesa Guatemala, where arrived 0930. Minimal inspection again. Rented a VW Beetle from 156 km near Puxalbo- National Car Rental & drove to Quirici, where met Bernice Lewis, owner of ranch. Very jolly & friendly, & offered me 2 rooms. We walked much trails. Saw in evening apparent (other birds?) drinking away trees w/ descending scolding call. Set 5 live traps grum trope in and near grasslands to E. of road; Cile set a to W. of road. We slept in house. 10 April 1978. We drove to Puxalbo and Tuxtia for supplies, latter good. Returned to Quirici. Visited the Univ. San Carlos home at base of Quetzala; now a table & 8 broken thru, + 2 km. of carefully graded trail upslope into forest. In late afternoon drove up to Chilasco and Favin San Jorge. Still logging near there, & fairly dry later. Cile & I put out one net. Slept in house. Mr. Chilasco, Dpt. Baja Verapaz 200 m. 11 April 1978. Set up camp in old home frame to S. of San Jorge home. Drove to San setter? saw pigmya brighfisher; near S.C. canal. Chilasco and on to Santa Cruz canal, where a line of cypress trees. We saw 4 scarlet- tailed lates flying in gp. near Chilasco; another two near canal. Near San Jorge, I saw black robin w/ orange bill. Cile flushed brown bird from roadside bed, same as in March. Heard Trogon calls frequently. Walked 1 mile road circuit w/ tree. Helped Cile set traps + second mist net. Slept in tents; came rain at night. 12 April 1978. I departed about 0700 & drove to Guatemala. Shopped, changed to VW panel van. Visited Mario Diaz, & Prof's office. Met 3 UREP helpers at air- gate about 5 pm; Bill Dickie, Marsha Hunt, Jed Pearson. We drove in VW to Chilco and on to F. San Jorge in night. Saw 2 caprimulgids w/ rood up, + on road same. About 3 a.m. on highway to N. of La Comba I saw a large Catstler, which I killed and skinned. Arrived back at 1130 p.m. Family said it had rained early a.m. & that saw group 9 guetzala in day near camp.

(1st dimond) 14 eve - Aram. Crap! - not: + 2 stem. 1 atk. ? stem. ? Robin - clear. 15 ang. fl. - boy. ka arm. - stern

C Bokofod 2 Journal 13 April 1978. Nr. Chilasco, Dist. Bajo Verapaz, Guatemala. We set up mist nets and put out snap & live traps. Rain at night. Observed early morning. lizard, searched for lopes. Rain evening 14 April 1978. A few more specimens brought in as booty with specimens. A M. Hunt saw Xantusia calliymus, bunted flycatcher. workman cut his foot; Erik drove him halfway down to highway. Rodolfo arrived, & kept Decided a wilsonia p. + 2 Empidonax flavescens. us up in evening w. talk & beer. No rain at night. Released a Turdus grayi (Bill D.) 56. 15 April 1978. Checked traps & nets. Then departed 1030 & all 6 drove to Puerin ranch. Grosscopy saw roadrunner in pine + brush area on road down from Chilasco, about 5 rods'. Visited clinic. Dr. Carlos wrote; may return today, & we talked w. him. Drove to Totonicapan for supplies. Then back to Chilasco. Stopped at Concepciona Colonia for river level. We checked nets & set out traps. No rain. Saw Empidonax fulvifrons. 16 April 1978. Foggy morning. Opened specimens. Two species altopetris tolum, a. brunneicosta in a snap trap (20X). Some of us went for hike w. Rodolfo & gun, but anlew no tolum. Driest day yet; breeze + cumulus clouds. Walked out road SE of town for a mile, into forest. Set 17 traps, searched near stream. But no birded + roads + narrow bodies, out to see if tolum. Heard and saw at least 5 quetzals, calling, moving from tree to tree in loose branches, some over 20. Probably several more. I am seeing bird usual and but could not see it; spent an hour on trail w. gun after 8pm hope: but saw no eyeskin, not even frogs! 1/2 moon + nearly clear. Warm air. 17 April 1978. Clear sunny morning. My traps held 3 big Peromyscus of common linds. One steel trap sprung (by mouse?). Bait in open not eaten. saw Colaptes, jay, Empidonax fulvifrons, liverated woodpecker >7 + & (voicing; chit- chit - chittle), on trunk 100' living tree in opened forest. Possibly a Pileos- caster -> to. / Brown + reddish-brown bird flew from 3" diam. hole in roadside bank; about 10a.m. I set a mousetrap in hole. Others how (flewd birds from). Helen found similar birds later in other roadbanks, but no few how not identified inhabitants. / Erik spent 2 hrs. showing 3 VEEP volunteers how to skin mice. I walked back to my traps area w. shotgun about 0930 but found

C.B.Kofand 3 Journal 1900m. 17 April 1978 Nr. Chilasco, Dpto. Bujo Verapaz, Guatemala forest very quiet. Flycatchers most conspicuous birds. Other had fair trap success, bringing in several large Penycrura, a smaller P., two Richrod. a Turca grazi netted & released. Another, 27 t. 12 x 9, 80 grms. Hattet & released Lemurini anthracinus & Lemurini albionii 27. We took about 10 of the big luffy chested Penycrura today, mostly juveniles. Taster large, 9 x 15, in same 27 66 grms. or +, & 68 grms. & 58 grms. had mature repro. testes & imperf. vateryegies. Clean & dry all day. I walk, brought in an Alonix loyod from area where felling trees. Sus, Jed, & Masha walked to Chilasco in mid-after. noon. Reported food in stream there; at last to Finica Miranda. Hunted w. lights in evening for frogs, wannable but no luck. 1/2 noon, clean area. Noon; foggy Kate took 1 stunning (spec.). Troops, 1 Richrod-tangye (spec.) 18 April 1978. Walked road SE of camp 3/4 mile. Saw Cyarolync juveniles (white line over eye) (Cubi saw same previous day), 2. Saw 3 green Toucan at once; croaking (Aulacorhynchus) calls; in tops tall trees, spared. Big woodpecker. Flieslus. Robustant. & Turca Myioborus pictus infuscatus all brown. (tail & legs yellow; not eye or eye-ring). Saw an Antrelus (rubiginosus?) with dry grass in bill, shinking past log side trail; hole in bark on opposite side. Later, on skody road to NE camp 1/2 mile, saw an antbird w. long yellowish legs, brown all over, darkest or scum; nod. short tail, walked on logs across trail; allowed opened to 10'. / Cike & Bill Disher pulled apart branchside and took 7 foot salamander. We parked up, and departed about 2:30 p.m. from Fines bar Jorge for Chilenco in VW panel. Skipped briefly. Then took dirt road E across creek & toward Finica Miranda. Road rough but passable in dry weather, very dusty in spots. Passed Lygiod- menthy and long tree, small givers; burnt hillside. Occurred fork to side. about 4 miles up, 6000', in 1/2 mile wide bottom of valley, w. clear 2 m wide stream, elm turn along stream, but most flat of Barbania to 10' high. Slope w. laurel & oscar. 50' rain, and thicket of 10-20 ft. pines. Large rotifer laurent, & some planted to laurel & corn; the spaced plants now about 8" tall. Some boggy spots w. thick grass near meandering streamlet. Cloud forest on higher slopes to E and SE, about 1 mile

Journal 18 April 1978. 0 km ESE Chilcoy, 406 Baje Verapaz, Guate. 6000' avg. + 500' above sea level. bone spoke from away river. saw lost tail quickly; head thrush. saw small swift gp. (10?), + gp. maters (?- glide mud; wings unnamed new body). at time good invisble in grass. / Camped at 1630 near stream. Set out 2 nets. I put 2 trap type near stream, grass, bushes, Mango & fed put other on. Erik turned over 6' log in grass 5 m. from creek + found a small salamander! Much calling of Myctiliumus on into the night. Clear, & 3/8 moon. 19 April 1978. Dark night + dense mist fog in morning, but soon rose. Nets held o (we saw a head so late evening). Only trap catch was 1 bothodactylus (CK spec.) Steamy white clouds + warm. /I he & I stayed at camp. The 4 other hiked ESE up to cloud front to look for salamanders in bromeliads. Good part way ups, but uncertain quality. (Im walk lost me up trail + road, drew few (?) note at several points. Heard, took a frog in night, but saw new light.) /Strong low chorus including apparent Onthelia, but many other kinds too. Yet, softly fog cleared I saw few.) /I've picked blackberries & made jam. /I turned over logs here + there; saw a snake under me. Saw on 2" lizard with rufous flat caud + black stripe on side in thick deep grass. /I found a few dozen bromeliads in clumps in a group dry stream. Pulled down many + & searched for salamanders. Found 12+ in 2 hours. None over 10' above ground. One on ground. Some small, about 10" tall. At least 3 in one plant. /About 3 pm Erik & other returned from cloud front. They had taken 12+ salamanders + 2 frogs in bromeliads. /Nasty warm calm day, but not overly hot. /We again visited the local bromeliads + took another salamander. /I've found bothodactylus, still shedding green nest in a rotting log in cleared field. /No catch in 2 net all day. A few fluffy clouds in see. A local man told us we were at San Antonio, + that Frise Miranda was 2 canyons to northward. Biting gnats in evening. /About 8 pm. I walked for 3/4 hr. w- light, including elm swamp + swammy zone, but saw no species. Heard a frog (simple under) in stream. Calm. 7 moon see.

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Journal 20 April 1978 San Antonio to nr Purilhas, Dst. Bajo Verazze, Gto. Cub & Bill took about 6 new salamanders from elm clump. Cub reports seeing at least 3 Litoria infuscata in flight. Heard saw Caridox. Morning chorus of Orthos in fog. Strong scattered clouds. No catch in crop traps by Jed & Marsho. Two Capraimylus taken in streamside net. Heard much calling previous evening, early to late. Birds in bush or burro and not noted on trails or roads. Codence of call like: bob-white, Cyathic white. Prepared to depart for Chileno. Droppings of fox-size on trails; appeared eaten fruit, black. Descended & drove to Chileno. Many Thamnus decipiens on former of sticks (& trees) in town. Discarded thru pine oak grove to highway, about 3 side roads to 5. Area of Monte Rio, about 5300'; may be good for camo! On to Purilhas & Quetzal Pictures, where set crop traps to E. of road & stayed for night. Cool by 1530. Lazaro Chigui in charge but several workers here. Est +700' elev. Set 25 crop traps; Marsho & Jed set other, even road E. of reserve; Cub & Bill set other & cut trailside (look for salamanders) beyond N. boundary. Walked about 1 hr w/ trail; graded smoothback, much of it gravel. Varied vegetation but little sign birds or mammals. Saw Andeli. Returned to palm-thatched home; now has 8 lizards w. mattress. Brief rain showers eve. After dark, I looked for frogs w/ light & got one w/ white large spot on thigh; it was on Lily-like leaves 3' above stream water. Heard two frogs but saw none. /5 p.m.- saw w/ white dorsal collar; slightly folded tail= Streptophorus? 21 Apr! 1978. Friday. Smoky haze, calm. 0600 saw flash (2+ small panther flies). Two traps in house took 2 most-sized Peromyscus. Crop traps took 3 large & 2 rod. Peromyscus. Prepared specimens; left 2 kind Peromyscus in formal for Naido. Cub & one other hiked up trail 700' elev, but it did not reach summit & no trail beyond. We talked w/ Lazaro Chiguii about rocks & animals. Then departed 1 pm for Tasti. Saw gpe. 10+ black swelter on flood plain before Tasti, & 10+ cattle egrets. From Tasti to San Julian, where started down dirt road to Lancha. Before 5, saw Barbipane nets hanging from two over road, w/ birds waiting them. Now well built wall & fences on N. side road. Saw the rospadele gpe. or something

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Journal 21 April 1978 Upper Blochis Valley, Opt. Albarveroz, Costa Rica. to Turumi. Here side roads, probably to finca. Continued about 3 km. Taken Turumi, then took side road up 4 km. To Finca Esperanza, about 900 m. Dr coffee handler on lower finca & saw Atlapetes (darky face). Arrived at finca near dark. Talked w. Almiciado, Herrera. Camp on lawn was not tough, w. low room + both visible alongside. Rain at night, increased to heavy rain + entered a few hours we all moved into house. /Cricetus loud catatimian sound as we came up road; they are about 3" long. Saw no caoutchouc wastes at incandescent lights. 22 April 1978. Rain stopped but present, gradually brightening about 0900. We took antelopes walks on road. Saw two colonies of wiggles, w. birds visiting. Looked at banana trucks for lizards. Also looked in coffee nursery. Herrera showed us several lots hanging from joints in basement of the coffee "beneficio". He had about 6 kinds small snakes and a whitish 8" salamander preserved inside; all from here. He said many catatimian in hills nearby, type just like across valley to N. Many terpsinians here. But seen one clean (Luribajon), or making up. But mapudels, grown. Said type killed same blochis a few months ago. He had captured 3 brockens from from another finca. / Live & I saw: 2 Geocorys on trail, Divius around, 2 avis, Tiaris alvivia at close range, a Myodesta w. drum in bill. Heard many Cathar in hills. Tall fruit started about 100' above houses to S. / I pulled local ban- ana leaves near house and found 7 salamanders in about 2 hrs, some +3" above ground, some in water at bottom. Wiggly catatimian. Also took a thin snake (55K cately). Net took nothing. About 6 p.m. searched about 5 more banana stalks & took 1 more small salamander (55K cately). In eve, Cribet Hill put mist net in lower finca's last net & took about 6 lots. They also took toads, frogs, & a salamander (in clay wall). evening, they took 4 salamanders in banana trunk. /Strong winds above cold late in day. Herrera says mapudels are a pest & he will cut down those they nest in. No rain at night. Sunday. 23 April. No rain + good dew. Calm morning. Keep specimens. Swop tapes today

