Alaska species accounts, part 2, v4221

Holmes, Richard T. (Richard Turner)

Unknown

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

Original Source

Source Material:
Image from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Contributed by Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. | www.biodiversitylibrary.org

Birds--Alaska Birds--Alaska--Barrow Point. Shore birds Shore birds--Behavior Water birds--Alaska.

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R. Holmes 1959 - 1964 Species Accounts – Part 2 Calidris fuscicollis – Calidris melanotos

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R. Holmes 1959 - 1964 Species Accounts – Part 2 Calidris fuscicollis – Calidris melanotos

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Holms, R 1959 Erolia furcillata 15 June Barrow, Alaska One seen flying swiftly across the drum area at 1400. It was flying westward and as it circled, it uttered a very different sounding call. This consisted of a trundling-like note which is different from the flight notes of the other local sandpipers. 19 June Barrow, Alaska One pair seen along the ridge just east of the gasoline. Several times they were noted chasing and the note described above was used. Later the pair landed about 10-12 feet away and the female started walking. The male spread out his wings horizontally and with the tips drooping, lowered his head and cocked his tail. He then followed behind the Q in this position for about 6 feet. This whole display was accompanied by a "single" note which was repeated 8 to 10 times. It can best be described as a boing-boing... (like a springy pupping). At the end of the 6 feet the male began to chase the female and they both took flight and flew out (meadow lake) as Central Marsh. Just before

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Holme R 1955 Erolia Luciollis 2. 19 june Barrow, Alaska They flew. The 8> lost again his normal posture and bobbed his head several times. No sound was heard at this time. 1500.-1600. This pair was seen again in the same general area. The courtship display described above was seen once again, but it was at such a distance that nothing new can be added. The aerial display was performed several times. It was a typical erolia-type display where the bird flew to a height I about 31 feet and then glided down giving a high pitched twittering-note. This note was a three-part tinkling note which is very distinctive and seems to be the highest pitched of any 1 the Erolia's. 20 june Barrow, Alaska The same birds as mentioned above were watched for an hour and a half (0930-1100) on the beach ridge. The male was showing his territoriality by making the rounds of approx. 10 acres on top the ridge. He would sit on mounds at various locations

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Holmes,R. 1959 Erolia fuscicollis 20 June Barrow, Alaska around the area and occasionally display (curiae). Also if a Pectoral, Red-backed, Semi-palmated or Baird Sandpiper would come into Theatre they were chased out immediately. By noting where these chase started The boundaries of the territory could be roughly determined. It seemed to be about the width of the ridge and extended from 30 yards west of the snow poles west to within 50 yards of the gasoline. The boundaries seemed fairly definite, and the only time the bird was seen to leave the area was when he flew to the SE to a patrol turn near New Mead Lake. It sometimes returned and resumed defensive behavior. It would leave its post and fly low over the ground (3-7 feet) and then rise to a height of 40-50 feet. From this height it would float for several feet on horizontal wings and then as it approached the ground, the wings would be held in a V-position and the bird would land in this position.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Ercilia fuscicollis 20 June Barrow Alaska The song given during this aerial display is somewhat varied. It usually consists of a double-twi (hard note) which may be given in rapid succession (up to as many as 10-12 times) or it may be interspersed with a type of "singing" note which was described earlier. This note during the flight display is different however, in that it seems to be carried out longer and can be interpreted as a type of trill. It could be characterized as a singing-ggg-see note, which is drawn out. This note may be given on the ground as well as in the air. Several times when he flew to these heights he merely hovered instead of gliding down. In one case he remained aloft for 2½-3 minutes, and another time it was at least 2 minutes. No vocal movement could be heard during this hovering, but occasionally, he would glide for 4 or 5 feet at which time, he would give the song described above, and then begin hovering again. Once the bird was seen next to the female and the previous.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Eralia FuscioIIis 5. 20 June Barrow, Alaska "courtship" display was seen. According to F.A.T., the note used here was the same as the one used during the aerial display. After the display was performed twice, the male appeared to sneak off using the "move-run" technique, when he moved about 10 feet away from the female before taking flight. The male was also seen to give this same display for a Semipalmated Sandpiper, which was followed by a chase which ended at the territory boundary. So apparently this may be an aggressive behavior as well as (?) a courtship display. Later, two males were displaying at the same time. Conflict between these two was not observed, even though the second bird was seen inside the first one's territory (near the eastern edge). During the flight songs, the male throat could be seen moving air and out, but it was not bulged out like the Pectoral. There was no defensive action taken when Red Phalaropes or Loons flew over the area. The wing display where one wing is raised toward an obstacle was noted when Golden

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Holmes R. 1959 Erolia fasciata 20 June Barrow, Alaska Pls see above. Also when I approached Close, he would raise the one wing [usually the one near the intruder]. 21 June Barrow, Alaska A pair seen again on the beach ridge. Aerial displays were noted several times, and the P was seen to chase two Sanderlings and a Baird's Sandpiper. The ground display was given once when the female was present. The female was approached out time as she was feeding and when I was within 10 feet of her, she cropt off using the "mouse-run" behavior. This behavior is where the bird appears to crouch and runs in this position, as if it was running away undetected. The feathers on the back are ruffled and the head is out straight in front of the bird. This is often the type 1 behavior a bird uses to leave at roost or when it is going to a nest. The territorial boundaries were carefully guarded again and were patrolled in the same low-flying manner. The second bird was not seen

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia fuscicollis 22 june Barrow, Alaska The male was seen displaying several times and was patrolling the territory regularly. The female or second male was not seen. 23 june Barrow, Alaska The nest was discovered in the late afternoon just n. of the crest of the ridge in rather dry grounds. It was about 40 feet from a small pond and was on a small mound. The nest was "lined" with grass and was covered by rather tall grass. It contained three eggs so egg-laying probably began on or near the 21st. The eggs are greenish brown with dark brown blotches near the large end. Upon flushing the female from her nest (by following and frightening mole), we waited until they settled down and then moved back about 100 feet. The female flew right back and walked around nervously for about a minute. Then she gradually worked her way to her nest and immediately began to sit. When she was again flushed, she stayed about 10 feet (ass)

23 June, Barrow, Alaska away and performed a distraction display. This consisted of spreading his wings slightly and dropping there and dropping and fanning his tail. At the same time a sharp chek, chek note was given which sounded very much like the note of a Solitary Chicken. The male was several yards away and did not attempt display. Previously, the male was seen land and the walker ten feet, bobbing his head at the same time. The regular aerial song was given as his head moved forward and back. The high note was given with the bill wide open. This motion had the appearance of the bird puffing out its throat; however, with the neck pushed out and the head back, the feathers were merely ruffled. 24 June, Barrow, Alaska The nest was checked at 0940 and contained 4 eggs. The female watched until I was within 6 feet of the nest before she flew off. After flying about 6 feet, she landed and performed the distraction display. As I walked away from the nest, she followed for about ten feet then she turned and began a feed nervously. She returned to the nest in about 3 minutes. 26 June, Barrow, Alaska The nest was checked at 1100, and the female was incubating. During

Hermes, P. 1959 Erolia fuscicollis 26 June Barrow, Alaska. The 45 minutes spent on that part of the ridge, the male was not seen or heard. The wind was blowing, however, and this could have obscured the chance of seeing him. 27 June Barrow, Alaska When the nest was first visited at 1300, the female was not present. After spending several minutes taking pictures to nest, the female ( I suppose) showed up and gave the electrokinetic display. She would perform this display with wings slightly dropped, tail spread and in a crouched position for a distance of 30 feet from nest. From that distance out she would feed repeatedly picking at various clumps of grass, etc. When she was close to the nest, the electrokinetic display was nearly always given (in a few cases after standing near nest for several seconds), she approached - walking for then but generally assumed - the crouched position. The wind was heard to display (aerially) (see, about 100 yards west of the

27 June. Barrow, Alaska nest areas. It was not seen anywhere or communicate with the female. 28 June. Barrow, Alaska Two birds seen, both displaying aerially, near to pipeline or gasoline ridge. One bird was heard several times and was on the south side 1 Bundy. The second bird was only seen once and it was on the north side. 2 July. Barrow, Alaska NO activity seen or heard around The nest. Also the birds on gas line ridge have not been here since 25 June. 4 July. Barrow, Alaska The nest was checked at 1330, At this time, the nest covered be found, and there was no sign of the parent bird. The depression was located, but no sign of the eggs was detected. Apparent some predator (raptor?) may have taken toll in the nest. For a more complete description The nest The following discussion well be made. The nest was located

Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia fuscicollis 4 July Barrow, Alaska about 25 feet below the crest of the beach ridge on the north (NW) side. The ground is rather dry, covered with small dwarf willow, mosses and lichens with an interpersia of grasses (Poa and others). The position of the nest was among the lichens and willow and grasses and was a shallow depression. There did not appear to be an exact lining to the nest, but it was probably formed from the surrounding grass being pressed down and matted when the adult sat down to lay the eggs. Since the eggs had disappeared, the nest could not be easily distinguished from the surrounding tundra. Pictures were taken of the area to illustrate these points. 11 August Pitt Point, Alaska One bird seen about 2 mi S.O. of the coastline on a low ridge (typical mudflats area); however no sign of flying birds was presented. 15 August Pitt Point, Alaska One bird seen near the base. The "chomble" call note is distinctive.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia fuscio[illegible] 12, 16 August Pitt Point, Alaska One noted in the same locale as the one yesterday. It was lucky among a group of small ponds. 19 August Barrow, Alaska One was seen on Ottilie Ridge near the end of Frogline I. It was not noted at the next visit. - caught in traps a garden ? check trap records

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Holmes,R 1960 Erolia lusciollis 22 june Ikroash, Alaska A pair seen near the small lake. So.1 the 2nd inlet jink ikroash. The 8 was seen choosing the E (venially). Both disappear for a time. Finally after a 15 minute wait I heard to 7 display. He flew to a height of about 25 feet or more. The pony-ze call. It was noted that their call seemed to be more buzzy- or vibrating-like than the cha rockenrathia. The bird gave only a sequence 16-8 notes, then he returned to the ground. No E was not seen again. 23 june - A chow was seen near the 2nd inlet. Four birds (pr?) were choosing a third individ north-western corner the slope. The birds were followed with the glow as fast as possible but they were not seen to stop. (The chow was not a straight course; there was much turning & actual choosing). Another(?) bird was seen to fly across the plot near the

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erynia fuscicollis 23 June Tkhrauik, Alaska In the evening, a [illegible] was watched by the pond. It was feeding along the edge and occasionally would fly 3 or 4 feet to a new feeding place along the shore. Three times it was noted to fly northwards into an area of low cent polygon, when it would just sit on a mound. Its activity was noted. Once it rose to meet an on-coming bird. After sitting for several minutes it would fly back toward the lake (pond) and begin feeding again. It was seen to display near the pond and near his "observation" post. It was noted that in the display he rises abruptly (more so than past [illegible]) with strong wing beats. At the havers and from his arrival song. It was particularly noted this evening that its song is quite weak. Even though I was only 150 yards down wind from the bird I could not hear the "zee" notes, and even that I had a hard

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia fuscicollis 23 June Ithraquik, Alaska Same hearing The "poings". This bird was watched for about 1 1/2 hours, and the second bird was not seen during this time. One was heard late this evening somewhere down in the plot area. 24 June - While doing the census, I heard a white-snap displaying across the second plot mile threavik. It was heard only twice. In the evening, a display was heard near stake 19. The birds were not seen near the pond, as they were the last for evening. 26 June Barrow, Alaska One heard on the east shore of salt lagoon, and one was collected by Pitelka just south of Britton's Area. Another bird was seen out in central marsh near the SW corner of the marsh plot. It was seen feeding with a flock of Pectoral Sandpipers. 27 June - I heard displaying on the shear ridge, just east of the gas line.

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Holmes, R. 1960 30 June Skroalik, Alaska During The evening hours, several white - rumped Sdp. were noted near stake 22.4-25.4. When first seen, one bird was flying low over the ground. He landed suddenly and kept his wings at a 60° with the ground. His tail was raised but The tail feathers were not spread. He then proceeded to move slowly with a very slight tside to side motion. The 'porging' was also. I could not ascertain if this was toward a ? or not. Several seconds later, I saw 2 white-rumps chasing a third bird in a zig zag fashion. About one hour later, another chase was observed which again involved three birds. Two appeared to be chasing the third as they flew low over the ground. This chase lasted nearly 5 minutes before the birds disappeared into the fog. About 15 minutes later, a displaying bird was seen ahead near stake 24.5. When The bird glide down after

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Holmrs,R. 1960 G. Erolia fusci collis 30 June Throavik, Alaska In display The wings are held at approximately 45°, and the mid appears to float slowly down to the ground. 1 July. The birds were very active today near the south end of the plot. The following diagram is a summary of the action in this area: 2 chasing 25° 24° 23° 22° 21° 20° hard AWRS-chase Chase- 4 binds slept 8 min 3 chase

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia fascicollis 7. 1 July Skrovaik, Alaska The map on the previous page shows the activity of the various white-rumps on the census area. The original ncts are on the census sheets. I am still not clear as to what was happening today. There seemed to be an exceptional amount of chasing, and it was difficult, if not impossible, to establish territorial boundaries. During these chases the birds are erratic flyers. They fly close behind each other, weave back and forth, make sharp turns, etc.. It is my im- pression that there are at least 2 to 3 pair here, but even this is certainly hard to say with any [illegible] degree of certainty. 2 July - White-rump activity was again noted near the south end of the plot. At one moment, 3 or 5 were heard displaying, so there are at least 3 displaying birds. I also believe that this is conservative, that there are at least 5, if not 6 pair. 6 birds were involved in one chase while another bird was heard displaying behind me at 2.30.

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Holmes,R. 1960 8. Erolia fuscicollis 2 July Skroacik, Alaska The same time. Often during a chase, one bird (usually, the chaser) will display. In one instance, 2 birds were seen flying southward towards the pond and then flew out over it. Once, The chasing bird flew quickly ahead, set his wings at a 45°, and displayed. The other bird kept on going, paying no attention to the displaying bird. The displaying bird then fell into place and continued chasing. This happened twice during a 308 yard flight. When They were over the pond, a third bird joined them in the chase. The three continued south; one of them would display once or twice. Often during The chase, going-see was affected by the chaser (even when he did not set his wings, in the typical display pattern). Later, a bird was seen displaying. When he returned to the ground, he ran for a distance of about 2 feet in a hunched over posture (not the usual destructive display with tail spread, etc.) The bird then stood erect on a mound for 30 sec. It

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Holmes,R 1960 Erolia fuscicollis 2 July Skroavik, Alaska Then extended his wing towards a bird (#2) which was standing a few feet away and was walking toward him. This second bird raised its wing in response to #1 and turned around. Bird #1 then walked quickly toward #2, raised its tail (not spread, but held in approximate normal position), dropped its wings and then placed them horizontally -arin 1ms. He then walked behind the female (#2), walking in with a side to side or tottering motion. The pings-see accompany this performance. After 10sec while #1 was still in this position, a 3rd bird landed nearby + both birds in display raised their wings towards this intruder. A chose the encroacher with the #1 (male) leading the #2 (female), but after the intruder. After several seconds, there were 6 birds involved in the chase, and they all headed southward over the pond. There now appears to be at least 3 pairs in the area + possibly 5. The diagram on the following page shows what I believe

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia fuscicollis 2 July Ukraaik, Alaska To be The car now. The is subject to modification. ↓N pr. #3 25.0 #1 pr. counting 2 July 24.0 23.0 ?? ? ? Lake #2 Ibira - ? When display + chasing has quicked, The respective birds can be seen in These areas; however during The above mentioned activities, there is some confusion on The actual boundaries. Much of The chasing seems to be confined to members of the pair. This is similar to The chasing seen

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia fuscicollis 2 July Qkroavike, Alaska in alpina, in that during courtship the 8 often class the 9 for great distances. In fuscicollis where these birds are frequently seen, it seems possible that there may be a sibling 1 & 4, so that other males are after the 9 that is being courted. This is also confirmed, apparently, at the beach & gas line ridges (see Dikbhai Field Notes). The pony-gee call when it is heard in chorus may be given only for the 9. I have not been able to determine yet, if this is given toward other 8's. It is heard during classes, but here again the lack of visible sexual dimorphism prevents obtaining information on this point. Sometimes an aerial display associated with a "zeree, pony zee..." - instead zree.... Once in the late afternoon The pair (#1) was seen together. The 8 was in his ground display position. Following before the 9. Suddenly he tried to mount her, but she

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia fuscicollis 12. 2 July Skeravile, Alaster Turned, lowered her wings & stretched them horizontally & stood facing him. He was still in his display posture & was giving the poing-see. As she faced him, they were both in an identical position, except that her tail was in its normal position & was not cocked. He then jumped partially over her & turned as he did so, landing on her back. Copulat- ion (?) took place & several seconds later, the pair flew off. About half an hour, copulation or at least (attempt) was again seen in the same general locality. The ? had just finished his ground display when he tried to mount the ?. It appears that copulation took place, but it could not be definitely determined. In the evening very little activity was noted. One bird which had been feeding for 10 minutes raised his wing towards a phalange which flew over it at the same time gave a 20 second sequence of poing-see. After the phalange passed, she

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Holmes,R. 1960 2 July Ikroaile, Alaska white - rump(?, I believe. - he had just displayed previous to the feeding period) lowered his wing + after his vocalization returned to his feeding. It has been noted that these birds all do a con- siderable portion of their feeding around this pond. When 1st coming to Ikroaile, the birds can usually be located along the edge of the pond. The same bird which displayed toward the phalarope (above), also was seen to chase a Pectoral sandpiper + they do an aerial display (at stroke 23.1). About 15 minutes later, both birds (Pect. Sand. & the Wh. rump) were feeding side by side with no trouble between them. The habitat of fuscicollis here at Ikroaile seems to be quite similar to the section 1 the beaver ridge where we found them last year. The ridge is not high, but is elevated enough to allow for a gentle slope on the east side which extends down to the shore of the lake. This is a grass covered

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia fuscicollis 2 July Ikravik, Alaska Slope which is used by the birds for feeding. On the west side, The ridge slopes more gently into a area of ponds & small lakes. On the slope there are areas of low pHlygone and moderate troughs (1-2 feet deep) and a variety of small puddles ponds. Actually the area in which most of the birds spend their time and where most of the chasing & display takes place. 3 July - East Ikravik, Alaska One individual seen just north of Lam lake & just east of Ikravik. The bird was flying low over the tundra was not displaying. 4 July Ikravik, Alaska Severe seen at the South end of the plot. Once a redback was chased. 5 July Barrow, Alaska None were seen on the brook ridge. 8 July Ikravik, Alaska A pair (?) were seen chasing at the northwest portion of the plot. One a pair at the ground display was

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia fuscicollis 8 July Heronvile, Alaska - also displayed once in flight. seen. The 8th had raised his tail & spread out his wings, but was then interrupted by a Sphaleriza landing nearby. The 2 then flew off + several months later they were seen flying again in the same direction (so the, must have circled around). On the lake evening, one was seen feeding near the pond at stake 25.1, & another was heard displaying nearby. 9 July - Very little activity at The south end & The plot in the morning.- 1 bird seen feeding, 10 July - 2 birds seen at The south end /& plot. 1 display heard as there 2 Closed. 14 July - 1 seen along the east edge (The plot near Stake 23.0. At that time been feeding along the edge of Heronvile & flew back into The plot in this locale. No others were seen or heard; however, it was a windy-rainy cold day. 17 July - None seen in The area on The plot or in That vicinity. One was

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia fuscicollis 17 July Ikravants, Alaska noted along with Slough just before it empties into Salt Logon. 21 July - One seen around Stevavitz + one was heard. The one around the end of the plot was thoroughly checked. Also the area south of the plot was walked for about 1/4 mile. 26 July - None seen in the white-ring area. The plot was near the store. 6 August - The area at the southern end of the plot was again checked, and there was still no sign of any white- rumped Sandpipers. If the birds did breed successfully, they have disappeared from view. None have been reported recently. 15 Aug - The area was checked again + still no sign of the white rings. 3 Sept 1 juvenile collected along the Logon south of James Logon ("Voll Creek"). It was just begun its first juvenile molt.

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erolia fuscicollis 4 June Barrow, Alaska While driving along the old weasel route, south of Button's Area, a Semi-pel scound up & kept moving along in front of me. Suddenly a second bird appeared next to the Semi-pel & went into a courtship posture. Subseq. both birds were collected (1078-1079) & the display turned out to be E. fuscicollis - The display was the same or seen before, that is with the tail raised but not spread. Wings held horizontally & a slight feet. The weasel noise drowned out any sounds which may have been emitted. I presume the Semi-pel flying hard along the whin must have set off this behavior. (The display looked only 30-35 sec, after which time both birds began to feed - about 6-10 feet apart. 10 June - In the morning, a displaying bird was seen hovering above the tundra at a height of 30' - given the primary rec-over. This was in Heaton (ridge county) - No.1 Traplines ID A&B + Vol's Area (new edge- with a stick psyching out). The bird flew down along the ponds - the lowlands where he was through displaying. In the evening, he was heard displaying twice & he was feeding with a second bird near Pross - so he was noted.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia fascicollis 6 June Barrow, Alaska One bird - seen feeding on sledge top, 200 yards south of 25.0 - Barrowick Census Plot B. - once yaw short buzzy bill while feeding. The As a Dunlin landed nearly after completing an aerial display, The white - rump raised one wing - towards the Dunlin - then spread both wings horizontally - cocked tail - walker in this posture for about 1' - brought both wings into the body's keeping The tail cocked. kept walking forward the Dunlin (head was now up - as opposed to the head forward (the previous posture)). (1) → (2) → (3) All Newwhile the bird saw the buzzy - zee ping. call [This descr. Mr. song does not seem appropriate now!!). When about 1' away from the Red - both - the bird assumed normal posture & began feeding. Later - it fed right next to the bird - with no effect. This display must have been brought by being disturbed or alarmed by sudden movement - ?? 9 June Two birds seen in company with E. terruginea just south of Bruttons area. They

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia fuscicollis 9 june Barrow, Alaska was watched during the entire afternoon. Most of the time was spent in feeding, but one bird was seen to give a courtship display force. The posture here is as we have recorded it - with perhaps the head held a bit higher - or at least so higher at one suspension - when the call is given. The note seems to be more it - zha-porns, zha-poring,... given with quite a violent movement. The head up & down. They paid no attention. The displaying bird would fly just a short aerial hill - each time upon landing - the wing (1 wing) would be held vertically for a second or so then be folded slowly into proctu - almost in a deliberate (or ceremonial) manner. He was seen at least 10 times. Once - the bird landed about 40' from the other white rump wheel was feeder near 2 Rerlin. After the display landed he apparently evos alarmed & raised me away toward those other birds - The lower raised it again - 3-4 times. Suddenly - then started to fly & hovered over this

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Holmes, F. 1962 Erolia fascicollis 9 June Borrow, Alaska Wing flashing individual. As they got after him - he started to raise the tail very + in the left down fashion. It so happened that later this wing was out of phase with the other - causing quite a confusion - since one wing would shoot up as the other came down. After several leap flights & follow-up The wings- finally settling down over the shrub at 15. This alternating wing flashing was apparently in response to near the birds seen to do it frequent display & fascicollis - probably signifying recognition or awareness condition. Late when the second courtship act was seen - this seemed to get a little warmer - 1 or 2 shovelers were seen - since he seemed to interrupt feeling. Soon after the 3rd stopped abruptly- I observed the other bird & bat mower in display - (who could not be found that later in the evening). 12 June - One displaying bird seen near the South shore of Swan River Creek - NE of the Conservation Plot at Skowhegan. The bird flew several feet above disturbed - stood a moment with crypto wing raised to the vertical

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erolia fasciellis 14 June Barrow, Alaska and facing me. Thrown red for 35 sec - at which time it was lowest - It floated twice. The first fluttering, flew low over the tumulus (7-3') for 57' - Then turned upwards to 38' when it hovered a outstretched, down-arm graceful wings for 5 sec (wind was warm drizzle - no sound heard) Then the wingsman set V & then spiralled down to the ground. Lander with left wing held up momentarily - The folded. Late it was seen to chase a Rovlin - or - first, close-followed flight. 20 June Stroanite - 1 saw them Not the wannyan - chasing a pectoral Sep. - not found again. 24 June Stroanite - One heard displaying twice west of 22.4-23.4 - off the center plat. Once it was chased by a display of P.S. - which gave it seven aggressive gulps - as be followed behind in white- jump - shot tortuous flight - It returned to gave - whoop - flip- display. The white - jump labeled me when be heard before - with wings held up at vertical + beg to land.

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Holmes,R. 1922 Erolia fusciocellis 24 June Barrow, Alaska The south end of the plate was reveiled during the late afternoon & The me display was found west of 24.4-20.4 - along the edge of the large lake. He performed several display by flying low over the ground with a fast, deep every beat - The shooting up to 58-60', gave over two "steading every beats" which he called quivering & then sat over at 450 and floated a glided both the ground. The song was given as soon as he levelled off from his climb & it was give as he glided down. He usually landed on the heap of mud - piled up by the ice cake - at the edge of the lake - once it landed on the ice cake itself. As the bird landed, the wings would be held up briefly - the lowered into position. It once was close by a patrol who saw in gurgler rattle & it once closer off a small (& or parts developed?) as it the swept by (this was done by a swift flight - the white-rump following clear) behind the PS - then turning & feverous over as it glided back to the lake above.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia fuscicollis 24 June Barrow, Alaska One hour after landing - the bird fed both along < Polygon (low-cut) ridges & suddenly dropped into a depression - 2' east / a 15' diameter pond - which lies adjacent to the large lake. The bird put his chest into the lotus / the cup - tail tip folded upward pointing back into the air 10 meters to mini-Price's right appendage & with tail as it pushed the chick into the cup. After about 30 sec - its straightened tail and the cup. It heads tail at about same level - not angled in with tail higher. It then turned 5 times - ever five seconds squirming a bit in a different direction (18° N - E - S - W). Finally returned to head - pointed SW direction - at which time it stood - & the cup began pecking like 1 gram from around the cup - where were tossed to the side - i.e. "over the shoulder." These were thrown at both sides - casually alternately. It then stepped out of the cup - stood about 3" away - again pecking like 1 gram & moving them to the side & into the cup. It then returned to the next cup - stood again - pecking on vegetation, briefly settling & turning a moving its body from side to side. Shelled?

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Helmes, R. 1962 Erobia fusciocellis 24 June Banov, Alaska It stood up, stepped out / No cup + fl ew up directly to about 30' - floo k down seven in pony- zee - 5 who nu- on ground - glided off, landing 50' away. The length of time spent - in the cup was ~6 minutes. The apparent size The 5? No sounds were made when the bird was in the cup. 27 June I heard displaying - 2 basses - a fleet of 5? Beeford Sby flew over the south end of the Skrovil Plot. The next -cup display are we shutted. The cup was about 2½ inches indeterminate + 1½" deep- with flush, dug-out bottom - with a few feet of dry grass laying across it (on the floor of cup). 2 July One display - as a group of 4 flocking Beetles flew over south end / Skrovil Plot - by flying behind Drii Hold for 5-10 sec- giving the pony- zee. Late 2 more brief aerial displays were heard west of 21.0 - near the lake + near the site / the previously direct nest-cup display. The call note / this time is a deeper, not so high pitched son as heard in earlier years. It perhaps can be characterized as a deep, pung- zha, pung- zha, ... given < sequence 18 - 20 times.

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Holmes,R. 1963 Calidnis fuscicollis 7 june Barrow, Alaska One Seen + it's aerial display was head briefly - near Traplin- IDA4-0. 15 june One displays a Shroovel census plot. 17 june -Not seen on Shroovel today. 21 june 25 june One bird displaying on south end / Shroovel plot. The bird flew low along the lake shore (to Nearest / the plot 23.4) + The cut into the tundra, started up To about 30' - when it hovered - quickly beating wings to have The rapid purr-it... . Newer down up at the point I made it difficult to hear the song. At the few swifts don't bend men Be (who magic - when it began). Several minutes later - it moved south over the pond at the south end / the plot & displayed there. The Bird was collected late in the afternoon. Upon shenniny (Pitelus -), some yellow globular fat was present under ostium, small delicate blood vessel of a branching shape were running along with two foot long... The develops does not even care near Melt Melanotes but there is some suggestion of "pectate" development. No development was evident

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RTH 1963 C. Fusciuelli 25 June Barrow, Alaska by external examination - no proof die not sag - as in melanos. 29 June Heard - south end/center plot 3 July I Displayed hard NNE 13.4 - twin + briefs. Lots a and hovering display was seen on Deplet 12 and he moved towards the west. De say who heard from distant area < pulsatory effect > could reproduce a UNB-70, UNB-70 - a OING-ze. Who heard closely - De 70-(78)- been < big pitha Min-70>. (The ["p"] poing does not seem to represent any sound correctly). When first seen - Debr was hovering in a quiver display - giving the above doublet (2/10c) + aft - about 10 sec - he set his wings in V + slid off to the west - gave no audible sound. 14 July - Muller brought back sex. specimen for Bernard Rives, Banks Island, Canada. One Eros - 4 well well deer broodpotcha - six birds accompany 3 chicks - which were also collected. Before collecting, killing, there was a Nearer about 1/2 hour - no signs adult around - it appeared no male was around. A second adult

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RTH 1963 E. fuscicollis 14 July Barrow-Alasne- BANDS ISLAND. also proved to be a 9 - the heel incutal patches. North Mares birds had an specialy at the west region - no difference in the fur, no vasculonotz, etc. The lines were scarce near Maher's camp - but were found in Delcut areas. Considerable every raising was noted by Muller.

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Holmes,R.T. 1964 C. Fuccirollis 1. 4 June Bannock, Alaska One indiv. seen on south slip.1 (Dohlschlag flough). As he flew (w.) - he displayed swirls - big grassy with a here for 1+ sec. +The Contrav- The feet flying flight & the west. 6 June - 1 lone indiv. feeding at edge 1 melted pad - new world x Elson layer.; another barn 2PS (12,18) in southeast marsh, just east west 1 P.tube 124+20.a. Ecto ( When last was compared with the mixed - it stopped feeding, & turbo bird under seagull - in displace sleeping. 7 June 2 am BR, posed north/ Potelhol field. - flew, gave aerial display on carted ways. Valid. - lot flashed 1 wing, wood hybrid. One other unknown fish saw no head while ridge. One seen t collected in pond area, North Voth. An N.BR, west / 4 bands + E1 Beverley antenna- 3 sec - 2 appear PBs < pain chasing > 1 then performed aerial display. Chase note this pitched was either a subadult "schlecht".... occasional "astost,..." A aerial display- fly low (3-4') over the tundra for 75? do. Then suddenly flew up to 5', & glided back to Aground - outstretched (wrote ) Wren - gave 3-y doubled - The song from snow like "ung-za(?)" - Then the Poriq a

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Holmea, R. 1964 2. C. fuscinile 7 June Barrow, Alaska although even as does not always in proper sound. Late 3 am chase - with ssst being heard from above any zones My. Chars are vegetative. The birds move close together, swerve for side back - the travelling distance is cma or less straight but (sweering) seals tails. - Several at the sun were heard during the evening, although Mr display was not always in sight. 8 June No.B.R. - 4 seen chasing flock of fat on ridge (near 4 bands), +1 indiv. Not joined them for - fur sec. Then turned a set away & landed. After standing, for 30" or so - he was suggested by a Black-tailed Gull, which flew directly toward him & gave a jolt - there note while in pursuit. They parted a flight after sec.sec. - we were moving into the marsh - the south side Period. The ON-4 drawn were seen later near the beverage antenna. Late morning - one indiv. was seen heard in display over Mt Student On East 1 the B2 (4 bands area). Another, probably a ♀ was also noted. 1 aerial above - 195 sec in hovering flight - but wings beat not as shallow nor a vibratory as wing beat PS: [illegible]

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RTH 1964 3. S. fuscorollis 8 June Barrow, Alaska alpina or bairdii - but more flaggy - it covers < green arc -(This needs checking from < different <- Curves did not appear to be down-curve in the same manner as alpina's). Stayed at 100'. Then dropped suddenly - about straight down - The glide was a sharp V, landed, kept 1 wing raised for 2 sec. Then lowered it. Late, Mundi was feeding on a south slope the ridge - Suddenly took flight then south low over the tundra. Encounter another bird - (a pair) - They flew apart for 200 sec., at 41 feet i present - he then set his wings V + both landed (The probity was given to say) - but was too far to hear. As I landed - I waved my left arm towards the Indi (4?) - he pre-cocked tail, broad ploy up (is not horizontal with body) feared 4 - 5 flashed 1st to left over to a vertical (but turned it to follow position) then right. - level was flashed about 37 - (three time it reached the vertical, it was held there manually then lowered). Later a 30' aerial display note - some was dis continuous, usually

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4. C. Fusciellis RTH 1964 8 June Barrow, Alaska given for 15 sec - then not for 5. The two also in general pattern is a longer display flight but then the interior I are very sometimes longer. At one time, this display was, standing on a small patch I found, apparently sleeping. A PS - flying along toward not general object had just given several bouts + landed about 10 ft from WR - then ran toward the WR + actually jumped into him - or at least picked at him. The WR jumped, flew about 2' /aded - flashed a wing toward the PS - when the PS ran toward him + suggested to WR - after this occurs and area - not too flight - the WR apparently chasing another WR the PS following behind - but gradually fell behind and landed - the chase event off at the sweet. So inter- specific aggression seems to be quite strong between PS + WR 1 displaying on Pitikih's plot near 1st jill (c. 3.0-4.4). 9 June One PS still displaying on S. Slope / No. Beaver ridge - several display for - some as clear pecking. PS->WR Wings up to PS

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Holmes, R.T. 1964 C. Pascielli 5. 9 June Barrow, Alaska Another display on top the ridge - and I am standing - it clear seen between it & the foot - Cintra fly - sssst note - we wind gliding giving its song - Recurring pursuit. On 10th - we were about 300 yds north - near fresh hole - & I was flying across to look for the SW corner of the hole (close to a pile of boulders). This species is more common now than I have seen it in 6 years. The specimen collected on the 7th - was a [illegible] - very fat all over body - including lower cervical region - However, nothing special was noted - no blood vessels to the subcutaneous region were observed The foot plate was the same texture as that of other parts of the body. One feature - now that some of the fat on the mid-lower Scraper-off - The flesh tracks were quite noticeable - in these areas a cross-wise of small ridges [illegible] ; found in an I'm alone the flat skin. This same kind is found in DS at this season, but I am not sure about other species. This may be common to all ?

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RTT 1964 C. fuscicollis I gene Banns, Alaska Nightly medusa for Dr. specialist - per is not good - since I don't know if this individual was displaying yet or not - pump the develops after the lance after .?? - aldr. Dorset admit this doesn't seem likely In afternoon - at least 5 chasing in area half way between No. B.R. + Freshlake - maybe two pairs + ( ? ) - but not sure. In one case, a ♂ displayed aerially, landed with both wings up, ran a few steps, cocking his tail + then lowered wings to side - just arching them stiffly - tail clued pointer - and warning (from side & side) - walking behind bird #7. At B.R. - a 3rd indiv. flown in set wing (I was too far to hear vocalization) off toward displaying birds - who took flight. Then 3 were the joined by 2 others who appeared for viewers : The low flight over Pt. funda + then sudden rise in both except wings to a height / 30 to 70' - quite diagnostic + sound under were noticed by the recog this pattern. In evening - at least 3 + possibly 4 displays (♂) in area north of ridge - some flight- displays & chases noted - ♂? speed about

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8. Holmes, R. 1964 10 June Barrow, Alaska Seoul chasing on area, not 130s an ridge at 2-4 banks + me no gasoline. Having flight is not a down curved wing but or rapidly beating wings at neutral position - head held straight ahead + murder) down a. A double noted call is given. Chasing continues. after with 4~5 lines involved - the chev(s) often sets his wings at 470s or glides for a brief moment (170c) + The returning the flight (chasing). Or chev note is an "asset" given repeatedly, Aft is good success or no more. Am I bad so Not is stands like constant twitching. Ground "countship" display were seen photographable several times. Tuvia, a.w.r. gave are towards 0~PS- (full posture and 5m) - who flew away - only to be chased usually by the WR. Also - a we landed near a band - gave the patent item of the chev's art The zip~ 555t (lane note). Maybe my is great aggression. rather the countship? In afternoon - 2-4 WR - we saw chasing Through an area north + west of AAKS + [illegible] sev. aerial display were received (30', 36', 20', 40') After crossing the head ridge shading for pastie ridge - saw a bird down a ground countship

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RTH 1964 C. fuscicollis 9. 10 June Barrow, Alaska To another. After supper - another bird shelled in a carted wrigg + [illegible]. On main display, The female & chased the newcomer The plump males were collected (subadult). At least 78 aggressive males. In evening, we displaying on Voth's bluff - 100 yds NE 1 cake-eater site. 11 June North N.B.R. - bird on ground (a lotr display) - wing flared to 8 PPS flying over. Seven minute late when 2 PPS went chasing are run - he took flight - flew up & 30' + glided down on set wipe, from the wing. Lander- walked 20' warm sound feeding steps + he settled with a cup - surrounded by tall grass - I could barely see his head or tail - turned around twice & settled down (via, tail raised high (almost to vertical)) - The stood up - stepped out, moved 1 sw. steps + flew, gave a flight up to 30' + a glide back to the ground (no hovering at peahi (tree display) This nest-scratching was not performed long enough to or intensely, as both conspicuous females with other species - but it was a weak attempt at nest. The bird eventually moved a bit, since it had previously displayed (role did so after); no focus [illegible]

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RT14 1964 C. Suscicollis 11 June Bonne, Alaska Hovering is always so that the bird faces the wind. Bird collected yesterday was a ♀ (Maclean #230) - na to 17mm - heavy fat - no hood patch. So the recipient of the gross display was a ♀ in breeding condition. She remained passive during the performance, as has been seen in certain other instances - perhaps this display is given in many contexts - to the 0? (?), to other sp (PS, PS?) - + h ? - it is a matter of ♀ remaining in the area + accepting the ♂ + too active Not level to pair formation ??? Another type of aerial display - in low flight - the sudden turn upwards - but not steadily - neither - peel - usually at 20-30' above + the sailing down - set wings - giving 6-10 downdraft - until hovering at the pedestal. At the end - the bird will either level - + fold wings normally - or will fly - lower the female - repeat the again - down - up - fly by - here display. This may be involved in boundary patrol Usually lands after this display - a very close approach

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RTH 1964 C. Lucicellis 12. 11 June Barrow, Alaska On indw - inlanding aft, a flight display - kept 1 wing at vertical, then lowered it 1+sec. later. - The was seen twice. I bird seen on Pitelko's plot near 10.0 - 203 chasing + displaying east 1 bend in Needle ridge + 3 chasing near 4 barrels. 12 June WRC displayed after low flight - sharp climb - hover at 60' for ~60 sec., landed - fed for 5 sec. - flown 15' lander - stood washed 10' to cup, stood in it, squatted & settled, tail nearly at overhead rotated one 20° - preened again. waved breast into both cup, waded out Up (after about 20 sec.), stood at edge, with head movement? head (couldn't see what was very forced) - always to the left - probably frozing grass in lub with cup. This was a deliberate + calm jerky movement. I had head up-rept successin - but grass (- object!) not frozen but more deliberately dropped. Then bird then moved halfway around the cup & tossed head to right (still toward the cup) - did this for about 60 sec. - Bird washed into cup, stood there for 1-2 sec - half squatting. Me walked out - feed for 1/2 mins - flew low -1-2! When - went to 3rd - glided down - set wings & sat long. WR - supplemented by PPS twice. Both flying were 1st Seen. Landed - WR 1st - then PPS. PPS seen from WR, WR saw could vote (4:58 PM) at flew 6' & landed

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Holmes,R. 1964 12 June Barrow, Alaska C. fuscicollis The PS follows, landing on the WR - who flew top flight, The PS following but then very ill - I glided down for display -- set wing -- landed. Another flu ave, flew on to ground first landed the right wing to the writing The, turned it if he raised the left, low- it's flew off in pursuit of the flying. Display cup #2. 1 sample - 100 yds from 4th) cupate map. Fled nervously - but was moving on course, heading for the cup - walked with care, then quailed out, made a wide circle around it + then moved back - settled, with tail at surface, head will just above ground Well - the roe - tscraped with feet - sent peers 1 lichen + br. sps. flying out behind- The scorched out - heavy tail high + devout clutch to ground - picked up see. bits of vegetal from the bottom cup. Then while standing outside - began the grass picking t throwing with a rapid, jerking motion (the head to the left - lie towards the cup. The scrape was a low mound, half covered with brown grass-sedge - half white lichen - Cup was left 1 sps. - cup bottom was very - More- Few scattered green "leafy" lichen - not well formed cup. Scrape site #1: was a similar site

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Holmes,R 1964 C. fuscicollis 17 12 June Barrow, Alaska + was of the same state / condition - ie just a scraped cavity with mucus - or a few bits of debris The first two sequences took place about 10 min. apart - about 5 min. after #3. At the same bird was flown to the display again. 30' south #2 - it just settled momentarily into the cup, tossed for a few seconds (with the terminal backing out of the cup). Scrape was as other - 2 cup with bottom scraped clear - for prey? when - grass at edge Cups were matched - xi probably by the bird rotating - the cup. - After bird left cup - we flipped up shores at 45' for 20 sec - then flipped down - set wings. - Boundary conflict recorded per round drums - One bird went up to 36' - scaled form - set wings back, folded wings - flushed wing. Almost simultaneous - second bird was doing the same thing - loaded sun bark about 4' apart (only bird did the wing flip - as in our self). - both went into - lumbered, back feather-ruffled, tail depressed & spread pattern as they faced each other - for about 20 sec - then both flushed toward our area - east four - haven display -

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RTH 1964 15. C - fusciollis 12 June Barrow, Alaska Simultaneously after over landlot within the over area. W.P. way up / 1sct to 8'PS, passing a hooting display. Not up a ridge, over [illegible] antenne - walked into up, stood, sat, scoured s.s. s.s. - set and failed vertical & did a half rotation - pecked at adjacent vegetation - perhaps picking it + dragging it and cap - but I'm can not actually see. - Stopped out - picked + dragged 4-5x - On left side + 4+ turn - N. right - De went a far s.s. sequence n. e.c.d sid + Doe he mind of feeding. My feeling is that it is not as formalized as in [illegible] - like a pure [illegible] Number today probably about the same as before - but birds seem to be settling down - + there seems less choosing than in preceding days. It generally seemed scarce - after afternoon - I saw - one observed on the white-rigged peak 1/2 ridge do not - no? did a courtship ground display - let me & spend no effort fleets on feeding - No or quit off 45 sec t. This was the only ground courtship seen today - this also seem scarce, maybe other pair here next? N.-e. gol. e.

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RTH 1964 C. fuscicollis 13 june Barrow, Alaska PS - chasing (or?) (un-sure asset, Dr PS - Dr guybe chose not) - then a male joined & garnish a set wings as all 3 landed. - fed for a minute - the Dr 1st one who had bee chased flew up, the 2nd up - w my flasher toward it - the 3rd (under 150' away, walked into an area of thick grass & settled onto a nest! - Walked up to it - The male stayed on it until I was 8' away. Then flur// - with a slow wing beat - landed gave a mild distastatic dip. - tail lowered fanned, hundred picture with back feathers ruffled. - wings dropped almost to the ground - shuffling off - giving a short, hip pitched not fast, or fast. Nest - contained 3 eggs - lined with loose (fluffy-texture) lichens & moss - (it appeared to be picked apart) - an large flat polygo - mainly centre - not due in many other nut was licked. - 10% one by surrounding vegetation (grass- side blades). - Therefore - the displaying bird was not on the nest - but the other was - with one more egg yet to come. The was the same P who had been yesterday to give 3 nest-scraping displays. - Either in are used in pair-bond matters & therefore may continue three egg-laying; or if the pair-bond is loose they may aid in altricial offspring - ???

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RTH 1964 C. fuscecollis 13 Jun Barrow, Alaska Display saw w/ fly to a chasing PS. - Saml or - humming, w/ nse c zeee in 2-7. PS - chasing w/a - got up arrived & chased PS c at wings with song - PS grad up landed - we went into ground posture w/ tail furled - wings out & dropped - given food PS - P) flew off - un fed. 2pm. $-arrive w/ 4,5,6,t9. In 5+5 the M&$ don received no ground courtship display from the $ - but received "unmoved" while their mates again performed aerial displays. - The $ kept feeding as long as they were watched (about 30 min. agreed). In #6, $ aerial hover at 50' - landed on alt wrap - mat to $ - went into ground courtship posture (for zone) - $ remained unconcerned after she stopped feeding. She then flew about 100'x a mound on a small slope ridge - went up went cep, tallup. rotated - breast against bottle (1x 10sec) - stood up & scissed briefly (sev. times) pecked around grass 3-4x + then flew short distance + began to feed. - All 1 M&$ flew - The $ gives in a here display about 30' above her & as she left he up & landed he set wings, glided toward her, giving song, + lateral - folded wings - flashed me toward her - went into ground

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RTH 1964 C. fuscicollis 20. 14 June Barrow, Alaska run - after song about 40'- he stopped- stood up & ran again & took flight. Whit - not the bird we're concerned about - next is great-wood - in a nut (we found) but behavior suggested a nest-leaving pasture. Another located to down hill, have display at same level ridge (or man's side). Little activity near bands or there to be next. Wong-flush (1sec) to 8'PS in bottom display WR-#1 - 8'(at least two displays) near nest #1 - Wren seen in two nest cup displays, I within 25yd / Nest #1 (but probably not within sight 10' & on a nest). In fruit display - 8' gave a low intensity display - by just getting into cup- sitting, tail high - for 5 sec - then stepping out & moving off to aerial display. After about 3 aerial glide displays & the intervening feeding periods - he went into the cup near Nest #1. First Sat with tail high (wings folded & layered at a slant) (tail so that white pump shows over 8'PS' head from frontal view). He then stood, scraped and looked feet, feet are then the other. He then stepped out of the cup - stood beside it & began to grass - mowing. In this

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RTH 1964 C. Fuscicollis 21. 14 June Barrow, Alaska went, The head is turned deliberately + No grass either dropped or thrown - but it to The head is not flicked downwards & grass based as in ferruginea. On Fuscicollis - The head is found about 1/2 sec - whilst moving a rather rapid movement. As before, usually, 3~4 yrs are given on left & then the same on the right (or vice versa). After about 2½ min. at his cup - he'd roared a few away & displayed aerially. Pair together again (#5) - just feeding near each other or some side / wings - while another # (#10) displayed nearby. Little chasing seen today. 15 June Nest #1 with 4 eggs. I stayed a neat until I was 3' away - no flushed given The sheets sss note. - Mild d.d. with tail down spread, hunted Patau with black feathers ruffled - rumus or polygon. Later, as she was feeding normally - The #7 appear I did a brief nest cup display in the cup he had used yesterday - (see tail warp - while vertical position). - Near 20 yds from Denali. After 2-3 sec - he moved off feeding - with no reference (mid #4). & error. with 3, + possible one with #2 - In 3-8? gave 1 courtly display to parent & 3 My were watched feeding together for ½ hour +. Several have ripple display noted.

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Holmes, R. 1964 C. fuscicollis 22. 15 June Barrow, Alaska I pairs collected on a near gueline ridge; There were all that were seen there. Also seen - uplands toward Megawell. - See index 1 chase involving 4 will seen near snow-melt, all near ridge. Sov. chasing & displaying on "beard ridge" in evening. Also had a nest #1. 16 June Male #1 - gave harr+sons - lacked - ran 100'- to & who had been feeding - performed a ground display for 10 sec. She remained passive - he both fed - the & displayed aerially - landed on & - ground display - fed - displayed - landed 75' from & - after about 30' sec - she flew landed about 3 feet from him - he performed a ground display - These activities occurred on - 2 that the & performed at least 6 ground "grace" displays to the & - Two 1 Males were where she flew from him after he had landed for a period before display - (there were usually not over this feeding & - but 100-20 feet away & at fairly low altitude - 25-30'). After these 6 ground encounter - the & again displayed - & landed about 250 feet from & - went into the nest cup where he was using 2 days ago (there were about 257s for & nest - when by Neway had a & incubating during all this)

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R714 1964 C. Lusciatin 24. 16 June Barry, Alaska That Neo continues to court the entire other 47 after he already hood in a complete dutch. -#2 was seen with a second bird - prototype 9 - #3 was heard to display- Next #2 found between the 1st ditch & The east head ridge & turns of clearly- speed stokes - 20 yds south from me - Too yet north P. Leche's plot - on west face- Slipped ridge - about 40 yds up from The edge (the summit). - 4 eggs in relatives (lume-moo) group but - a half 1 side - 86% exposure. - 4 sharply noted behavior with potential end up - settled into nest quickly - but came off it flying toward me who stood 40' away. gave no a.a. - but crest around at a 20-30' distance, given the test call in an excited way. One which flew around me - No bird buzzed in, set wings, sang - one str then went into an aerial here.- late moving off. - Other bird on the east side of the ridge free. No come - where they seen come from not detected. Occas. feather damp as it descended to ground

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RTH 1964 25. C. fuscicollis 16 June Banows, Alaska after display. 17 June Two male nests - both white-rump cut of beach ridge - Nest #3 - 4 ypp - north slope ridge - 200yd south platform (pines) - moist lichen covered ridge - not - left of Arctostaphylos - 90% Lyrebird - in territory. Nest #4 - a south slope - 100' above CM - 30' above well travelled road - nest - live between ARCS + scatter edge / "Nicolas lake. (interimby 5). - 4 ypp - P displayed to a curving P - cantilevering. One displayed to by a buff-breast (way out round posture with tic note). - P#1 is present + displays - no green . P#2 was & (grond country) - weasel trail. In steep climb to avoid low parts - white-rump is very conspicuous laterally - air to all sides. So not only in climb species-specific - but the white rump is clearly visible when the bird is in a perpendicular ascending position. Breathorn - a 4 week male #2 + one nest #10 - no broody tendencies noted. #3 seen but P not found. P#8 seen in display. 27P collected 6/15 - examined - see F.A.P.'s notes -Throat has different quality fat (i.e more lardaceous)

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Holmes, R.T. 1964 C. fuscicollis 26. 17 June Barros, Alaska a? Ma & $ - a possible fine blood vessel extending from the neck right to the chest. Thus, there is a suggestion that some development is found in the subcutaneous layer 1Mm wide in WO - but it does not organize in any way & not found in melanotus! Now, pitha with 1Mm 'fasciola' - but the 8&3 collected were then some still laying (one had laid 2; the other 3). - See F.A.R. Catalog. 18 June Now, will garlic on beach ridge - found around when met 2 to 4 in east - chasing saw fairly frequently - with usually 2 birds involved. occas. 3. - Nest #5 on south side of beach ridge - 25yd from Wall tub - a lichen- rock slope and only tuft 1 grass - Antogastis and which contained the nest (rabbit) was 95% exposed. - 4 did a very mild d.d. - south standing about 30' away - picking at the ground. Nest contained 3 eggs. Added 88 # 161 n to early type, no- net was in "t" area. - 4/10 nest + diphlogena, but 1s & ~ 2-1 bird seen. Annually 1 bird next-seas-taists. 28" collected by Pitekella a puelina - I showed vaso. radena. Moret, I not give Re - North Hudson, pubche. (We ha a F with 4 egg a ho bumbary,

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Holmes,R 1964 19 June Barrow, Alaska Womul No.Bπ for micromet to 4 drum tind To frid lake rdn area. Activity was generally low. No displays seen ahead in 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. A ø at #2 - display once; Møø at 6+12 were quite active - displaying aerially + #6 did ground display to 249, 10 minute apart - (Crew from Sheet #3 - believe) - veils bird showed any signs - oMme studey still s not feeding while ø was in display. Nest check #1 - ø present 1 chick/ nest #2 - #3 - ø present #4 - ø gone #5 - ø gone - complete with 4 eggs #6 - ø present One noted in display (curve) south (west) 1 quelen ridge. In Area #4 - no ø see - but a ø WR was found, apparently hurt - or at least unable to stand proper, only able to fly short distance. The bird ever caught & collected → FAP 64-12 - from Clearing Wood patche but no eggs laid yet. 20 June 279 + Their clutches collected by Piterka- Sout 1 quelen ridge.

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RTH 1964 20 June Barrow, Alaska C. fuscicollis #11D present + displaying + 1 of the 8's to the south. Also - #12 present + displaying 2 New nests: #7 - 30yd east of phone poles - N. Onion net - 4 eggs - $ incubating - May funds - mossy lichen covered ground - Scatte Clings / grass. #8 - in area 10 - a soul slip / ridge - 3 eggs. 4(?) incubating at least a nest - on mound solution for old overland trail nuts in clug / Archegnathy. Nest check This p.m. #1 - 2 present 2 " 3 " 4- want 5- present 7-8- g m when found When & flinched - Nest #7. The 8 who body hit captured an aerial hare display - order I did ground chose after her which she was in violent d.d. - he washed after her (not staying put re Dury) - with - objt swoop - wings out & The sickle down-dropped - tail up - head forward - The wings brought in but tail still up. The tail down - as I did not respond that Post Shrethler 17.

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Holmes, R. 1964 29, C. fuscicollis 20 June Barrow, Alaska The display activity was low (but apparent) #1 now present - chasing 2 other birds (may have been 2♂? after 1 ♀ - but #1 returned to his area). #2 present + displaying. 3,4,7896, - not credited 5* not seen - 11+12 present + active. In evening, #11 displayed several times - little other activity. Most aerial displays now are hover displays - very few of the climbs & then immediate down-glide. Evidence at this point suggests that (1) The species is evidently polygamous - since ♂♂ give ritualized ground display to every ♀ and any ♂ - including those with a completed clutch + ♂♂ doing distraction display & for territory#1, which now contain 2 nests. (2) ♂♂ do not incubate nest and do not associate with the nest (i.e. species without brood patches; ♂ always feeding / or displaying - never showing decoy actions or other nest-associated activities - ♂♂ have stance on the fundra, suggesting a DPS - 'receptive' alert - ready to take chase at any time - The pattern & behavior is about the best method to separate the sexes in the field. (3) There is little if any

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RTH 1964 C. fuscorcollis 30. 20 June Barrow, Alaska specialization + modification of the subcutaneous layer of the cervical region? 878? At first - a lobular fat with accompanying vascularization but on examining c B BS - this was found There also + in 11 the WR - there was no evidence of anything special. 21 June 8#12 + #13 - were displaying - mostly by dawn display. Iopped contact seen during 1 p.m.-6 p.m. - miermet shock. Nest check in evening 2000-2100. - #3, #7, #4 had 89 incubating #8,5 - were lacking 99. #10 + #11 878 were present, we saw 1 aerial have display while I was in the area. 22 June 8#12+13 active between 0500-0700. chase + aerial have frequent (chase involving 3-4 birds - Around micromet areas). #9, #7 on nests incubating late in morning - #18 was displaying near nest-1- #2 not found. #4 or #1+2 were mental No a.m.- 2:38? were seen near bend in level ridge. In afternoon - #8 seen with 8#12 near Micromet. This 8 was activity displaying - as was the 8 To the west (#13). One along Pitkelka's plot near 10.0 - (Wimarch).

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RTH 1964 23 June Barrow, Alaska C. fuscicollis 31. Nest check - #1,3,4,7,18 - had abird incubating, #5 did not (#4 was off for awhile (~5m)) - but returned while I was watching her. New Nest found by Maclean - 2 soulsly 1 the ridgy next to the gasoline - almost to the polygonal area toward gadius ridge. - 4 eggs. #11 - gave ground displays to the females for nests 4 & 7 within a 5 minute period. In our case - as in all ground displays, no or woolde de this for about 5 to 15 sec - then, bring wings into body and tail still cocked - then put tail with normal posit, turn + run off - #4 keeps on feeding. In our case today - when Mr. C brought his sweep with deer from the horizontal position - he kept the holder but away from horizontal body & the wrist was held horizontal - so that it [illegible] appeared as if the bird had Two "shelves" on each side extending beyond the cocked tail. Head was forward but slightly above the horizontal - The song was given continuously. I have yet to see any stepping. (The feet as was described by Drury - the breast walls regulating a farther body slightly from side to side.

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Holmes,R. 1964 32. C. fascicollis 23 June Barrow, Alaska ♂PS-gave ♂WR (who had just received a ♂WR grand display) - a ground courtship with his tail cocked, head up - draw-ka-rr coo - she kept - fudling - he ran away, he followed for sev. feet & then foot flutt. left < ♂WR gave - grand display to a 4 PS. ♂#11 - with two nests - his territory - gave a nest cup display 25 yds west of Nest #4 (ie between 4+7). He entered the cup & stood over, scraping over for feet. Alternated for 5 sec - then settled in on cup with tail high, rotated once, stood up, picked grass, tried several times - then he moved away - always looked cautious - peeped around my presence. North WR nearly at my junction - but nests not an incubating bird. Earlier - a ♂ was found near the phone poles - wounded by an ♂ - but may have been from one of the nests. The fact that he is still nest scraping & giving the ground display to me - is further evidence for low pair bond. Also ♂#6 seconds later & gave - or at least not - in case 1 Nest 3 - i.e. ♂+nest with no ♂ nearby.

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Holmes, IGT 1964 23 june Barrow, Alaska Chasing frequently involves more than 2 ♂♂ & during these encounters, they pay little respect to territorial boundaries - when they move into an area in which the occupant is feeding - he will join the group. All adds to the confusing picture of territorial behavior - but when an individual is watched, he will patrol his area, announce in a hurried display flight off at regular display stations near the periphery of his territory. When a nut 7 was flushed today, she began to give a violent ad- At this point, a nearby ♂ tipped in - landed immediately behind her & beg- his way out - grand display - but she turned her tail covert & very fast - expressing the under-tail coverts from him - at which he stopped, folded his wings, bowed his tail & began to move away. She then ceased ad. posture (hundred-tail lowest spread) & moved off. 24 june Next chick: 9 am at 1,3,4,7,5. Off on 8 only, As I approached Nut 7, the ♂ moved off as I was 60' away. Gone - very fast

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Holmes, R.T. 1964 34. C. fuscicollis 24 June Barrow, Globe Toward me + The moved off in a mouse run to the north. (at st. angles to my path). ( #9+10 sound quite n - coll. by FAP) Nest #11 - 50 y do east / gasoline - at NWS edge of polysynid area - found yesterday by Maclean. - located - large low polysyn- covered by scatland grumroots (202) - fleab- moss. - 4 egg, 9 incubating. #5,11,12,13 & present + shown in display, especially the last 3. A bird was seen to collide may have been a f. Display except for the male perennium has declined sharply. Yesterday, two appear to be a unmated f in the area which were receiving considerable attention for 2 x 388? She was not seen today but may have been present. 25 June Shrink: 18? displayed briefly ne 25.1 - collided. Four other seen chosen ne 15.0 - No other seen or heard again Shrinkil. Probably redwicks has declined here, as it has a low level ridge. 26 June Nest check: #1, 3, 4, 8 - on nest; #5 off + not seen. #6? 1,2,3,4,10, 6 = not seen. H's 5,11,12,13 present last announcement-type display very infrequent & nearly all song heard was delivered during chases.

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35. C. Swerciillis Holmes R.T. 1964 26 June Barrow, Alaska One chasity seen today involved 4 878 (#5 + 12 + 2 other) - #5 (barel Neorn 2- landed - all fed - #2 very flushed at the 2-tailed approach at 0730 - The saw a mild ground display - first Men all fed [the 2 mob at one point went into displacement sleeping] - Then 811 arrived - clear followed - after gun about 150 yds - all landed - 1411 supplies one off performing a ground display hit & chased off by a male (all hvalandids #11's area) - returned about 30 sec later chased a second bird - The third flew off by itself. Appears to be a FLOCK OF 2 878 - been joined at least temporarily by #5 - but broken up by #12 - who is still strongly territorial. A lovely 9 near micromet shock - 8 (412) landed nearby - gave a intense ground display with vocalization - she tipped forward - raising her tail folded wings to let the air + make the white undertail cants obvious to A 6 who stepped in display. This heavily passing 10g - whose strut might be forced to do so one with a clutch already capable - seems to be characteristic of this species when there is no war or little

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RTH 1964 C. fuscicollis 27 june Barrow, Alaska are still relatively active in display - Three on the Mee 8-50 whose territories about 300m from the location 1 this 4. P/12 - gave - sign note d just the three notes which usually introduces the pump-zez which lasts about 2-3 sec. Next is a note described by Denny Smith as a typewriter carriage or foot-rail running. The quality I vary for different bird. Varies in pitch & loudness - Some are very deep & can be described a roarth-zez- whereas others are a higher-pitched pump-zez or pump-za. The variation in song quality may be due to age difference, as observed in melanotus. W/BS are very aggressive to other Sop's - Chosen 1 BS are particularly cautious today - an 8:00 light chosen & supplemental BS (father) stood flush for next - for about 3 min - will bring it several ground displays- with simple sweet aerial flights set every day during chorus. Also - Chased TCB, PS787, RP4. A chorusing 2 birds seen near 1 & #1's territory - but may have been different birds.