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Journal 23 Apr, 1978 Fina la Esperanza, 3 1/2 Km SE Tucuri, Dept. Atiba Upz. Zero + zero in net. In 15 min., I took a new small salamander (yesterday, I saw a Bonliana near house). Also we took a few Anolis / Cid & Bill took me back to network benefitio / then I found them mist net to edge range grove. / Disapled 11:30 & investigated trails up ridge to 5. Stopped to pull banana leaves & took about 10 salamanders there eventually. One up fair trail to about 1000 m, when a family road-side trail headed SE. Mostly small trees brush around it, but side trails led to cedar about 30' high (many had been cut, + "drum"). I found only one bro-winded; that on ground, leaves 16"; found one small salamander in it. / Later returned down hill, saw a few Athepeta (olive green backs & tails) in range & coffee. Orupella suspension. Saw simple purfrent at edge range grove. Put up seems mist net there. / Cid & Bill had taken over 20 small salamanders in banana trunk leaves today. / In morning, I noted a Hyblella; used them? I remember? Cid drew blood; body disappeared (cat?). / Net among very trees (no fruit = Bonduin virain) / Cat got it! / now took a black-tailed green warbler in evening. / Cat got one large Panama species from car. / Net in benefitio basement took 2 Stenophaga (50% catch) in evening. Bill & Cid saw a Phalader near water hole, + late flying seen pool to W. of the benefitio. / Lightning evening, + short rain showers at night. Heard no suprimulphic, but heard pipying and several times, + Cid says her seen three. Also he says saw buteo hawks, perhaps red-tailed hawks. (4679C816) 24 April 1978. Nearly clear, cool morning. One waller in the 2 nets, + several large butter. But net took no additional / Cid & Bill went down to lower benefitio & searched pulp for scilians; no lucks. They saw a cremin, colored taragu there. / Net took Myia-dun tubenculferi, nekours. Also an Amazilia eyrocephala or?, t. 1 mm. / Masha Hunt found a bitorge's nest in built-thorn orange tree about 100' from gp. avines Berhyncha w. nests (w. eggs, + w. young). We photosed nest; observed adult bitorges. Rufous-brown back & tail, black crown w. yellow spot. We also saw apparent Cortocor serisone flycatching from a stil

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Journal 24 April 1978. [Rio Polochic area] Guate. Finca La Esperanza, Dona Anita Veras de 10'abst ground in meadow on hillside. Warm humid day w. little breeze. We prepar'd to break camp. Orla & Bill took one salmon each for morning. I left departed about 2 p.m. & slowly descended to Polochic bottom. About 2 km's, Orla collected some food from tributary. On down rolling level w. being fencer, we found large Culex a leguminosae. Hot & muggy. LaTruta lilted it dirty. Teleman clean getting ready for a fiesta. Shopped for food. Drone 3, over narrow suspension bridge & narrow log bridge, to Finca Containia, when talked w. Hugo Broze. Some away now. He gave permission to camp near down & me bottom. He had been here 25 years. Family many persons now now. We camped on grass near house. Not & muggy, but no rain. Broze said rain usually starts 24 April? 25 April 1978. Warm & muggy. A rivulet crossing building crosses from River, & a muddy pond w. reeds & ducks. 1/4 mile to N.E. Stream from S. very low now. I walked tride to S. of house for 2 hrs. w. Sue & Merida. We saw about 5 Titipa, Campephilus (zonotus) (Trichas) large captive war in tree. Yellow throat, F in tel (roths's bolly & thrys as) do grass. Volatinia jay too; large & small black-colored swifts, both throat gunwalle, Aramapoa spernus, 2 Pantera flew over house, goose killed ani (front edges), Centurus (aniiform?-two, & digging tree hole), Nystidromus. (nest w. 2 down young in trail, adult distort bird display; white bar across wing 1/3 from tips, & Common egret near pond, bout.t.grabber. Pigeon cells - single above nest. Cich group saw Tree ducks - 2 on pond. toressa, Citrinia troger, wood creepers. I heard apparent Crystallines turnmore call twice. Apparent Basilium seen briefly round tennis or ground in brush. We saw round large & small toads near road when arriving last night. Page put up mist net by Telegia pool; I put out log small stream. About 30 snap traps set, 10 by me, how 2-1/4 ft ty Basilium on log near stream. About 6 p.m., setting traps in hills to

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CO Road Journal 25 April 1978. 3 km. S. of Tecpan, Albarrados, Guatemala. 5. of hour, saw Amazona parvita, Rampleston & truman, Phaeornis ? wood-parakeet. /Evening - several lots taken (EJK catalog), new part. /Due & walked 1 km up trail & camped in cleared area of new coffee planting. Heard Cysticula near in dark. 26 April 1978. Rain commenced about 0600 & continued 1 hr. or so. We returned to reach house. About 0900, pushed up tops. I took no moose (074600 CHE) in 10 tops. Boys took more. They saw large Agura on the new coffee patch. /Took walk up trail to S.E. Flushed a Mycteria from two hrn (cafe s. lake) eggs at edge trail, white feathers with red & white bands across wings; no scent injury foraging. /The trees saw ringlets (?t. typhoeus ? (white tips tail & cream seen not been)), about 5 o'clocks as of family; dark gray upper parts, white below including throat. /A Tarsa graysi (yellow green bill brown iris) had large testis (10 x 6 mm); both brown, not olivaceous. /I saw, Catheto. /Yesterday, Masha H. saw a jive near at close range. Today, apparent Myjorjetator. /Overcast day w. light breeze. /Due & I visited big pond 1/4 mi. E. of house. Flushed small red-brown rail from thick grass. Saw Amer. Egret, Green Heron there. Tropical-looking bird, blackbird, Centurn aurifrons. /Later up canyon to S. of house near stream, coffee, banana. Deminola (dried red-brown bark) tree had cherry-sized brown fruits & frequent bird visitor including Baltimore Oriole. Masha H. looked other side there, the jive near stream nearby. /Brown Jays heard a seen nearly everywhere in a new woods. Duvir in open woods & near houses! We set up 2 mist nets near Tecpana pond. One took a Chloroclystis americanus apparent ?; released. Also a blue hunting (apparent ad. or? fine plumage; dark relieved, blue around eyes) + black round eye); the evening into took a Chlorophaga & an Antilene bat. Later, another antilene & large fox-tail. /In morning, 2 new big antilenes (?Elustrer?) and a red-brown (Sterneia ?)-both in EJK catalog. 26 April 1978. Masha & Jed had camped in hills to SE. I took up 2-2 tops in dense woods but no catch; 1 km up trail to SE of house. /Observed: birds along trail; 4 exercises in Deminola top, date, & Psittaca parvita ?

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Journal 26 April 1978. Fez-Constanza, 3km S.Talaman, Dto.Alba Verapaz, probably [illegible] three (white cross on front). Yellow walled feeding Campia flower; Phleoscateris woodpecker; Antinora sp.; Alcea canterium reported on Campia trunk by bugman; Delica [illegible] ? needster w. white lower pronavia; turkey mutton; swifets - large, rounded out by; 20+; tail tips not forked but rounded T; wings seem to narrow near body. We prepared specimens. Overcast day; sprinkle last night. Saw dendrocolaptid w. short straight bill. Baked coffee pulp looking for cicadariae. Pulled banana leaves. Erik took a salamander at mouth of hole, but lost it later. We put into put 3 mist nets; 2 new tilapia pool, 1 in green near pig yard 1/4 mi. to E. (about 1 a.m.) Early eve, took an Antiloma lituratum + a Stenornis. Later took about 8 small lote (EJ Kethley) plus 5 big antiloma, diseased, 3+ & little bit more battling. 7+ a large tester. On downhill near pig yard (Mrs. Droge said that he gents

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Journal 28? 27 April 1978. Lagun de Loxa, Dept. Izabal, Guatemala. Obs. 10m. petechia, roadside banks, grebler, Contopus sylvianus [?], many swallows, D. magnirostris another mallard in brush. / We set up 2 mist nets near lab. building at edge yard; set no traps. Caught in net 2 Dendroica petechia. Many brown loutiers in net in evening; took one small bat (EJK catalog). Sparrowbird calls on. Koda - big flaps. 29 April 1978. Saturday. Net held atileum, Megaryphodon flycatcher, muddy ground dove Columbina; late Dendroica petechia, Spathacola tungurensis. We caled boat out inlet. Flushed 20+ embellonnis' birds from bushes overhanging water near dock. W. casting net, took several small fish (EJK catalog) in 3-5' deep water. Saw commants, green heron. New citreoli traps near dock. [heavy day, mod. hot.] Returned to lab boat 1100. / Late in day note near lab tools Trapa citrulina, Myiarchus tyrannulus, ?seed eater (Spathacola?) Dendroica petechia? (f. 1 1/2 mm.) Released all. Tyrannus melancholicus. / We put out about 30 swp traps + closed last one and added one of mist net (so 2 left in garden; 26 records). / about 3-5 p.m., took boat side w. Adolfo to Encantada de Loxeta. Took a scale in water 200 m. from shore (EJK catalog). Saw 2 anhingas, Amer. egret, snowy egret. Too far south of Golokio where an pelate saw 200+ commants, 200+ terns + gulls (laughing?) (Caspian royal tern), stilt, sandpiper, 2 black-billed tree ducks. Lower part mouth for thick grassy banks. We returned to lab. Saw an Astreya at low range in garden. Took 27 + 4 Cuyabaná in mist net sw. / after dark, a Chilonyctini + Joborophaga taken (EJK catalog) in nets. / Misha H. reports Amazona ochrocephala parrot seen. 30 April 1978. Sunday. Perain night. Otelos chases from lowly hills to N. about 0630. My 12 traps yielded 0; also jobs to N. of road yield 0. / Saw trunks of parson & parson in crude lab. 2 nets N. of road took 1 atileum, Atilen (lest. 8) and 2 Atileus? chalcitis. / I saw Contopus sylvianus on dead tree in open w. lab. saw Amazona ochrocephala in thin near grassland. / 2 nets in yard took no bats.

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Journal 30 April 1978. El Estor, Bot. (2 lakes), Guatemala (4, 10m. late in ESK catlogy. / Art told called seducto. / We visited town to shop & get boat info. / Noted Spathile turguola at t. 1 mm. / A 57 + 9 Cypelais lundica netted & released. Two Trogon interior taken in nets & released. An Oryzobora (2pm.) of (spec.) + a Leotygus materna netted; held overnight; blood sampled. Myiaden lymenurus (spec.) was laying. / Marcha H. watched brown jays malling a (rockside?) howler. She reported a Cypelais w. black throat (= white- noted?). / Net put near lake to look Rhynchina more (ESK catlogy) in use. Mon. 1 May 1978. Nets took no late dates in night. Muggy & rainless. / Net took a Cypelais in day (spec. OK). / Erik had fish die in categories; he preserved these and took others w. help of Bill Disher. / I spent most of morning getting Jed Bessell off on launch to Merision; several delays, but finally went about noon. Yesterday & today hot & muggy; about 90°F. I put up 3 birds. / We prepared to depart tomorrow early. A "labor day" Houles making calls in early morning. holiday today. Caprimulgid calls seeming. Arapendola heard during day. ^ 2 May 1978. Up at 0400 & departed before 5 a.m. for Puelko area. Too hot, muggy, (about 5'00' elev.) + buggy at Ester. Close bridge beyond Papaloa seemed good bird spot, w. large train along river. On to Tuscant, where market day in progress. Took a few photos. We are carrying fish caught yesterday, hoping to ship them alive from Puerto. 1700' Not in Tucson. Snakes in air & occasional fire seas. Arapendola rest up to above touches; it's about 3500' level. Much cooler & drier at San Julian + Puelko. Went to Quissis (Donna Ranch). Took bird walk. Saw several Myio- Moyi- dysodetic antrotrypus near springs; about 10 Spathile turgida in group in grass of old cornfield; also one Zonotrichia capensis. Saw Turca grapi's several T. torrefugues in two new houses. Saw black Oryzobora in brush near house. One baby-hood joy. Bluebird. Sunny + calm about 5 p.m.; little bird activity. / Erik & Bill D. searched brambles in isolated tree groups and soon took 5 large solanders.