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Holmes, R. 1964 28 June Barrow Alaska C. fusacolus Nest checks: 2 - 4 many feeding - came in as 2 appr. 3,5,7,12,13 - 9 am 4,8 - 9.30 am, app. warm Only display heard at broad weed ridge where 4 birds were chasing harassing 14-fm nest #12 (see below) - Usually not would less unusual. Belief # - Bejot give ground display - Non others would land to canon in a short flight - Nest # would stop display, all would take flight - with me or it appeared, in pursuit / Nests. This apparently was a flock 10-8 - Several minutes later, a single bird was seen feeding in the slope near the nest (when Nest # was sitting) + during nesting - 2 birds to the display present by ~ 2 mins, the display settling his wings / singing. He came back + fed 100' up the slope - paying no attention to any lure feeder. When the latter was collected, Nest # gave a ground display & it soon when he was collected. The lone bird was a Nest #12 - found by MacLean - 4 spp. Fine. On mud slope 1 BR - east 1 mentioned - relative beam slope, side bolder + more, scarabed grass, somewhat dry, not ~80% exposed.

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RTH 1964 C. fuscescens 28 June Barrow, Alaska Nest #13 - on No. slope B.R. - No. of Nests # 3 - 3 eggs, Fine. - On bare partial slope in mossy ground with scattered pink & dusky grass hedge. 90% expand. -No advertisement today - only song heard was during chases. Recalling, back - as frequently part to display + head or outstretched wings - but gave noisy or pace it intermittently. WR is old - often goes shifting off in nature and tail depressed fanned, both flanks ruffled & wing parts out & inside (to varying degrees) - but usually bent at detriment [sketch of bird with wings spread] or [sketch of bird with wings folded] - in way birds don't want to close to body - but premature partly fanned side. In evening - have seen a female Nestje; 1st her feeding near meadow. 4 for nest saw - wing up - flake as she was returning to the nest after being disturbed. 29 June Flod 14 + 1 settled (? #nest#12) - east of mag. station + 2 others - see notes below in reference to collected specimens. - Flush of 5 moving west along North Beach Ridge - stayed near us - stood 6"-12" apart - then picked up + moved west,

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RTH 1964 C. fuscicollis 29 June Barrow, Alaska All birds - not today (740-170) were checked. ♂ #12 present - no other in study area see - heard in display 30 June Nest check: all our nests remaining - when 3+7 we checked lakes - ♂#9 was gone 1 chase involving 5 birds (flush 14 + 1 settled ♂ probably) - chasing appears to involve Ne tundra - where my leader was. ♂#10 began a chase 2 indiv. members on ground - before resuming aerial chase. 29 June Specimen account - all collected at N.B.R. east 1 magnetic station FAP 64-32 - chased tiger and glidatory. maclean 24Y RT H 2411 } ] 2 for flush 75 HEC-5665 - ♂ - T=7m - 39.2 - chased by another - pinned side by side to chase. HEC 5663 - ♂ - T=9 m - 39.9 g - display on ground 5764 ♂ T=7m 39.2g - received RT H . 2411 - term indiv. may have been from flush 14.

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RTA 1964 C. fuscicollis 1 Judy Barrow, Alaska Not chick. #7. $ at 000, 1/lat 1130 4-10,5,13,11-all on nest. No advertisement displays - 1 chuse involves Y birds around micomet - 1 vidiv gara Part Ia song - but only 1st 2e nob- head - 1c poy wa very weak. /7 with group of 4 bairdii collected. In afternoon saw flock 12-7 birds al- redy 1 cuttal waved - occas being chased by a 8 near D. bend 1. The ridge, Nurn g # 2 or 12 were on or near their nests. After 16 feeding in marsh area south Tired lots. 2 July All 79 with nests in micomet area. 1 chuse 13 birds seen dry 8/12 - 1c song weak song. Now seen part of few antennae. I Found 7 souls 1 Feral coke; 5w. vidiv. birds or weazel tracks near Ages.

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Holmars, R. 1959 Erolia Bairdli 8 June Barrow, Alaska. Two seen 1 mile No. of village, and one was collected. 9 June Barrow, Alaska Two seen near the Voth area. There were indiv. separated by ~ 100 feet. 10 June Barrow, Alaska One seen near the gas creek road near 2 Turnstokes. 11 June Barrow, Alaska Several pairs seen in the drum area. The majority were feeding; however 2 or 3 were seen doing their aerial display. They will fly at heights of 75-125 feet and give a rapid, boom of twittering note. As they arrive on the ground, the wings are held vertical, and then they are brought down to the body. The birds are very wary at the time and will not allow close approach by an observer. One pair was also observed to attempt copulation. 12 June Barrow, Alaska. These birds were seen and heard in the drum area in the morning and evening and in the

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Holmes, F. 1959 Erolia Bairdii area around Voth's Slough. Once a pair was seen to copulate, at this time they had been standing on a small patch of exposed tundra. The birds are often seen chasing low over the snow with a climb to considerable heights at times and then return to their low flight. These chases are all accompanied with a fast chattering note. 13 June Barrow, Alaska One apparently injured bird seen feeding in the drum area. Due to moderate SE winds, there were no displays seen or heard. 15 June Barrow, Alaska Several flight display songs were heard this morning, but none were seen. There seem to be very few of the species in the drum area. 16 June Barrow, Alaska Very few seen! This species. It seems that when the wind is blown, they stay low to the ground among the grass. A few singles were seen along the gas well road

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Holmes, R 1959 Erolia bairdii 3 18 June Barrow, Alaska Several single birds were seen in the drum area and so. fit. Probably the mate was a visit. These birds which were seen were all feeding and would allow a close approach (with 16 feet) of the observer. 19 June Barrow, Alaska The displays were noted both in the morning and afternoon. The males were seen individually and no pair were noted. Several conflicts were noted where males were evidently defending territories. No nests were found. 23 June Barrow, Alaska Several seen along the beach ridge and near the A.C.S. aerial displays were used several times. 24 June Barrow, Alaska One bird was noted displaying (in the air) and as it landed, it continued to give its coo. One on the ground. The tail was cocked and the wings were raised (to about 135° with the ground → Y) It then strutted in this position forward another Baird's gull which immediately gave the wing display and then walked off. The 1st bird followed (over)

24 June, Barrow, Alaska and the both birds flew off in a chase. One time, as I neared a nest area-, the displaying bird (first) came within 5 feet of me and walked completely around me and then moved about 30 feet away. Upon walking toward her, he went into a mouse run and then a distraction display where he lowered his tail and darted away. After moving about 5 feet in the position, it took wing and did an aerial display. 26 June, Barrow, Alaska Along the ridge east of the gas line, several pairs were seen. One pair flushed from the grass where there was apparently a nest. One bird flew 30 feet and landed giving the regular display call. The second bird gave a distraction display. She assumed a crouch position with both feathers ruffled, tail lowered and formed, one head lowered and shoved forward. The call she gave at this time differed greatly from that of the white-rumped. It was more of a thin sub-keezy note emitted. The clear kee-kee of the white rump.

Holmes, R. 1959 5 Crucea Bairdii 26 June Barrow, Alaska Later a pair was seen courting. The female was walking slowly through short grass. The male had his tail cocked (not fanned). The wings were held horizontally with the tips slightly drooping (but not as much as the White-murp). The head was held straight out, and the same call was given as given in aerial display. This lasted for about 30 seconds, while the birds moved about 2 feet, then a chase began. As the birds walked in this spread position, it did not wriggle nearly as much as the White-murp did, but walked fairly straight. A nest was located just No. 1 AACs. on a rather dry but a polygonized area. It was a small dump of short grass where the incubating bird was easily visible from several feet away. There were four eggs which were tan with darker brown blotches on the larger end. The nest seemed to consist of ten strands, 1 gross which encircled the eggs. These were probably just mashed down as the female laid her eggs.

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Holmes,R. 1959 Erolia bairdi 6. 27 June Barrow, Alaska The nest was checked at 1500. The incubating bird flushed off with my approach. Unlike the White-rump, she immediately left the nest area heading South using the mouse-run (with tail spread). As I was photographing the nest, She gradually worked her way back and as she did so she gave squeaky calls. Whenever I made a sudden movement, she immediately wroushed and assumed the distortion display position. 28 June Barrow, Alaska Another nest was located 70-80 yards E of the previous nest and just east 1/4 row 1 drums. This nest also contained four eggs which even formerly, but they had redder apricot blotches rather than brown. 3 July Barrow, Alaska Two nests with four eggs were located along the beach ridge east of the Benson antennas. All the nests bar

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Helmeo.R. 1957 3 July Barrow, Alaska So far on in rather dry situations, either on the high ridge or on high dry plyphs. They have all been among dry grass. 6 July Barrow, Alaska Several nests were found and/or rechecked today. The two previous described were checked and incubating birds and eggs were still there. Two new nests were found in the same vicinity and are shown on a map Most of these nests were in pairs. Note: The second bird was still around. The above- mentioned map shows the nests and the pairs. The two new nests were also in rather dry position and on low dry grass. The eggs are not concealed from view by the grass but one quite conspicuous. One nest was found in the middle of the Drum area, about 20 yards from the eastern barrels. It contained two usual brown eggs

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Holmes,R. 1959 7 July Barron's Alaska. The afternoon was spent in searching in the vicinity of NACS for more nests. Since the birds are no longer displaying territorial size cannot be accurately determined. The spacing in the nests and the positioning of some of the birds is indicated below: If a square is made which includes all four nests it contains an area of about 81,000 sq feet or 2 nests per crarr. Of course there is not including the ranges these birds and since displays for their concluded boundaries cannot be definitely established The numbers by themselves indicate when The adult birds have been seen away from the nest area. Scale 1" = 200yds freshwater logan

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Holmes, R 1959 10 July Barrow, Alaska A nest with four eggs was found in the Voth's area just west of the exclusions. 11 July Barrow, Alaska The nest described above from Voth's area was again checked as it contained the 4 eggs. Both birds were present. 10 July Barrow, Alaska The nests near AACs were checked during the late afternoon. Nest No. 1 contained the 4 eggs; only the incubating bird was present. #2 still had eggs; no birds present. #3 had 1 egg and 3 chicks, which were mostly black, white, and rufous; 1 parent bird was present. #4 had four eggs still; both birds present in the area. The nest in Tholm are still had eggs; no bird at the nest. 13 July Barrow, Alaska The nests near AACs were again checked at 1330. #1 had four eggs and no adult present. #2 had 4 eggs and no adult present #3 had no eggs and no sign of the

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Holmes R. 1959 Eroli Dairilei 10, 13 July Barrow, Alaska Young adult Mowl anywhere in the vicinity. This nest has been hatching Three days ago. #4 had 4 eggs and a bird was incubating. New nest (#2) was found about 25 yards west of Nest #3. It contained four eggs and was located on the edge 1< pile/ rubble or an exposed mound. Another builder nest was discovered below ARL building 355. It consisted of a mat-like structure composed of deer grass and sedge. They were from eggs. 15 July Barrow, Alaska A nest check was made from 1400-1500. Nest #1 was still intact with only the incubating bird present. Nest #2 was just hatching. In fact the shell from the last to hatch was still present in the nest and its former occupant was still wet. Nest #3 had hatched and cover broken. Nest #4 had hatched and no sign cover was found. #5 was still intact and only one bird was present. 16 July Barrow, Alaska - 1600-1630 Nest #1 - still had eggs, but two had pipped and were about ready to hatch.

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Holmes,R 1959 Erolia laurillii 16 July Barrow, Alaska No adult was seen. #2,3,4 were all deserted. #5 still had eggs. Very little activity in going a now. Hardly any birds an seen. Now 1 this species was noted near Footprint Lake during the past few days. 17 July Barrow, Alaska All nests were deserted (measures) except #5 which had started to pip. In the evening, two were out of the eggs, but at 2 they had died. 18 July Barrow, Alaska Four were collected near Nest #1 which turned out to be two males. Both have incubation patches. 20 July Barrow, Alaska None were seen during the last two days near Footprint Lake. 22 July Barrow, Alaska A group of 6 were seen just east of Viti; five and three collected. Two of these were males; one female. They all became excited when the first bird was killed, and all came closer. The other two were then collected. They seemed to be some kind of an association between them, possibly flocking.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Eralia Nairdii 12 22 July Barrow, Alaska Began for the southward migration. All three hares had incubating eggs. 24 July Barrow, Alaska. Two were seen near 10th's Area, but they were widely separated. Nest #3 near HACs was checked for a final confirmation on nesting success. One had previously been found dead + had been removed; one hoof been alive and active. The third egg had begun to pip, but the chick died before it could get out. The fourth egg did not hatch at all. 28 July Pitt Point, Alaska Several seen near the Pows 18 station and along the ridge to the S.E.. 31 July Barrow, Alaska A group was seen in OSTR's area among the lush polygons. They were still giving the nasal alarm note. Another individual was encountered in Central Marsh. 1 August Barrow, Alaska The above group 16 was again encountered, and 2 were collected. They proved to be juveniles. The Adults were still away. For the young and under the given shot, the adults

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Holmes,R 1957 Erolia bairei 13. 1 August Barrow, Alaska Became very excited and followed me for 15 minutes while I checked the traps. All during this time. The whining note was being delivered by both birds. 3 August Barrow, Alaska → Beechey Point, Alaska Two were seen a Cook's Island off Beechey Point. They were feeding among the sedgut greaser in the highest part of the island. 5 August Barrow, Alaska Four seen in the south end and 1 the drum area. Both were giving the morning whining note. 7 August Barrow, Alaska None were seen during the entire day. either along Cook's Island or in the footpoint lake area where many other migrating birds were noted. 9 August Barrow, Alaska These birds were present in small number at Footpoint Lake. About 30 were seen altogether, and these were scattered. One was collected.

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Helena R 1959 Erolia Davidii 10 August Pitt Point, Alaska Two seen within 40 yards of base and 1 down young was secured collected. 13 August Pitt Point, Alaska Two seen again near the base. None have been seen in the tundra; these two mentioned previously were seen in artificial pools created by the road development here at Post 1. 20 August Barrow, Alaska None have been seen during the past three days. 23 August Barrow, Alaska Three individuals seen a footprint lake away the large group of downchicks and downlines. One was collected.

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Holmes, P. 1960 Etolia Bairdii 31 may Barrow, Alaska One individual seen feeding with two Semi-polt & R. Furnstone just South / Wthl. Short then Elma Logan. 3 June - Two seen a smooth pelt f express tundra just east (boulds) I heard ridge. Upon my approach, one gave the very raising display (the wing towards me). One flew off to another pelt, loaded stage with both wings held high for 1 sec, the lowered both to raised. The we found one three birds in succession. Both birds, the flew off towards the ridge. One was seen later in the drum area. 4 June - Two seen along the Mead ridge near the magnetic station. One performed an aerial display, which lasted for about 50 sec. During the 1½ hours after the display, in the same area, the birds were not seen nor heard. 9 June - Four seen near AACs. The P(?) displays very conspicuously by raising his wing towards me when I approach. The P has no reaction, except to look up from his feeding.

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Holmes, R. 1960 2. Erolia bairdi 9 June Barrow, Alaska One seen near The Bead ridge - beverage antennae section. 10 June - A pair seen on the ridge, just west of the magnetic station. Both birds were feeding & were disturbed. The ? gave several wing-raising displays & The resumed feeding. The ? did no display. Maker reported a pair further west on the ridge which had a nest cup with no eggs. The birds (♂?) did < display (wing raising) from him and at the same time, its tail was cocked. Later the bird which had displayed went to the next cup & sat with its tail cocked. It then raised its wing (away from Maker & apparently not addressed to WJM). The other bird (?) then came at & displaced the ? ? From the nest. 11 June - Several pairs were spotted along Mt. Bear Ridge central maxl x 1. x 2.0 o o nest? with brood by Malin x ? 3. x 4. x 5. □ANCS magnetic station

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Hollars, R. 1960 11 June Barrow, Alaska Erulia bairdii The pair were located in their approximate positions and others were heard N174As + east of the magnetic station. Several aerial encounters were observed where the intruder flew over the area of another bird, which immediately fold wing + displayed or chased the bird out. On one occasion Pair #2 were seen chasing bird #3. They landed near the nest cap + 8'2" went with a modified distraction display. The head went forward, his scapular were raised, and he then proceeded to choose the intruder for 2 feet from ground + then in the air. The flight looked for several hundred yards before the bird turned back towards the ridge. The aerial display of the Baird is as follows: The usual aerial note given on the wing is a continuous pree-pree-pree........... This is interrupted every few seconds by a trill which is rather musical (not harsh) and is regular in beat (notes evenly spaced). The trill does not drop into a whinny as the red-bird

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Holmes, R 1960 Erdia bairdi 4. 13 June Barrow, Alaska The beach ridge was again walked from the magnetic station to the gas line, and the distributing pair were nearly identical (see chart, p. 2). There appear to be several additional pairs near ATCS, but it was impossible to define their areas this morning. In the afternoon, Brittan's Sweet Dott's area were checked for these birds. Only 1 pair was seen, but several others were heard displaying. When first found, The pair were chasing (♂ after ♀) across the tundra. They finally stopped on the edge of a snow bank where they jumped & tumbled around for 35 sec. During this time, the ♂ attempted to mount the ♀ several times, but each time she would throw him off. Finally the ♀ walked off with the ♂ following closely behind. I could not see her entire body during the time due to topographic conditions, but his tail was cocked. The wings were in a horizontal position. 15 June - a pair was seen displaying. Unfortunately for me they were behind a mound most of the time. One time when they

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Holmes, R 1960 Erode Bairdi 5 15 June Barrow, Alaska Came into view, the B was in a distroctic posture - that is head forward, body hunched with scapular raised, and tail lowered and spread. He was following behind the 2. He then noticed a bird nearby and raised his wing in "recognition" & assumed a normal attentive position. He then chased the intruder off. Later he was seen fallow. With wings spread (true? - body position?), but again this was behind a pylon. 16 June - Several pairs & territorial disputes were noted in the area near AACS. The census maps show there to great detail. 18 June - The area around AACS was again checked and several Bairdi Territorial defenses were noted. These are shown at the sketch on p. 7. One of the pairs was seen feeding; the remainder of the birds seen were displaying p. 5. These latter birds may have held a 2 in a nest, since nesting is obviously underway. No nests have yet been found however. A partial display was seen again, when

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia barrei 8. 15 june Barrow, Alaska The ? had his sail cocked and wings spread horizontally. The view I had was impaired, but it ? appeared to feeter as he followed behind the ?. No vocalization was heard. This was quickly interrupted by a territorial gurgut. When The ? rose to chase the intruder away. He then landed near. ? with both wings held vertically. The wings were held in this position for several seconds before being covered. The ? flew cloud ? ? for about 15 feet, and during this time, he frisked mount her several times. Each time, she would throw her head forward a foot or two. - Dun The late evening, several but some heard deployn abut the southern end of The beach ridge. 19 june - Deploying birds were heard all during The wroary hours (10:00-09:00) while I was on The beach ridge. They seem to be active throughout The 24 hours,

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Holmes,R. 1960 Eolia bairdi 17 June Barrow Alaska But this activity is present in spurts. 20 June - Several birds displaying along the north end of the level ridge. There is a certain swing in their display that seems quite characteristic of this species. 23 June Kepavik (Barrow), Alaska One seen during a morning near De Wanijar. In De Sterna, we were present near the NE corner plot. The last individual was singing the whining call and was acting like it had food. The area where it was seen is an area of high polygon which looks like good bairdi habitat. 24 June - The bird was found in this region this afternoon. It is located about half way between post 0.6 and 0.1 and slightly to the north of this line. The nest (claimed Beggs) and was situated on a polygon. The soil in this locale is block, but there are scattered clumps of dried grasses which have been cut by events denning activity. It is near there a sparsely stream

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia bairdi 10. 24 June Skroavik, Alaska grosses that the nest has been laid. The 8 or at least a displaying bird has not been seen in this area. The nest still contains three eggs at 1930. 25 June Skroavik, Alaska The nest contained 4 eggs. A second bird was seen west of the wanigan, but I'm not sure whether this bird is the mate of the one with the nest. 26 June Barrow, Alaska Two nests were located around ATACs. One near the frost pile (see page a next page) contained 4 eggs; one on the south side of the building near the pool + antenna poles. contained three eggs. A third nest far toward the magnetic pole has 4 eggs. Nest #1 which is located near the trash pile at ATACs contains 4 eggs which are blotched more heavily at the large end with purple or brown. The nest is on a slight mound in an area that has my low polygons with shallow troughs. There is a depression among the mosses, where a foot, 10-15 cm of green have been walked down.

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia bairdi 26 June Barrow, Alaska To line The cup. Both adults were present during my visit to the nest this morning. Nest #2 which is located among the poles south of APACS contained 3 eggs, which were spotted purplish. These eggs were in a cup of grasses which had been matted down. The cup was located on a small grassy mound (1' high - 3' in dia.). Two birds were present. The map on the next page shows these nest locations to prevent the territorial encounters which were observed. Birds were also noted along the beach ridge and in the area between the B.R. + APACS. The frequency of display seems to have slowed down somewhat during the last week. Birds were seen only to display when they were "forced" by other birds actually entering their territory. And as soon as these birds left, the occupants would return to the ground + return to feeding or loafing. 27 June - When returning from the other nests, I stopped near APACS to check on

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Holmes, R. 1920 27 June Barrow, Alaska The mists + birds. It is amazing the density of bairdi in the region. The sketch below shows the #1 birds seen for 1 spot. = X: at 1550. x = bairdi O : observer If this is an indicator of the density in this region, then the territory size is extremely small (limited to less than 2 acres), which is very unusual. It will take more work here to find out what is actually happening. In the evening a nest was located on the slope of the bevel ridge (north side). It was

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia bairdi 14. 27 June Barrow, Alaska situated in the lower portion of the slope on the north side. The areas within 30 feet of the nest were covered with moss! There was no standing grass + very little fulla, cut grass. The nest, however, was located on top of a pile 1 cut gross which was are 2" high at the rim. This had probably been a lemming works nest that had been converted with a sandpiper put by a hollowing I & cup in the top. There were Three eggs in the nut, and only one bird was present. This is part # 4. When Nest # 2 was checked both birds were present; nest #1 had only 1 bird in attendance. I have the suspicion that the bairdi may leave before the eggs are hatched. This will have to be watched, especially for the possibility of polygamy. 28 June Wainwright, Alaska Only one bird was seen near the site, and it never flys past deploying near the buildings.

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia bairdi 30 June Skroavile, Alaska The nest per stove 5,000 steel octave, but as before. Then is only one bird present. 1 July - Another bairdi was seen west of The wanigan, and this bird appeared like broody as if it had a nest somewhere nearby. The nest was found this afternoon about 60 yards west of The wanigan (15 yards from The Plectone nest + 30 yards from The fox Red bul nest). 2 July - See discussion on p. 17+18 of alpina concerning comparison of aerial displays. Bairdi in the region around Skroavile seems rather scarce. In all the time spent in this area, no aerial displays have been seen or heard, although 2 nests are present near The wanigan. Apparently there is only 1 bird at each nest + The males have departed. This suggests may suggest that this may be a characteristic of this species. The habitat of bairdi is confusing. Just here it is densest in its range in Alaska. There is a population breeding in the mountains (Pelas Lake etc. when it breeds in the

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Holmes,R 1960 Evolia bairdi 16. 2 July Ikravik, Alaska alluvial fans, etc) are on along the coast. On the coastal populat near Barrow, The birds are scattered at regular intervals along the ridge (Beool Ridge, Goshin Ridge, boths Area, etc) where nesting seems to be in bare, rather exposed places. There are usually polygons where are covered with thin black moss + possibly scattered grasses). The nests are exposed directly from in low breeding years when tall grass is available. They seem to prefer more open localities. The group of birds nesting around NTS is puzzling because They are nesting in such high density and in a habitat which differs from the ridges of other areas. This habitat is a flat area of low polygon, most 1 where are level-topped. Various cracks are scattered around. This area is torn up by various vehicle. In general there are a deep swim old drums + junk is around everywhere. There are many other areas. I found several to two on just island

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia bairdi 17. 2 july Ikerauih - Barrow, Alaska (minus the trash) and There are not Used by bairdi. Is it tha the disturbed condition of this area that has created the high density? Possibly The amount of insect life has increased with The turn over of the soil or some- thng along flin line. In this area around AAS, The nests are sometimes placed in open area or block moss but not always. Several nests have been a < grosy around when the nests or almost covered by grass. The presents a puzzling problem which wev how To be looked with again. 5 july Barrow, Alaska Some of the nests at Barrow were checked. The nest almy side The wood court of AAS was still active, + The bird remains sitting even when a weed pass with 2-3 feet. The nest just south of AAS had no eggs The adults were not there. There was no indication as to what hoor happened. Likewise, the nest near the fresh pile was also empty, + again no signs were present. The next nee

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Holmes, R 1960 Erolia bairdi 5 July Barrows, Alaska road, north 1 AATs was infert, + a bird was incubating. (only the one present). [At the next - east 1 AATs by the road - There appeared to be 2 birds present]. 6 July - None seen in Voith's Area or vicinity They have not been heard displaying notes for several days. 8 July Skroavik, Alaska The 2 nests near the wanigan were checked + both still have eggs. When the one nest near the plot was checked, the & became very excited + as 2 knelt by the lake nest, she checked right in front of my face. I believe it would have been possible to get her if I had wanted to. There is still only 1 bird present at each nest. 9 July - Both nests checked, and both still contain The 4 eggs. The usual call give by a bird when she first leaves the nest is a short trill which can be likened to the call of a cricket. This coer is often given during the first few moments of disturbance, then the bird turns it into The whining, while she stones several feet away.

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia bairdi 9 July Skroavik, Alaska This is the usual procedure at most of the nests I have found, except one. Those (west / De Wangja) will at first give a cricket-fill & two more but heard to cohere. 10 July - at the nest west of the wanigan, there were 2 birds at the nest, both of which became very excited when the nest was visited. This is the first time that I have seen two birds at this nest. 11 July Barrow, Alaska The nests' nests AACs were checked during the afternoon. The one near the road still contains 4 eggs without signs of pipping. Both adults were present & active. The Baird's nest at No. slope of the B. Ridge also has not begun to pip yet. There was 1 bird present here. A Pair of Baird's which were quite excited were seen near the Laval mound a Pikelka's Census Plot. It seems now that the pair association during incubation is poor, in that the non-incubating bird is away from the nest a considerable distance.

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Holmes, R. 1960 20. Erolia bairdi 11 July Barrow, Alaska so that he is not noticeable when the nest is checked. Now, it has happened several times recently that both birds have been present. This may be because hatching from so close + both birds are more "aroused" excited ?? Displaying has not been heard for at least 1 week & close to 2 weeks. 14 July Ikorauk, Alaska The next west / St. wanisa 5 feet contained its 4 eggs & both birds were present. No nest near stole 4.0 - hole 1 wet chick + 2 eggs which were just beginning to pip. Only the 9 were present there. 16 July Barrow, Alaska The nest by the road No. 1 (ATES) was just hatching at 2000. Two young were out & 1 egg was pipping. 17 July The above nest was hatched completely this morning, & the young were banded. The & (The nest near the NE corner of the plot) was sheer there & was very excited. The young could not be found.

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia bairdi 21. 18 July Barrow, Alaska The nest at the north slope? The Bent Ridge was hatching this morning. Three (The young was damaged. No others were seen today, except 1 bird west 1 HATS. Both birds were present at the hatching nest & both were doing a disturbed display. 19 July - A brood was encountered north of Wth's Area among an area 1 pavd's low ante polygons. There were at least 2 cheeke, which were recently hatched (with wola) + both adults were present. During the time I was there, another adult showed up + all three were scolding. One of the birds was doing a strong disturbed display by fluffing over the ground, other bouncing along. 21 July Skroavik, Alaska The nest west 1 The Wamija had 3 eggs, each what had a smudged crack in it. One egg was broken open. The embryo was well developed. The adults were not present; and the eggs were cold.

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia bairdi 22. 22 July Barrow, Alaska A bird (a ?!) was seen with 2 young nes Dr. B.R. (in Central Marsh). All three were collected (4765-67). Another juvenile was seen near Affies where was able to fly short distances. 24 July - An adult + 3 chicks seen near the tide station at Elithich Ross. 25 July - A ? with 1 chick was collected just west of Voth's Marsh. Another bird (sings?) seen with 1 chick along Voth's Slough. No displays heard. 26 July - Adult with a chick was seen just north 1 footprint. None were seen near Ibruvik. 28 July - None ever seen in the vicinity of Voth's Area. 29 July - None ever seen in The Bear Ridge, Central Bower - no one seen at the ridge. 30 July - None seen in Voth's area & vicinity. 2 August - One lone & found and collected along Voth's Creek (in the gravel bed). Another family group was encountered near Trepelin I+A+B, No. 1 Voth's Area. The adult bird, a ?, was collected

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia bairdi 2 August Barrow, Alaska along with his two chicks. This is about the third time that a → has been found taking care of the chicks. Is it possible that the → leave before the chicks are weaned? The chicks with the above-mentioned → were not quite at the stage of flying. 3 August Barrow = Sr. Barrow, Alaska Not seen during the trip. 9 August Barrow, Alaska Not seen during the past few days. However today, 1 individual (Ad) was seen near trapline 2 - west 1 AACS. 14 August None have been seen recently, but 1 juvenile was caught on the beach ridge in a trap or another was picked up today also in a trap. 21 August 1 sent collected along Farnel Lagoon today 25 aug 1 seen on the top of the beach ridge

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Helena,R. 1961 Crolia Bairdli 3 June Barrows, Alaska I heard displaying near the brock ridge. 4 June - 3 seen chasing near VOA's Area & in Britton's Area. 5 June Several noted Between Britton's & VOA's Areas. One courtship display was bluff-like. The display corbed his tail, lowered wing(dropped)-at speed, head held about normal & the ran off. The 2 - who kept on feeding. This was uninterpreted shots & both birds flew off. 8 June - Pr. observed S.E. of Britton's Area on The greasy bluffs overlooking family lagoon. When 1st seen, 1 bird (hereafter referred to as the 03) was displaying 30' off the ground. After 30sec.-so, he landed & began to feed. Gradually, he worked his way along a old caved out rut & the suddenly settled into a depression, which apparently will be the next site. He continued to squirm around, shuffling back & forth, apparently mating down the grass. He would lower down so that his tail & abdomen were up in air & he would scrape or press down with the lower chest again. The wings were spread slightly, but probably put in to allow the body full contact with the ground. To begin with he was fairly embroiled; I didn't think he began to turn. He would stand up

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Holmes, R. 1961 Epolie Bairdli 8 June Barrow, Alaska Turn 90° or so & settle back again with more sorging. In 10 minutes, he made 2-2½ complete circles with 4-5 periods of settling in 1 revolution. Also, the feet were used in that they were stamped heavily to root the vegetation & sod if they were also used to provide a firm for showing the breast into a cavity. They could be seen from my weapon grub well. The bird's constant help. The bird squints settle into the depression. After this bird followed, the bird stood by in the cup & began to peck at the vegetation nearby, both death debris & dead "attacked" growth sedge were picked & thrown over the bird's shoulder (rt & left) into the cavity. After 10-15 pecks - he would again slowly settle. This was repeated seventeen times where grain was actually seen in his beak & when he forced out to the side & out the cup. Once, he stepped out of the cup, picked up a grain, threw it back into the cup & stepped back in & continued pecking. Finally stepped out & worked away feeding slowly. Suddenly another bird landed nearby. The 2nd (1st bird) rocked its tail - a natural was so that the gray outer rectrices

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Hobbs, R. 1961 3. Enolia bairdi 8 June Banns, Alaska could be seen + rained his wing - wheel was away from the & (in a amplit foster). They not took flight, but due to contour factors I was not able to tell who we observing who. So apparently nests are made t from my General impression, The & to the one who holds in other part in construction. It is most likely that the site had already been picked that the causal settling which I saw was not the initial discovery. Bairds were also chucked near ATCS. Several pairs seemed to be present with considerable chasing going on. In one case, 2 BB were off the &. There was actual physical contact observed, where the birds lowered their heads, pulled their necks in + charged, this resulting in a shuffling fight with wing beating against each other - sand and like. The & stood by all this + finally put off went flying off from a distance close on Bulundre. Later - I went up to - partial courtship where he cocked his tail, flaked 1 very away from the &, + he followed behind he was but wings held at a 30° with the horizontal. Believe wings held at about a 10° above

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Holme, R. 1961 Erolia baricla 8 June Barrow, Alaska The horizontal only briefly, but the normal display. 9 June - Seen commonly on The Beach Ridge, many heard displaying. 10 June - pr. seen near Britta's area. When the 3' was about 1½' away from the 4', he raised his wing away from her (as he turned sideways). Then he sidled up to her in this way opposite. When 6" away, The wing was brought back to normal & the wing toward the 4' was folded. She took no notice & went on feeding. - The 3' resumed feeding. 11 June This was the most common sandpiper along the beach ridge today. Birds were seen displaying from ATOS surrounding area to the south end of Pitelka's Plat. It outnumbered my for - other sandpipers - incl. RB + P.S. The nest was located just east of the 1000 ft ATOS - 6' from the trail toward the ridge & my static - see map. - 1 egg - 4 die distraction display with tail down spread, wing dropped & head put forward. 13 June Males were heard on the Skovarite plot. The had been heard or seen there previously. One near DeWaniger was persistent & displayed at frequent

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Holmes, R 1961 Erolia bairdi 5. 13 June Barrow - Shovailk, Alaska Intervals. Others were heard further South (see census sheets). - 3 eggs, i went in nearest nuts - 0800. 15 June Barrow, Alaska. A ♀ seen feeding - ♂ walked up behind - raised vertical 1 wing to side, cocked tail slightly + walked behind ♀. No voice could be heard. - Ended in ♀ walking away; ♂ feeding. There were 4 eggs i went near nuts, NE f ATOS. 17 June Bairdi were active at The Beaver bridge - all morning and afternoon. Display (aerial), t-chase were most common. Returning to the field - not noticeable - apparent species specific. 20 June Several displaying between Brothers & Utha's Area, Now seen at Shovailk 24 June Nest at Wood, N. of ATOS - complete MISSING with no trace - predator - (man?) 26 June Nest found just So.1 The Curve on M. B.R. (beyond 1st ditch) - with 2 eggs - only 1 bivalve was present. 4 July 1 pr 1 excited lines seen near Petroplum or Pitelka's plot. A nest found East The Uthwood with Yegge. Disturbance rate as a whole - R. Humes Mmmm

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erolia bairdi 6 July Barrow, Alaska A group 11 birds seen feeding in The Puddles - 5 On west of De Vood - offwile The so. end 1 First Lake. All feeding at edge / water within 15' from others-- M Alp / oppression. 9 July - None seen near nests, +2 were Feeding in De Vuit area - W of First Lake. 2 where - Dr. cressis plat. 11 July ♀-strie a nest between V.O. & Brink's Area. 13 July eggs just starting to pip at 1500. Another Nest found just behind Camp Slot The old shop building/stocks / humble. - Y eggs - no sign 1 pipping. 15 July 9 still sitting in the nest between V.t B. Area. 16 July No sign ( Nest v- area mentioned above. Apparently The young have hatched & Moved away. At 1930, the nest right behind the lab - contained 4 piping eggs. 1 Adult was present 21 July 1 Ad + 1 chick collected in the AHC area. 1 Ad + 1 chick seen near De So. end / Family Lagoon - chick banded. 30 July 2 seen along First Lake. 18 Aug - None seen recently (!

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Erolia bairdi -1954-maher 19 May 1961 - Maher - Notes - 1954 - Barrow Baird Sqp. Nests #1 Found So. of fresh lake (100 yds SE of aweaether station) in high polygon area. Egg pipping on 18 July. #2-West side of Britton's area on top of a high polygon. Found a 22" game with 4 eggs. On 13 July, nest was empty, but 4 young were just 20' away. #3. - 1 nest near tank farm (NE Airport) in 6" green-warm low polygon - 3 eggs - 30 June 4" - 5 July

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erolia bairdi 29 may BARROW, ALASKA 1 individual seen feeding on the exposed firn - west slope / Elson Lagoon - so. 100 ft. Stony. Good short hillside - better, flusher 30 may - 1 display heard near VOR's area. 1 june 1 bird seen near Elson Lagoon & 1 was with a flush / Tundra Peckers + dense near VOR area. 5 june 1 bird seen collected S. of Brittan's Area today. [illegible] No other have been seen - heard recently. Late arrivals ? 7 june 2 individuals chasing - 1/2 way between VOR & Brittan's Area - no display - and, aerial flight - slow - white-like 9 june 1 bird heard displaying in Brittan's Area. 10 june Four individuals doing aerial display north of the insect plots. Several displaying at Beacon - 1 The Berlandy ridge along Elson Lagoon - NE / NW hillside. 11 june Several displaying heard + birds seen along the north factor / The level ridge - and at least 3-4 birds - displaying - N & E / The magnetic station - to NE / B. ridge curve - 2 collected. 14 june Several birds displaying along lower ridge & near at Stavrova (No. end of plot). When these birds rise to display - They are a slower - more languid every beat which is quite marked - when compared with normal fast flying flight. Black relative large wings - make them appear.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia bairdii 19 June Barrow, Alaska Lute, a band was seen to chase a semi-pae as it flew through its furtura - from a low flink, time - cvet note. 22 June Several pairs along Bead Ridge - So. 1 middle salt layon. The species given more free - both straight forces + twangy, in the air - Do straight trill so a murise till a tree sawpiter - but maybe took for long pause - it was gone after 2 min - 20 sec - with 4 pause. This may be proceeded or followed by, Do dree, dree, dree or it sings and weel A twangy trill [illegible] dree, dree...., [illegible]eeeeee eeeee, cheeue, cheeue, cheeue.... seeeee dree... - churring seeee - even pitchese or straight trill cheeue - twangy trill. 28 June Nest with 4 eggs - on 2nd knoee from Volarea - & gave stormy distraction display Nest wit 1 egg - in poorly built nest (space - with a top-sided depression with grass partly marked down. & (neverstumbled - anyways) gave a stormy distraction display with wings flapping to the side & by head giving squealing noise.

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Holmes, P. 1962 Erolia Bairdii 30 June Barrow, Alaska Nest with egg - not with three - incubating bird left the nest cube 2 even 60' away - gave a stormy diabatic flight - then a mouse run - did not return close while I looked at the egg - but stood off from Mr. cubine. 3 July - Group of 4 seen a B.R. - two collected - both shaving incubation patches. Lena M. appeared to be moving as a group - They may be birds - who have had nesting failure. 4 July Both nests E fish Ave were intact. There was no baird #3 - but eggs were warm. At nest B5 #2 - the incubating bird flew off the nest cubical was 60' away - gave a flying flight - fluttering over the ground for about 50'. The went into a mouse run for seven more feet - finally disappeared, although - not to be seen when until I was walking away from nest. She was standing nearby, giving The cubine. 6 July Baird nest found 30 yards behind orange ARL building by Stevens yesterday. - contains 4 eggs. Nest site is an exposed gravel and only sparse vegetation. Carex? - egg on lying in a shallow

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia bairdi 6 July Barrow, Alaska depression which is lined with grass & sedge blades (dry). Sometimes - grown sedge part care De nut but De egg an matr(30,4gated. As approached - The # incubating bird flew off - and went immediately into a rapid flight, landing 60' away - ran about 2' in rodent run posture - then stopped - stood next (as I stood by the nest) + gave several whines. Wheezy, wheezy. After 2 min - walked away - it flew landed about 1 min & fled me off for 200' - in a part bushy pasture - finally under bush found the nest. 11 July Nest found by Maker at the gravel soil slope. The B.R. - still being incubated. The bird flew off 20' as I approached - then as I came close to the nest - it ran up to the nest in a mouse-run posture - followed by a fluttering in air to 5' - having a rapidly beating wings - giving a loud squeaking call. It would periodically land run around in a hunched posture - given the white-call. The bird never did get more than 4' away from me while I moved the nest & then as I reached away it flew & fluttered ahead my off.

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia bairdi 12 July Barrow, Alaska BS #2 - 4 eggs, 1 dead unincubating. It left the nest when I was 25' away flew off in injury flight - flapping on the ground, wings out to flapping [I felt held for wrens - not took in flying position] - tail fanned - giving The loud, hip pitched squeal - which does not seem very species specific. At 60' it stopped went into a hunched posture gave 2 "darts" to the oceanic 7' man off. BS-3 - 3 young +1 egg - 2 birds in attendance; I was brooding. As I approach At 15' - The bird flew out low over the ground, landed 20' from nest - gave one dart + then a number of whines - I remained in the vicinity - with 60' during the next 4 minutes - but never came close to the nest until two banding the young. 18 July - An adult + 3 young (<2 days old) found near Elson Lagoon (Crews Slp.). At first I believed it was a wren - gave distress - injury flight with hip pitched squeal & would stand off with mouth swan on which. The adult came after

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Holmes, Jr. 1962 Erota lairdi 15 July Barrow, Alaska about 5 minutes + stood off from the clunt. [died in attendance also saw occasional clunt -]. Next new magnetic stone - south side/ Deadly - gun - apparently hatched with the last three days. This was Lcrob in almost pure gravel with some few scattered. The cap was in found alive by the white fiber-like lichen. 20 July Nest #2 checked in the afternoon - all four eggs were present. The incubating bird was off The nest when I arrived there. 21 July Nest #2 checked + only 1 young was present - The other have apparently hatched & were somewhere in the vicinity. Both Adults were present - one gave a storm injury display - As she stood off giving me down-not- acting excited as I did so. Since this method 3 eggs - The evening 30 June + The 4th egg was probably laid the morning (July) - The incubation period to 20 days (18-20). 3 Aug Now have been seen during the last two weeks. Where are the young? - not to mention the adults. 4 Aug Miller collected 4 near Fred Lee (Adults!).

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Holmes, R 1962 Ertia bairdi 6 Aug. Barrow, Alaska Now seen today. No adults + young! This species seem to have disappeared. A few young have shown up during the last several days - but no adults previously have moved out. 9 Aug Peters Lake, Alaska One see a De altenial for Betron Lakes, Beton + Shroder. 14 aug Danows, Alaska None seen toward the point + none have been seen since the early part of the month.

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Holmes,R. 1963 Calidris bairdii 29 may Barrow, Alaska One seen collected on mud-shore / [illegible] Wohlschlag - in comparison with a ♀ Pectoral. 28 May Two seen in drum area - between row 1 drums & road to gates. The two were on an open path of hundreds - suddenly one ran at the other, jumped at it, both & stood there for seven sec. - pecking with its bill around the head of the bird underneath. The wings / the bird on top were at 75° of flattening, tail was raised to about 45°. Suddenly, the lower bird hooked off the upper, raised one wing & tail & then turned & pecked on the back of the other at the same place. Repeated. They exchanged perches 4 or 5 x - each time, the birds' top appeared to be pecking at the nest to beat the lower bird. The lower bird also looked downwards in tail & far it slightly. After their exchanges, both birds took flight - keeping parallel to each other, each giving the full note - once periodically setting its wings at 45° & gliding for seven seconds, then resuming the fast flight. They moved W/NW Soul-3°0' - then both to the same area. They landed 200 yards apart, each on open tundra begun feeding. Lobs - 2 indiv. were seen feeding on each other in the same area - same route? - [illegible]

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Holmes, P. 1963 C. bairdii 28 may Barnes, Plosh 28th which have not settled boundaries - but have claimed this area / expose furnela. The amount / aerial displaying was limited / One one dual-flyer. 29 may One collected - feeding by jabs specks at Elsanbluff, 300 yards south / ookpik. Two seen feeding together along Elsan bluff. 30 may One seen heard in aerial display over Voh area - Calceatrisito. 2 June Drum area - 3-4 birds - 3 seen in one chase, amid chattering sounds still. One aerial display heard. An individual when landing kept his right wing held vertically, while he gave the musical soft wet-pitched trill (10 sec). He then lowered the wing & began feeding. This happened 4 times, each was preceded by a short flight from one engaged polyptyx to another. No other bird can seen in the vicinity. Several minutes later, he flew to a mound 100' away, landed, kept 1 wing up before, but cocked tail, gave a harsh, uneven chatter or trill for 5 sec. The 5 sec 1 even musical trill - as he walked toward another individual (q?). Skirt turned + watched us, he followed with fixed steel cocked, but

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Holmes,R 1963 C. bartrici 2 June Barrow, Alaska with both wings raised, giving both call (chill) notes. They both flew to the near polygon. He continued with the tail cocked, crewing up. The lower (wings?) began feeling (at least feeding motion?) left tail raised; freely lowered tail & both birds fed. The probably were courtship act - with the ♀ showing no response at this time. call notes - here 1) high-pitched, curious churr note (chrrr chrrr) was given when he had both wings in air (vertical) following behind ♀ (sometimes with double inflection - dâ-ré,... 2) low-pitched nasal hiiil - given by a ♂ when alone & inflight or part the aerial song & in the "courtship" posture -------- 3) harsh, uneven, trill - given in chase or on ground as part (The ground "courtship" activity 4) In air - a song - a whine, swangy trill - three three zhreee zhreell. Several chases. See - call note given was usually to unreceptive, non-mating individuals they were brief, parts of the sound - Churr was never heard in chase.

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Holmes,R 1963 C. bairdi 4 June Barrow, Alaska Four individuals near explosive shore - one displaying - others birds foraged. Two were displaying at the same time just north of AACS - also same chasing Group - Tree. 6 June - One flying along Valley slope bluff, one heard in both areas - DS seem to be quite uncommon this year - not least so far - they may be hard to come by. 8 June One displaying over level ridge near Magnetic Station - landed uneventfully Keeping wings at neutral for 1 sec before lowering them. One displaying near Trepelius [illegible]. 9 June Hunted AACS & beach ridge for three hours - but had difficulty locating them - one displaying just no. 1 AACS - towards south (a North side 1 b.r.) - 2 chasing about 300 yd west Magnetic Station (1 cod) - Their sex relatively scarce so far - however much I hear habitat not 1m beach ridge is not yet free [illegible] One collected near AACS - one other Seen - in same area. 10 June One possible too heard in Britton's Area (high polynya at north end).

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Holmes,R. 1963 C. bairdii 5. 14 June Barrow, Alaska On head for beech ridge - 2 displays L churring - goslerie ridge. At least 2 displays - beech ridge in afternoon. 12 June At least 3 pair wet / APCS Su census sheet. Frequent / churring note - 13 notes in 15 sec. 15 June Many displays - songs heard along goslerie ridge. (at least 3 birds). 16 June Good activity along north beech ridge - One pair collected - $ had enlarged area - but brood patches were well developed She was molting - body feathers - a all major feather tufts. - looked as if she may have lost an earlier clutch - lost it some weeks - then started to molt. - Perhaps encountered her mate (since $ did not have a developed brood patch - in this case probably his first June). Two other males collected - both $pc Churring note (Mr. Baird Sap is best described as a nasal t-enphatized pronounced prit (Dacte is emphatic) On head on ground - raised one wing To Mr. vertical - as he found an oncom anovel intruder - Mrs. Brevin was flushed

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RTH 1963 C. burdii 16 June Barrow, Alaska To The side - perhaps - An encounter Could still cause vent / the wrong Lining (?). The bird then went into An aerial display itself & chased An other bird. 17 June - Another molting $ - who was Starting to lay eggs. Her incubation patches were more developed & brood if any had been seen previously. No sep 1 old cell. Follicles could be found. 20 June Several displaying male BACs. One was located - on a natural bird mud - due south! Bacs - with 2 eggs & absent trees - only flew up a fluttering wing flung around in the wind To the nest as I looked at it - 20 June or where note typed 1 burdii at the nest. 21 June One heard a cussa plat at Shovail (see Southend). 22 June 3B raised wing to vertical (slight droop at Tip), coelutail (at least partly) & gave even flee - when disturbed by me near or gauge. One is also done when another BS U nearby & may incipient precopulatory display.

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RT4 1963 C. bairdi 22 jun Barrow, Alaska The spear seem to be quite common r brow ridge, white - guslin negt area toward the coast. The outnunt semi-pals by at least 3 to 1. 25 jun 1 su r collects a gasoline road 300ys north footput lake. 30 jun Several pair noted in AACS area - little display - may be due to heavy winds. 2 collected - some meet going. Next #2 - was taken by mr. m. la- Stribling - egg collect from Barrow. The adult was shot by Mullen. July 4 jve, I found dead lay k.k. Bthurod a drum area.- bird was fuel - but no slight sem 1 damage - she ohe was laying egg. 5 july Group of 4 bairdi in Brittas area - 1 coll. no aerial display activity. 8 july Collected three breeding birds for AACS - no display, chtub - except one bird raised every time as I approach. No net located. The a.m. Bevel study census plot - with 4 eggs. See census sheets. 10 july 2-3 pairs in north-west end of salumark - no display - 2 collected. Nutabri vithor.

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Holmes,R 1963 C. bairdi 12 July Barrow, Alaska A pair was collected a west chin. Van creed - probably c nest somewhere in vicinity. The nest in Bot Brit's are was still being incubated. 14 July Beach ridge census plot - 1 nest (nr 18-c) - hatched July #12-13 - gone today. Same was true / Nest nr 16 - except that two cold eggs remained in the nest cup. 16 July Nest #3 - in Brit's av. had 3 young just out of the egg + 1 egg which had not yet hatched. The other egg shells were gone - 1 adult was incubating. 17 July One adult with 1 downy chick collected near BASS. All nests - plot here hatched - some adults & probably their chicks are in the area still. Nest nr 16-c - where had 2 cold eggs last check - steel hoed (nr) today, Who crooked - we had a chick about ready to hatch the other was Sterile - no development rubates ever. I have no idea why they didn't survive - unless there's we had some effect. 19 July 1 collected Brit. av. in full winter body plumage. 3 collected allm b.i. me beveron antenna - all but one - all

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Holmes 1963 C. bairdii 21 July Barrow, Alaska Found a bear ridge close - both giving whine note - Drifted the pair - but when collected, both even 85? No chubs noted. 22 July Artesan - gasline ridge, and river over jim. caught in snares. 24 July 1 flying jin - collected along been ridge - west of magnetic station. 25 July 1 Bel. collected under and behind lobs 29 July 1 flying going by itself - new Bndy - N.E. 1 not set layer - collectable. 15 Aug - 1 Sm- caught in traps near AACS 16 Aug 1 Sm along Fred Lake

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Holmes, R.T. 1964 C. Laurel 4 June Barrow, Alaska Several n drum area + near AACS - no aerod churning heard but several choices noted. In chase a brief note in jura - which is high pitched (the capernic) + whistl occurs. Become the downward till in the intent. 7 June 1a BR, not Poteb's Plot. A drum area - several displayers. In display flight - they man have - bob also have a flagging flight - with Dr. Wey - above, 30° above & below the horizon - at the whole given in the pre-purp. of the in the land - everyone sit in V & they gun a steady-pitched field. 8 June Display flights over area between BR & Smithpuk Up landing both ways held up for an instant & then filed - not as pronounced as Dr. Dublin landing display. 10 June Seward displaying in area + near AACS - I chased by - W.N. Seward noted north & west AACS. Two were interfered with 8.01 De rather - most regular (9 or 10?) - Suddenly an bird (the gizzard? presumed ?) - lowered - fanned his tail, hunched in bold, ruffled the wings normal - then forward (N?) As he approached he, are Wey (pounding & N. side) shot up vertically - head raised slightly - the one ran in front 1 m. - with tail

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RTH 1964 C. bairdi 2. 10 June Barrow, Alaska still depressed Hannel + Birds Reticle of non- flushing the wings and towards the - The back feathers still ruffled. This happened twice. The patterns are what has happened in report & to be aggressive - but in both case the birds stayed together & 5 minutes later - a nest with 4 eggs was found 25' to 1 stone S.O. So, this is most likely a pair - which has just finished its nest - The ruffled pattern - maybe a courtship - Pair-lead display - all the birds still needs checking. 11 June Several Displays in No.B.R. cree - at 150', 100t', 130t' - high flying - flapping flight - occasional glide an outstretched - slightly crooked wings - new landing - V-set wings. Checked nest - still had 4 eggs - birds nest - gave strong dish display - I hundred puffs, tail lowers & spread. Weep dropped, down feathers ruffled - ever shuffling off through 2-3 grassy areas - vain squeaky call - but where about 10' for nest - gave do-wit (total's where?) call for crabbed upright posture. The Slow-tucked in hypo-loaded - may have the N.F.

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Holmes, R. 1964 C. bairdii 11 June Barrow, Alaska Bird displayed low (15') with flappy flight, then gliding on down-curved, non-beating wing - gave brief + linedel - keeping wing up near vertical + then raised tail to 90°, gave a 3 sec brief lateral wing (which had been merged) + then round the right (the right was put out first - before the other was lifted) - each in (in about 4 sec) - tail still arched - the bird in a hurrated posture but head was up. When 50 flew as in display, the bird raised both wings to vertical + gave rapid tail notes - the lower left wing sank to resting position. Late 5 birds involved in a chase, moved high (180-190') closely together - 10' apart at most - 2 moved off together - both - flapping, low display - another the pulled off + displayed - while the 2 remaining went out 1 left. Tentand boundaries seem indistinct at this stage - at least when chase begins. They all join in + cross boundaries, cutting together - finally to move off. Whether or not only 5 were involved - the precenten; all birds involved seemed to have.

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Holmes, R. 1964 C. bairdi 12 June Barrow, Alaska Display at 200', 75', 100', 250' - call (sing) oft stark call c sing 4-5 sharp, short flute notes - followed by several non trilled - not quite so sharp - De twang hier art, art, art, des-des-du eeeelll -call note somewhat disturbed - a verse 1 two intro note - a shape "bdrdt, bdrdt,..." Display landed- folded wings - as another bird flew by about 20' away, The bird on the ground first raised one wing then the other & both both were up & then the tail was cocked to 90° - gave full note of the resonant feeling. Later - 2 see near AACS - air bob. Similar to that described for repair per Metapline (at nest #1) - An aggressor was on a upright posture. Tail was depressed & partially fanned - Right wing was at vertical - The left or kept foot burning as we folded tail forward as she moved slowly 1/4 mile then shuffled and waved 1/2 again. She paid no attention to another 2/ feeding.

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Holmes, R. 1964 C. Bairdii 5. 13 June Barrow, Alaska See pain in drum area - I chau noted involving 4 indir. - coming at entire drum area - apparently are a chau slope - two boundaw as not held + very strictly & several from adjacent areas join the chase - eventually all separate out tributary to their respective territories. Chau - My son is often spoke chau, ..., or versus - here + occa part 1 the draw out hill (especially when they set their wings - a cued - + glide). 17 June Pair on south side of head ridge near 4 barrels. Chased & giving long trill. - landed on south slope of ridge. - I raised tail (it used to 60°). walked to a nut as we left a grass + began displaying - tail high - wagged both up - as he rotated in cup - & standing about 1 foot away. [No femto log] Trill - which varied in loudness &/or pitch] - - I walked to him - but the flew - then a following given the trill - the event with aerial flight - will shut trill note (dee) given repeatedly. [In cup - or lifted on wing vertically. While deer in display posture, as I approached. - West quadrant - won tail at 60° - I win up - No drop (flew).

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RTH 1964 C. bairdii 18 June Barnes Harker Morn taken of chase involving 20+18 min Nest #1. - 9+18 wmping, court call + 6A 3 animal - 1st paired (worsted from 1 pt toward him [suggestion]) - taking flight - chase involving all 3 birds - full gain during chase. 22 June Nest with 4 eggs found in drum area - taken for egg weights. 23 June Nest with 4 eggs - on south slope, bear Nest - 30 yds. N.1 Meeda col. - a culm- mean, potter 1 tenders - well-ferner on 1 grass-sedge material. No display activity m. b.r. ner gatine. 26 June Display declining rapidly - only 1 aerial flight; flight and accompany song, be- Friday + all day was spent on centre bear or yellow areas. 27 June Only 2-3 display bears - at time were all brief - no high flying - extended aerial flights. 28 June 3 display heard during entire day. - little aerial activity. 1 July Flock of 4 + 1 WR a N.B.R near 4 drums. Nest on South slope 1 BR, No.1 moderate steel what.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia melanotos 6 June Barrow Alaska. 2 of this species seen in the Voth Area in company with several Red-b Sdg. 1 was collected. 8 June Barrow, Alaska 3 seen ½ mi so. Barrow Village. They were feeding among a flock of E. alpina on a few large areas of exposed tundra. One was collected. 12 June Barrow, Alaska (so. of) One ♂ and 1♀ seen near Voth's Area. They did not appears to be paired yet, for the ♂ was seen by itself at first and then the ♀ was noted several hundred yards away. The male flew over her with his Throat distended and giving a kuk-kuk-kuk... call. He the alighted 30 yards away on a tussle. The ♀ The flew about 30 yards and alighted and continued feeding. The ♂ made another circle around her and alighted again about 30 yards from her. The ♀ seemed to pay no attention To the male. The ♀ was collected, and

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia melanotos 2 12 June Barrow, Alaska herlargest ava was 5mm in diameter. 14 June Barrow, Alaska Upon returning to the above mentioned area where The Q was collected, it was found that The P was still present. It had not acquired a new mate yet but was seen to chase off 2 Sisp (sp?) and later chase off 2 Dumbins. Apparently his territory is fairly well staked out. 15 June Barrow, Alaska One male seen along the gas road. It did not seem to be paired, and may have been the bird seen on 12+14 June, however we were not in the same locality. 16 June Barrow, Alaska Several pairs and a few individuals were seen in and near Voth's Area. The P mentioned previously was seen defending his territory against a pair which had intruded. This involved the Q of the pair chasing his Q and then the other Q chasing both these birds. The chase consisted of flying low over the ground (not over 10-15 feet)

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Holmes,R. 1959 Erolia melanotes 3. 16 jun Barrow, Alaska and banking and sweeping as they went. The territorial 8 would stop after he went so far over would return to one of his "perching" areas. As he returned, it used a shallow, almost fluttering-flight and gave a series of 6-8 hoorting notes. As these were given the chest was bulged out and then retracted and so on. The flight was about 10 feet off the ground. The landing display was not noted. Later when the original pair was watched, the 8 was seen walking about 6 inches behind the 9, with his tail cocked. and chest expanded. No vocal accompaniment was heard, but it may have been covered up by the rather strong wind which was blowing. After allowing the 9 for several feet, both birds took flight and a low altitude close continuous around the area until finally the birds settled again. Another threesome was noted along the gas were road at the SW corner of the salt water lagoon. Two 8's were seen fighting, as they were choosing each

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Holmes,R. 1959 Erolia melanotus 4. 16 June Barrow, Alaska other over the tundra while The & fed in some tall grass. Upon surrounding of The &, both males came down to her side and both attempted to mount her. One bird kept driving the other off and finally succeeded to copulate 2 or 3 times? Then both males took flight and a chase ensued. After several seconds, both birds returned to The & who continued to flop around, and fought each other by her side. One was seen to display as he came in. This chasing and returning continued for 2 or 3 minutes and then all 3 birds flew off. 18 June Barrow, Alaska Several & seen behind the drum area and along the beach ridge. They are seen sitting on top of mounds or ridges where they presumably can see any other birds entering their territory. As they fly, the breast is expanded making the bird very conspicuous. Also a booming voice accompanies this flight which is low (less than 20 feet). 23 June Barrow, Alaska The males are still holding their territories

and can be heard frequently. One male behind the drum was heard to give a gurgly-type call which seems to be the warning note. When another male entered his territory, both birds flew side by side, both giving their aerial display. Three birds (all ?) were seen in the grassy area just north of Wohlgeschloss's Slough. One bird (A) flew to the west and encountered bird B. These two flew about 40 feet giving their booming call. Then A flew back to the east and encountered Bird C. These two proceeded in the flight display until A turned back toward B and the whole thing started over again. 24 June, Barrow, Alaska One male seen chasing two Baird's Sand- pipers away from a snow goose area alongside a pond. These two piper halfeen fighting (a courting?) - every display toward each other and lower call) as he ? darted toward them, uttering his harsh gurgles. The two birds immediately took flight and moved about a hundred yards away. The male chased them for about 50 yards and then returned to a mound where he settled.

Holmes, R 1959 6. Erolia melanotis 25 june Barrow, Alaska Several territorial males seen near the east census plots and in the area between there and Wyckliff's Slough. A group of 7 males were seen along the northern edge of Central Marsh and groups 1, 2 and 3 even seen throughout the tundra. Apparently these funds have deserted their tundras and are beginning their flocking. Three males were collected today to problems To study the anatomy related to the chest inflation. These were examined and it soon found that there are two air sacs which extend up the neck to the front of the skull. There are separated by septa and each side could be blowing separately. When air was forced into the trachea it seemed that it went directly to the lungs or other air sacs posteriorly then it seems to move forward toward the neck sacs. Upon injecting ink into one of the sacs it seems that the connecting canal may go through the breast muscle into the body cavity. The skin in the neck region is very [illegible]

25 June. Barrow, Alaska - Boggy and when examined internally it was heavily vascularized and was fair heavily covered with fat. This bogs 1 fat and vascularized tissue under at the starting of the breast region. The boiled the meat was not so characterized, so it seems that just the expendable area for their type fissure. 26 June. Barrow, Alaska Several groups 1 2 and 3 males seen today, also several territorial males. These males which are in groups act differently from the territorial males. They don't utilize Hemiponds at observation posts, and they spend most of their time feeding. 28 June. Barrow, Alaska Several groups 1 males seen. 9 am on one flock 5 cw of AACs as Groups 1 2-3 were seen in the same area. Two territorial birds were noted displaying and chasing. 1 July. Barrow, Alaska One female seen near gas line ridge.