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Journal 5200' 2 May 1978. 8 km 6E Puulha-Dpt. Baja Vapaz, Guate. We prepared to depart for city tomorrow. Clear calm evening. 3 May 1978. Left by car about 0800. Saw roadrunner (2) near km .115 in pine oak zone; another m. km .100. I also first hills W. of El Rancho, in spring desert, I saw at least 3 Olatum (chayote?), large mimic q. zizina. Delay for 3/4 hr. for road construction; calm, amiable, between El Rancho. W. km .22-90, NW of El Rancho, we saw 2 Monstros in spring breaking new road. Delay for road work; reached Santa about 1 p.m. Turned in VW panel truck. Stayed at Swiss Chalet. I wrote letters and got my collecting papers from Gonzalo Cruz Garcia. Cool evening. 4 May 1978. Clear day. With Snn + Marsha H., went by limo to Antigua, about 43 km. Saw them some acacia trees where I saw jays. Good market for produce & handiworks at Antigua. Ruins of old buildings & churches. Looked for Jacques Van Kerkh, who was away. Returned to Guatemala, Chalet Guiza. Cubs arranged permits for export of live fish. (UEFP participants) 5 May 1978. Marsha H. + Bill D., departed on Pan Am, former taking live fish as carry- on luggage. I invited Rodinco Anguiste & El Solito co. in Maya City. While there, they received letter from Vollman stating that WAF had turned down S.de las Merias proposal. Rod suis was much more optimistic than Doris, about eventual funding. He was currently much interested in bats & planned a looking spend on bats. He said bats in some new Xeloa(?) N of Colan, where the central oil co. operating; might arrange visit for me. I'd get Maria Petal fund from Metacil, & we (w. Cubs too) drove back to Quince ranch, arriving about 24h. Clear & dry then; no rain for many days. New gp. 10$ parts flew over road about km .90. To near Tamahy, Alta Vapaz 6 May 1978. No fog; cool. We spent morning searching banana leaf for salamanders in area 1 km SE of ranch house, in 3 very isolated gp. tree or slope. Obtained ca. 20; generally I took 8 in 15 bananas. Many at night reach by hand. We drove then to Tecolutla to shop. Then down Polochic road about 65 km. to Fancia (+ Dña Maria Santa Cruz) Onder Rojo, of Smulmans Garcia, who wanted to visit about 4900; near road

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Journal 5 May 1978 6 Km E of Tactic, Dona A / the U.P. (about 10 sollecions in ruins.) + his Polochis. Much grassy open slopes; w some cattle. 1km S of houses, edge of forest, mostly Liquidambar in some sections; pecan rare. Tallado bra & Chis (Francisco), cantelo, elate Kehiki- name of animals. This kind of no armadillo, porcupine or foxa in area (he a native) but did not seem a snake observed. Only magama deer, & white-lipped peccary. No tigris or dartos. / We & I walked up canyon to 5-6 myz into woods, to 1900'. Im opening saw Myiozetetes carrying a strand of grass; smaller flycatcher (Tyrannus?) attacked it in air. A Catopan perched atop fence post. We saw guarbler, Siskin, woodcreeper in open. (2 motive called?) a trogon, brown jay, rorandula in forest. Liquid- amberturn to 80'tall, 16" dbls. (Cib went higher on another route; saw green toucan, jay w black head, Dryocopus? woodpecker.) Said no rain for 2 weeks here, though annual rain great. / Black phable a fence near houses. A warbler (gray face, wider yellow supertiling; yellow throat, 3 white wr. bars, light gray belly, dark gray back, spots at side of breast). / We set up a bat net near houses; one even stream in grassland, one among return trees. Tall Lotten took a Sturmius about 9 p.m., another 486-7 Our morning. Two stiltope in rice storage are produced; 0; the large dub guy not seen. 3h. Serrulleras Davis says over to 5, one cant, primitive, + pictured from hunting for 8 yrs. 7 May 1978. Another walk in hills. I pulled down a 10 deerone; no solleciones found. Cib examined branishes in hills yesterday; none. / In the Polochis k, has (EJK setting) why a meter wide, I took a 3" chub.; others taken in streamlet dry houses. I also took a frog (EJK catalog) in Polochis. / We prepared specimens, then with Dona M. + daughter Sarah, we drove to Tamadon & up a side road to S. to Ferias Santa Elisa, of Dna. Julia Lento Cruz de Moll, about 3500' elev. Smolder the town. Coffee, leaves, oranges. Only 1/2 sol-leconas, but nearly trails up into to S. to hunting yours. Eduardo Moll a hunter; he had skins of F. uricidii (juir.), Broygan; 2 Peter. Said puma nearly recently. Forest dense but white-tail rare (he had fame of one). Only w-l peccary. No foyar. No tigris or dartos. But armadillo si, & lepes porca, agouti. Porcan hunted when zapote & aguacate drops. Said saw living nutters once, years ago, but some crested howlers

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Journal 7 May 1978. Sunday. Near Tamaluv, Dr. Aito Verapozz, Groto, and white hawk in his area. No her & grun haps; some hunt them. Uncertain that they know salamanders. Mell said Basiliscus laid eggs at this season in sand by his road. We saw queller & wrena near house. Some potliver wood in canyone. I pulled leaves on platvane but found no vertebrates. Large house & seemed to welcome visitors; roof up steep & rocky. No ant-roquiguer or mantis dragging. This family says no slumber. But weasel (vs tayra or quinea recognized). Aguirre - they say 2 or 3 birds; I saw some seen under pinos near house. We saw basiliscus on road along Tamaluv. Visited a weaving shop in town, who were huipiles. Returned uphill in late afternoon & down to La Presita. Black-colored swifts flying near road. Stillt till no rain. 8 May 1978. About 6 am. I saw 2 yellow & black orioles in planted canyone in yard; apparently I. chrysogaster. Nearly clear dry day w. breeze. We pressed to leave for Chileno & locations to north of Sanis coast. Visited w. Paul Denity near La Urrion. John Campbell & other of Arlington, Tifer, due here soon. A long pale owl flushed by him & others in trees along creek. Jays (Christopher?) in trees near house. Flechier common. Drove to Fia. San Jorge & talked w. Rodolfo. He had 2 legads & 1 salamander in formalin for us. His rented house in Salama. He & father contemplating sale of finca soon. Still logging royal & some other trees; when, tectoa, trucha here. Also Indians collecting tree ferns each about 3' long; Rodolfo said recently sold 5,000 of them. We drove to Chileno up very dusty road to Fia. Miranda, about 10 km. Grassy pasture in bottom; brush or burned brush on slopes; second growth forest about 30' high above, then taller forest. Only a couple of shadows, but Indians bringing in tree ferns loads, each about 1 x 1 x 4' (said with 1 Q.). Took photo. Cordig prominant. Awoodshrub w. ripe fruit; tree to 40' tall. Burned hills planted in corn & beans; plants < 1 ft. tall now. Blebbleries ripe & abundant. Set up 2 mist nets near slow stream

Journal 1900 m. 8 May 1978 Nte. Chiasco, Dpt. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. about 10' wide. Heard caprimulgids. 9 May 1978: Foggy dew. Not took 2 bats (sp.), 1 Tordus grapii (re- desed). We walked up canyon & a mile up a bulldged road to about 6400', to end. Opparently logging road. Near end, pines to 2' diameter (5 milly leaves, 8" long; 4" immature cone). Saw had large broadleaf on trailer, but apparently limited pine area, on N- facing slope. In canyon, mixed w. large broadleaf tree. We pulled down broadleaf & searched them for colomenids. Most from pine trunks. Took about 21 by room (ESTK catalgy). Very dry day now from lack of rain. Flecked funeoid (autumulus?) from hole in road bank twice; hole 8' up. Took a large n rod; albina? (ESTK catalgy). We returned to Mte., & drove back to Chiasco. Many Liquidambar trees, large & small, along road, & several clear inches. Then descended to W. to area of Montario, where camped near clean stream on sidewood at about 1500 m. Some logging w. Olden 1/2 mile upslope. Few of mixed small pines & oaks & Liquidambars. We cut out about 20 manual traps, no catch. Saw 1 small bat evening. Very dry. No results from turning logs, rocks, rotten wood. Used foggy smoky haze, but steve out. Rain about midnight. Nte. Montario . - to Santa Ger. 10 May 1978. Hard rain for a few hours straight. Cut traps near dry creek spurs. Red held 3 Peramyeus (CK catalgy). Mine near 6' wide stream held 0. Heard tiger (rakianum?) calling, 5-9 "chows," about 6 a.m. Ontebei heard. We dried out so foggy cloud; first rain for 2 weeks a row, I think. Yesterday we got a few tiny fish from stream near Chiasco; bigs large said cold cayen (2'-3"?) w. looks kind? Etatic? We departed & drove down to El Cande. Then E., searching for good roads up into Siena. Drancled road leading to San Augustin's Took side road to El Gate, underdeveloped older, rough dirt; trucks w. logs. Not day. Talked w. locals & truck men. They said road had slide & cannot drive to Santa Clara. But can drive on 1-1/4

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Journal 10 May 1978 Dpl. Zacapa, Guatemala. km to a summit, then logging power. From there, 3 hrs. foot to Santa Clara. We returned to highway & went E. to Santa Cruz. Spectra tire on back of car blew in the heat, stopped to get repair. Melico + comadres km. | Went E. about 2 km. & took side road to Ojo del Agua & El Manuel. Dint road, some trucks. Now narrow in guadua, dry area. About 2500' (1000' at Santa Cruz), rocky, few owlets, collected leguan or bullock (EJK catlog), a Chlorophia. Day settled down then. Much of country had been burned recently, including steep slopes. (Laney, male w. black throat, yellowish bar; no yellow in tail). 3000', first noticed pine trees. 4000', pines + oaks, ovens. ovens; a few cattle; acorn woodpeckers. But still much burned over. Road switchbacked; often steep & rocky, but 4 wd. in jeep not needed. At 4700, road flat; spreading palm (?) w. hanging lichens. High limestone cliffs (abts). Road up past foot of cliffs, 5500'. Oak forestal w. bromeliads, mostly narrow-leaved types. Pine being logged. Northy <16" dbh. 5700'; road flat or eased mercedesia. About 20 small houses at San Lorenzo. ovens; no streams. Much pine area burned recently. Camped near limestone sink & bromeliad trees about 1 km. before S.E. saw jeep (Anisopha? - fly buzzing note), especially in pine browse. Saw Campyl- obryder gantus among bromeliads. | Cules I net about 15 times each, & we put up no mist net. Traps among trees, brush, eastern, & gray bullock. 11 May 1978. No rain, but dewy. Net took 2 Chlorophia (EJK cat). Trap took about 0 Campyurus (4 years), all same. Mostly near lake in ovens. Saw & caught 2 brownie in pines; carried some as at Chilons, browse. I saw and 20+ cedar waxwing perched in broadleaf among pines. | We gathered sk- armed bromeliads, mostly under 12" leaves, but no catch. Many mozzages on ground but not examined. | Talked to man at store at San Lorenzo. He said road continued on their hills to Jacona. Comment park told me.