Holmes, R. 1959 6 July Barrow, Alaska A group of seven males seen in Central Marsh. They were all feeding within 5 yards of each other. No others were seen during the morning. Four males were seen in the small ponds, just west of freshwater lagoon. They were feeding and showed no aggressive actions. There was no evidence of the bulging throat of the breeding season in these birds. A nest was located west of The gasoline and west of ATCs buildings. It was about half way between the gasoline and the middle saltwater lagoon. The nest was in manny tall grass on a dry sloping "hill". It was almost impossible to see the nest, because the grass are hanging so. The three eggs were light green with large brown splotches. The eggs were probably larger than the Bait's Sandpiper's egg. When the female was flushed, she performed a distraction display very similar to the Baird's. The dock was hunched, tail dropped and spread, and the

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Hol mes,R 1959 Erolia melanaster 6 July Barrow, Alaska wings were slightly drooping. The male gone now also c whining note female again at the Baird. She did not go for before she assumed the normal natural position. After my retreat from the vicinity of the nest she returned. Worked her way back there and began to sit again. No male was seen in the vicinity of the nest. 7 July Barrow, Alaska The nest was checked at 1800 and still contained three eggs. The female was not incubating, but she arrived when I was at the nest. She kept her distance (40-50 feet), but gave a long series of soft "chig" notes. No male was seen during the morning along the beach ridge near Whalesback Slope and the east cussas area or places in between. One male was seen feeding in the stream area at 1630. 8 July Barrow, Alaska Several [illegible] were seen in

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Holmes, R. 1957 Erolia melanae 8 July Barrow, Alaska and near Voth's Area. One contained 17 males), another 6, and several other small and scattered groups. They appeared to spend most of the time feeding, and when flushed would flee fly in a group. One male was heard giving the display (call (F.A.P.) near trapline IV.B. 12 July Barrow, Alaska Four were seen just east of Voth's Area. Apparently they were all males; their auricles have diminished and the dark coloration has changed to light brown in the chest regions. Three of these were collected by N. Atkka. Two were female evident apparently had just failures and one was a male. The 92 had heavy fat and were molting. 13 July Barrow, Alaska The nest was checked at 1400. As approached, the female sat very low so that the tall grass and sedge concealed her. When about 2 feet away, she fluttered off and did a very vigorous distraction display.

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Holmes,R. 1957 Erolla melanotas 12 July Barrow, Alaska This consisted of fluttering along the ground with tail down and fanned. The wings were only drooping slightly. A trembling-crying note was given as she huddled her way over 4m. Funde. Even for feet she would look back to see if it was following. When she resumed her normal post. She was about 30 feet from thrust. The eggs (3) were still present. 14 July Barrow, Alaska One flock of about 15 males seen South Voth's Area. A few single females were seen just S. of Footprint Lake. 15 July Barrow, Alaska Several small groups seen between Voth's Area and Footprint Lake. A few females were noted at the southern end of Footprint Lake. 16 July Barrow, Alaska Three seen near Woldschlos' Slough; apparently they were males? 17 July Barrow, Alaska Nine seen on Beach Ridge or near AAAS. 18 July Barrow, Alaska Several groups of 10-15 were noted on the flat "plain" north of Footprint

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Holmes, R. 1959 12. Erolia melanotos 15 July Barrow, Alaska Lake and also on the lower end of The lake bottom. These are the first birds that I have seen which, liking the drained lake. They were feeding in the floated areas and were seen in the afternoon and evening. Several low females were seen south of the lake and two broods were seen and handled (on 14, on 12). The nest near AACS hatched late yesterday or early this morning. Two of the young were found about 20 feet away from the nest site. There was no distraction display by the female, but she became very excited. 19 July Barrow, Alaska There groups 1 male were again seen in the same locations along the gasolin road. There appeared to be more in The lake bed, as groups were flushed more frequently from the tall grass. 20 July Barrow Alaska One large group was observed at the South and 1 foot print Lake at 1100. It contains about 60-70 birds which were feeding among the flooded patches here. [illegible]

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Holmes, R. 1959 Enolia melanotus 13. 20 July Barrow, Alaska were collected which proves to be females. A few other Scattered Ytrupt Land 3 were seen. The shov- bird activity is quite low at the present time which makes them pictoras appear to be the most abundant. The liquid, gung-ho-like note is quite distinctive in identification. 22 July Barrow, Alaska. A large flock was again present in The southern half of Footprint Lake. It consisted of 50-55 birds which were feeding among the large pools of water. When flushed they would all fly together in a flock and the land several hundred yards away. Two birds were collected and both were males with heavy fat. One was nothing. Other small groups were also noted just S. 1 Fifth's Area and on the greasy flat area, west 1 Footprint Lake near Juzer nest #3. 23 July Barrow, Alaska Small flocks were encountered just no. 1 Footprint Lake and in The southern Part of the lake. The big Flock I The last few days was not observed as such.

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Holms, R. 1959 Endia mclandtos 24 July Barrow, Alaska Several groups of 2 and 3 seen in and near Voth's Area. Otherwise very little activity was noted. Only two or three broods of this sandpiper have been seen, even though the time spent looking for them has been considerable. 25 July Wainwright, Alaska Two seen near the village between 1230 and 1800. 27 July Barrow, Alaska Three seen so. 1 Voth's Area. 28 July Pit Point Alaska About 6 were seen during 6 hours spent in observation. 29 July Barrow, Alaska A flock of 25 were seen on So. Footprint Lake. This was the only location they were seen at during the whole day. 30 July Barrow, Alaska Two were seen in Voth's Area. Apparently the males have all departed, and just the females now remain. No young have been seen since 18 July. Most of the remaining birds seem to stay on Footprint Lake or other area when there is standing water.

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Holmes,R. 1959 Evolia melanotos 31 July Barrow, Alaska No pectorals were seen during the trips To Wohlpettoz Slough, Elsin Lagoon and Ne Beck Ridge. 1 August Barrow, Alaska Two birds seen; 1 collected which was a molting female. There were moved this species in Footprint Lake - where previously They could always be found. No young ones have been seen for almost Two weeks. 4 August Barrow, Alaska A flock of 40 was present on the S. part of Footprint Lake. Only two birds were collected. They were both females which were molting (body). No young birds were seen. 5 August Barrow, Alaska A flock of 30 were present just so.1 Freshwater lagoon. One bird was collected, and it was a female. A group of 6 were seen out along the spit towards Newwork. 6 August Barrow, Alaska Large group of females ever present in Footprint Lake.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia mclandtos 7 August Barrow, Alaska The groups of birds were more careful censured today. In the northern half of the lake at 1400, there was an estimated 600 birds feeding among the small pools and marsh areas. This figure was attained by standing along the wood and estimating the population. Also one shot was fired. The flying birds were estimated at approx. The same number. The birds were very common, but were almost equal in number with the Semi- Polynotus Sandpiper which had not been seen for almost two weeks. The southern half of the lake was also cheerful and censured with approx. 400 birds being present. Of course there may be some overlap caused by the birds flying both a fortiori, especially after the pool been flushed. A group of 40 was watched for about an hour. Many of the birds were taking baths in the deeper pools. This was accomplished by standing in water up to the lower belly.

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Holmes, R. 1954 Erolia melanotos 7 August Barrow, Alaska and their shaking vigorously allowing the water to reach various parts of the body. Afterwards, the birds would stand and preen for several minutes. Occasionally, as the birds were feeding in the shallow water or in the exposed mud, one bird would supplant another. This was observed several times, but did not appear to apply to any particular patch of ground, for the supplanting bird would move a few feet away and repeat the performance and then keep on moving. The supplanting action was accomplished by lowering the head and chasing the intruder for one to two feet, and then feeding was resumed. The supplanting was shot at for puppet sex determination, but unfortunately escaped. Other birds present (well, the supplanted) appeared to be females. 9 August Barrow, Alaska Many scattered individuals, all apparent females were seen during

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia melanotos 18. 9 August Barrow, Alaska The late afternoon on Footprint Lake. 11 August Pitt Point, Alaska About 16 individuals were seen here during the morning and afternoon. Three became excited--as if they might have young nearby. No young birds were seen, however. 13 August Pitt Point, Alaska The weather seems to have curtailed most of the bird activity yesterday and today. No pectorals were seen either day. 15 August Pitt Point, Alaska Two noted about 1 mi east / A bore. No others have been noted. These two did not appear to be immatures but were probably ??. 18 August Barrow, Alaska Four individuals were seen between ARL and the Beach Ridge. These were apparently immatures. 19 August Barrow, Alaska Footprint Lake was visited, area very few pectorals were noted. Among the 300 (?) Red-Noses only two immatures were seen. Three other were present just north of the lake.

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Holmes,R. 1959 Erolia mclonotos 20 july Barrow, Alaska Three immatures were present on Gas line ridge during the evening. Otherwise, none were seen between them and ARL.. 21 July Barrow, Alaska From Voth's Area to the northern edge/ Footprint lake, 6 birds were seen. These all appeared to be juveniles. One was seen among the large number of Red-locks on the lake bottom. 22 July Barrow, Alaska One seen near A.A.C.S. and 2 on Gas line ridge. 23 July Barrow, Alaska Four immatures nested in Eskar Marsh and two near A.A.C.S. Very few of these birds are now present, and apparently those that are, are immatures. The best places to locate them are among wet marshy places where the grasses and sedge are relatively tall. Most of these birds still have the habit of creeping through the groves before they were flushed. Now the birds seen or collated recently have

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia melanotos 23 July Barrow, Alaska had any natal down. 24 July Barrow, Alaska Four seen on the east side of The Brook ridge. 25 August Barrow, Alaska Several individuals were seen in Central Marsh and one flock of 9 was noted. They all are immatures 26 August Barrow, Alaska 18 individuals were seen in Central Marsh + at the same time a flock of 9 was seen. These birds were collected from this flock and even males (immature). The buff color is now rather evident - these birds. Small groups (3-5) were seen just no. 1 footprint lake, and several individuals were seen at the lake bottom. An estimated 75 birds were seen today in 6 hours spent in the field. 27 August Barrow, Alaska Several small flocks (8-10) was

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Holmes,R. 1959 Erolia melanotos 27 August Barrow, Alaska seen east of the beach ridge among the low wet areas adjacent to Elm Lagoon. Individuals were seen here and there in this same locality, and three were seen near in Coward Marsh. 28 August Barrow, Alaska Four groups of 6-8 seen between Voth's Area and the area west of Footprint Lake. None were seen in the lake bottom. Two were seen together in Voth's Area during the evening. 29 August Barrow, Alaska Two seen north of Voth's Area in the morning, and three noted in the same area during the evening. 30 August Barrow, Alaska None seen during the morning, but one seen in Voth's Area in the evening. 31 August Barrow, Alaska Two seen in Voth's Area. One seen just north of Footprint Lake (collected), and one seen during the evening just north of Voth's Area (collected). All were immatures.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia melanotos 2 Sept. Barrow, Alaska Two seen just north of Voth's Area. They were feeding among several small ponds. 3 Sept. Barrow, Alaska One seen in Voth's Area feeding in the troughs between the high polygons. 5 Sept. Barrow, Alaska None seen. (No shorebirds seen anywhere). The ponds all seen to be frozen.

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Holmes, R. 1960 "Erdiä" melandotus 28 may Barrow, Alaska Three individuals were seen along the edge of Elson Lagoon near Whitschlog slough. Four moles (1 included hood (2mm brates) and 1 was a § (largest wvan 4mm). Four birds were reported by Moles in this same general location during the afternoon. 29 may Barrow, Alaska Two male with slightly inflated throats were seen near Elson Lagoon in the same vicinity as the two collected yesterday. Both birds stayed to- gather and moved from 1 acre to another feeding. When they flew, the neck region would sag down from its rare like appearance - even though it was not fully inflated! . 30 may Barrow, Alaska Lower cen north (1 wold. slough dum the morning, 1 male even sout at the slough, feeding. In the evening a pair was seen south 1 wold. slough, and the o deployed (poemig) twice. Otherwise their actual were confined to feeding. Twice they gave a peculiar gurgling-like note. It was heard twice while she

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Holmes, R. 1960 "Erolia" melanotus 31 may Barrow, Alaska war feeding. 1 june Barrow, Alaska 1 lone individual seen near Elson Lagoon: collected. Two other males seen with same vicinity - together. Not noted. 2 june Barrow, Alaska One heard displaying near Voth's area, but The bird could not be located. 3 june Barrow, Alaska One male seen "booming" along Elson- Lagoon. A few minutes later in this same locality a flock of 48, + 29 individuals began feeding. The display- male became excited & began announcing frequently. This was accomplished by below flight over the tundra with cheet inflated & by giving the booming call. The flock showed no reaction to this. De 8? Then flew while flock, landed & began chasing the various birds. The chase was first on the ground, then a long chase in the air. Somehow he would chase all or number of the birds at once or sometimes individuals. This went for about 20 min during which time many pursuit took place. During the chase The throat was not noticeably inflated.

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Holmes,R 1960 3 June Barrow, Alaska and no booming note was given. Distinct. The vocalist was a "firus" low, phter bill, not quite to guttural rate. After this ocelot, No 8 singed out one of No 4 and gave what an apparent a pause display. The 4 was working low shallow polygy trough feeding. The 8 came along behind her with his tail raised (cocked) + very slightly spread. It could raise one wing the less vertical position, then the other. The wing would alter alternate - both were sometimes held overhead. The head, neck were held forward but high, The bill thrust forward. There was no mobbing during this work. The vocalist was peculiar; it was a missing note which was repeated 203 times / sec. The chest was not notably swelled. This whole activity went on for about 10 feet + 10-20 sec. At this time the 4 flew of about 10 feet away + resumed feeding. No 8 followed (but did not resume displaying) and as soon as he harden to female "squawked" +

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Holmes, R. 1960 "Erulia" melandotes 3 June Barrow, Alaska Flew are to rejoin The flock which flew off in a southerly direction. The 8 the did in aerial display & landed on an elevated polyg top. During the late afternoon, only one chase was observed. In this instance, the wanderer 8 took chase to a group of 5 8's passing thru his territory. The chase lasted for several minute + covered near 2 mile in distance.- went out over Elson Lagoon. And while watching a small 8 feeding, I saw a large 8 head butt another & begin to "hoot" after about 10 feet from the 8 on the ground. It then landed about 14 ft to 8', who took off with a loud squeak & flew towards N. north. 5 June Barrow, Alaska Many groups of patrols were seen between Barrow & the draina. Then flock were small, consisting of 6-10 birds. Some were males only, & some were mixed. These stayed usually in the wet marshy places, but appeared to be moving & not settled. Territorial 8's were seen near the draina,

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia" melanotes 5 jun Barrow,Alastea but they seemed rather scarce. 7 june-a flock of 6 7? seen a tundel marsh; 2 were collected (#651,652). Along the edge of Elton during the morning, several lone ?f were noted. Usually a 8 could be seen nearby, but only 18? seen to give the "whooping" display 8 june -1 seen on the plot area , west of Ikravik. 9 june-Several 7? displaying, south / tundel. Slough. One seen in the country display described earlier. There was a very slight swelling to the chest. Several small groups / ?f are present at furda, feeding in shallow ponds. 10 june-Several ?f seen at the steels an at Ikravik and along the ridge west & south 1 Ikravik. A display 8? was seen in Orth's Area. In the evening, Several 7? were seen to heard displaying along Elser Lagoon. Several eviction of birds (8?) for a territn turn noted by are very aggres sive were noted. Quite a few ?f are now seen feeding along the pond margin

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Holmes, R. 1960 "Erolia" melanotus 6. 11 June Barrow, Alaska A chase was seen at the east end of the north beach ridge. One male (A) with a greatly distended throat was giving the whopping call as he chased the other (B). After about a 100 yd. chase, they both landed in a snow bank, where A assumed the following posture: he stood erect with the neck stretched upward but head held level. Tail was lowered and slightly spread. In this posture he stood a full / B for about 2 seconds then took off to the air and flew into central marsh. (The chest of A was not inflated down when alight on the ground). One, 1 other predated a & were seen during the morning on the ridge. 12 June - Several & seen along the west shore of Footprint Lake. 13 June - 2 flocks of 3, 4 & seen along the beach ridge during the morning. Three flocks of 3, 2, 2 were seen in Uoth's Area. This is rather late for these unattached & to be present, and Pikelka reports 85 on the beach ridge which are flying [illegible] 1967

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Holmes,R. 1960 "Erolia" melanotos 7. 13june Barrow, Alaska distances when they are normally not located by this time. Several displaying 8's were seen, but their association with a & could not be determined. 14june - a flock 3 8's seen along the ridge, west of Footprint Lake. Only 1 8' was seen clear from ridge from fire gas line to N. area (out west to). One 8' chasing another was seen in the plot area near Skvoavik. 16june - no flocks / 8's noted today, but only 1 8' was seen along the western side of the beach ridge (white-nose sector) 20june - several displaying 8's were seen along the northwest at 1 The beach ridge, but no 8's were seen. 23june Skvoavik, Alaska While setting out the plot today, several flock (3-5) birds were seen. They appeared to be 8's and were chased frequently by territorial 8's. The birds seemed to be moving through the area, for they kept on moving.

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Holmes, R. 1960 'Errolia' melandos 23 June Ikravik, Alaska A flock of 78? was seen today. It remained within sight of the waniga for about 30 minutes. During this time they were chased continually by a settled ?. He would start out by chasing the entire flock, but would usually end up by chasing a particular individual or 2 birds. Occasionally the grouse would move with a second ?'s territory, in which case they would be chased by this ?. The chase consisted of the birds flying back and forth with the tender ? (sometimes others) giving the gurgling aggressive note. The booming ? occasionally would give his footing display for 5-7 seconds, but these were interrupted since he was busy in pursuit. The flock finally moved west, still being chased by one ?'s territory. Five other birds with similar consequence were seen along the plot of a flight south across the point.

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Holmes, R 1966 "Endia" melandos 9. 23 June Ikravilz, Alaska I have not seen a & pectoral in several days. Apparently, they are now a egg & therefore one flight 24 June - Pectorals are continuing to chase small groups of other Pectorals. These seem to be quite common now, as they have been noted frequently along the eastern plat (25 acre length). Taken in the day, a conflict was noted among 2 or? First there was an aerial flight where both birds were flying nearly side by side. One of The birds would give The hooting call for a second - five clumps when Time he would fall behind. It would then gain speed and at the same time give The gurgling chime note. Finally after about 10 yards of flying, both birds landed. Both then assumed The upright posture with head held high (neck horizontal to ground), neck stretched, and tail spread. They then begin to peck towards each other but never made actual contact After several seconds, I The [illegible] jerking

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Holmes,R. 1960 "Erolia" melandras 10. 24 june Eknayik, Alaska one bird flew off; the second resumed normal posture & begin to feed. It might be mentioned that in this threat posture the chest was not puffed out. When a Baird's Sojo was flushed off he next today, a 8? perchose which was standing nearby began to chase her but (final) stopped off at about 20 yards. 26 june Barrow, Alaska One flock of 25 8? seen at the southern edge of the beach ridge. The birds would scatter out to feed, but as soon as one sounded the alarm, they would all flock together and fly a short distance before settling down again. Another group (of 19) was seen further west along the northern of Wobbschlag Slough. This group again seemed to be all 8? (See catalog for collected specimens). In the evening, a flock of 24 8? were seen south west of Britton's Area. One ? was included with the group, but she proved to have laid a complete clutch + hood

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Holmes, R. 1960 "Erolia" melandotas 26 June Barrow, Alaska a well developed brood patch. She apparently had been flecked from the nest nearby. The 8th - The flock seemed to pay no attention her. 27 June - A flock of 6-80s seen near AAC5. 2 The afternoon, several groups (2-14 birds) 1 males were noted in and near Central Marsh. In the evening a flock was seen on the Bear ridge. There were 14 birds, all being chased about by 1 territorial 8. The 8 would fly to where the flock was feeding, land & then begin to chase them on the ground. The birds would immediately take flight with the 8 in close pursuit. No sounds were heard from the members of the flock, but the settled 8 gave the gurgling-note. After flying up towards the ridge and the circling back to the slope, the flock would settle down again. The 8 would then fly towards them at sometimes over them, giving the hooting call.

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Holmes,R 1960 "Erolla" melanotos 12. 27 June Barrow, Alaska He would eventually land again near Dr flock and then start chasing again. This went on for about 15 minutes before the flock flew up over the ridge & headed into Central Marsh. 28 June Wainright, Alaska 8? were displaying frequently and several territorial encounters were noted. Also there settled 8? were "bothered" by flocks of 4-88? which were moving them, similar to the situation at Barrow. 29 June Barrow, Alaska Flocks were again seen in the central marsh area. These ranged in size from 2 to 17. It is still strange that these birds are here at this time. It seems probable that they may be a second wave of incoming birds (1st yr birds?), but it's so why or why still here at this time in such great numbers? From collected specimens & field observations (calls, etc), they seem to be juveniles which have not bred and therefore are not 8? (bovin their territories. Also,

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Holmes, R. 1960 "Erolia" melandotes 29 June Barrow, Alaska They are chased constantly as they move through an area, so that it seems that most of the available halutat is occupied, and that then settled 8's have not left to join the flock, although they may soon. 30 June Kivalina, Alaska Man flocks were seen on the way down here last night, and this morning in the census plot, several small groups were seen. The majority of the activity in the plot is the adults / the fledglings 8's. Displaying so still going on; there is much chasing and territorial combat. Two 8's were noted along a boundary line. The two birds were flying side by side, both displaying to giving the hooting call. Then the Condor and walked side by side (in the same direction as the flight) with their heads turned forward each other. Both were in an erect posture, but not in the fully erect-tail lowered posture described earlier. After

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Holmes,R. 1960 "Erolia" melandes 14. 30 junIkravile, Alaska walkingverse feet, They took flight again & both began hooting. Eventually they both peeled off away for each other & returned to more central district. In the afternoon west (Dr. Wanigan, a 4 was found doing a distraction display. A 8 landed near her, & as I watched, he would run up to her and apparently supplanted her. This occurred 3 or 4 times before the 8 left. When supplanted, the 8 would fly a foot or two & would then resume the mourning posture & sometime do fixed display with tail lowered & speed. In the evening, the nest was found where the above incident took place. It contained 4 eggs which were very exposed (no standing grass any- where nearby) and was located the edge of a polygon, near looking a troup & the flats north of the wanigan. This time when the 4 was flushed, she was counted by a 8. He flew in, landed behind her, cocked his tail with

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Holmes, R. 1960 "Erolia" melandres 15. 30 June Ikravik, Alaska rectricis only slightly spread, dropped his wings so that they were drooping, and then with his chest "sassing" he walked with a slight swan behind The 4. This happened quickly & the procession looked for 10-15 sec. No vocalization was heard; however, The 8's bird was against the wind ( The wind was strong in the wrong direction). The 4 showed no response to this 8. Her display this time was limited to the period before The 8 began his display. 1 July - Hocke 1970 are still present, but appear to be fewer (or at least have fewer members). A nest was found near the southern end of the plot, but unfortunately was destroyed by being crushed). 2 July - Several small flocks noted today. These seem to be larger birds with better-developed chests. It seems probable that the males which have held territories are now beginning to aggregate. Only 2-3 8's were noted today. The nest near the water was checked. There are still 4 eggs.

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Holmes, R. 1960 "Erolia" mclandos 2 July Skroault, Alaska The frequency of display has definitely gone down during the last 3-4 days. It is heard now only on occasions, and 85 with enlarged sheets are also rarely seen, although chasing continues. 3 July Two large flocks were seen at The South end of the lake (Skroault). Are comprised of 16 85s, No. 27 C's. These birds were feeding in the flat marshy areas along the edge of the water. 6 July Barrow, Alaska A flock of 35 seen in Ust's Slough; 7 of these were collected. Very few are now seen on the tundra & no hooting has been heard for several days. Several of these were body molting. 8 July Skroault, Alaska The nest west of the camp was still intact, and a new one was found a few NE from 17 plots. This one is on the top of a high polygon (with troughs up to 1½'). The nest is located within 2' of through and in is a patch of standing snow. There is grass in

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia melandri 8 July Ektrovik, Alaska The cup, where opponents had been marked down. The 4 were present but gave no distinctive display or call acts of any kind. An occasional hooting sequence was heard, but each time it was not on plot. 9 July - Several scattered 178 head displays, but none were seen. Only occasional flocks were noted on the plot, & there were generally small groups (13-78) individuals. 11 July Barrow, Alaska Only an occasional bird was seen today, and most of these seemed to be ♂♀. 12 July - A flock (19♂♀) was seen at The west side 1 Footprint Lake, & another of 8 indiv. was seen at Trapline 4+8 (NW of both area). 13 July - On our way to Oskiple Slough, I noticed numerous groups 1 perches in the marsh (central) and a few small aggregation on the polygonal area near the Sloughs. In the evening I returned & collected 7 birds from a flock of about 30 in Central

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Holmes,R 1960 Erolia melanotos 18. 13 july Barrow, Alaska Marsh. Thru 1 There were 99, all of which had blood patches (one was beginning to feather-out). There may have just been adults with eggs young but failing? - or birds with nest failures. The 89 + 99 all showed body molt in the various stages. Some were just beginning; Others were molting heavily. No wing molt was observed. The birds appear to be light breast color which resulted from molting new feathers. 14 july Barrow → Stevnits, Alaska Several groups seen between bent the lake. Most 1 there were in moist places (old lake peat, lake edge, etc.). None were noted, however, in footprint lake. 15 july Barrow, Alaska Only several small groups ever seen in North's Area + Stoughton vicinity. 16 july - Very few flocks noted down a trip to the Tuktuq plot through the evening. Central Wren was again Lowa Petronas - otherwise seen

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Holmes,R. 1960 17 July Barrow-Denoville, Alaska Only small groups of pectorals were seen today between the camp- The lake. They usually consisted 1 4-15 birds, which were feeding in wet places. On the plot at the lake, only occasional birds were seen. The & there were still her nest (near AO-0.) 18 July Barrow, Alaska Our large group was encountered Today west of Meadows Lake. Of Three birds taken from this group, all were 9%. It is also worth noting that many of the birds that I have collected recently for Stoch have them 9%. All these have had well developed breed patches; a few have lost feather starting to moult. The patches, as at they hadn't developed for a period of time. No one here in the lab has seen a brood of pectorals this year (beside there were nest those labelled west? The Wangan). It seems probably that there may have been a very poor nest success this year & that this

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Holmes R. 1960 Erolia melandrus 20. 15 July Barrow, Alaska results in thin early flaking / The females. 19 July A large flock / pectruses were present in Vith's Marsh this morning. Many / The birds were 49 and all were in some stage / body molt (see RTL # 746-745). One brood of 4 young was encountered west / The marsh. The chicks were at least a week old + weighed 40-50 grams. No F were present + saw several sequence / The distraction display. This was primarily a fluttering / The wings as she moved away from me. Her tail was bowed + spread. The wings were held out away from body - but were still cupped. 21 July Shrewsbury, Alaska Several more broods were found between Barrow & Shrewsbury. One had just hatched; 2 others were 5-6 days old. Several broods were also reported by Waker + Reynolds in Central Wales. The young + 2 are often found in the wet marshes.

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Holmes, R. 1960 21. Erolia melanotus 23 July Meade River, Alaska One & with flying chicks was seen SW of the village. 25 July Barrow, Alaska 10 fledged ? have been seen for several days now. Two broods & their ? were encountered in the marsh areas north west of VRA's Area + marsh. The ? seem to lead the young out to these marshy areas when feeding may be better. 26 July Barrow-Skuaik, Alaska No fledged ? were encountered during a trip from Barrow around Shrewsbury Lake, back to Barrow. One & with young (2 days ~) was seen at the north west corner of the plot. Another ? was seen at the south end of the lake. The chicks can swim if forced, even when they were day or two old. 28 July Barrow, Alaska I excused & was seen near VRA's Area. Her chick was not seen, nor were any other parents. ? have not been noted for quite awhile. They have apparently left.

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Holmes, R 1960 Erolia melandros 22. 29 July Barrow, Alaska None seen today in the area east of the gasoline. 2 August - Small flocks & numerous individuals were present on Footprint Lake today. Most of these birds were in the northern half of the lake & even feeding in the wet areas. (Estimated 200+ birds were present). These represented both ♂♀ & ♀, most of which were undergoing a body moult. Several flying juveniles were also present (1 collected). None were seen in the tundra near Roth's Area. 3 August Barrow = S. Barrow 3, Alaska The numerous birds at Footprint Lake were again seen. Nearly other preforms noted during trip was one & which was performing a distraction display at Dry Dange mart, (Mile No. 1) S. Barrow 3. Her young were not seen. It seems likely that most of the young birds now are fully grown and flying. Their number should increase in the

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia melanotos 23. 3 August Barrow = S. Barrow 3, Alaska Feeding area, such as Footprint Lake. 6 August Barrow: Skvoaink, Alaska Only 1 or two birds seen in Pt, plot today. They not afforded to be strosslos. In Footprint Lake, The pectorals were out numbered by The Redbolder. Both Ad (mostly 4+), and Flying juveniles were seen. A partially grown chick (#523) was willed near the inlet to the lake. The 1 was in attendance and became very excited. 9 August Barrow, Alaska. Several scattered individuals Seen NORTH 1 The Beach Ridge near APES. There were also a few in Central Marsh 13 Aug - A large flock was seen in Central Marsh. It was composed of about 70 birds - which were mostly juveniles. Small group 12+3 Cinnamon were seen during the jaeger watch 15 Aug: None were Seen in Footprint Lake Today. The lake was nearly devoid of shorebirds. Several birds were

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Holmes, R 1960 Erolia melanostos 24. 15 Aug Barrow, Alaska seen along The inlet going into The lake (I know it). 17 Aug - Several juveniles seen near Voth's Area. No adults have been noted for several days now. 21 Aug One juvenile was collected on a ridge S of Footprint Lake & 1 was heard near Voth's Area. None were in Footprint or Dry Lake. 25 Aug Several Sloth. 1 Rictus (juvenile?) were seen in the marsh today. These varied in numbers from 10 - 24. Occasional juveniles were seen scattered in The tundra. 26 Aug 4 individuals were seen in Central Marsh near Dr. Treplein. All were juvenile. 28 Aug Scattered birds seen in Central Marsh & down towards the fertilizer plots. All [illegible] were juveniles (see P. Kelba's catalog). 30 Aug About 15 individuals seen between The beet & The fertilizer plots. All were juvenile which were not under spring any molt. See Catalog for 29 and 30 aug. This is Thompson- plentiful Sandpiper - The tundra. The

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Helma R 1968 Ernia melandos 25 30aug Bgnow, Alaska lost two days have been below freezing + The ponds have remained solid through most of the day. The ground water is also freezing - which makes feeding difficult. 31aug- 6 sec between The base & The fertility plot. 1/2" to 1" snow worn in The ground by noon but much! The was melted by evening 25set I saw today, I across from fresh logon - the after a capital marsh.