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Journal 11 May 1978. N. El Morado, Dpt. Zacapa, Guatemala Valen de la Palma; another, to N., is Val del Moro. Lather has new logging road around E side; even named Klose (sp ?) in N American. He said howler monkeys in am to N, minor (stibb?) further up in vts. He thought we had many large mammals present including cochi de monte and guana but not tapir or danta. | We drove up the dirt road toward Val del Moro. Mostly wet pine, the same second growth areas. About 6500; then out, came to poor when large- leaved bromeliads abundant on trunks of pines to 10" dbh of oakn + an oakn (?) too. | We cut & searched bromeliads; contained much water. Suzanne found 2 large black colomacuar after searching 12 or so. I found none, after searching 20 or more. ESK got one of another kind, to enclose a lizard in bromeliads. Spent 2-3 hrs at this. | Then we drove further N. Road ascended into mist/barn thru old cut area above pine zone and entered a patch of tall dense cloud forest at 7100; on E. slope of Val del Moro. New road, still in construction. Road then the first about 1.5 km, then into old cut drive of pines near C. Morela, clearing extended to pine zone. Walker say the hardwoods are "no muy til" about 8 km from San Lorenzo to forest. | Wind & fog coming from N., so visiblity poor. We camped at open entrance to thick forest. Set about 15 traps each. Put up 1 old mist net at side of road in forest. Flushed fern eird (Antmelus) from bank hole in 2 places. Heard tiger catls fly- nightly. At napt, both #7 and #9 of T. collaris scolded us, coming to about 50'. Walker said guatgale present, "saragueter." | By 8 pm., my traps took at least 2 large Pampuyacua, of kind taken earlier at Elideno & Curva del guetzal. 12 May 1978. Windy most of night, & dewy. Some fog to N. at dawn. Heard early chorus of Alauetta and apparently Tarsanes. Later walk, saw Tardus infuscatus, Antmelus, hummers, guatgal, mist net (ESK),

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Journal 12 May 1978 Vo del Mayo Dpt Zapoca, Guatemala. Dendrocolaptidae (straight bill; spots visible anteriorly). Trogon again at same spot, holding me (rest). Antrodalmus w. food? in bill, went to hide in bunch of rock. I launch tree at edge forest, Aphanotriccus unicolor (2). Saw a Scinax, brown, medium size. No fly stickers noted, but some webless. Mystacinus loud call; fluttering or gargling; G c, one of large bird, in damp canopys. Took some photos of forest. Road goes about 270 around V. del Mayo. Tracks - look like small fox, in rock. Dropping - 4" erigeron shape; contained feathers, 1 mammal hair, insect parts (= ?). Kluss said to have saw mill in CI Ranchy, impregnating plant in Rancho. Wahnman looked for snake here, the brown "Trogan" (Bulthous). No streams, but some simulates crossed road; enough for cooling. Swifts, flew close to campsite! Erik searched for salamanders in Rancho and got about 3, but I searched on banks and got one (head cut off; ESK stated). We searched near S edge of the forest patch over clearing + burn; several broad lived handlings up to 12 above ground. Many other types epiphytes in abundance in forest. Cold & windy. Moved camp, down to 6500' in mixed pine (mostly) & oaks on ridge. Much drier there. Saw some woodpeckers, Jays; heard trogon (7 amber type). Saw flicker. At about noon, one Genus amphibian sound over the pass (pine yard) and cried. I found 2 salamanders + 1 snake (all ESK stated) in Rancho; Erik found about a dozen salamanders, apparently 2 or 3 species, with about 4 same hand walks. Elric & mosquitoes at times, but generally clean & lazy, not hot at 6500'. We drove S to San Lorenzo. Visited mobile quarry. Took photos (close of V. del Mayo); several roads visible through cleared area S of Vo del P. Camped near site of 9 May. Clean & dry. Set up 2 bait nets, one near mouth of cave leaves. Net took: hummock blue cross, red face possible w. black tip; orange tail, white throat, green darking straight bill); released.

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Jours! 14 15 May 1978. Sunday 5400' N/E. El Calvario O.P. Zacapa, Guate. Clear & dry; light breeze. No catch in net. Found records in coca field in night an owl (?); single muffled grunt. Saw Caelipha blue jays & Dendridae. Yesterday, big red bird woodpecker in bedroon. Sank! We proceeded to descend to highway. Encountered no traffic. Acer woodpecker & flicker at upper levels; vireo at bottom. About 1500', at bend + stream, a motorist was on way up. Faintly tame. Had to go through locked gate, w/ gatekeeper (we said friends of Flora). On to highway w/ his Honda, very small town w/ no market. Then went S. to see garage + shop. Good market; hot. Repaired 2 flat tires. Then look to highway E. + on to Jerez river; walkedback 2 km. to side road to farm + went N. Sent beetland habitat line along the way. Narrow plastered + white w. tile 1800' roofs. At an settlement, road renamed (Espinillas?). We talked w/ local men. They said road went up to Planader, where ranch of Julio Vargas. We ascended road; steep in parts, dependent; 4 w.d. esential. Wound up through houses + up to pinos, about 2700'. Pinos burned + smoking, though roadside sign on tree urged fire prevention. Spaced farm, mostly Eri't dehl. A summit at 4800'. The down + up to 5600'. Oaks, liquidambars, second growth low fascet. 5100'; occasional bamboos. Many old logging roads to NE; rods con + bean; cuts in face slope. Again with liquidambar. Then got the farm; a few Indian huts. Broadleafed mataora visible to N, down 5500'. at 5800', a gate; then road down to Vargas home about 5500'. A few Indian huts. Cattle. Cut over slopes w. mataora above. Large leafed bamboos in trees. A clear stream. /Vargas, 35 yrs., at home + friendly. Had 45 colomennas. Pini logging done, but new cutt- ing levels in burn. Road continued up for 2 km. beyond house, but only to edge of cut area. Sidewalk down to E. to another clear.

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Journal 14 May 1978. Sunday. NE of Sanz Apt. Zapa, Guate. stream, 100 m lower than home. Chicken & dogs in yard. No luxury. Vegan seemed intent on conservation; intended to hold broadleaf fruit & it's big trees. Planned to plant beans & coffee & pines. Said had watched all life to develop this place, a wide valley facing SE. Named Fee. Mister de Moran (area llamado de Morgot on map). Trail to El Zanco starts here. Must talk w/ into night. We slept in house. 15 May 1978. Monday. More people arrived. One man to look for plywood-sliced tree & identify others (arm. Modernos in Molelos mrs. Baranera). Cile looked for salamanders. I & she went with 5 men to look at tree bricks in matatua, afost. Descended to lower stream & ascended trail, said to lead U. to his beans. Local helper, Don Carlos, carried a bottle of ? & was soon drunk. Trees huge-some 3m. diam. Identified by looking at bark & wood. Could walk about fairly well in fact as undergrowth thin. We wandered about & had difficulty finding trail back. In about 3 hours in front, saw a beard almost no birds. Much less lively than Ue. del Moro. The man said no codo de matu bee, portegir, but palma, arve, dillo, pirote, garnero, corom, tepicantle. Said a rattlesnake kill ed nearby recently & used for medicine. At elsewhere, said both snake& salamander poisonous. Many biting gamador; my ears would ear from bites. I back to ranch house & rest. Cile had taken about 30 salamanders (FSK catalog). I put out 15 snip traps near logs & holes at edge front, & set 1 net near stream. No rain. 16 May 1978. Tuesday. My traps took 2 big Peramegnum ofani birds or at Chilanco; drink fare & refound chest. Described. One sternia in net (spec.). I helped Cile search for salamanders; we got about 40 in 4 hours. At one point, only on 2 in an hour.

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Journal 16 May 1978 NE of Jones, Dept. Zacapa, Guate. of wals; at other times, several in minutes. Best luck in big bromeliads at edge of course. Many were in plants lying on the ground, a new fallen tree, partly dry. Also toad frog in bromel-iad (ESK collg). Drum deplorans fairly common on stumps, or at previous locations at similar altitude. Few birds seen or heard. But bluebirds in openings. Swifts flew close at times; apparently Stropostrome, w/ complete white collar, did not put out net (pro catch) in yards. Rain in late evening. Martes de Moran. 17 May 1978. Cooler after rain. We prepared to depart for Honduras. Ontakes heard in morning: Apparently no Alouatta here (from head; rum said same). / Down down to Capellan. Stopped on sole ridge about 4500+ took an old woman in bromeliad (ESK set). Not day later. Briefly visited Mrs. Varga + Laird near highway. Ran then to w., enquiring about roads to N: Apparently none to Alta Santa Clara now (walk from Teculutan). But head of road N. of km 100 (1300') (mengardonia) via Estancia de la Virgen. That proved to be small village, when said road went N. to Fca. La Vega y montana. We stuck up dirt road, steep + rough in spots. From town, 8 km. to get + home at 2600': about 1 km. above, a large old green house (said built present dry from present owner) on promontory. Rain started 2000'. Dry valley but strips green trees, mainly palms in bottom. Milpa palm & small pine. No bromeliads. Coffee at 3700': 15 km., white wooden house at Fca. Santa Clara. Avocado + coffee planted together. Oth. areas cleared & solidly broken. Some bananas by huts at 4700', 5200'; about 17 km., sharp corner & Fca. La Vega. Driven by Sr. Don Teodoro about 75 yrs, Qermana, the loner in Guate. Family again cultural engineers on S. coast. Many years here. Mostly coffee, but

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Journal [Finca La Bella] N. of San Augustin, Oaxaca 17 May 1978. new cattle range. Wife ran school in Santa. Small nice house; her pitbull. Good English. Let us camp on his land in coffee grove at this level, rare tree, pinus or liguidambar. Road continued about 4 mi up another 1000'. Possibly br-l forest above. Cloudy, sprinkling, lightning. Teodoro kept outside, did not allow hunting; but little knowledge of animals. / Rained an hour in late evening. 18 May 1978. Finca La Bella, of Don Teodoro Englishment. Cloudy but cleared gradually. Heard parrots. Suga & Australian color plants between coffee bushes. T said road up passed old log cabin, & many branches beyond. We drove up road; 4 u.d. roads in parts. 2 km to edge clearing extent forest at 6000' (5300' at house). Tall forest w. branches high up. Slope of "chute" at side - T said 180 truckloads of such timber cut last year. 6500', entered another clearing below log cabin. Cabin old but clean; roof waterproof galv. chute; good camp, at 6700', start of br-l forest above. House 10 m. square. We parked at house & walked up rough dirt road through forest. About 3 km. to 7400', where there had been recent logging at foot of a pine (came a most pseudotsolum) stretch. One branch road extended ever farther; we walked to 7600'. Mt. tops still far above to N. Co. Lindor? Heard tigran. (T said these are guitzgoli, howling) but saw no tracks large mammals (see racoon, below). Few bird calls. Saw chestnut capped athletes. Found a dying Aphelocoma unicolor on road (specimen). Scandal branchide; Eric found 2 salamanders in about 4 hrs. Branchide light thin on ground, but almost absent in many sections. I briefly saw 2' dark gray snake on ground in woods. Three flower among banks of road we flushed a robin - sized dark gray bird from nest (cups of moss) w. 2 (one 3) eggs, white w. four spots. Tail gray w. white tip on center feathers,

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Journal 18 May 1978 Above Fca. La Bella, Dpt. El Progreso, Guate. shades white toward center. Many bank holes of Antimorpha, but fluked none. Did not seem a "birdy" zone. [Rain threatened.] I set 17 snap traps near holes along road bank (sheltered mostly) + under logs, + dry holes in trees. Early set 10. Rain. Rain. Rain. 19 May 1978. My traps held 5 mice, including Hetemysps, 2 kinds of Peromyscus (spec. catalog). Fog in a.m. but no rain. Occasional Hummingbird near house. Some black-bellied pipes. Heard togeras. Snailers near house; swiftly occasionally over woods. | Prepared to depart. | Rain had worked road, but now worse than before. Cabin to Don Teodoro's, 3'1/2 km. He not home. Drove down to big gran house, 2700'; 7.3 km from La Bella; apparently partly occupied, + uniform intent- not a "lost house." On down to highway, 20 km from cabin (+10 km E. of Reto bridge). On way down saw motmot, pride, ruddy ground clove - a good road for a bird transit. | Ascended to La Loma, almost 3000' in pine. Then they had cages w/ several kinds of half-grain pericoits, anaganti + jur. pasa, 2 llorazon half-grain, personally bought from local hunters. | We continued on to Quiriguá, stayed at Lemus' house. Early put a net across creek. 20 May 1978. Saturday. Quiriguá, km. 156, Dpt. B.V., Guate. No rain. Loose foggy clouds morning. In nets, Early had taken 5 chestnut-coloured snipes, Cyrtaulaides nuttallus; an other color (spec.); 398, all now breeding. | Visited Savitry family at km 155. John Campbell, Univ. Texas, expected hunt had not arrived. Drizzly afternoon. We prepared to depart tomorrow To Guatemala City 21 May 1978. Partly cloudy. Visited Savitrys + left a box of gear. Then drove S. to La Cambera + down to Solomá. Visited market. Then on to Reto- Cambar - road climbed to about 3000'; then descended to flat valley. Dry

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CP Kofod Journal 21 May 1978. Sunday. To Guatemala City County, rocky, but slopes cultivated. Burning signs rare. Good livestock market at Colind, with many Andeans and their dog piles and other wares. Then took road S to El Chel. Dirt road, one way, but much rock & not too steep. Desert/skull scrub & linder; old cultu ration. River started about 3000'. Later more oak trees, there above 5000' w. landside. Patches of banana or cane. A summit (Copita de Bat House) about 6000'. Bike climbed a few landside there, but no salamander found. | Descended to S.-march, potter larger pine, a few clean streams. Road gradually improved. Good water, for two, of dry brushy hills mostly. Crossed a wide muddy river on white steel bridge. Road up & down, winding. Occasional oaks. Reached paved road about 30 km from Lake Atitlan at San Juan SAC., a larger town. Pine area, probably used by city folks to cool off, a far weekend house. Truck crops on two acres. Returned the car (Vespa Patrol) to Hotel La Real. Stayed w. Giles & Saranne at Chlot Surja. Light rain in evening. 22 May 1978. Monday.