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erolia melanotus 4 June Barrow Alaska Several birds seen today - these were on the exposed bluff overlooking the family layon - between Britta's & Vath's areas. I would guess 6-7 different 8? were seen. In one case three were seen being chased by another, indicating that this one individual was already settled, while the other three were just moving in. Another similar case was noted just east /Vath's area. A 9 was feeding on a grassy sedge slope. A 8? flew in landed about 2 feet away, immediately went into its courtship posture - tail cocked, and not spread. Wings held in normal position, possibly slightly drooped, head held high but bill nearly horizontal - Throat sagging & slightly bulged. - see attached diagram. The 8? moved in a circle around the 9 in this posture about twice when another 8? flew in, landed, called (could see beak move - but wind obscured sound) & The 1st male flew off, followed by the aggressor & a chase ensued, The 2nd 8? displaying violently with the throat sacs. The 9 continued to feed. After watching the 9 for about 10 minutes, she gradually worked her way up to the 8?, who was now feeding. When he first saw her, she was no more than 5' away & he immediately assumed

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erolia melandrus 4 June Barrow, Alaska The courtship posture, as described above & proceeded to circle her in good complete, relatives even circle. Finally he came up to her; she jumped into the air flew about 3 feet, landed, & resumed feeding (she had not stopped feeding while the 8" was performing & was paying no attention to him). The 8" waddled over to her; this time causing her to fly off to 30-40'. Both within the stage to feed & no more courtship was seen. The 8" was collected (1085). Apparently, even though a 8" is attached to an area or two 8" in that area, she still is counted as possible in display until she is receptive. 5 June 2089 & apparently 1 8" - seen along the 1/8. Short- Whalechug Slough. All were feeding together - no courtship was going on. They would feed up to each other, but each ignored the other. There may have been transient who are not courted yet. (or This may have been a young or slowly developed 8" & not a 8). 6 June Occasional single 8" were seen today between Both's & Skroovik. Only 2 we seen in courtship display - one in group display One flock (1075?) was

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erolea melonotus 3. 6 June Barrow, Alaska encountered. Dmelany 8 was collected; they all seemed to be 8? - even Though 2 or 3 did not look fully developed. 7 June - another flock of 4 8's seen near Elson Lagoon; all were feeding together with a stuff. They were chased by 1 display 8? who followed them until they were out of sight. A 4 was found feeding in an area which never been patrolled by a well-developed 8? - 3rd seen This year. Another flock of 12-14 birds was found No. 6 Outh's area + So 1 The village (along the ridge top near the beverage antennae). This group consisted of 4-5 large, well-developed 8? The remainder seemed to be smaller - more alike, but it is likely that there are either young 8? or 8? which have not developed. The throat coloration & enlargement. Three were collected (# 9 June - none were seen at the Skovaiti crosse plot. Also none were noted on the entire trip down to Beloko. In the evening, east of the brochridge near Elson Lagoon, several flocks were seen. There were counted 6 15 (instrument), 8, 7, 3, 8, 6, 3, +4; and appeared to be composed

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Holmars, R. 1961 Erolia melanotus 9 June. Barrow, Alaska of 8/14. No courting activity was observed, but when 1 flock was flushed, The birds flew up circled & me returned. The group displayed & then settled down with the others to feed. This was in central marsh, & I doubt be ever settled there as of yet. An oscar I was seen or heard displaying. In one case a 8 walked up to a & as he was walking forward his (facing his), he cocked his tail, but left his wings in normal position, raised his neck, head held high, tail horizontal, Throat pulsating with hooting. The & turned & walked away, The 8 deflated & began feeding. 11 June A flock of 8 indiv in central marsh - when bird was heard to display as they flew from 1 area to another - all seemed like 8/8? When censusing bithers plot, no P.S. were seen on the plot. - 1 pair was seen at a very southern end & 1 pair was seen about 300 yards to the north. When- These birds have been extremely scarce. Few P.S. ever seen displaying near ASO's Hulleria reported some between Then - on beach ridge - so Shoreline some still around.

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erolia melanotus 13 June Barrow. Ikravik, Alaska A few 8" were seen heard along the Census plots today, but numbers are still low. Two flocks of 4-5 indiv. were chased by settled 8". Some of these birds seemed to be small, but this is not certain. - A 9 shot 11 Jun - showed no egg had been laid. 17 June - The great loch 1 PS is still natural - The B.R. Census plots area is nearly void 1 This species - 2 drgl. 8" were seen ( I heard ), but only one. 6-8 8" were feeding together near the camp 1 The most, but show no sign of breeding activity. 20 June On a day-long trip to Strand today - only 1 bird, a 8", was seen - it was a R.B.R. feeding. None seen on the plots at the holes. In the afternoon when the wind calmed, I went with Slough etc. - four 28" were not displaying. None were heard displaying - any- when. 23 June 1 displaying 8" seen near the census plots. 24 June A flock of 5-6 8" seen - central marsh. None were seen in the turner's section. Wold. Slough + Oskuph Slough. Numbers are very low. 25 June Large flock seen today in Central Marsh near B.R. One flock (12 was.

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Holmes,R, 1961 Erolia melanotos 25 June Barron, Alaska Nes Stake 13 n the plot + 1 of 24 per stakes 19. all were seen + not feeding. A group 12-14 were feeding at The NE corner Centre Marsh. 4 were seen near Volks' Area - All were ♂♂. 1♀, 1♂ were seen together + collected and 1 Trogloma ♂, ♂ & B. The 2 were feeding together - there was no sign of breeding - Old Mr. The & hood + Broad patch. 26 June Again large flock seen at N Marsh + 1 f & bnes was feed No.1 the B.R. - near the Southern edge just lagoon. 27 June 1♀ seen on the plot at Irvanik. Two ♂♂ seen together in the marshy area south of Footprint Lake - both seemed to have "baggy" throats - but no conflict was noted. Several ♂♂ have been collected recently b, Sullivan + some of these are showing signs of molt - especially, on the dorsum + on the throat where pin feathers are "sprouting". -see JOS's catalog. This year, there seemed to be less flocking. There was seen last year - when flock were present - Through the season. During the middle of June, birds were rarely

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erolia melandros 27 June Barrow, Alaska seen - either displays - or flocking. It was not as if there was just a lot of breeding going on, but plainly < lot of birds. 28 June A nest was found near the insect plots with 4 eggs - The 3 gave - strong destruction display. - Nest was in a slight trough between 2" buns" (not polygon) - On sloping ridge. The eggs were relatively well covered 1 gram, but were still visible. 3 July 3 87 seen between the insect plots & VIIth Area. The nest at our plots is still intact & the 4 incubating. 4 July Now seen in Central Marsh, 208° sec in B. Ridge. It appears that the 87s have departed - or have at least disappeared. The nest was ph - near insect plots. 7 July The only birds seen between the lot & Ikovoid - were 8 Vires (87s) in the Fordpoint hole - A group of 7 6 were No.1 40%! Seen in the Marshy Lands so. t = 1 Nest plot (3 collected - all unpaired - 1 was a 4). 9 July -2 birds seen Central Marsh - both 87s, 1 selected & it was working. No other plot, where are Bart's Olson Hroblek.

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Holmes, R. 1961 8. Eolica melanotos 11 July Barrow, Alaska ♀ was still on her nests near the insect plot - no sign of hatching yet. 13 July Now seen in Central Marsh, m B.R., or between Wohl & Oliphant Sloughs. The ♀ was still incubating at the nest near the insect plot. Apparently all 8♂ have left. None have been seen since 9 July. 14 July A flock of 5 seen W. of the insect plot in the marshy areas. - 3 collected - molting heavily (body - no wing or tail molt). 15 July 1 large adult was seen near the insect plots. 1♀ and 2 young were encountered near 0.01 T-line IVA. The young were tube for R. Zusi. 16 July - The nest near the plots contained 1 wet down young + 3 pipiing eggs. No others seen. 17 July None seen. 21 July 1♀ seen near Volk's Tree. No young! 26 July 1♀ with chick seen in the lower end of Footprint Lake. - The chick was dead. - See FAP + apparently had a hat - (and I saw bird - saved) A group of 3♀ seen along the shore at Horseshoe - feed in recent grass areas.

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erobia melanotas 30 July Barrows, Heslo 14 seen along aan Antzphile Pond, So.1 Woll. Slough. 2 Aug 1 Flying jun by itself set coel. near The unset plots. 2 more seen near the wet not 1 at Wangar at Dorrith. 4 Aug a group 6-15 immature four feeding scattered - around The lowland ponds at The unset plots. The were feeding by probing among a greens mass which was covered by the overflow (water - due to the recent rain - 1 coel. 7 Aug 3 immatures see So. of oolapal. 1 " call i Footprint + one nearte New unset into Strownd by R. Robertson. 8 Aug See (10/5) juveniles seen between The unset plots (Ponds, A,B,D) + Voths) Area. All over feeding - the wet Hooded-grassy areas. 9 Aug 3 seen feeding along The Antzphile Quays, No.1/Voths Area. 11 Aug 30-40 imm scattered through central mass. 18 Aug Scatterd juveniles have been seen regularly in central mass, near the unset plots, fertility plot / Footprint Lobe.

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erosia mclandtas 10 21aug Barrow, Alaska 1 Immature collected by Robertson near c/oth area. 23aug - 2 seen in central marsh (lmm.) 27aug - 2 saw a cocktail census plot.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia melanotos 29 may BARROW, ALASKA Flock of 6 large [illegible] seen feeding in 40'x20' exposed area - at the corn Elson Lagoon + Woblocklog Slough. - No aggressive action was seen between or birds. - I was collected. 30 may 107 seen during the afternoon & 2 during the morning. No aggression or sign of display were observed. 1 June Two males seen chasing (near Elson Lagoon). The flew back & forth - Swerving, Turning, Flying low - The starting up & doubling back. The male in pursuit had an enlarged throat - it [illegible] - but no sound could be heard (may be due to stormy winds). 14 was seen feeding with several Dunlin 2 June 1 pair - a [illegible] under the look out & on junction. The [illegible] did two or three aerial displays during the half hour we were in the vicinity. The host was deep & immature - Red-breast Slew at 6-10' height. No & Continue to feed. Two over 78 were seen just north [illegible] area - but did not appear to be the cause of the display. We were the 1st good looking pair second year.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia melanotos 2 June Barrow, Alaska 2 displaying 87 seen along Elsn Bluffs; 17 was seen. (These two 87 were not displaying near each other - one seen near Wohlschley and one near Ootkpik 4 June 107 near Elsa Bluffs; 1 on Britten's area. No display seen. 5 June None seen. Definite Britten - Volk - Quaet area. 6 June None seen at Britten's Area, along Village Slough, or at Shroul. One 87 seen east of Volk area. - sitting - no display. One 87 seen just W. of Wohlschley Flats - as well as 107 - who was late heard giving an aerial display. A flock of 6875 was encountered near Ootkpik - about 514m, presently in general inactive. 7 June 287 heard displaying on the open grassy bluff east of Volk area. Later a flock of 4087; 249 seen No. of Wohlschley along Elsn Lagoon. Near Ootkpik Slough - a flock of 12877 - some quit were developing broods + 599 - feeding together - Later - a flock of about 35 birds seen at the south end of Wohlschley x Elsn junction - most seemed to be 877. 107 who heard displaying near Ootkpik. 8 June Flock of 8 along Elsn Lagoon near Wohl- shley. Two mewhats seen 214m - 07

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Holmes, R. 1962 3. Erolia melanotus 8 June Barrow, Alaska cocked tail, wings in normal position, bent up + moving both feet - while Dross also drifting [sketch of two birds] + followed oft the small bird (♀). Staggered ft. 3 ta. Beside these flocks 16578 - a group 1629 was noted just to the south - The above countship was done on the edge of three or two flocks. Just Nof Ootgat - 16578; 699 - 2 flock. - feeding in close proximity, interact with an apparent interaction. In the evening - a flock of 12 piedwoks were seen east 14ths km - then - group 16 more in the sun on lake in the evening. [The present was not flown from Dross to the East ward gasoline ridge. 9 June Large flock encountered along an exposed bluff - along Yellow Creek - 49 birds - about 15% when were ♀. No courting or aggression was seen.

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Holmes, P. 1962 Erolia melanotus 4. 9 June Barrow, Alaska Lake - about 50 yards / N. south another flock was noted - The fin with 12?88? All birds even busy feeding. A flock of 15 was at Nussour end / the Shrouds census plot - again apparently many sound. I wonder if these birds come in from the coast & follow the creeks & lagoons inland - along the bluff where an exposed. The suns there out - seen on an only sea, along E15-, Village & Vth Creek - then at Shrook. A group about 15 - mostly 8? were seen feeding in the Cowards - S.W. (Drifters) Area. The amount of flocking this year for purpose what was been seen in 1961. However, relative few displaying & heard at the tern - which seems peculiar in comparison with 1955 & 60. 10 June - S.E. bend - mostly 4? seen feeding S.E. of Britton's Area & a group of 3 (2?8?) / 2) on N. insect plots. One male feeding & displaying on the slope - opposite (S.S.W.) Volcano. In the alert posture - Petrova truck area is quite boggy - former < long slope - In front the bird flops here astern

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Halmes, R 1762 Evoia melana 3 10 June Barrow, Alaska The courtship display was seen twice on barrel ridge. The 8 went into full posture as previous described - giving the odd case notes (above) - with wings partially inflated. The 8 & flushoff 8. 7 in pursuit - but display flight was different Wing were flapped above the horizontal - i.e. there was not the full wing beat as in territorial announcement. courtship flight territorial announcement The ground courtship posture was seen today on the northside of Whlbley Sloyl - Two as described except that once the 8 flared one wing to the side (approx.) the book - flew time - as he pursued 8 & who was running away from him. When she flew off, he turned & gave the display (without the wing flick) to another female nearby. Three flutes - 9, 8, 6 - were present a flock of about 15 + several display 88 seen along Elsin Lagoa - Nt Wlbley 11 June Two displaying 88 between Beed & Coolie Ridge - flock of 8, 4, + Several display Males along Elsin Lagoa. 12 June - No flock noticed along Elsin bluff - but groups of 3-4 Sea flying south - between the bluffs & the Devil Ridge - 15+ display heard.

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Holmes, T. 1982 Erolia melanotos 13 June Barrow, Alaska The displaying bird near Elson layon - green scanty. One heard so.1 Britton's Area in the evening. No flock noted. 14 June Small flock of 5-7 seen - west of Ostigite Census Plot - on the birds may have been settled - but was not trying very hard to avoid The Remainders. Flu-flu display of 5 seen at The Shrank Plot. The general impression was that birds are scarce - settled 8-9 here there but not in "normal" numbers. The scarcity of flocks now indicates that the birds here previously in groups have now dispersed into the nearby - opening hundreds - a bar left to other areas. 16 June Flock of 15-20 seen along Elson Cliffs - no aggression noted: one case where 2-3 were chasing a 4. - initially - the given - The a cent down 1 male after the other. This chosen - 13 birds - off a 4 was noted again in the evening - Cappants 18 succeeded in chasing off the top off. 17 June 2-5 feeding along Elson layon - 1-3 displaying along Wohlschley. In the evening - 2-3 heard displaying between Britton + 5th Ave. General very little activity.

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Holmes, R 1962 Erolia melanotus 9 18 June Barrow, Alaska Several displaying 87 see along beach ridge between the 1st row of antennas & 5th creek. One encounter/2 87 was watched in detail. When 1st seen, they were flying side by side, both displaying - both undulating together. They landed - 3' apart - both assumed the aggressive posture (upright) - stood facing me another - finally one lowered its head - ran forward the other in the hunched-aggressive posture - The aggressor The flew up - then both flew off, in a display flight. After flying - 80 yards - They landed again - scrapping again - locking off - standing upright - dashing again. One bird seemed to be more aggressive - I did most of the charging & chasing - although in the air both birds displaying equally. [Most of the activity - must have been on 87's female - account for his aggressiveness] 20 June Shroonik - several 87s displaying + clumping the north half of the plot - see census sheets. Late in the evening - in the area between the wamnye & The inlet to No Lake - 87s were continuously seen hovering displaying + chasing. No flock was noted. One was seen - countered briefly by a 87 - but paid no attention - showed no nesting signs.

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia molanaster 21 June Barrow, Alaska Again several 878 were displaying & Dopplar - I conducted chasing two noted. There appeared more as territorial disputes - not settled 878 chasing off un-settled birds. One flot 6878 saw No.1 Shorthand W. 1 Footprint - feeding i = Cowgrass swal. One 878 feebly attempted to chase another bird at the former - but took quickly resumed feeding. 22 June Flot 6878 - been chased by a single displaying bird - so 1 No. level ridge. Flot 64 878 reported by Stevens below Receive Late & B.P. 23 June last mentioned flot see The morning - at least 60 birds - seemed to be well developed - Throaty 878 - but one attempt of hawk - gave off a croaker note. One bird in flock or Preyground then another - i low head - egg, pectoral - but not received feeding side by side. Increased activity - mostly i chased - but also some i displays seen in bent along Ne B.P. & east toward Eise Lagoon. The number of settled birds does not seem to have changed - but more birds are now moving through & causing

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Holmes, R. 1962 Evolva melanostos 23 June Barrow, Alaska Morn chasing. A large flock near the receiver site remained in the vicinity all day. By evening, Stevens reported it a somewhat smaller (i.e. 40-50) & located close to middle of at bay. 24 June - Very little activity on the DeSmett plot - However I encountered between 7-8 chasing? were seen. In one case - a single ? flew over a ? - both flying low over the ground in a repeated flight - Suddenly 2 additional ? joined in & all three were giving the aggressive gurgling notes - ears to flying at one another while all were following behind the ?. Finally, the single ? chased me on the two ? it returned four places from where he had come - the ? having already turned & heading in the same direction. Another single subadult seen - but only 2 or 3 ? were involved - both chasing together - a fly flew before the ? (where given the typical preen call note - a high pitched musical note - for the "gurgly" growl by ? in flight - may be homologous). Nest located on the plot with 3 eggs. On gentle slope with several low mounds. The nest was situated in between two mounds (moss) - sparsely surrounded by coarse grass - yet quit (right -

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia melanotos 24 June Barrow, Alaska duck height 1 moss. When 1st approached - No 8 (largest "cheetz") was standing just 1' away. As I came closer - No 8 flew out apparently off the nest, landing 60' away. Nege feeding - no distractive behavior was given. I looked off & watched - after 10 min - No 8 had fled slowly & normally around in a loop circle, ending near where I had flushed her. Then she ran on foot stopped, fed - ran again - showing - a little more sign of a nest nearby & finally settled in the cup. When she was flushed by him - she flew off 3' - circled and walked off Through the grass. No 8 at that time flew & landed near - apparently trying to mount - but she kept moving off - He gave two "aggressive gurgles" - then off he - stalked - He followed with more gurgles - finally she landed & he flew off & gave a loud display. - Apparently in pectoral eggs laying so just getting underway. West of the Wannaga - a flock I saw 30 80's were found feeding - no storm any aggression. A settled to display Nearly - but did not get close to the figure - settled head. He flopped moved a wing.

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Holmes,R. 1962 Evolia melanotos 25 June Barrow, Alaska Flots Steel present at De Neod ridge & see De low-land ponds at the insect area. Chasing by settled 837 is frequent. 26 June Several flock m's near De Neod ridge. In areas - 283 even involved in territorial dispute - flying side by side - both whoop - when 6m somewhere nearby & 2 eggs - both males went chasing after he - not giving the gurgling battle (although we bird gave no call more frequently observed around them in respect). Late, at least provision 85 found De chase - but left soon afterwards. 94 must be a short supply. 27 June Nest found earlier on Storvark plot - now with Yegg - 4 was incubating - but moved off De nest when 6m was 60' away - & flew 15'. Slight move run - noted distracting behavior. A second nest located at De south end of the plot - with Eggs - 4 showed no distracting behavior - but remained close in the vicinity - acting nervous. Jun - 3 classes of 3.4 AD seen on De plot During the day - most (1) flew across De plot - very little displaying activity Never seen a settled 837 - 60g not seen

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Holmes,R, 1962 Erolia melanotus 14. 27 june Barrow, Alaska 'whooping' display heard on census plot. Flock of 6 along wannaga inlet to Skrowail & sweep 1 & at the south end) Central Mewl. In the evening, a flock about 25 - flying in a clear pool - several individuals giving gurgling note - fly up or on beech ridg, 1 display, 2 heard during the evening. 28 june Few small flocks of 877 - between Britton & Voth Area. Only displaying 877 seen on the slope on the south side of Voth Creek - across from Voth Area. - Territorial display? Chosen a group of 4 wandering 877? 29 june Several flocks of 877 along Mt. Level Ridge & 1 south of Writtlelog Slough. 2 july Skrowail - large flocks (20, 40, 6, 8, etc.) along the inlet to the lake (NW) - nest 10.0 + plot f agn at 15.0 -> 20.0. & in one case 787 were observed 877 + female - displaying 877 attempted to chase out the flocks or at least individuals of the flocks. Only 3 'bowing' display were recorded during 5 hours a day. Lay flock of about 60 - seen No.1 Skrowail - but west of Footprint Lake. This flock contained large individuals - with "boggy" throats - possibly these are 877 disserting territories. The remainder

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15. Holmes,R. 1962 Erobia melanotus 2 July Barrow, Alaska of the birds were in varying stages of "maturity" - many looked like young, immature one-year-olds. The next a lave end / The plot was [illegible] No sign 1 3 4 now The display- [illegible] which was previously in the area. The nest near 12.4 was still intact: The & jumped off cube I was 25' away and went bouncing on the tundra in a flurrying flight - Wings spread to the side - flapping, feet all ruffled - giving high-pitched squeaky noise - After 30 - she landed - went into a mouse run posture with head tilted forward - both feather ruffled - wings held out slightly for the body + turned in out, tail lowered + spread - head turned looking at me - running off through the polygons. 3 July Swarms groups (5-15) of 5'7" see along the beach ridge + in central marsh. No displays heard today. 5 July No pectorals found or seen along the Beacon Ridge - Central Marsh - nor were there any in the Herbert's plots vicinity. At Davisail, however, a group 1/5-20 were on the north plot - that when they flew up and took off - at least 40 were present. Another nest found

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Hohmes,R 1962 Erolia melanosts 16. 5 July Barrow, Alaska [ near 20.0] mDs plot - with three eggs? Do Q flee off when we were 30' away - flew at 88. 25 fps - u < low fly - landing 48' away + walking off from the trough in a partly-humid patch. No pronounced distraction display was observed. The nest was located on the east slope of the ridge - a densely- vegetated, large, flat (lie low) polygon was covered over by the tuft ledges. The Q was incubating at nest near 13.4 on Skovant plot. She flew low over the ground when leaving the nest. No distraction display was noted. No displaying or 87 were seen heard - no territorial defenses were noted. The only chasing was between 87 - three flock on a plot. The dimorphic calls between 87-75; is gentle striking - D'z's being < high-pitched spiking cheer up - the 87 a low gurgled verse. Mrs Sam note. 6 July Pectorals reported a rare in Deal ridge Census plot by Hans. Where is Mr Marsel; group of 4 were encountered out near Elsa Lagoon - freely. No display, ever seen heard.

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Holmes,R 1962 Frolic melanotos 7 July Barrow, Alaska Flock of 48? in area of polygon + boots - NE1 magnetic station + Bead Ridge. Another group of 12 encountered on B.R. - east 1 magnetic station. 3 & 4 included in our group - were not being persecuted by the 877 - all were feeding actively. The 877 & were collected. FEEDING BEHAVIOR - Three 877 feeding halfway down the north slope of B.R. were watched feeding - & this was recorded on the feeding sheet. Nearly all feeding action was pecking at the surface of the ground +/- at the vegetation [Calabrica ridge slope - thickly covered with 3-4" grass sedge]. Virtually, no probing was noted - the birds would sweep slowly, pecking to both sides - sometimes the head would be lowered - as if to peck & then jerk up - it indicated that whatever was seen - was not food item - just had moved. - Sept seems to play a good part in food selection. In this. This lowering of the head - gives a bobbing appearance to the head. 8 July Flock of 10 at curved Bead Ridge - Cobble ward & between slopes West Wohlleb [illegible] - all 877 - No aggression, no displays.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia melanobos 9 july Barrow, Alaska - Skraavik Nest near 20.1 - gone - mseq. 1 M & ? or young. Nest may have been predated. Nest near 13.4 still active - ? left or not quite I don't know 10' away flew towards me - landed off to the side - it partly hunched posture - ran off through the low polygons - a slow running posture. As I left the nest - a ? flew up & off to the E. - given, the low east-nest - This was the only ? PS seen - the plot - so possibly it was still associated with One, meeting ? Several ? ? (1 gny 13 r m/6) in the marsh at the south end Skraavik. 10 july Hoof 6 No. [inner plot - scalded ? ? in marshes NE May Station (totally perhaps 10 birds). One Hoof 4 encountered 100 yards E of AACS. 11 july Small groups of ? ? - [2-5] seen No. 10th Area & near B.R. - central marsh - Tisa Lagoon area. One cuba 4 L.t. Juugan flew over - the 2 PS in my sight - crowded down on the side of a polygon - remained quiet until the lizards had passed over.

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia melandotes 19. 12 July Barrow,Plastic & on net near 12.4 - gave distraction display - left net when I was 60' away - flew low over the ground with strong wing beat, landing 100' going into a ground -running - wings to sides & shuffling action - shuffling off through the grass - finally became rassum - a rodent-like posture - running off through the low polygynic hough. Flutters in upper flight - I gave a high-pitched squeaking note. No other PS seen on plot. 4877 seen N1/300 Tree in the afternoon. 14 July One P seen in marshes - So. of Brant Point - near Elson Layon. One P collected No. of Voth Area - who was in heavy body molt + at the same time had accumulated much fat. The brood patch was redeveloping, the young were located - as she may have failed to bring off her eggs &/or young. 16 July Flork of 6 87 on census plot at Skanvik - also next a plot near Katchberg - 3 young 'pipping' eggs. The P left the nest when I was still 10' away - flew ~ 5' wide curve - landed about 4' from nest as I approached it - stood there giving a deep version of the RB 'nag, nag, nag,..... - male a 'uh, uh, uh...' She never came close while I was there.

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erylia melanotus 17 July Barrow, Alaska Group of 3 with P. Dumbi on beach ridge so. of AACS. (2880-18) 18 was collected & was molting heavily, (body only). 6 more 88° were seen near Meadows lakes. 18 July Flock 15 87° on marsh beside Hust lake. 19 July Flock of 8-10 birds (34:5-78) in No. Voth fording along & mid margins & in shallow water - Black mud localities. 20 July Flock of 8 (54° - 38°?) seen near the Wannigan under h. Skwawik. 15 m c forage feeding in a lowland pool N.M.J.A. (about half 1 hour were Q.F. 21 July Several small groups of 3-5 individuals -mostly 4° - were encountered near VA street area & in Caledon Marsh. 22 July 20-30 birds feeding in marsh area w. the south end of Footprint lake. - at least half were 88° - which have taken c c light gray color across the throat - evidence of extensive body molt. A flock of 16 seen near the Wannigan & Scattered individuals, mostly 4° were seen in marsh area between Footprint & Skwawik. No young have been noted - since there are not hatchlings.

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Holmes, R. 1962 E. melanitoides 21. 24 July Barrow, Alaska Flocks of 3-16 in the north 10th - 10th sloped area. 3/3 New seemer to be 99- but others - the remaining 3/8? are very late in leaving. Population estimated in this area 500 - 1500. No young were seen - but one & gave a mild distracting display. A nest with 4 eggs located on the north-west side of 10th slope on a relatively flat grass-sedge plain (dry). The cup was well covered over with dry grass-sedge blades 90% hidden from above. It was lined with dry grass blades. The & was present near an injury fluttering on the ground along with a high pitched squeal. She didn't return to the nest while I was there. 25 July 10 sem N. A. mag. Station - otherwise none were noted. 26 July Now seen in or near 10th area except one & at the nest - where 2-4 eggs were evidently pipping. The bird was probably just brought & hatched morning. The & left the nest when I was 15' away - flew off giving Oh & call note + stood 2' away while 3 others went to nest cup - No disturbance.

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Holmes J. 1922 Evolia melano 28 July Barrow, Alaska Froo - appeared to be 873 - seen just so. of Wabishkloz slough. One & All - adult male - + 1 2 per Free Lah. 30 July Barrow, Alaska Now seen - near Vof - insect Area yesterday - no- more today near Bear Ridge - + EISA lagoon. 31 July Now seen - near Vof - insect Area - near Central Snaue - Bear ridge. 1 Aug 2 Adults (probable 4%) observed feeding on insect ridge slope (near drum). No other- were seen - 2 Aug 3 & Feeding - The slope near the insect plots; + 1 fly - well feathered Immature in the Vof Area. 3 Aug Small Holes of 3 to 8 seen in the low - c. polygon area - south Wabishkloz slough - west / N. fertilize plots, Most (More) were immatures - only 1 or 3 & were observed. Feeding was taking place at pond edge - in block must + i with Marshy locales. A number of Holes were seen flying toward the west. (Wind was from the east). 4 Aug More small group of 3-5 immatures seen in the north Vof Area - feeding in the water-covered block near pond + triangles.

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Holmes, P. 1962 Eralia mclandtos 5 Aug Barrow, Alaska Only 3 immature seen near B.R.-ENA Today - again there were in wet marsh areas! 6 Aug Single immature seen repeatedly today - near all were feeding in rewet polygons areas - at Wedg 1 low-e. polyg pools. Then near Noble S. & east/ Gasline ridge - t i. Or north VOA Area 9 Aug Peters Lake, Alaska One seen or column between Peters & Shodens Lake 12 Aug Barrow, Alaska 6 individuals seen in or near VOA marsh - all were young of the year. 13 Aug Only 3 seen in Central meadow of Sa. wobbly, area. 14 Aug Group of 2-3 immature seen in the N.O.VOA + Br. Hm's Areas 15 Aug Birth and still in group of 1 to 5 - perhaps a total of 40 seen today between VOA - Skwanik - Gasline Ridge - Beool Ridge. A few were in footprint (6-8) - but most were feeding in the wet polygon areas. All deer were young of the year - no sign of adults. 16 Aug - 1 in Britha's Area - 2 along sout soet (sou? + none and 1 or two more or 1 Central marsh.

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Hormes.R 1962 Erolia melanotos 18 Aug Barrow, Alaska Again scattered immatures (1 to 3) were seen - the wet marshy areas between Newel Ridge & Elson Lagoon. Probably not more than 25-30 birds were seen. 19 Aug - Nearer toward The Point 20 Aug 3 on Britton's Grand Ponds & 3 more in the No. VOR Area - these are all immatures and from those collected recently - there is no molt occurring; the birds are putting on fat - whereas adult agapornis are molting have very little fat stored. 21 Aug One flock of 6 imm. - Sulfur Felt Plot - in wet, low-c. Polygyn habitat. 4 imm. - mixed algae - melanotos - Pluvials group so. 1 Wolffsblog. Four other sighted?/individuals - scattered in the wider, marshy area & The Tundra. 22 Aug 4 imm. near West Ponds (lower). 23 Aug 8-10 am. Seen today - Scattered in 7's/8's. Feldman in wet marshy areas. 25 Aug About 10 seen between 100-68kph. - Gosling Ridge - all individuals - all immatures - all fed on - wet marshy areas. Now seen yesterday near The Point - They all seem to stay in the Tundra. 27 Aug - 3 seen SW / Genshawbetsu - imm.

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Holmes,R. 1963 Calidris melanotos 27 may Barry, Alaska Now seen m beachridge during afternoon. One 8" Dameh investigate a wounded Sanderling near Wohlschlag Slough + then along the north shore/Wohlschlag, at least 48787+349 were noted as follows - 18", 10"+12, 10"+ 249, 18". The 8",14 indicated some courtship activity. The 8" walked to her, cocked tail, drooped wings slightly, head up, throat baggy, but not inflated, gave several weak ho-ha-ha-ha- In fast succession. The 9 took fly, At. The 8" followed behind giving the gurgling call note. Late, along the Shin/ETSm Lagoon this same sequence was again seen. Di'gai flying, 11 in an erratic chase, low over the fundra. Twice, males were seen to display aerially - flying low over fundra with wings held horizontally even with the back + throat pumping. Due to a light breeze, however, the sound was not heard. i. Courtship + territorial displays are clearly evident on 27 may by birds living in these extended areas of fundra. First individuals were seen by Muller on 25 may (none had been seen on 23 may). 28 may 4 sea feeding together on bluff - west of family Lagoon - 38"+19. No display activity was noted.

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Holmes,R 1963 2. C. melanotos 28 may Barrow, Alaska Three 8? seen along bluff between Wohl & coolkpik sloughs - each was displaying - giving full hoots - with what looks like full developed Air sacs. Chases (accompanied by gurgling chase note) were seen + / or heard frequently; Several times, 8? parted, each return to his own area, each performing an aerial flight display, low over the ground. Late, other at least semi-territorial encounters were seen - where during a chase, the chase would sudden swerve off & return to his area, any days to do more chases. :: Signs of area attachment. 18 countably Seen today - only 1& noted this evening. 29 may 10? along no. shunt Wohlschlo, feeders by fallowing at Nsundan of bluff tundra - low polygynous-collected. Two seen along shore / Bism, not Wohlschlo - 6 8? were spaced ~300yrs apart between Wohl & Oo(k)pitz - occasions chases were seen - but very little advertising by hoots + / or flights. 8? either stood a small exposed mound, with chut sagging or fed on the exposed fundera. Several more 8? (I count 2gg) while he started to display to them she took flight & followed (no gurgling chase note given).

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Holmes, R 1963 C. melanotos 3. 29 May Barrow, Alaska Evening - 3:07 P.M. (2 together, one alone) on north shore I wold. Sle. As the single O approached a F, he cocked his tail, lowered his antennae & t indolyns, raised the posterior part of the body, wings dropped slightly, chest not expanded but saggin low to the ground. He stood in this posture for about 30-45 sec - with bill open about 5mm - gave a continuous scratchy call - which can best be characterized as ki-ki-ki-ki.... - which did not vary in pitch or frequency [sketch of bird] After sunset. M & started walking fowards him, fencer flew about 6! landed a foot from him on a snow bank. At M's return & began walking towards him, swaying slightly from side to side & changed in vocalization into the modified booting wheel a few on the ground nests. He gave about 10 sec. (M) (in front about 1 foot) & then the F took flight before close with a

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Holmes, R 1463 C. melanostos 29 may Barrow, Alaska Call note - but not the gonging drone note (while whistling aggressive chase). Sev. more PP - all seen as mdu - were along Elsin Loya - 1 a Deer ridge. No aerial display seen - but evening was cold & "dark". 30 may I displaying along bluff to John Creek - no PP or other PP were noted. AIR SAC. - in processing 2078 - looked at esophagus - when flattened was 15 mm across + 137 mm long. The diameter of 15 mm was taken at the caudal region. It tapered to 7 mm just in front of the proventriculus. If the esophagus was pinched about 8 cm from the mouth - air blown into it with a spring-bullet - the diameter increased to 35 mm. The "texture" was very elastic & thin. Thus the esophagus may undergo some change at this time - which allows it to be inflated (or at least potentially). More checking (Mark 1) needed for other species so more needed. 31 may - 2078 seen between Wollbrookpit - 1 aerial display seen - otherwise birds spent their feeding.

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Holmes,B 1963 5. C. melanotos 1 june Barrow, Alaska 2877 sem between Brant Pt. + Wobleskay Sloye (1/collected) - m display. Tureldens action entirely by pick or jab - never going into soil more than 3 em. Four 0780 - 1 displaying anually - before Wobleskay + Oolpik - 1$ seen in campany with 0 - but he should no courtship antics. - $ was collected - She had an area at 19mm - almost To Au laying stage! One 0780 seen - north beach midway - ne Beverly antennae. One 0780 seen near Voh-June8 Wrole 2 june One 0780 seen in drumova + others scattered in mustlarge area / Tundra - so-1 valley Sloye, 1 or Oktavik census plot, several near Oolpik census plot - she found One $ seen + collected 3 june Five 0780 Between Brant Pt. + Wobleskay Sloye (1 km long) (4 + 1 $ collected). Several (6t) scattered sometime displaying 0780 seen between Wold + Oolpik. 4 june Five (+) Lekid 0780 Between Wold + Oolpik along bluff - several display chases seen. One 0780 near Wold.

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Holmes,R 1963 C. melanotes 4 June Barrow, Alaska and only one to see in Dead Nige - he was near me 4 barrels - on north sector. A stuffed 875g were plundered near 1 snow bank mile else bluff. After a territorial displaying 875 had chased other 875 nearly, he suddenly came - flinches about 30' from my model - He then walked closer - started that was up on 2 blunt pere with that half inflated - then apparently saw me a mind away - doing distrubed feeling - finally he moved off. Appears model - my work to locate certain used for this purpose. 5 June One seen near North Area - none at Brent's Area. Detour Brent Point + Polygon Point (so and I removed plot) - only 1 or was encountered (collected). At the Mount Murbibley - 2 875 were fighting over territorial boundary. 6 June 875 are seen where there are large (100 x 50yd) patches / exposed hundreds at Volcano, North Slope, + numerous indios (100) on Village Slope bluff - where the exposed areas is 1 male x 50 yards. In this latter locality, plentiful were chasing & displaying fervently + 875

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Holmes,R 1963 C. melanotas 7. 6 june Burrow, Alaska seen in close proximity to each other with a displaying 8?. However, 14 8? chased off me & (collected) & flew onto an and chase 1 a neighbouring 8? 7 june Two flochs encountered between wall & colpiph - almo 5/1sm b w/p. - 1 of 14 8?, f119ff 2-3 8?? End 1 Mine was frequently visited by - locally seated 8? who made numerous attempts to court & 8? - with me ground display - when the bird being Courtcd moved off. The 8? would fly and & (3 m c now seen , 2" see n4 x ). Occasionally, the local 8? would chase a flier 8? - but both would retreat the floch + fuel for a few minutes before any more activity took place. And an adult 5lar 1 8? - I have seen Design Flock of 6 8? - seemed what were counted by a 8? - on the bluffs & path. 8 june Valley Slu - Flock 1 12 8? - feeding on dry grass' Stuff. - 4 m 18? seen feeding in close proximity. and 2 8? - he tried to court me. The two took off in a chorus - and the 2nd 8? seemingly tired.

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Holmes,R. 1963 8 June Banns, Alaska C. melanotus Nest found with 4 eggs + one & in grass slope 1 Village S. bluff. - nest lined with dry grass. & flushed - landed 20' away, chased or attacked (vantower) compl. feeding $- 4X - Dena & landed cleared 1/4 & for 5x, just found birds - Mr. Hunt & began to count. No feeding $ - & curled her in a fort wall with tuil cochel (not spread), had no rplum - which also moved as sagging course - gave me puffed boots - she kept feeding & aft the 8 circled & at cleavage (3-6") for about 30-40 min at hr - a chase followed. - i.e. sees that a 8 with & + nut in vicinity (below tree displays all around her area) - ran he off t was counting another. - shot - & aggression Nest checked half hour later, I was incidentally flew off when I was 70' away, circled behind me, landed gave a rather hast rolled turnrrrrrt - but no poking at my face - she led me away, giving no note. Flodif & her Trephine III A+B - 3 were counted unsuccessfully in 1/83, with about 10 sec intervals. He was below me, she flew off, around another - etc.

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Holmes,R 1963 C. melonotas 8 June Barrow, Alaska Elsan Cluff - many flocks along shore of Elsa + nnd side of Wohlschlag Fl. with following compositi (12f, 27) (6f) (6f, 43) (12f) (18f, 60). The # of 27s may not be accurate, since alternately - octave 2 was sent feed much before for a period of time before counting Sam & Me ff - a chasm, N. M. W. Anyway, large flocks appeared mostly of ff. Territorial 27s were seen counting flock ff regularly - no rope from ff noted. No succession counting 1 different ff seen this afternoon. Flock / 9f - near Tropelum [illegible] during the evening. Flock even every when today - pencil 1 greatest PS influa. 9 June No 2 flock along Odejil + Elsas Lago Today - started 4f + duple, 187; noted but none were in flocks 4ff Scopthro m breast ridge. No counting activity seen today. 10 June 10+18 taken from removal plot - several seen along path shore of Wohlschlag. One 2 responded were to 2 model - by flying up to it, landing nearby. going into a "courtship" posture. tail-receive slights

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Holmes,R 1963 10. C. melanotos 10 June Barrow, Alaska dropped, hid upr chat partly out - save modified hood - The bird looked for a few seconds only - then stood upright in alert aggressive posture; several picks even albuines to the tool ! (he wel ) the model, The bird then stood off sec miles - in an alert posture, with throat "sagging". He stood free looking at his model (at me (15'away) - as he did i, The throat sac would inflate slightly, with each breath, xi inhale - a thrott bulgelout, then deflate - exhale. One wherbe was alarmed by my moving The sac filled with air, then deflotes slowly. The could be heard see - Some the bird became tense when alarmed, if Mr was followed immediately by the air sac inflating. Several of 8's were tried to see They would respond - They didn't - perhaps the Wreak scared them. 11 June Two 8's chasing + displaying a bead ridge near former white - rump area. In one instance, two met in air, one following close behind the other - in fact the me while erupting up & physical bangs The other with his side - which is likely

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Holmes,R. 1963 C. melanotos 11 June Barrow, Alaska The fox separated until they were 6" apart + flew side 1 sid - and daylight I was doing so. They kept going right higher above the tundra until I disappeared for sylt (second) Sun - but they must have been at least 150-200 feet above the ground). - at least we were flying the gurgling cross note. 12 June - One settled 3 in remond plot - seen 2 class 3 individuals (personally different birds - one was chanted the note + only the frontland 3 was seen to return) - while I believe we still have not around 4, PS. - then they - they may still be unsettled 3D mating in area. Only 1 displaying 3 in AACS area he was a One grassy flat south of Traplines 9+10. - None seen No.1 AACS. 15 June This was the most abundant species - The Drowail census plot + this year They are more dense than they have been in the last 4 years. See Census Sheet(~ #1's Territory Sites.

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Holmes,R 1963 15 June Barrow Alaska C. melanotos Muir displo activity today & Chases of 87 by 8 - a fast flying flyb who low on the ground at 50-75' in the air - accompanying by gurgling chase note. When near armed territory boundaries, a reversal I appear- with [illegible] - The birds change pattern in chase. Min of 1-2 chases. entire a third of 87 took the full flight - the winter which as many as 5 were involved in our metane. By limiting the activity, individual birds was not determinable. Usually, our birds split into groups - 4-2's- and males all settled well - they are. New Chases, as well as being causal by chases extending into adjoining territories - were seen when a f was present. In one case, the 87 chased off her 1 as she passed into other 8's territory - they all joined -. If I would land, the 87s would come in behind her fled - or would stay at h or A - at least one - full wood holeflightogram. Ms was well known in the gurgling Chasenote (= flatulent note HFAF) (the note is also given by the 8's to a girl

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Holmes,R 1963 C. melanotos 15 June Barrow, Alaska Chase. One 8 - One 2 - 2 Loos - 3 Loos, fls for 15' - lad - not follows - ch - went - for 2 mumbs, each deer chased by 3 - accompanied by gurgling jolber note. On ground a moundi alert posture- gave (low guidance than tree = qurrrr (rolled). - Once flock 16 $8 came across depot - with 388 following close behind. As permoved through different tundra - They attracted the occupants & seemed to loose some of the other chases - who probably returned to their area. - The group moved into the south. On the way back, throwed - on a grassy slope at the southwest corner of Footprint Lake - a net with 2 Egg was found. - The cup we lived entwined with dry willows (sage) leaves & two partials hidden from view by arlyn blocky grass & sedge. The bud (F) when flushed the net, stood nearby - feeling (deplacement?) 3-8 ever feeding close to us - but gave no clinet attention to. /3.

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Holmes,R 1963 C. melanotos 14. 16 june Barrow Alaska Several displayers never meet pack. One nest with 4 eggs incubating. Located - side 1 Snail polygon, 30' W of 1 Pond A.- Mass- like canvas pidgee - with screech grass - egg were 95% exposed - for grass block projecting above each egg. 9 fluttermill with ruffled fold feather - wings out at the sides fluttering, tail fanned & depressed. Twice M & when feeding away from the nest (because of our presence) was countered by a ? who landed near her after he finished a territorial display. He walked up behind her - with tail cocked + wings drooped - given, a modified hoat = kur-aw- kuran,... She raised her posterior end slightly + walker on - He followed for 5 seconds - Then foot flys, chasing another ? - He returned about a minute later & repeated the same sequence. She paid no attention - except for the raising The foil & wings + he never did mount her. - Evans - The fact that she was incubating a completed clutch & that he was still making display actions is significant.

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Holmes,R 1963 17 June Barrad, Alaska C. melanotas Nest wit 4 eggs 2vic. & nest stole S.D Shwovel - a deep depression one edge 1 large polygon with grass blade for a lining. Not surrounded by moss riche- Tuft 1 grass - the letters provided about 46% cover for the eggs. The female off when I was 60' away I gave no disturbing display. Also when she returned when I was at the nest - she did dec. modest run & "head" meaway. Earlier before the nest was discovered, a D flew over her during a hooting display. As he did so, she tilted her body forward, with folded wing Tips pointing at a 40° angle. The D swooped lows but kept on going - I landed about 60' away. The female straightened up- but kept tail cocked for several seconds before resuming normal feeding posture. This may be a submissive type postur - ie indicating that she already has a full clutch (egg - etc) an aggressive posture (who - aggressive forward - D is not known. Second Nest found on plot - with 4 eggs line 1 - no clutch display. Data below,

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RTH 1963 C. melanotos 16. 17 june Barrow, Alaska She gave a redirt pen as I began to leave the net. Wrote - full frame on center of 20' polygon. - cup was lined over but I gave Several instance of ground contact between 20:37. Both would stand in upright alert posture - about 1-1/2 feet apart. One would sidle up to the other - with head kept up left legs turned toward opponent then a sudden dash at the other - both birds begin fluttering, flapping around toward each other - bills pecking - no other confusion, little detail could be seen - Remotely fighting. Sometimes the two would walk side by side for several feet (~6' one twin, 8' the other) before we would dash at the other. The fighting would end by one bird taking flight - the other following in close pursuit giving the jabber note occasionally a short sequence The hovering. Once when both were on the ground, they separated after flying 10' and each performed a aerial display over its own territory. These encounters took place at a new tentative boundary.

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RTH 1963 17june Barrow, Alaska At least 3 stragglers - ii unsettled P3 - were observed merely independently through the plot. Each would be chased by succeeding for turn, tan down the plot. When 18 would turn back from the chase The next would start. On Beringian trip for Barrow - a nest with 2 eggs & an incubating P was found in the south slope of Bear's ridge, 140 yds west of No Meadow Lake. - on grass slope - eggs 70% covered & did not perform duet-brooding display. Tried a model 1 a P mounted in alert posture - it was placed - a small mound within the plot territory. Once re-septed it (took about 10 min) - he flew up, landed 6' away - ran rapidly toward the model, gave a jabber (on tape!) & attacked bitting the model with its bill. After about 2sec, he stood off - looking at the model that me (10' away) - after looking for another 2sec - he flew off + performed a duet-brooding display. He did not care much to the model.

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RTTH 1963 C. melanotos 18 June Barrow, Alaska ♀a nest near insect plots (#3). Nest found by Stevens Joyce Southeast/ 10.0 a Trapline #1 - with 4 eggs & inc. ♀. Considerable chasing activity seen So. 1 Voth's area. - One pair /3 yearling ♂♂ noted - They were being chased by territorial ♂♂? 19 June Nest located on northern end / Southern base of beach ridge - (Nest P5#8) - with 3 eggs & inc. ♀. Limnick cut grass + smoothed down attached grass; ♀ did not do a dust display. Activity was up. Chasing displays were seen commonly along the beach ridge. One group (4 - 1st yr ♂♂) were seen feeding; two were freq. chased by settled ♂♂. Two ♂♂ - ground - walking side by side both would go into head down cgg. Posture- with wings moved out slightly from the body sequence: both feathers ruffled - tail deprressed & fanned - one would turn run at the other - who would then side step run & continue feeding. This would sometimes feed (or displaced feed) while in this posture. The courted event

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RTA 1963 21. C. melanotos 21 june Barrow, Alaska after which the C? follows & may repeat the above performance when they land again. At times - The guttural kursor - note well turn with a liquid note - which is given rapidly. Such as most so's been partly subvocal & apparently involved in the produced 1st sound. This gott, goot.... Note seem to be a modification of the aerial booming - (i.e perhaps the full actual living stroke is needed to fill air sacs & then to expel the air). The bubbly-gurgling note on the ground is given with very noticeable movement of the head throat region - both head & tail - (i.e forward component comp. hue - head moves from vertical to 45° forward - back ) - bill is open during these acts. Since the C? normally remains indifferent to these actions (have described above had a nest with 4 eggs) The occurs cannot arise where C? will move therewith to a & with a complete clutch), she keeps on feeding. When the C? gets too close & whatever, it gives a coel note from flight - it follows, giving the follower chime note the lines, to follows. Sometimes - when landing

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Holmes 1963 22. C. melanotes 21 june Barny Blake He keeps one wing held at the surface for ½ sec - less. This wing is usually drooped to the side & but may still have slight function to the $. Does her tree see for 3 or 4 different birds. Upon landing when chasing $ (B chase ?). $? feeding in grassy areas, were seen to lower themselves into the grass when a $ (territorial boom) display or in chase (another $?) comes flying over. On $ watched for 30 min - during this time she was continually pestered by 1-4 $?. She would fight fed, then $'s would land near her & start ground courtship. If she went to complete (i.e. without disturbance from other $?) - as she took flight - followed by the $? - at this time the 2 were joined by 1-3 other $? for territorial adjoining territories + all would swoop around an area / locus (over determine ? all 3 or $?) - low over ground & circling to a 100' feet or more. The $ would land followed by the $? - who would run towards her & then she would hop up, land a few feet away & the whole thing would be repeated. The behavior of the $? in these chases is not clear. One $ (whether

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23. RTH 1963 C. melanotos 21 jumbanas, Alaska it is the same one or not is not known) seems to keep after the & at time. The other B& seemed to be chasing the first & - I wouldn't be surprised if there was a chase crew - depending on the where territory the birds were in [I feel that 1& may do after the & - but they seem the BB's areas and they start chasing). In flight & occasionally from the ground, The & gave her call note: which allowed for her to be identified readily. As mentioned previously - she was involved in these chases for over 30 min (see time. She ducked off & kept hider - while the BB's chased each other - but they soon found her again). The amount/ chasing in which she participated, the high frequency / her call notes / her lack / "hiding" in the grass - would suggest that she was an unmated bird - or at least hood me clutch. Bill (8) well chase - tend to reject BB's, by term Honey Bee is an aggressive future hidden in the grass. when B& fly, are, calling less frequently, & usually fly low - rarely is kept - album arid chase.

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RTH- 1963 24. C. melanotus 21 June Barrow Alaska Between calls after any P. subtilis appears - when they are 'unmated' or off a nest. One & today who was flushed from nest - did a rodent run distraction display & was immediately 'counted' by c & (ground-prep. display). She came on - kept - a low arc- flur shot distances & kept through the grass. He made several attempts to court her - & the flur off & performed territorial display. At the north-east corner of the plat - the c had a well-defined territory covering about 3-3½ acres. After watching her for awhile & seeing several boundary conflicts with adjoining &c. Suddenly - the c began to perform a precopulatory display to c & in the center / The territory - he did this twice & during a second time, I walked out to - knew not which was located in the territory & then was the inc. & on the nest. So - here we were with a nesting c & his family - going through a precopulatory display to a second c - any 200' away. When the c flushed from the nest - she came in contact with the other c - they

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RTH 1963 25, C. melanotus 21 June Barrow, Alaska faced each other - and (?) went into - Tail up aspens posture - gave Mr. & call note + Dr. other- fly off - followed by Dr. 8. Bussom - The one moving off - was the non-nesting bird - The aspens were being incubating & NEST - PS#10 - 30' off plat (11.3) - 4 eggs + me. 9 - who was courting for several mins. by a lower, seated 8). - Nest a stick 1 polyg - Semenonder by moss & a small clump / some white offended - about 15% core per egg. NEST - #11 - 4 eggs, me. 9. (5.3) - in Arctognathus or low poly pteryx - some enophym clumps - 60% covering by R grasp. Two 8's - chasing for several minutes- over an area / facade. The chasers were high above the ground - flying side by side - then severing loose fall & making large circles - jabber calls were given almost constantly. After flying fast - They would set their wings horizontally down - dropped & glided for several hundred feet, descending landing. On the ground, the 8th went into a hunched posture,

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Holmes, R. 1963 26. C. melanotus 21 June Barrow, Alaska running side by side - pecking at the ground - (upright posture seen) - then after covering ~10' - they would resume high aerial chasing. This went on for 2 hours or more - these flights were over territories which were being defended by 88 - low km ground (superficial high flyers) - No other chasers were involved. Later - Then 2 were seen closest hand & they appeared to be young birds. Tail action in aerially displaying 88 seems to be involved in signal function. In flight. The tail is spread + rotated both sides during the flight so that the light gray outer section & the white tail covert can be seen from the side. This action is given during the glide component The dipler - it may also function as a rudder. The density of birds today was just as great if not greater than last time. There were 2 flocks of wandering 88 at Ample (5+1) - which seemed to be young males. Also - 3/4 the settled birds had white boots - 1st year.

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27. Holmes,R 1963 C. melandoti 22 june Barrow, Alaska Some chasing by territorial ?? a Otter's Census plot - but activity ever light. Chicks reported a flock of 4-5 ?? near Tryplun 9:15 - 10 AM evening. 23 June ??? a second plot - ???? summered - Only 2-3 settled ?? along the north shore? Probably + very little display activity. I found The Mympt B model - next to - mamm. On B came in + attacked (Stuck at its head with its beak after jumping on its back - very "dangerous" action): turn - almost diminishing, The model, ever fine. The Mympt seems ? hold some attraction. Although he never did get close than 5 feet. It would look - but didn't. On perch at Dreground + moved off fueling, and a return to the former area. Twice, he walked toward the mamm - but about 1 foot from it - saw it pass the mamm & behind it. The M walked back until he was again 5' - found. The bird was heart flutter + seemed to have quite - attraction to the mamm (The model in its fine was flat + Dreground).

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RT74 1963 29. C. melanotus 24 June Barrow, Alaska mature? Or remande / The floods. When the group flew - they separated into 3 - flock / about equal size. 25 June Trip to Shroaik: Small groups 1, 2, 3, or 4 800 See along grassy well road, north 1 footpring + 1 group / 3 in. Footprints. Along the stream emptying into the northwest corner - Shroaik Lake - there was a flock / 14 800 ( + 1 [illegible] scol.). One flock / 15 800 on the plot - no other groups seen - There was no chaos in the census plot due to flooding birds - as reported by Biffelle for kest relips. All these moles today appeared to be first year birds. Call note is variable - but as a "musical" note, liquid in quality - can be heard as a chip, chee - a choop or chink. A ground was forced to move repeatedly (10x+). After 2 min. he became very diligent at defying, I would stand his ground until I was less than 5 feet away. At that time, before call note - kur-rav, .... - 8-10x - The note resembles the call given - on ground courtship display. In this case- There was no movement / he reveals

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RTH 1923 C. melanotus 25 June Darnes, Alaska Throat - but the bird was in semi- posture + the bill was wide open. This may have been a version of the jabber Grunn in ground - but it more closely resembled The call given as a prelude to ground courtship - or courtship. Ground-located aerial contacts between BB were common today. Both the upright posture (with tail depressed fanned + the m side-warp (bathing opening + the sudden dashes) & the hundred posture (with both features suppressed, head forward & pulled into the body) were involved in ground encounters. Two birds were seen to fly - flutter into air + fly side by side for several feet. In doing this - they kept their tail at in a lowered position & partly fanned - thus giving a low-in-ir-obdane appearance in flight. - The wings are fluttered - rapidly - + noisily + the bird rose more than 10' above the ground. This is probably an indication of aggressive action carried into flight. Only one ground courtship sequence noted today. In this case, Negat

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RT4 1963 C. melanotus 31. 25 June Barrow, Alaska nest #5. hood moved off the nest. I was standing about 60' away from the nest cup. The 8' flew in, landed, kept one wing at the vertical (pointing off to the side), during this time - the tail raised to a half-cocked position. The wing was then lowered (relaxed) - The bird kept calling "burrr" - after 3-4 s' flew off - the 8' flew off & displayed territorially. Activity was low today & somewhat confusing. 8's were not defending our drum as vigorously as they were 4 days ago. 8's from adjacent limbs would come across the boundary - before he would be chased. One was with several individual 8's who were moving through the area. In one case, 3 8's were feeding near in 10' of each other, after about 5m, one 8' - who apparently was no parent - shoved out the other 7. - Thus, there seems to be a more casual atmosphere in the pectoral population & the territorial system is beginning to break down. Also, there was a decrease in activity during day-sunset by 1800 - hardly any bird was displaying.

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RTH 1963 C. melanoto 32. 25 jun Barrow, Alaska This prevented my obtaining a good census - m mark 40-curve. 26 june Several flocks along Elson Lagoon between Brant P2 + Coobschlag Slough - 8ru1 groups 9, 7, 7, 5 + Sen/ 2-3. all seemed to be 88. Some chasing by settled birds was evident but the chasers were not prolonged a excelling approacher. The 8' chased & flushed the flock - then would return to his feeding activities & after the flock would also return to its same general area and after a minute or so, the 8' would again chase. repeat the above sequence. Occasionally during its return, the settled 8' would make a partial circuit of his territory, performing the aerial whooping display. Three 88 were spaced out along the mark shore 1 tsn. one was chasing a flock / 488'. Scattered group 12-7 were along the central marsh side / near ridge In afternoon, a flock / 6, 4, + 3-4 88' in area south / 1st Arm + No. 1 Footprint. Again, these birds were being chased by locally settled 88'. A 8' flushed - in grass - the flocks landed, been to reach nervous at ground - 8' flew to

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RTH 1963 E. melanostor 33. 26 June Barrow, Alaska her, landing about 12" away. She raised tail & wing ant air shuddin - he took flight - maed a wide circle & flew North over hr - 3-5' above h - not looking as he passed over. Two display her been observed several times in the last few days but its significance wasn't apparent until today. The $ aggressor's posture may inform us that she is already on eggs & is no longer receptive (shows collected & had already laid a full clutch). If he flew off & returns - given 1x morning display. First time two hippops he passes immediately above her. This is the only display which piqued. Not I have seen in my species between a 57 & 9. I guess, it may advance. But she is aware of her presence. 27 June 19 collected with 1 egg (didn't see more than 3) 1 fled / 8 m NTH bead ridge - 2 collected. No display activity - bad weather 28 June One flock of 35-40 south of gashin ridge - numerous groups of 2-5 birds between gashins bead ridges. Several P's were observed & judging by Teharn, they probably were flushed from nests. Only 1 chase 1-8 m - fled (P?) - was noted.

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RTH 1963 28 june Barrat Alaska Som chasing was noted within Dr. Folds; One immature chasing 1/18th Dr. Folds - usually one bird giving Dr. jobber note. In afternoon - only 3 hooting duple were heard near the vacant plots - all 3 true seems to be given by one ♂. Once after a chase, a ♂ just flew both over his territory, 5' over the ground - but did not display. Finally he landed without ever displaying - Our type activity is now on the decrease. 29 june - Census plot. Activity was noticeably reduced today. Many of the ♂♂ no longer showed their aggressive nature, few were sitting in sentinel postures or mounts; a few yet performed an aerial hooting display. When Dr. Folds was given it was always directed to a ♀ on the ground - ie the ♂ flew a foot or two above her giving her a whistling sound. The only other calls heard from ♂♂ were ground grounding of a ♂ who had been disturbed or Dr. jobber while in chase. At the end of a chase, the aggressor would return and later begin feeding. No display at this point - when there former were no one

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Holmes, P. 1963 E. melanotos 29 June Barrow, Alaska (when hooting was done, it was weak + off-key - apparently the birds are losing some of the CMHOLOR BEARS SACE - or something of this nature. Also seem 88 on the ground - made me realize that the SASS, natural throat is beginning to disappear.) Corresponding with the above changes, no definite territory was weak. A settled O7 would tolerate a group of 3-5 88 in his territory + sometimes no aggressive actions took place. At other times, 88 off by minute would come at dried entert with out New Wardens - would chase him - Newborn group - until they moved on. Likewise, the flow would settle in a few minutes and time to off one minute. I gave up 1 foot with Nun Lake, when they moved on - the level stopped. Several ground-to-ground encounters were again noted. In the alert up for for-topon junta - the 88 steps are shelched until they are straight. The feed is kept in a straight line with a body of the dark look at level from - out [illegible] corner I their eyes.