Koford, C.B. 1978-1979 Journal calif

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C Koford 1978 Journal 23 Nov. 1978 (Thanksgiving Day) Berkeley to Chubut, 6:00 am. Car. Departs clear in my '6 che, perhaps for condor trips to Mt. Liver area. Left 11 am & went via Highway 5 to Kettleman Hills turnoff, thence west on 46 to Cholame, 5 up Sal Prieto Canyon to El Mc Millan ranch on Gillis Canyon road. No one home. Continued to Low Mc Millan ranch & my shack there. Clear in upper G & T Valley but cloudy (fog) south of Baros turnoff. Much ploughed ground in valley; flowers of [illegible] (curlins?) some sites. Visited w. Low M.M. family. They planned guail hunt in Dices Camp area in morning. Phoned Glen. 24 Nov. 1978. Fresno (no guess) 1-2° fall. To El Mc M. plus I departed w. him in my car, about 11 am. 5 up Buttewater Valley, thence thru California Valley & 5 through Carrizo Plains. El saw several hundred sandhill cranes in grassmeadow road, just 5 of Painted Rock way yesterday. We saw none today, but flocks of mountain planes (100+ me flock) feeding on ground. (Near Elvis home, we ploughed ground & saw flock (50+ hilldeer this morning).) We searched for condors in air but saw none. Saw cattle but no sheep. (Cattle calving season now, & sheep lambing season.) I saw many sheep on alfalfa stubble in S. Cuyama Valley now.) We trud fairly paved Mt. Abel road. (El said canyon to W. had been good for condor sightings in past.) Near Apache saddle, many fine new wooden houses, & much car traffic. Clear sky; light snow on ground above 5000'. A jam of cars at start of road up Mt Liver; chain required to go up that road. Hundreds of people, many w. skins & sleds, walking ups. Went to Chubut ranch R.O. Detroit rgn. Dave Alexander had left, but office girls hostetable. Janet Namber & I friend were there; could not go up Little Liver road today because too soft. We talked about setting

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Journal 29 November 1978. Mr. M & Mrs. Ventura, C., Calif. Up a condo research expense fund. Mark Palmer & about 10 other Auraria Club people arrived. Several of us went to camp at Koye Creek, 20 mi. through Larkwood Valley, at about 4000 ft. Cold. In adventure zone below pinyon pine zone. Slept out. 25 November 1978. Frosty night; sleeping bags wet & frosty. Water froze. El said heard coyote. Clear night. I returned to Langer Sta. Met other Def John & Betty Davis from Carmel Valley were there, & Wymbly Carre of Defender of Wildlife, Carmel. We went to start of Mt. Pinos road; climb still required. As we went to Lamon and about a mile out (Hungry Valley road), when we watched 5 sides of Frasier Mt. & tops other hills-hills (or to E on Tujun Ranch). We at edge of motorcycle ORV play area; hundreds of cars & cyclers & work horses. We saw a golden eagle, flying & perched (adult) steepe hill E of Lamon; also a coyote walking near cattle then; a flying vroom (bawls) over slope two. Above Frasier Mt. tops, occasional eagle or redtail, & finally one adult condor - it sailed straight toward Tujun R. area E of Espavine Rd. We watched it for about 10 miles of travel. I stated to get cold wind; some left, but rest of us drove back to Esperavine and east toward Edmonston Pump Sta. About 1/2 there, we saw group of several cars at roadsides, & people looking S up slope. They said there were 10 cardors there, & that one had come about 11 am from NW, & they had good view of features. We set up telescope & saw several large dark birds on ground or in branches of oaks or grassy slope about 2 mi away. Mostly just sat quiet. Lay, but one was active, as if feeding on carcass, & often extended wings up. Birds seemed to me small for cardors,

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Journal 25 November 1978. Mr. Grapevine, Kevin G. and wings too numerous. I saw no cobar, tho other people said saw it. About 2 pm, a condor adult circled above grassy bald hills; then 2 more, so 3 condors adults visible at once in lucia field. They were in sight about 1/2 hour, then (at least) off to SE. (Elv thought he saw a fourth!) We also saw an adult bald eagle, and several beactles & ravens, but no turkey vultures. The condor group were mostly seen that most or all the birds on ground were cadores. Definitely white wing lining in one, but not sure - perhaps immature cador? Gradually air studies & visibility improved. If birds were cadors, would they stay in those small solo all night? Some of us noted white at base tail in some birds. Elv Mc M. strongly assumed that they were immature golden eagles at least 3 of them, perched on ground + smooth branches probably at food. Several people had already left, sure in their reinforced (by each other) opinion that they had seen 10 can- dors, whereas we were sure of only 3 adults. We departed small about 4 pm. Many calves among cattle on lower slopes. Apparently there should be plenty of food from 5 % calf loss! We drove via Lost Nelle and Bitterwater Valley to Glen's place. Later I returned to my shack at Sam. In all this trail, the only region I saw regarding cadors were in the USFS office, & on the maps they distribute. More cadors regions might help protection. 26 November 1978 J Mc Millan Ranch, San L Obispo Co, Calif. Foggy cold morning. Then FNE breeze as slowly cleared. More talk w/ Sam. He said they saw hundreds of sandhill cranes on a drum

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Journal 26 November 1978 McM Ranch Skerdm, SKO Co. seen Washburn plow on Carrie's Plain, 24 Oct morning. They hunted quail in Deer Park area & saw coyote 00+ quail all over (3) got limiters. Saw no Oocanty. More talk w/ Ellen. Then drove to Berkeley via Hwy 51. Berkeley to Coloma, SKO Co. 15 December 1978. Friday. Departed Berkeley 1 pm in my 400 pickup & drove to Coloma & CB McM Ranch. Fog in S Valley. Talked about colors. Then to my shack at Lois ranch: 16 December 1978. Partly cloudy, series - status in afternoon worked on my shack, pruned olive tree. Talked w/ Ian. Then to Ellen's for dinner & talk w/ Bill Francis (wife gency) from Selma's (did paper on bird's quail). Hoping that these Francis, Marteny andholm will contribute to earth research fund. Drizzly evening. Slept at my shack. 1 Francis had arrived early. 17 December afternoon, w/ El, they drove through Carrie Plain & saw several kinds of hawks, mountain plater, + some sandhill cranes. 17 December. Bart's Rainy but clearing somewhat. Joined Elvis Francis & we left about 11 am for Painted Rock area. On Grant Lake boundary of geese, many mallards, canvas - body, pentaids, + a few teal. Many starys & Brewer blackbirds in leafless tree on wires. On fence wire saw: savannah sp, lark sp, w-c sparrows, about 30 roams in one area of ploughed ground, N end of plain. Hawks especially atop pole by road; 30+ larks, red red-tails, red rough-legged, 2 ferrug- craver, 1 pigeon hawk, 3 or + marsh hawks (one o-?), kestrel mostly female (why?); perhaps 80%+. Near Soda Lake & Painted Rock Ranch saw: flocks 50+ curlews, flocks 100+ mountain plater. Accoring five sandhill cranes, then eventually about 2000, mainly on ploughed ground. Much "dancing" in some groups. Land calls. El says her noted no decrease over the years. Wetropen-unfenced land,

[illegible] DE Davis 777 Roadway Santa B., 93108

CKoford Journal 17 December 1978. Carriso Plains, Slobispe Co, Calif. when people could there came in cars. Many observed at about 100 yds range. Returned to Elessant deols. Dinner & talk. Rode to Louis. 12 December 1978. Monday. Rain out off. Hail (1/8" grains) once worked on houses. Returned to Berkeley. 5LO Co. 1979 27 January 1979. Drove to Odesmo & El Mc Miller Ranch. Clear sunny day. Talked w/ Clrs & raptors and other things. 28 Jan. Drove out Beltemeter Rd. Saw + rough-legged hawk and 1 ferrugineous pygtime reached Carriso Rl at Wrekin Ranch. Bogo to Hi Mtn. Then via Pecos to camp, where paws on ground. Stayed 12 m to 2:30 pm, watching Huff's Hole area of 1966-69 condor nest, but saw no white-tailed condors, eagles. Clear day, N wind, cold. Passed 2 4-wk. drive cars on Hi Mtn upper road; several others were looking thru pass for pugs Lake area (main route from Bogs now). Returned to Bogs. No UFRS men around at guard station. Saw go. of & Cathartus. Visited home of John Arnold at ranch; not home, talked w/ wife. She said that various raptors had nests in cliffs across road from this house. A Fish & Game temporary employee for Waller, who was assigned to guard peregrine falcon nest at Huff's Hole, had taken groups of people up to nests. Mrs. Arnold thought he'd caused destruction, & that Waller too much of a fool for job! No condor warning signs on way to Hi Mtn. So, + no restrictions apparent to hiking down to the old nest sites. I talked w/ John A. at home of his father, Claude, in Bogs. John worked on Arroyo Seco Ranch. Said he had seen no puma sign since my studies there. Said his son reported seeing 2 condors on La Panza R; near Bartstop Canyon, about a week ago. He said a puma took, large, near P.&T. gate on Buckhorn Ranch recently. John Bob Blake, who had taken photos of

Journal 28 January 1979. Sunday. Mr. Pozo San Luis Obispo, Cal. Raptor news: Boys & Beartraps had died about 2 years ago. I drove via Nacaju area to Hwy. 58, and down Shell Co. to La McMillan Ranch. 29 January 1979. Monday. Clear, frosty. Drove up Shell Creek. Met & talked with Steve Binton (son of Jim) and John Arnold. They said a student named Larry, now working for Jim, was interested in raptors. I drove on via ranch front shoulder to Boys road and Queen Bee campground. Skipping snow or shaded parts of road. Drove 1 mi. up Pine Mtn. roads. Fine views; calming 5:00 sunrise. View past Caliente Mtn. to Mt. Abel area. I liked S. on ridge trail toward Pine Spring (USFS gate where road reached ridge, but no sign or obstacle to 2-wheeled traffic to S., ran to 4-wheel to N. Motorcycle tracks, but only 100 yds. to S., next to N.) Walked S. about a mile on; found tracks of large animals, probably same one noted here 1974-1976, about same size, adult or. Perhaps hawks a week old, now as snow. I set a rock point at head of Beartrap C. & watched cliffs below for 2 hours midday. Upon arrival, adult eagle came at me and soared 100' overhead, but no further raptor action. Saw ravens. Cattle on grasslands of La Panga Ranch below, to E. This is area of Leon Dawson condor nest, Kelly Trail collecting area. I walked back N. & down to car. Drove via Canis Plains & Bethlehem Rd. to El McMillan's. We plan lower Beartrap trip tomorrow. 30 January 1979. Tuesday. With [illegible], deputied in my new pickups for La Panga Ranch. They told us Steve Arnold, in early 20's, & wife Debbie at ranch house. Then drove on ranch road several miles S., along San Juan Creek. Some fine rough sandstone cliffs to E. of river No calves or cows; only steers on road range. Ranch was up for sale and possibly would be subdivided. About 25,000 A now, & price roughly $200/A. Many spermatophile mounds. I drove

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Journal 30 January 1979. La Panza Ranch, San Luis Obispo C. up Beertop Canyon to a water tank and cement trough. Large eucalyptus along creek. Walked up the rocky creek about 1/2 hr., then a falls, took 6. falls & saw climbed out to N. & viewed some of the crags & cliffs where old cards next site! Cl said that about 1968 he & Greg McM. saw 1983 (in west canyon 5; seeing barely fly Date?) a young miniature condor there. He had also been here with Fred Kelley, and with 6. when he climbed to old Condor nest. / We descended to N. falls and a flat, where once Chinese mined gold & where Dawson & Trues (found pumice tubes; probably 9 and cold judged, though poorly defined) adult had camped in 1920's. Threat of rain increased, & some drifst after about 2 hours, about 1030, we turned back. Cl showed me an open meadow where this was grown; Cl said grow only in that place for decades. / We returned to car via cattle trail and ridge to S. of creek. Then drove back to ranch headquarters, talked more He mentioned "dead condor man Beertop C. in late 60's, left ascetics about how died. W. Stew. Drove Truck to Cl McMillan's. / Sawmed there later in day with about 2" as laws. So much, many cattletails and quail around the house. Four ranch hawks hunting nearby. Blackbirds in trees made much noise in early morning. 31 January 1979. Books too slick to go up Beiler Canyon road to Davis. I departed & drove via highway 5 to Berkeley. Little Truffieridge route road to Los Angeles closed by storm. 4 February 1979, Tuesday. Mus. Vert. Zool, Berkeley, Calif Dr Michael Fry, of poultry dept., Davis, phoned this visited me. He had Gymnocephalos larytyped L A gos Calif. condor an 07, & showed me slide (feather follicle method). Also had laryotype andean C + King Vulture - patterns seem identical. By Textstone / Estrogen levels, got 07 too for gos bird using analysis of extraction. Also said that year round sampling should be more fort (which) highest in March. He had also measured T/E ratio in two adults' experiment, furnished by Boreman. In Oct 1979 at

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Journal 6 February 1979. MUZ Berkeley CALIF count at Beertop Canyon near upper Tamaras Canyon in Texas Ranch, (Gymnops) had seen & juvs. there californians in morning, 6:00 gto. from then on some observers camped. He had good colorpints of the juvs, then w. (4 ASA 400 Kodachrome film) 500 mm lens or Nikon 35 mm camera (could be used to identify indivs. by ordering pattern & shot R primary (+/- 0?) on one). He collected fresh experiment at carcass (freshly small part eaten); analysis showed very high levels estrogen, higher than any test in god bird. Fry hypothesis that DDT has estrogenic affects & high doses might cause a bird to retain immature plumage beyond usual period of years. No empirical data for other cultures yet, however. Argued w. Fry against capture & possibly made some progress. 9 February 1979. Friday. Departed Berkeley about 5:00 and drove via To San Luis Obispo C., CALIF. hwy 5 to Cholame & Cl-McMillan ranch. Light fog or smog in San (25 mi.) Joaquin Valley; no clouds. Short visit. Left USFWS draft capture plan which I received 4 Feb. from OES, John D. Perry. | Then to San Me N. Ranch where met friends Bobt. & Mary Nayes of Palo Alto. W & worked on house. 10 February 1979. w. Mt Nayes', drove via hwy. 5-8 to La Panza Ranch, then 5 mi. S. & about a mile up Beertop Canyon to water tank. Then walked up canyon. Light cirruslands; some lugs. We walked up slopes to S, then W. on ridge & overlookd dry meson (oaks, buckwheat, in autumn) to S. From leafless saw 2 coyotes under a spreading oaks. They together at times, as Coyote if playing. Watched them 20 min. Eventually saw 3 together another 1/4 mi. distant. So at least 4. No apparent response to my yells, 1/2 mile away. Two mouthed each other, puppylike. Focused on the wooden stone.| Left car 1015. Went up canyon, taking N. fork of creek (big boulders; heavy brush at sides) until 1 p.m. Then about 1/2 mile W. of largest crag., we saw one golden eagle several times, flying close to cliff near site of the Dam

Journal 10 February 1979. La Panza Ranch, San Luis Obispo, CA. Trundle back most of 1920's. We were unable to find trail to crop so located down canyon. Found a good trail going west top ridge, I assumed (actually did not) that it connected w. trail at crogs. Walked back down canyon. Panning nicely w. several pools 4' deep x 10' wide, clear cold water. Booked ca 4pm & drove out. Talked w. Debbie Arnold at ranch house; she much interested in condors. We drove back to San Me M. Ranch. /On driving, Ellen & Bobby McM. show ed O. Pearson's 1952 film of Peruvian altiplano; guests included Helen, Jim, & Steve Santon, some writer, & Irving McM. as well as Dan & Mary. I narrated & answered questions. Didn't give willing permission to work on their ranch lands. /On 9 Feb., noon, I saw golden eagle at dead ground spread on powd road in Bob Griets canyon, near old adobe. Apparently resting pair there (asks Ellen), & site formerly used. Stayed at J. McM. Ranch. 11 Feb. 1979: Sunday. With Roger's invited Ellen; then drove up Bitterwater Canyon. At Grant Lake many cots & canyonside lunches. Saw about 5 rough-legged hawks (weider wings, white tail w. black tip) titiplano on porte along way to Carrizo Plain. Then via Hwy. 58 to La Panza Ranch. No one home. So went again to Bartrap Canyon. At Ellen's this morning, we saw two immature (white tails) golden-eagles over his house, 200' up. Left ca at water tanks, walked up canyon bottom 25 min. to first falls. W of chinese mirigamae, took trail up ridge toward crogs. Trail ascended, but went to E. side of cliffs & ended. There 1:30, walked cliffs & saw two adult golden eagles, one shed by roar, near top of cliffs. Probably crops trail came from N., where porte invisible. We hiked back down the canyon. Many coyote tracks but none destructive. No flowers yet; many manzanitas. Very & fairly warm. Back down canyon & drove back to San Me M. Ranch. Saw should we report Tehuachby condor article in California, a PSAirline's gas magazine, Fullmoon. /Violetta, Larry

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Journal 11 Feb. 1979 Mc Millan Ranch, San Luis Obispo Co. Hutz, Cal Poly student at Jim Button ranch - No interest in hawks. Known Nimtm. route to peregrine nest (showed by USFS wildlife xerox, ?), which John Schmidt will watch this spring. 12 Feb. 1979. Warmish & hazy, w. alto - status uncertain. With Nayer, hiked circle from my shack to S, W, N, E, + back to shack in about 3 hours. Saw 1 jackrabbit only, 100+ white crowned sparrows, many quail, 2 Say Phoebe, but generally few kinds of birds & rare flowers (some on filament). Grass & lowly about 4" tall. Nayer departed for his alto about 1 p.m. Worked at my shack. To Himtn. area, San Luis Ob Co. 23 Feb. 1979. Drive to Pozo, arriving 0830. Met then Larry, Hutz & Lynette Sherwood of Cal Poly. We drove in my Chevy pickups to Himtn. look- out. Cold & windy, occasional rain; discouraging. Went out ridge to S. of 20 & down a trail, recently brushed in parts, areas. Pastel topo! Hard land partly cleared lately by USFS. Down then climb on a ridge, then to left in head of Deer ? Cr, the down to Hi Mtn valley meadow. Grass among oaks on slope, & a high sandstone monolith. Trail to V. then thru glass, passing just E. of rocks, thence W. down a canyon, under oaks, lemels, madrone, in shady canyon, finally to a meadow of a few acres, opposite the Dragon's Head sandstone monolith (top of E. side visible from 60). L. said that peregrine nest watchers camped in the meadow. He pointed out site of peregrine nest, near a "mesican, but "doped hole. Some years a different site. Carders had nested in 2 or 3 places at R. side of the much pathed cliff. It was the usual Vagueas sandstone. Lopez Lake not visible from our site, but probably from top of Dragon's head. We saw no carders, eagles, or peregrines. USFS will put John Schmidt as a watcher about April 1. Carder nest covers large & open, so could easily walk into them.

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Journal 13 Feb. 1979. Tues. Hi Mttn, San Luis Obispo Co, Calif Elow McMillan notes insists he saw chick there 30 July 1969 and photographed it. Carrion + Liddy were with him then. They saw one adult. / On 9 July 1969, Carrion Liddy had also seen a chick there. (On 10 July they visited Beartrap Cyn. nest site area ). The Mttn. nest said by El to have been discovered by F. Liddy about Dec, 1966. Lookout Pero Ferrari had never seen a condor, at that ( then 2 yrs ?). What is evidence for fledging of any of the chicks. Revisted each year, so probably died. // We filed breakup trial in 1 1/2 hrs. Drove back to Pogo. Larry + Lyn. returns to S.L.O.rupis. I drove to Santa Margarita, thence north on hwy. 101 to Berkeley. / 20 - 29 Feb. 1979. I worked on 4 page comment on Draft Comment- atior for Sample C.C. Contingency Plan. Mailed about 40 copies. Visited Friends of the Earth one day with Mark Palmer. Wrote letters to federal officials urging preparation of a Form Aumps. Statement on the Contingency Plans. Betty Davis & I are to become national board committee of Sierra Club. To Chelanne, S.L.O. Co. 2 March 1979. Departed Berkeley 2 p.m. in new pickup + drove via hwy. 5 to El. Me Millers, 260 mi. Saw a white-tailed litter near hwy. in 2 places near Parake turnoff. / Talks with Cl.. He said of Beartrap: he & Langry saw a flightless young condor about 1 mile S E of CastleCrops about late Sept. (deer season) in 1956 & 57. Last indication breeding there ? Also about 1968, probably 2 condors dead in Pelater canyon after poisoning operation by Bob Lewis. Some of Arnold family carew about it. All evening - up incident. Steve Arnold mention- ed store day. / El also thinks the Santey's Canyon area would be good for condors, or feeding them. Much of it on Kurt Snedden

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Journal 2 March 1979 Mr. (C) Holome, S.L. Obispo Co. (of Mervino)s Ranch. Can observe from road to Mt. Alcedo Canyon, then from late Aug. on. Much other talk. Fine clear night. 3 March 1979. Sat. Met with Glen. Then drove over hills to Saw Mill Mills ranch & my shack. Unloaded. Then talked w/ Glen. He is keeping close track of any attempt by county (Earl Kales, ag. comm.) to poison us. 1080. I am thinking that legally an F.I.C. might be required for such work in my shot shack & trees. Rain close normal now. Noted no migrant birds or nesting yet. To Cuyama Valley, Santa Barbara Co. 4 March 1979. Drove over to Elsi. Then departed in fog about 10 am. for Carrizo Plains. Soda Lake full; no fog plains. (2) saw of about 50 cows & calves, 9 mi. S. of Calif. Valley.) Saw 1 foreignish hawk on pale top near Louis Ranch. Turned W. now hungry. 58 to La Panza ranch; no one home. To lake S. Low cir.-stratus clouds. Near Calif. Valley jet, a black red-tailed hawk. 1 mi. S. of Calif. V., 200+ ewes & lambs, 1 turkey vulture. At foot of Soda Lake, 31 mi. to N.E., saw 300+ sandhill cranes, mostly in air, noisy. 16 1/2 S. of Calif. V., start dirt road, narrow rough. Stopped at Reyes Mrs. store. Talked w/ "Alice," the former smithing of Cordova; said in despair. Said poisoning on C. Plains killed dogs. Aynsial traps. And no fear of Reyes family. But know local people. | On to hungry 33 & 5, Near-square mile of alfalfa, now shot. One group 300+ sheep before county line at Bellinger Canyon. | About 1 mile beyond Quedal Rd., I visited home of O.H. Wagers & Delia. He in hospital. She tall thin & liked animals. Has pet quail 7 yrs old. Said live 37 years. Said about 3 years ago a carna killed (shot) big hwy.; 9 ft wings spread. She phoned Ed John Taft (of Ojai). When he got there, bird gone. (Timbers?). She said formerly raised turkeys; put dead ones on hill; came occasional. Came & ate them. Also eagles. She said turkey run in

Geoff Carney P.O. o Rotherham Aug 58 jet. for R. Hunt 4 1/2 hrs. Southwark rd. 5 mi S, 1 mi upon Croyd. jet: Town Line - 6 1/2 mi. S of Croyd. V. Dost - 16 1/2 S. of Croyd. V. Roch Brown - 15 mi. Garden. Albury + 3 1/2 S. of Croyd. V.

Journal 4 March 1979. Coyama Valley, Santa Barbara Co. Quatal Canyon, now, a condor may eat cactus meat? Much talk about cactus. Condors usually came from Santa Barbara Cyn side. She said Destrudi Bayes interested in cactuses and had consulted w. Dick Smith. I drove on about 2 miles to Dusty River Ranch road on W. side, intending to visit Johnstoft cabin, but stream too high and soft, so did not attempt crossing. I Then drove up Quatal Canyon dirt road. About 1 1/2 mi. to turkey farm, where 1000' white birds. Bordering brush, juniper, pinjon. Desigual river, Toad Camp area tops, about 5700', & some snow on ground. Drove slowly down gravel road, looking E. into Santiago Cyn. & Brush Mtns. Condors could roost in pinons at head, w/ mti clds & go down canyon to grassland hills in San Emigdio Ranch area & Swidden R. Cabin area where boat could be put at Carhead, & lowered down at larger Apache Paterns. I camped at Valle Vista, Kern Co. e/g., 4500'. No other campers. Good view across Santiago Cyn. E of grassy hills to N. Fog at about 3000' in San Joaquin V.; in evening, fog rose & cleared me, but later dropped down, so clear. Camped among pinons & oaks, saw 2-3 cactuses at times. 5 March 1979. Calms; 2/10 cactus. Fog at 3500'. I descended, road going through grassland hills by Swidden Ranch. Drove town to New Cuyama & visited Dan Norlson, resource forester of Mt. Pinos district. He & an assist wnt-thought Santa Barbara Cyn. road not possible for 2wd. Snow visible on Coyama Ph., & other ridge above about 4500'. No brow of me. Watched 6 cactuses & other birds & mammals. Tried to enlist coagitation & aid in condor stud- ies in district. He said cactus (to? ) had been seen roasting on two newly established Hard Rock Canys, near Pyramid Rsn., so campsite had been moved N/He had some condor pictures on walls

[illegible] Ben Harbour 766-2263 New Cayenne

Journal 6 March 1979 Coyana Valley Santa Barbara C. but perhaps had not seen them. He had bad experience with Bald Eagles or Klamath N.F. land interests, suspectie talked about 2 hrs. But the (Dave Alexander) D.R. will have to get permit for road use to Santa Barbara Peters area. I drove on 60 mi. to Santa Maria. Cattle ranchers & some farmers. Went to Ste.m. Ranger Sts. (Calletti St., Downcross or turnoff), & talked w/ Louren Hill- man, & from 5E, wildlife grazing & wild life. New 6 mo., about 30 yrs. & serious. Swamped w/ office work, little time in field so far. She said that Canos - Workana area still possible for inclusion as wilderness area; under consideration. I tried to advocate her plant condo status (nr. Stanton). recent developments. I Departed & drove back to San Mc M. Ranch. 7 March 1979. Clear calm night. I drove to Hwy. 58, thence to La Panza Ranch. Steve Arnold & wife had not seen any condors lately, & no recent cattle losses. Heartog Canyon 5 mi. from ranch house. Went 1 mile up canyon to water tank & parked. Roily moppies in expansures, where old nests. I put 2 dead joelollite near top of grassy hill as bait. Departed car about 0930. Hiked 2 hours up canyon near creeks. Could often heard Osprey calls. than lunch 1/2 hr., to roads trail to Castle Crops. Walked up trail to top of second crop ( conglomerate rocks). Arrived about 1230. Searched cliffs for eagle nest but found none. Fired 6 pistol shots at cliff but failed to see birds there, but 1/4 mile W., around a curve in cliff, a prairie falcon fleshed & flew over brush, calling bwaw - bwaw. Large black areas under wings. Perched on point of cliff. / About 1 pm, I saw one g. eagle circling above cliffs, but it did not land or pass close to cliff face. I think no eagle nest in crops area. Departed 1 p.m. & hiked down to creeks, thence to car - about 2 1/2 hrs. total. Found no lion tracks, but deer, coyote, fox & bob-cat tracks. I found over rotten logs & pole branches but saw no salamanders Did

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Journal 7 March 1979. San Luis Obispo, Calif. See some scalopuses, including me 2" long. Saw Hydra in stream but no fish. Returned to San McMillan ranch. Talked w. Larry Hartig en route. 8 March 1979. Trips to Hi Mtn area. Drive via Hwy. 50 and Navajo grade to Pozo. Talked w. Robert Chuba, AF&CO (?) in charge. Nearly all new people since 1976. Drove up to lookout. Clear; wind 10 kts. Departed 11 a.m. on trail down to Hi Valley. Trail divisions adequately cleaned. Saw weakling mark miner's letters under oaks. Clear stream. Two Turkey vultures soared about the marsh with (looking for next site? ) 1210 at crest N. of the marsh with a staked Sam Huff's Hole side. No footprints of recent use. Lunch on trail lng. 120° from Drogan's Hd cliff, site of condors & penguin nesting. Took photos. White-throated swifts / at 1:29 stop under oak over from penguin site, lng. 005°T. Met 3' Catalina on trail; sluggish. Fish. Saw thrashers & Oriole's. Heard calls latter. (No sign) condors on falcons. Hiked back up trail, 1 1/2 hrs. to lookout. Hot drink. Returned down road to Pozo, thence to San McMillan ranch. 9 March 1979. Talked w. May McM. & Ellen McM. about condor problems. Then drove via Hwy. 5 to Berkeley. 19 March 1979. Berkeley to Shandon, San Luis Ob. Co. Departed 2 p.m. in Cheer-pickup, alone, and drove via Interstate 5 to Solvang, up Bitterwater road to El-Mc Millan's ranch (he away), thence slippery dirt road to San McMillan Ranch. Arrived about 9 p.m. Recent rain. Camped in my shack. Steve Herman & student Tom Steinkoff arrived later, from Evergreen State College, Olympia, Wash. On road between El's & Janis I saw several pocket mice on road and at least one kangaroo rat. Clear night. 20 March 1979. With Steve & Tom drove west through Camwotti Ranch to Hwy. 5, S. to Navajo road into National Forest then

Journal 20 March 1979 N. Shaner, San Luis Obispo C. Calif. to Pigeon road, and east to Queen Bee campground, hence Chester Spring and up Pine Mtn. road about 1 mile. Started & hiked up to River Ridge, 3800' (and 1240) thence 6 miles along ridge to head of Pleatrops Canyon. Hoped to see a carver or golden eagle, & to see if any eagle nest near old can deer nest. Droppings of apparent bobcats, coyotes, foxes on trail; no deer tracks, but 2 or 3 possible old scratches. Found 2 real & [illegible] cartridge shells & 2 .5 gauge shell casings on trail. Occasional Prairie falcon call in brush. Saw jays. 1 Evening, near Shell Creek, saw 2 marsh hawks (7+8) attack a red-tailed hawk in air over grassy hills. 1 Overcast with dark- battered cumulus clouds, cool, & slight breeze. About 1320 a golden eagle soared above crest above old nest cliffs & apparently went in to S. We heard calls of a prairie falcon near cliffs, but did not see it. A kestrel flew over brush near us. 1 Good view to Conejo's Plain, but some haze. Discovered 2 ns-nests in the cliff face, using 20x spotting scope. Light hail about 1415. We started back. Saw 2 turkey vultures atop a conglomerate level; one seemed about to mount, but did not. One soared off, & the other soon joined it in air; headed SE. Arrived car 1530. Drove down road, to Queen Bee camp, to Pigeon Rd, & back way we had came. On Benton's just after leaving Hwy. 59, saw magpie atop fence post. We stopped at old Benton office and visited Larry Hurty, Col Poly, San Luis Ob. student. He said that a redtail nest and prairie falcon nest in mud cliffs, about 1 mile to W. 1 We drove to Lani & had dinner w. him and May. Much talks and carver and ODT discussions. Camped in my shack. Overcast night, cold. 21 March 1979. High fog morning. Talks w. Dan Gregory

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Journal 21 March 1979 Mr. Skender, San Luis Obispo, CA / T McMillan arrived. More talks Steve and Tom and I went to Gregory's home to visit. Conor talks mostly. Then we departed & drove west through Benton's Ranch to area of spotted nests in cliff, N. of a windmill. Approached cliff; saw stock nest 1/2 way up 60' cliff in a vertical groove. A red-tailed hawk flushed, circled silently, and departed. Another in air over cliffs, calling occasionally. At rest, two hawks females, one w. nesting mater- ial; nesting in bowls nest ?] Endeav as we approached cliff one red-tail in air dropped an object (mouse ?), descended 15', and caught it in air; [illegible] 1430 kantsip ? / Steve looked at foot cliff under nest; no food remains. We departed & inspected 2 nearly clay cliffs. Atop one, Tom saw a prairie falcon alight. We also saw a raven, at this cliff, flying. / We drove on west a mile. Attempted a "guzzler" for quail to water. Then on to site fallen pine where former eagle nest; walked up draw behind (path) of it. An old nest, possibly eagle, in a dig- gers perice. We saw no eagles. / Descended to road. Drove back east to San Juan Ck. road. Went upstream 3.5 miles to area of ferris sand w. much stipley on west side road; walked around. Found many Dipodomys burrows in the sandy soil. Many white-crowned sparrows in brush. We returned to Luis, and to my shack for the night. / In morning, going down lower Izellie Canyon, saw one red- tail raven. It alighted atop a wood fence, ran along it, and flew down. / Berley, now about 1 ft. tall. Much yellow- flowered Amseichis near road and near my shack. / Near the bowls cliffs, a large band of stipley brush looked by

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Journal 21 March 1979 Mr Shandon, S. Luis Ob. G., Cal. barred wire fence. In these bushes and on fences we saw several shrikes, & in bushes many old nests, probably of shrike. 22 March 1979. High fog. Foli with dew. Then drove via Hwy 58 and Nacoo's grade to Pogo, and on up to Hi Mtn. Lookout (40 mi.). at 3,300' 10:30 started down trail to Hi Mtn. about 102', saw one peregrine galen atop Hi Mtn. Rock; soon flew to W. 1,110 at creek in bottom. Some footprints, fresh, of man & dog. 11:25, at pascalug rock, 2600'. Slowly down to S. Heard 2 Bullos calling, & Ospreys. 12:15, opposite peregrine cliff and "hot" hole { }, No new white work. Saw 2 red-tailed hawks perh- ed atop pinto 1/2 mile W. Eventually saw 3 turkey cultures at once, circle- sing above Orogan's head cliffs. Overcast; threat of rain. I looked at foot Huffit Hole Mtn.; flat where Schmitt camped last year; no signs recent use. Steve & Tim watched cliffs until 2 p.m.; no falcons seen. | a yellow "screw" plane passed over us and Huffit's Hole 2 fun times; D-shap- ed trail like an S N.S. | started looking up, 14:10, 2 Catherines perked to- gethor atop cliffs 1/4 mile E. of old penguin site. Quail calls. Red flowers by trail. Occas. deep tracks. Hiked W. up hill; at sun 15:40. Occas. sunshine. Drove down. No sign of warming or else- we along roads or trails. Back thru Shell Cr. canyon. Near Sinton's crossing of San Juan Cr., we saw a prairie falcon perch- ed atop cottonwood. It flew off in a wide circle around newly ploughed ground. | About 200900 today, a yellow plane sprayed alfalfa near strips on Sinton's. Saw 'billdeer' on ploughed ground. | Returned to San's ranch & stayed at my shack; 6 mi. cast & cool. To Santa Barbara, Calif. 23 March 1979. Departed 0600 and drove via Santa Maria and San Marcos Pass to Santa Barbara Museum Natural History, for symposium

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Journal 23 March 1979. Santa Barbara, Calif. on culture. Largely paid for by Western Foundation (Ed Harrison), & run by them. To be 3 days of papers. Some by Mundy, Perrywick (British Univ.), Naustor, Ferrare (France - films), McAdoo (Arden Color), others. Eichen of Patuxent gave only papers by USFWS men, on captive Arden condors. Enos & Smart of FWS Task Force present. Good turnout of local people, students. Stayed w. Wells Abbott & family; visit to museum 24 Mar. 1979. More papers. Ed Harrison showed Pemberton color films & gave comments; invited Ed on us. young condor out of nest. Talked w. Enos of USFWS; he seemed to think no public input required to capture plan for C. Color. Stayed w. Wells Abbott & family; dinner included Drew & Linda McMillan. 25 Mar. 1979. More papers & movies. Talked w. Eichen, who was not in favor of molesting nests, not in favor of capturing all condors. Ike & Smart said radio-telem. would require aircraft monitoring. Smart thought "Draft Recommendation" still under consideration, not in final copy or signed. Talked w. Blauvelt, who is unhappy about lack of scientific use of zoo birds. Nothing controversial discussed (except w. Cros). Met Keith Nelson, who now favors no captures, & will publish article date movie in Imprint, local & Nat. Assoc. journal; Mike MeLevy, DVM, now represents Brief meeting w. Fred Eickel & Bobt. Carter. Wildlife Federation in Calif.; seems to favor no captures. Stayed w. Wells. 26 March 1979. Many went on field trips to Tejon R. (saw no condors). I visited Jeff Hudson, editor of "Cedar Cell," local Sierra Club journal. Also visited David E Davis, doing experiment on annual cycle of weight in Spermophilus beachyi under various daylength regimes; no apparent interest in condors. Seems to think no additional restrictions on use 100% probable, espec- ially because of one paper by Walter Howard that shows better cattle gain when squirrels reduced (but gain at season when squirrels get little winter). I

Journal 26 March 1979. Santa Barbara, CA. talked w. Kiff & participants at Pepper Tree. Offered to take some in field. But raining weather, & group arranging new car; Canyon ofices visitors going to tread up coast, visit Yosemite, etc. | drove to Thousand oaks in rain at night. 27 March 1979. Slept late. Talked w. Dan & his visitor from Palo Alto. Phone from Merle Palmer; said phone talk w. Wilber, who thought USFWS recommendations had been approved by Greenwalt on 1 March, and that then had to be inspected in Recovery Plan, & that before capture, plan would be printed (for comment ?) in Federal Register. Mail also said there was plan for timber sale on Tejon Ranch & subdivision development. Bryan Walton reported one adult swan on cliffs SW of Paddy Bottle, 2x a week spent, seen from plane recently. Wilbur says cowbird activity indicates 2 possible nests (Big Pine (looks new, but hole not finished yet) and ?). 28-30 March. Worked on article for Lament, journal of Santa Monica Bay Audubon Soc. 31 March Saturday. 7:0 saw Luis Olivo to copy article. Thwn to Rancho El Chavo, & we toward Mono Bay, for Sierra Club camp, meetings. afternoon session with Dan & 10-15 S clubbers, stayed overnight. 1 April 1979. Drove N on State Hwy 4 from side road, almost Paddy Bottle & other hills; saw no birds. Weather fair. Drove on N up Hwy 1. This court looks like it could contain Condor habitat. Palo Colorado canyon, N of Big Line, goes inland into rolling grasslands. Bill Franklin had telephoned that Jay Heller of Camarillo had reported seeing 5 raptors, 2 mi S of Palo Colorado, on 17 March. | Drove on to Berkeley. 9 April 1979. Clubbed out a yoga from UC car pool & drove S. via 101 to Sherman Oaks. Talked w. Dan. Discussed SBGZO as not less hunt. ing. Stayed in my shelter. 10 April 1979. Talked w. Dan. Thwn drove to 54,0 & on state Hwy 101

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Journal 10 April 1979. Santa Barbara, Calif. To Santa Barbara, Grove Hall at Sierra Club on same program as John Borenman. No plugged captive, I appeared. Met Bob Easton, Jack Sullivan, various Indulson people; Indulson about 80. Borenman & others had been to Wash D.C. to press hearing about captive budget w/ Greenvest (USFWS) and Decy. Andrus. Stayed w/ Jeff Hudson in Lala Vista. 11 April / 1979. Drove N. to Santa Maria, talked w/ office staff. The Evolving were in La Panza area were on 9 April & did include road up from Chaster Spring, to Pine Ridge & N. to Pogo Road. I continued on to San Luis Obispo, drove Mono Bay to talk w/ Lorento groups at Nat Hist Museums, United Museum, in M.B. State Parks. Then drove to Cambria area & N. to San Simon Cr., spent an hour watching mountain goat fops cameras in good visibility. ( Trucker of Col Poly had reported seeing an adult deer near Cambria at 1330 on 31 March.) Saw none; very windy day. Back to Museums. I Dan Mc M. told me that 5 cattle reported dead in Shale Hills from barkspur poisoning. He said last year many killed by blow, from feeding on lush grass after dry period. Most cattlemen now have more cows, cattle became good forage & high grain; many calves. I Letter from Bill Francis, Monterey, reports that "Red" Philip's reported canyons at Butcher's Leap, up Pali Clouds Canyon, recently! 24 April 1979. Went to Sacramento, leaving 0530, to state senate comm- itter meeting; Mt. lim bill SB 8835 presented at 9 PM, but no vote taken & our opposition not presented. Mrs. Oswego, Wykulye Carr, & cusual group present. Dinner w/ Dave & Larry Litten. Back to Berkeley. 7 May 1979. Monday. Rain in Berkeley. Departed 3 pm. & drove via Dwy. 5 to Chalamo, San Luis Obispo Co., & Glen Mc Millan Ranch. Arrived 9 pm. A wet winter, late spring. Oh said many mice this year. Berley

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Journal 7 May 1979. E. deLuis O'neil & J. A. rare, maximal; now 4-5' tall, green. Ch recently back from Aslibun lecture tour in east. Many young cottontail now. Talked about sand to & other subjects w/ Ch & Dray. Stayed for night. 8 May 1979. Now talk w/ Ellen. Wolf absent. Departed door own dir to Dan McMillan ranch. Talked w/ Dan about eastern 1000 passing, etc. Dan reports quail food poor, though grass & grain crops maximal. Believes moved his bees out - food for them scarce. Orioles nesting in trees at house. Bluebird/badging seen. No young quail seen yet. Nest in gooseberry had 2 or 3 hatch- lings + 2 eggs, no of swallow. Dan said some redtail hawks nest this year on ranch, though none last year. More green he has ever had, & probably best berry production. I did get trail news from my study one brief show, but found no snake or mice; about 10' dia., 5' deep. Occasional sprinkle w/ soil during day. Min. temps. this winter about 24° F. Max so far 83° F. 9 May 1979. Departed Davis 0700. Drove to Queen Bee camps. & via Pine Ridge Rd. Parked 0920. walked 1 hr. 5 on ridge to head Beartrap Canyon & watch for vulture & eagles. '1/2 cloudy, no clouds. Mt. Quicksell; saw 1 pair, also pruner, bluebird, titmouse, red-wing in blue-ole grass land patch. Least Warbler & Lophoptera calls, new-calls, at edge oaks - greenleaf. 2 p.m., 3/10 summer, calms. Searched for salamander under oak's leaf; found none. Saw adult Phrynosoma in toil in chaparral. Track of deer, fox (no print). Ravens. But saw no Falconiforms. '16:05, left top & walked N. Keeler via '710. Drove down to Hwy 58 via La Panza Ranch. Now here, but two Turkey vultures flew low over canyon west of lane. Returned to Davis. This was to have been day of Racer count in Santa Barbara Co. (Bill Francis of Marting watched at Baldchin's Leap near Big Sur; saw none. Ch McMillan

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Journal 9 May 1979 San Luis Obispo Co, Calif. was at radio near Rocky Butte, NW 640. Co. - saw some thundering reports. Later heard that Santa Barbara people out on 8 may; rained. Also Bryan Walton of Santa Cruz was up & down Santa Lucias in plane but saw no condors. [blank! ] 10 May 1979 Thursday. Clear cool night. Many baby cottontail running arounds. Got Cought pregnant at Nestoma. Breakfast with Dew. Departed 9:00. clear, calm. Little Canyon gorse, partly green on N slopes; day 6. New roadrunner near corner. / I walked N in canyon near Switzer grapes, looking for nests in mud cliffs. 3 old quail nests W. several old snake nests; one nest had half grown young. Kinglides (later tail marks) on grape vines. Saw goshawk, 10+ black sparrow. In cliffs 1/2 mile N.; 2 prominent stick nests - scree? Some other hole w. whitewash. Many lizards out. 11 a.m., clear, warm. In air are red-tailed hawk done at another. Drew W. to Hwy. 58. y-d-nagpies. Visited Peter Switzer new home / Drew back F. along Shell Creek. Opposite (N of) windmill, 3 cars parked by the fenced stripix strip. There included about 50'19; leader Bryan Walton of Santa Cruz. One man had descended to prairie falcon nest in middle of R. cliff & landed the 2 young (about 2 wks old, Walton said. Later I heard that they put three captive-raised young in nest.) In car, Walton had 2 captive raised falcon chicks, to be released at other nest site. A girl from Cal Poly to watch nest on occasion / This nest manipulation done in Wendler Wildlife Area w/o know ledge or permission of Switzer. Saw telephone game under capt. Thomas about it - / Reached grain truck for shews; could not find. 10 May Talked w Jan, Elow. Departed Eli's ranch 10:00. Saw adult golden eagle about 2 mi to N, flying low (new fledging time?). No baby quail seen yet. Drew via Hwy 5 to Barbelo in Chew pickup. Took live Nestoma - about a week later it gave birth to 5 young. 12 21 May 1979 w. Susan, drove to Hartings Reservoir. 18 May 1979 Members Monterey Audubon Society arrived. Pro. Bill Francis,

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Journal 13 18 May 1979 Carmel Valley, Calif. John Davis took us on bird walks around. I talked w/ group later about carders. They voted $300 to my carder investigations. 14 May 1979. Drove back to Berkeley. 21 May 1979. Have talk about carders & objections to capture program for Cooper Ow. See at 8 p.m. to San Luis Obispo Co., Calif. 23 May Wed. Departed Berkeley 3:30 p.m. Drove via Hwy 5 to El McMillan's & stayed night. 24 May 1979. Talked w/ Gregory & Jan. Near Ch's house, 2 kestrels chased 2 barn owls vigorously, as if one had taken nothing. Many blackbirds & kingbirds in trees. Bludge Me M. said 3 groups lovely quail seen so far; one bunch 25-30 young. Hot day. / V-g swallows nesting in prairie fallow cliff. Jan said barn nest in ditch NW of my shack. I drove to hwy 58, via Navejo Rd., to Queen Bee turnoff & on to La Parga Ranch, where talked w/ Stu & Debbie. No carders seen. Stews says little attention to birds. Stews reduced cover to about 250 head. Returned to Jan's. Some baby still growing fields. Blow away still. 25 May 1979. Friday. Departed 0645. Good sunlight in falow nest; I saw 3 young, half blackish feathers. I drove S. to Carnegie Plain. Before California Valley, a group 500+ sheep. A few far mls. S., one burrowing owls. Few cattle. Another bunch sheep at far S. end plains. Saw one prairie dogman near S w shed about 20 mi on road N. of Hwy 166. / To New Cuyana & talked w/ Ben Harlow, USFS. Said carder report about 3 weeks ago of 5 sightings in 4 days by men looking for falow nests; Olive & Brooks Cayon S. of Cuyana. He said a helicopter applied poisoned grain in Cuyana Valley about 2 weeks ago. / I set out to drive to Keys Ranch. Got stuck in loose sand. Eventually out by putting on tire chains & building stock road in sand. Third & sweaty, so drove up Carr

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Journal 25 May 1979 Cuyna Valley, Glft. Norwest road about 10 mi. to Valle Visto & camped in pines + live oaks. Overlook bare grassy hills w. some cattle to N. 26 May 1979. Hazy, with light breeze. Watched for carders to 0745. Heard Orestyx + Raphatys calls. Then up road to S. From Cowhead Peters got good view west Brush Mtns + Mt. Abel. (at least never got picture taken at each within recent years). Bbrosy, small to W. of Valle Visto seems good hunting site; conspicuous to birds, accessible to telecamera im. / Took side road E. to Marian Camps, 6400', on Brush Mtns ridge. Big yellow pines, pinyons. Walked N. along east arm lower, to 6700' +. Good views of San Emigdio Bank to E. Many suitable corvid roosting trees. Small snow pet- chers on W. side Mt. Abel + barrnil. /Saw a kestrel above sharp- land through pine trees. A few ravens, steller jays, flickers; Orestyx calls. / Back at Marian c/g 1140. Being up fairly large. /1pm, hiked a mile toward San Emigdio Mtns.; 4-w d. road goes there (also to W). Departed 2 pm + drove via local road around + to top of Mt Abel. Juniper + Pinyon Ponderosa pine. Big yellow pines. Few people; 2-3 cars only. Heard Orestyx then. Good long views of mtns. / Returned down road + watched Brush Mtns. East from 3:30-4:30; no carders moved till back to Marian c/g for a coolnite (but neighbor motorcycle + rod-journey). Walked 1/2 hr S. + back in evening. Heard poor well, no owls. 27 May 1979. Sunday. Cool, calm in pines. Descended road W. to main road. (from near 20 mi. port) Scanned N. side Mt. Abel for roosting birds; saw none, but fre- quent suitable dead trees. Drove slowly N., 8 a.m. Mi. 19, flushed an imm: golden eagle from beside road; much white bare tail. Cowhead Peters, hunting site possibility. Fairly clear days, better than most. Once stops to stalk for carders, eagles. Only ravens seen. Went down + W. to Hwy. 33 + about 2 mi S. to Football

Ben H. suggests, for info: - Jack Porch San Emig's de Ranch Monterey Marispa Hwy, Metlr. = ? 858-2098 Bakersfield

Journal 27 May 1979. Cuylama Valley, Calif. Rd. which runs W. to S. of Cuylama town. Irrigated fields alfalfa, + prep. for other crops. Some antelope fields. About 2 mi. W. on Foothill, a feedlot with a few hundred cattle. Opposite Tennis Cyn., grp. of 200+ lines - only sheep seen. Some gps. cattle in hills to S. Included Bode & Oliva Canyon area, where some cliffs. Good view all ridgetops, west part McPherson Pls. Only heavily bluffed area near Montgomery Paterno (Branch Canyon). Verrain ranch roads to S. of Foothill. I continued W.; road turned N. to Hwy 166 at Bell Rd. I drove E. to New Cuylama & took road on W. side to S. to oil plant & Branch Canyon. Took W. road (Foothill again) to Alice Park, a flat new near 3 streams, where much shade of oaks, & dozens of camping vehicles. Trail S. to Oliva Mesa ridge. / Back to Branch Cyn. area, where a phosphate mine. Apparently walked for Lion Cyn. area & Desquino; used horse trailer. / Back to Cuylama for gas, & Foothill Rd. to survey for reptiles again. Windy & hazy now, about 2 p.m. Saw a golden eagle flying low over the cultivated fields; adult, but at times appeared to have yellow-brown on its white triangle underwings, condor-like. Also one turkey vulture; Ben Harbon thinks few here. / I drove them to Roger Sts. & took road to Soda Lake. About 12 mi. in saw band (100+ sheep); no more. Occas. gps. cattle. Some greenish-brown whist, 1'1/2' tall, but mostly very dry. / Saw one turkey vulture a few mi. S. of California Valley. On Hwy 58; & off at Salt Cula area. In P. [illegible] nest, I saw 3 Merlin's active; possibly fourth in active, lying on ground. Back to San McMillan Ranch. 28 May 1979. Monday. Official Memorial Day. Overcast starting, but later broke up to thin cirrus. Talked w/ Law. No news of

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Journal 28 May 1979. E. San Luis Obispo Co., Calif. 1000 operation in SLO County yet. Also talked w. Clow Me M. He had been in San Carpeofos Ceny area of Heart Bank for about 3 days & had seen a load of no raptors in area; returning there today. El said he had caught a pickup parked in Palo Pieta canyon at night near the eagle nest & saw another man up) the eagle tree; a second pickup parked near red tailed buck nest. This would be a favorite for raptor nestling snatching.

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Field notes - 1978 carl B Koford, Ph.D. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California Berkeley, CA. 94720 U.S.A. 415 642-3567 offi 527-2832 home In Guatemala: Yd Lic. Mario Dary R. Director, Escuela de Biologia Univ. de San Carlos de Guate. Jardin Botanico Av. de la Reforma 0-43, Zona 10 Guate.

El Aoto Ed Moya -24 Nudo. 31211 of 14 Cap. Road 1658 117721

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