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Holmes, 1963 29 June Barry, Alaska E. melanaster Suddenely, the head would drop down & even off to one side in an abrupt motion - as if making an attempt to attack - but it is an stubble. Perpendicular posture is again attained the bird now on side to side; head down then head lower. (The feathers are sleeked during this acta - the tail is degreased degree [fanning?]). The bird moves along - both feet silk - with head turned slightly out way - the the head clipping - in both up & down + side ways towards No opponents. ♀ chasing was still in evidence. Many ♂ were noted - most then were evidently from nests - but several "lost" ones seemed to be hanging around - these may be late nesters. The ♂ chasing today was not prolonged as it had been. The ♂ in general assorted the attractive ♂ Or given the March-end aggressive posture. In new encounters, the ♂ would land near the ♀ - walk - run up to her with head parts lowered usually, giving the jabber. At no point - the ♂ would

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Holmes,R 1963 37. E. melanotus 29 June Barrow, Alaska posture or would jump into the air (1-2') flutter their wings, giving their call note & landing nearby. The call was usually run to M + M - which would be repeated again. Only twice did I see a ? go into the ground courtship posture - not for sure, it was toward a & with a complete clutch - who responded with the tail raising - ags.-display. Flocks were more numerous during the early part / the census today 5 flocks were noticed in the afternoon. There were groups of 2-5 ?s moving slowly, or in flights - feeding as they went - trying chased, with weakly, lay settled males. All nests previously found in the plot were in fact. All ? except 1 - smashed all the nest before I was anywhere near. The one exception was at 8.0 - where it remained on the nest until I was 5' away - at which she popped off - and off a fluttering flight - landed away. She then gave a distraction display with wings extended horizontally, tail depressed & fanned - the bird then hushed the ground went shuffling off. Moving the grass giving a high pitched squeaking note. The way looked like it would be more excited again as the bird moved

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RTA 1963 E. melanotos 39. 1 July Barrow, Alaska This season. One or more De & flew short distance (10't) during which I'm fairly sure the coloration - De or would follow closely in a few minutes The jabor. After 2-3 min, De & flew off to chase a gull 1433. It did not return during my stay. Several flown 75' north - 114 1/3, 1411 - & over 3-5. De (with some smalls) along the beach Bird only - Not in much of a rush 2 July Small group 3-4 - along coast from my - until noon - also Ostelher's plot. Display activity (except 1 day - 8-8 - with jabor) - in recent area. Display activity is slowly decreasing. One nest with eggs found 20 yrs north probably - in line with Brown's warming. 3 July Kruvavik - Display activity was further reduced today + some of the previous defenders 78 have now left. Only 7 active 78 (X a corner sheet) were claiming aerial displays - Whereas a week ago there were almost 3 x this number.

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RTH 1963 40. E. melanotos 3 July Barrow, Alaska Several hooting displays were performed in every case - The 8' Drowned crane 8' crouched in regrass. Territorial flights were infrequent but 10' (NW compl/s. pld) patrolled after a hoot- display - in the F-27 glide posture. Three ground displays to 8' were seen - 1 Dr 8' at 10.0 - to 9pm Nest #18 - She has been pecked by the same 8' for over two weeks now (it seems not too fowl on 6-21 + each time I have gave To the plot since Mo - he has perfo- This ground display behavior formula - One crane chew/19.07.30 was noted - at least 18' was jabbering. Most 8' who located or flushed from the nest were not bothered by 8' - since many 8' have departed. No 8' chicks - but 1 group of 3 8's was noted near 9.0 - feeding Together. & No last case - I have flushed a 8' from nearby nest 1 she then led me away from the nest into the area where there 3 8's even today. At this point, the nest 8' began to chase The others - lowered head, ruffled both feathers, head depressed forward + both hermiles - 8' in charge at the other 48' making

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RTH 196B 41. E. melanotus 3 July Barrow, Alaska The flecks up & fly off a few yards at any settled (M) mother fledging. The nest & heat-supplanting in them - until they fly off the last in a group. They showed no sign of any aggressive nature. Later - a nest with 4 eggs was found near 0.2 u dry grass (Bos + Arctostaphylos) which produced 28% care for the eggs. The nest (#17) is only 150' from nest #5. Both are located within what was the further 10° (at NE corner / plot + Dr. B - (who was not present today) was there earlier - with the 14- a nest & the other in pre-up. displays. A 9-9 interaction noted here - when both 9's were off their nests. No aggression event into the above described 9-agg. action - Mother maintained the rear-end-up position where 9 gave a 287. The aggressor (from the older nest - #5) decided at mother - who took flight. A chase followed - with #5 & follower #174 - both were giving no 9-call note. Nest #5 lower level - while mother bird

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Holmes, R. 1965 42. E. melanoste 3 July Banny, Alaska made a dundig - Not beds been fuding about 10 yds apart. Ps. n #14 - Nw 17.3 - a moss-covered polygon - with scattered grass ridge - 4 egg were 16% cover - no distr disp by incubating $. Ps. N #15 - Nw 18.4 - mossy more run south grass clump - given 109. Court egg - No d. displ. - but did perform a rodent run. A $ in Ne area did a hooting display over Ne $. Ps. N #16 - Nw 21.1 - 4 eggs + inc. $ - no dd. - in small mound in trough between 2 large grass-covered polygons - 20% cover. On return trip - checked nest #2 - which was empty with no evidence of $ - eggs - by herbing dish - No nest couldn't have hatched yet - so it may have been lost to predation. The nest clump was full/ wellus lars - mouth/ Salix palchre - but a few of S. rotundifolia. The bottom the cup was emptied - Necroses pul (Lears 2" high + 3" in diameter) +1 feather - no grass blocks. At nest #9 - The $ ate a cluch.

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Hollenbeck 1963 E. melanotus 43 3 July Barrow, Alaska display's rodentain - but the crop was empty - the young must have been nearby. 4 July Consumed Pichler's plot & found several 1 hoop nest - all were covered with 1-3" snow - In both cases, the #7 were on the nest and the snow. As I approached - I could hear a rustling of a bird + the above would pop up through the snow + freeze, the bird would jump off & not see off i distractin display. They must have been a few nests left to yesterday afternoon - where the snow was 1 foot. Five chase / #7 - 1 by 3" + Both My 4" were noted - the #7 gave me false note - the #7 & the 6 case note. The #7 in the chorus were not off nests known to me - they were not seen on the ground. Nest #7 - checked - the #7 was partially on the nest - at least her head was down toward the eggs - her hen and stilled up in near - I walked right by & picked her up - put a band on her left leg. - She did a weak distractin display & then stood off - Nervously. One egg was partially cracked - i couldn't tell if broke or she had broken it - Also - she felt cold - so maybe she had

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Holmes, N 1963 E. melanotos 44. 5 July Barrow, Alaska not been able to get to the eggs - because of snow layer. No fledg. noted - nests on 3+480 chasing 94. No other males seen at the plot level or above - no displaying of any kind. In afternoon - no birds seen in Britton-Voth Area - 18 with 3 young - which were just out of the Nest - 2 young were collected. One bird banded. A nest with eggs done & in Voth area - paper - Simon in grass - giving egg - 76% core - on small mound - nest lay - high center polygons North-945 noted - no other females. Chicks & adults reported Small gray (3-5) 1028 pictures new galea Nobs - Per Shot 5 + 18+18 which were feeding together. 6 July Nest #6 Smashed by caravel - eggs were not yet hatching - about half-3/4 developed. Several 94 seen - there were not chased by anyone. In the same area - 3 group 1028 - 17, 11, 1173 - which were feeding. Whiteflank they flew up & moved off together - No display or chasing. Nest was seen. Nest #7 - was infertile -

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Holmes, R 1963 43. E. melanotus 7 July Barnes, Flasha Two 88 were still displaying - with hoots + brief slides. Four or five chases 1/4 by 88 never seen + these were accompanied by jaffle Calls. The ground counterparts were seen 2-3 krows - caws were heard. The crows seen were weak; lasting only a sec. or two. The number of 98 was confusing - I don't believe they were all for nests or in two or three cases - there were flocks of 2-3 or 4 98 - see census sheets. There were also flocks of 88 along the plate. 98 chased other 98 - the latter were believed not to be nesters. - no ground aggression was seen. - there were all supplanted when aerial chase. 98 were also noted chasing 88 (in flocks). The waders fly after mid - given Mr & Mrs note - the hunt seemed to be a case of the nest. There was noted 48 during the day. Nests: #5 - gone - hatched July 5-6 #17 - present - one 4 eggs, 1/2 9 #4 - hatchery - 3/4 + 1E #11 - 4 eggs 9 #25 - 4 eggs + 9 - nest 5.0 - 102, centre low 10 x 5' mound - moss & pine cover #14 - empty - hatched July 5-6 #15 - well 8 eggs + 9

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RTH 1963 E. melanotos 46. 7 July, Danow, Alaska N-#26 - new 14.6 - 4 eggs + 9 - 76%, cover - nearest slope - full Eriophorum vaginatum from pea N#16 - 4 eggs + 3 - 1 egg smashed in handling 8 July No displaying observed - no brood reely Census plot - several plots 1823 + 1/2 Mead 5+9 were noted. No 9 chase - 7 chasing by 9 was noted. No form countship - Dune was not evident / settled 77. Nest #18 - 4 eggs + 9 N#8 - 3 egg - warm Nest #19 - 4 eggs + 4 Nest #20 - 4 eggs + 2 Nest #21 - empty - not present 7.5 L/Bar. N#23 - 3 eggs, coarm Nest #24 + 17 - intact Located #27 - 60' east 1 gaswell wood + 100 yds south of VOA Creek - 35 years from PS N#4/12 - wheel was still active Nest with 21% cover - surrounded in Coarse Arctic- gastri, flora - 4 eggs - 9 gave a productive strong distractive display, No 88 on the arm - VOA - intact - 9 July Nest #28 - 50' W of gaswellwood - 50 yds south 1 VOLKARA creek - a flat ground - with 109% cover of Eriophorum & Pannulae. - 4 eggs

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Holmes 1962 47. C. muentos 9 July Shrair - Danas, Alaska Nest #29 - n= 9.0 - 4 eggs - in burrow - Eriophyllum - with cover 110% - 128' from nest #11 Nest #30 - n= 7.1 - 4 eggs + 4 - no d.d. - Oregon-lilac covered polygon - 5% cover Nest #31 - n= 3.6 - 4 eggs - side / loose polygon (mass- lumen curled) - Nest in clump 1 Pile - 5% cover - 40yds east 130' off plot Nest #32 - n= 4.3 - 4 eggs - 9 - on mass-lid polygon - in clump 106' - no cover except shadow - Nest #33 - n= 3.1 - 4 eggs - polygon in thick growth - grass thistle (w/ lid) cup - 10% cover Nest #34 - n= 2.1 - 4 eggs - a polygon Top - surrounded by Psa - 18% cover Nest #35 - 4 eggs - n= 5.7 - polygon side - grass lined. , Mass - poi - tanume. - eriophyllum covered cup - sunny 70% cover Nest #36 - between 5.1/9.1 - 34 normal eggs + 1 1/3 anomolous - but with same Coloration - warmer. - a edge 1 Snow polygon in clump / grass - 59% cover - 150' from #29 Display activity was limited today to 1 series ( Whops - given weakly by o8' off Ne plot. Two jayler calls - given. then were also heard. No o8's were located or "seated" on Ne plot: only occasional individuals western - then usually were Wandelure.

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Holmes,R. 1963 C. melanotos 48. 9 July Barrow, Alaska On the shovail c. plot - floe 1 Mufolow syn were recorded: 1/7 45 (matt?; perhaps sec. 4); 1/139, 1/140, 1/120 (mud? 8. 4?), 1/128, +1/148. They would feed for a while & in several cases commingled a & Muted from nest. She would remain somewhat separate. In 2 cases, a & was seen to chase a 0?. Both times, She raised herself (incl. tail & folded wings, legs), lowered chest toward ground, gave 2 call note & dashed at Mr 0? - the fool flewed, gave no response or cackled - she flew after him for 30-40' - he came back. On 8/9 when encounter had made no advance forced Me 4's were not believed to have been settled in Mr area. The Mz did not appear to be in good breeding condition - as judged by most development & behaviour. Probably the 4's were either chased from nest - or chased away from the nest - a likely Mr, as a escape for a aggressive drive - after having been driven from the nest. On 9-10 enough noted wherever painted > 35 - four to five - 6" great, fur are darkest at the other + a short chin with no beards following close

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Holmes 1963 C. melanotos 9 July Barrow, Alaska Behind the other, not given the 4 cock note, followers. Are the returned to be not - the other kind? Do Mr. Cass - but never bird nests nearby (158' apart - per 8.0-9.0). Several non-nesting - individual & were encountered during Friday. Wh flapped. My words gave the cues note & flew - 103' yards, sank out 1 sight. While - the grimes, Mr. Shaved my webbed feet haven't met (ii" secret behavior, "Slow deliberate movement, pecking for food, no crouching, gave call when starts to fly - rather than wait until flush away from nut, etc.). 10 July Three birds (P.B.) after juli's legs - swir, 4, 6, 4. All feeding, actively - see. Not were collected yesterday were molting body feathers & were accumulating body fat. The development of the neck region seen still evident from inside - i.e. fatty & vascularized, but appearance for external showed no sagginess toward the molt going on, the coloration of the head is being lost to become lighter. Not were seen - 6:00 am - 4:00 afternoon.

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Holmes 1962 E. melanites 30. 11 July Panow, Alaska Omenit has watched a brood ridge census plot - all often were intact - no pipping. Nest # 8 - NTH (the plot was empty - no sep) ♀ - probably, her hatched last days so - my were not destroyed by cold after all. 12 July None seen along north level ridge or also Desout choul NHN Salt logor. In afternoon - Nests # 24,27,12 were intact still being incubated. N. #28 had hatched probably day before yesterday - since one 1 M young collected (weighed 18g). Nest The chick were about 100 yards south of the nest site. Two other broods were encountered - one with 3 day-old chick (♀ + Ne) were collected) + a ♀ with 2 young - 2-3 day old - 1 you collected. A flock /47 on south side of Beaver ridge - 15 100m + = flock of 127+1♀ a recent south oak week. 13 July Nests along gasoline road intact - found 1♀ + 4 young along me west side of Footprint - Here were collected. E1 Ne plot - Nest + 2 you When I looked ~ 7/13 never about 50 yards from the site 1 Barcelon - Nest exists. On the Shroceil census plot, N # [illegible] 17.

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RTH 1963 51. E. melanotus 13 July Barrow, Alaska #29 (our 1 cold egg pnest - but & I probab) chels were nearly) were empty - The remains all have The full complement of eggs. On some - the fleas not present & what were not eve seen. - all the eggs were warm. Thus, there are still complicating factors about finder all our nests - since the 84 nests move quite a distance for their rest when feeding. For nest we found #37 - Nv 23.3 - with 4 eggs & - an moss-gro ptygra with 10% cover of gras sedge. #38 - Nv 7.2 - with 4 eggs & - a small mound - moss + grass seq - 5%. cov. No display activity - no chasing - no jabber call. Several small groups of 3 to 10+9 were here often on Neplot. 14 July Pectoral nest a peat ridge plot + new York's brok all intent klien wecubated. A New nest was built - & we went Sand Vusk Creek 'due E1 D.01 Triples IV-A-B. 'C' Eriglhen vgnok, no save 30% cover - 2 eggs - warm. No other point.

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Holmes,R 1963 E. melanostrus 15 July Banoy Mesa No flies today, no males - (Apparently all have departed). Several "Woody" øs were encountered & 1 nest was discovered with 4 eggs - south side of juniper ridge - surrounded by Eriophorum & Carex - several 30% carr. øs were present. Nest #7 was empty - ø? was nearby, but the nest probably has been in use last week. 16 July Nest #19 had 4 young - just out / 1 egg; #20 - was still being incubated (At #19 - øg was brooding the young in the nest cup - The last young probably had left the eggs 12 hr or more before). Nest #12 was empty - must have hatched yesterday - no egg, 1 bird. Nest #27 was still being incubated. - Nest #24 - 3 young & 1 pipping egg. At Nest #39 - There were still 7 eggs but they seemed cold - a ø was in the vicinity (A 3rd egg - what - was laying about 2' away - down a slope). Several other øs were noticed along the west side of Oak Slope. Two øs were feeding on a begonias floof south 1/4th Area. 17 July Several groups (2-3 øs) in grassy & polypody area between Oak & North end / Fortuitous hole. Also - The censuses plot

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Holmes 1963 53 C. melantor 17 July Barrow, Alaska Today scattered individuals present. Also flock of 8♂+9♀ (112♂, 4%) were noted. In addition, group 12-6♂ were also noted. More added to the confusion, a few plot birds Sometimes it was difficult to separate breeding females from non-breeding or non-settled birds. In creches - there were so many ♂ - it was impossible to tell who was who. A brooding ♂ was less different - usually the postern end is sticking out into the air over lower the chest. In posture - The bird does not waddle more. Also, brooding bird will never fly off a nest + gives call note at nest area first, until she has moved a certain distance from the nest. - It is just the opposite with non-settled birds. Also the last would take flight & so out (light - frustrating, after cooing one for 15 min - waiting for her to go back to the nest!). Also, the female nest & I think more often when they have chicks - gives a different call note - in addition to the regular ♀ call note. One is a rolled rather quilted trill - which is strikingly similar to the vocalization of a tundra - [illegible]

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RTH 1963 C. melanchus 17 July Barrow, Alaska For new nests - #41 - 90' west 1 plat - just southeast 12.4 - north 4 eggs + 8 - 0 - miss - group moved - 16% cover 1 Carex #42 - 8' from 1,4 - 4 eggs + inc.9 - in boot- through - surrounded by Carex - given less than 5% cover. Sedge was the only material hanging in cup. #3 - hatched during the last 4 days - but the remainder were still being incubated - They must have been laid in late June - early July. One ground aggressive act between 2 & noted near 4.2 - tail up posture - M part / 1 & who chased the other off - the returned to the one / he neck (chase was a frantic flight - 5' above ground - with chaser fevver, 3 curl note). One fresh young - west 15.4 - nest site unknown? Nest #15 - 1 egg with hole-poked in side - 4" from Cup + 1 many yolky material in edge 1 eg - looked like jaeger probably took can 1 nest. Nest #29 - one cold egg - present on the 13th - had an embryo 4-5 days old - but it had not developed [illegible] -

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Holmes, R. 1963 C. melanoto 18 July Barrow, Alaska near the lagoon plot. In afternoon - 2079I met pbd- fledgling in wet meadow area - but pecking, not probing. Along with week - sec. 49 were seen - some appear to have nests & other were unattached. At nest #39 - new seven eggs - I think this nest was taken by predator - Suits last time, 1 egg too but the nest by 6" s now they are all gone. The I may have directed them to - at the time I saw for frye several days ago - but this seen unlikely (from then - no egg how it disappear some way - so joe gus may have been involved). One Wood 1 3 downy - 2 day old green banding - dryd south (Ottawa). From Wood/3 -(30-40 sec) young were captured & banded in Vol 5 Story I per Ne enclosure. In this case when I started to catch the chicks - Ne & chick did not display - just the chick-alan cue. At Nesantine, a flock 1689 arrived & all began given distraction displays - Ne entire sequence - include fluffing, embedded bold features, etc - Record - chick case race - S. at one time - there were 749 - all

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RTH 1963 E. melanotus 18 July Barrow, Alaska flying around excitedly o given source from 1 Dr duboite display. The 3 with Dr hood & Dr strypt display stays in direct - it was more persistent. The others must be birds who have lost their hood but still have the motivation to perform such acts. (Three) One 49 was collected. Only 1 case/ 8-8 interna was noted in this hump parts - that was when Dr georg first arrived - The 3 with Dr hood flew 6' landed near me (One display) burst from a flight for about 2'-left it returned to display time. The The group dispersed - except 1 with a hood - when I started shooting. 19 July - Nest 443 - south side / quinlin ridge - on slope - but almost at the wet marsh - seems by Euphema vagratae & Poo - given - 30% core - 4 was present - Egg - N 4 hosted intact. Several groups / 78 - usually 2-4 inches - were seen between level ridge quelin ridge & in both slopes - then were mostly feeding in upland polysom - however a few individuals were not monster.

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Holmes, R. 1963 59. E. melanotus 19 July Bunny Alaska A giro / 40' + 7g river cove b spid plow west / 1/4th slough. Swan broods encountered before Needle glacier ridge - 3 brood 1-3 day old chick (4 m eve case), + 2 brood part feather chick - probably week old. 20 July Four broods encountered in Footprint Lake- 1/3 week-old chicks, 1/7 1 week-old chick, 1/4 of 2 week-old chicks (all 1m were ~ 25-35 gram class & had about half their juvenile plumage). All were banded. - all were accompanied by an adult F. On Skunk Creek plot - the following birds were checked N #33,34,30 new gav - m syn 1 adult - at N #37 - Pre chicks were gone but the few present + excited N #35 & 41 had the first egg pipping. N# 36 had 3 young (+ one 1 abnormally small egg. + N #26 had 3 young + 1 egg which was just pipping. The remainder / we not sure if brood at least, a 4-wr present; however at SW. - no F observed.

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RTH 1963 20 July Barrow, Alaska Two broods (only 1 chick in roost found) were located where nests had not previously been located. - one new 20.0 + 1ne- 21.0 - both areas where % have been observed earlier. The chicks found were hatched; they were (assume) 2 days old. Throats still present today - but small group 1 male c 1+2 ? min flocks - the #3 one more conspicuous. The mob / the #3 can be described as a raucous screech - from when flushed or when taking flight. %?, a genus, were present in low numbers. New nest or plot: #44 - Dec 11.3 - 3 eggs + ne.2 - an Enaphum - virus mora - with 70% cor- #45 - ple 24.7 - 4 eggs +2 - gram mores - 10% core (Pos) #46 - Nov 23.2 - 4E - $ - Salad + Cener - given 57% cor - messi substrate - Captured much dead grass blades Salad bars. Many nests still remain - yet to hate. - Apparently were located in each July. - No flying chicks per some % are flocking near to leave

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Holmes, R. 1963 C. melanotus 21 July Barrow, Alaska Several groups both 837+99 (3-126na) seen along beach ridgy & b.r. consw plat. Very few ever seen in De marsh - where in past years they have been quite common. Nest #38 m A plat hve hatched in the last 2 days. 22 July Nest #40+Y3 - empty. 4 present & disk displaying from #43 - so nice 2 hour between in the last 2 days. N#27 - also empty - hatched in last 3 days. Several 99 with chilis seen in area south of Woldsdlog. 80s acted as if they still were in eggs - but no new nests were located. Small flock of 99 were noted in the same area & as well as swiftest indicative 83, many white on in the terminal stage of body molt. One flying immature collected at De south end & central marsh. 23 July Very few flock today - 3 seen on Duvanil plot - + three were dominated by 99. Seven flock / 99 were noted north Duvanile. Nest #42, 46 hve hatched in the last 2 days + Nest #26 hve 3 young 1 egg. - No 8 was present & broody. In excitement, she would give a di-di-di-di - echo follower or preeder by flat wel note. Occasionally she would give an turnstone like note descriator,

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Holmes, R 1963 62. C. melanotos 23 July Barrow, Alaska The other nests were intact. - 1 & given The chest cage was near 0.3 + 23 - but the nest couldn't be located. Other others are noted in the census sheet. Frequently during the trip down Look - Single & F were flushed from the grass - more than presumed had young. - a maybe still egg. 24 July One brood (where? chest count) not con taken - was noted in the area south / with tundra fly. Several other gulls (-Single) were also present + protogly had chicks. No floats today - Sweet single 23 even sun - The upland country. 25 July Two new nests on note 40 - (f shrunk plot - 1 nest #47 - nest 9.3 with 4 eggs - a large moss, polygyn- with cover providing < 5% cover. Grass blades not visible during the trip. #48 - nest 10.4 - 3 eggs - ? - large moss-covered polygynous - cover provides 10% cover - Cup lined with willow bean + grass blades. #45, 37, 38 - avocet noted - plover present - not been flushed by shrews Topi. #16 - was empty - must have hatched yesterday.

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Holmes, R. 1963 C. melanotos 25 July Barrow, Alaska Several flocks of gg + 77ff + some mixed with Red Phalaropes - see census sheets. The number 1 flock is being reduced by emigration - 87? or very scarce now & it seems like the ff are also departing. Few flying immatures seen in Forbrest Lake. In afternoon, a flock / 5 gg seen- ABCs - are 4 with chicks (telling by her voice) on gasoline ridge + 18 with 2 chicks near North Meadow Lake. The latter two ff + the 2 chicks were collet. No others were seen in 2 hours travel. 26 July Most 87 have apparently departed & probably many ff have also started to move. No large flocks were seen today, but occasional single- some 87 or 9 - were flushed from mud flats. 1 group / 38? 1134 A (1 48,38) (23 ad.RB) were noted in 3½ km from & oaken slowl. Nears all were in well drainet upland & were still feeding on adult insects. One brood of 4-2-3 day old chicks + 8 were found near Lake margin, 1st July flocks - 2 were banded, 2 collected. 1 brood 7, not yet-flying chicks (14) were collected along the south of North Meadow Lake. One other brood

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Holmes, R 1963 C. melanastos 64. 26 July Barrow, Alaska Of 2 non-flyer chick collected at the south end of central moraine. For the amount of time + area travelled - relatively few groups / chicks were observed on a daily basis they seem rather scarce, but yet they are caught relatively frequently in the traps. Only 1 $ seen between Brittan's Area & the insect plots. 28 July Two flying immature seen in lower footprint Lake. A flock of 6 & PS, 3EBT760 - were feeding along the west side / the lake in relatively well drained habitat. No flocks were seen on the Derravich census plot - only single $% at nest - marked - census sheets. Nest # 44 & 47 was still intact - but the latter one contained cold + wet eggs - so it may be lost (as I was present there). At mid 432 while Three days ago had on eggs starting to crack now contained 3 young + 1 egg with no sign of hatching. 29 July None seen in the Oak area - insect area. In afternoon, a $ with 1 chick located 20078 west of Brant Point in wet marshy ground. No other chicks were present. No other birds of our species seen in afternoon's travel.

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Holmes,R. 1963 C. melanotas 29 July Barrow, Alaska It appears that many (The screejew have left) perhaps that many of my chicks have not survived - since very few are seen - as compared to what would be expected with the nesting density which was present this year. 4 Aug. 17 + 2 downy chicks encountered a grassy slope - NAM 1 insect plot (9+1 T. coll.). 1 had S Sen feeding near pool at. Neatun Sen - trans through Valance - not floured trip via Britton's Area. 5 Aug. 27 - each with 1 downy jiv. chil collected south Wolkchog. - no other chicks were present in either situation - area was checked thoroughly. Only 2 other Grows seen- today (her) was at S.C.M. + [illegible] had hood & brooms - but Arthur was not found. I am found with 3 Im RP + 1 don won seen by self near Ne Turtle Plot : 24 + 25 29 2 sep. Imm. In afternoon - 2 Jannate per i. grand pad area - Britton's Area - I collected. For the elements, / Ps - Ongu - Spn #1 Young seen quite low. - maybe some Survival - some have left.

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Holmes 1963 66. C. melanotos 6 Aug Banov, Alaska 1 dm 8th r upland fundu, mink/ Fortyout lola, 3 dm flees are Census plot. Ni others seen today -1 track b r for Dersanil. Nest #47 - had 2 dead chicks (hatching size) + legg which had pipped but had not hatched. Since there had been 4 eggs - perhaps 1 chick had hatched early & left with it (last egg shells I had, had egg were all gone - It had been carried away by adult?) - or perhaps rain & cold got to the chick while the parent was off feeding ?? At nest #44 - There were 3 eggs - all cold - The embryos were within 3.5 day! hatching. Perhaps it was predated - maybe she stayed away for the next 10 hrs during feeding & the embryos died - ?! - 7 Aug 10-12 8% - one flock along main magny (central marsh). Also several unmatures, in the same area. 19 t non- flyng chick were collected sout 1M prognethic station. 8 Aug. Camp - B.R. - Guelen Ridge - no shorebirds seen So Jordan -> Flint plots - 2 I.P.S, 3 lone I.P.S, 3 I.P.S. On return trip: 5 actors Single & Snail Snipe - all 1M. Identified even & dm.

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Holmes 1963 C. melanotus 67. 8 Aug Barrow, Alaska Other lone individuals 2mm Seen near the meadow lakes in afternoon. 9 Aug Now in c.n., but float 18 dm - feeding - yetland habitat a bevel ridge - There were many not collected. 1 other in N 30-56 N.S. Salt Lyn area. In both areas - 3 lone immatures seen - collected. Two immatures seen with a flock of nolboels at one gravel ponds - Britt's Area. 16 Aug 3 immatur PS - seen in marsh area at Split End / Central Ward. No other seen beyond this area ( & fruit plot sale). No adults seen. 12 Aug D travels to Oolit Slope + return - only 4 immatures were seen (2, 1, 1). No adults seen. 13 Aug - Tropth Guslin day - Ush tree - burnt plot + Britt's Area - saw 11 (1,7,2,1) - all immatures - all in polyspyridan - where they were wet through & small perls. For reproductive young Nerica - There are very few around now - perhaps they have been consuming or they have left early.

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Holmes 1963 68. C. melanotos 15 Aug BARROW, ALASKA None see north wobbly slope. But in the polymorph county south the flough - 3 I, 3 I, 1 $ even leg. In the south-west jard 1 cm - a flud 18 I & a flug 17 ma meadors loba. Most feeding wai wet cyclan Doylins - Levy Bar is not anyway - out Mr depression an fuel of water. 16 Aug 4 Immature seen tivuwa NM lake & Sa joshuic. I was still partly down - but was flying. Feeding wa in Pond Auc. Caux marshes. 17 Aug Several immatures seen + collected by maker's assistant [Muebeant Tenazo] on north slope black ridge. 18 Aug None see in tipi'd south gauline ridge - Nord - Vie meadous loba. 19 Aug None see - mark 604 - worst platea 20 Aug dr morning prove - Ally / (an immature) peetul was seen. It was warp - Group / clowkites, young probalst Can win. Western Sop. : collects. - in wet inding ground. 21 Aug Stevens collected 5 immatures for a flout I about 12 - nie AOCs. 22 Aug In afternoon - only 3 dm we seen - Thoriver at mark end of C.m., feeding with dowelers

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Holmes,R 1964 C. melanotus 4 June Barrow, Alaska 107,19 feeding with 1XB near 4Hcs, 1 flut 14 88? see Indii. 88 nec 4Hcs. No displays seen: males did not look well developed in the throat - region is not sassy - or particularly darkly-streaked. Small (1-5) groups seen along Elsm bluffs - 2 displaying 88? seen on Pitkell's Plat, 1 along Elsm bluff near Ochpik. 5 June See seabird under 87 along War bluffs, least one + denali ridg - but - gone not very common. Only 1 acute display was observed. One Plat NE corner / Pitkell's plat - displaying - charging one less 'well-developed' 88?S. Still 1 388? along Elsm bluff, 1 one display. 6 June 1 on No.B.R, 2 88? individ on ridge south US crgs station / plus 1 (88?) incantumared - No display seen or heard. Nominal area. Several time miles between Wohl & Bootpik Along Elsa Lagoon - 1 group / 4 88?, 1gm/15,18, +1W-r. Only 1 acute display seen. 7 June Flut 1/6 (matt? male?) on N.E corner / C.M. - flut onts BR near magnetic station Seaward Small group (2-4) see a rige - r Chase by Ne (retuded?) near 0.0 - 1 Pitkell pit had increased in frequency. Several 3 advertised display also seen. Only 1 % labitifield (sees) Feeding quail - was never settled?.

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RTH 1964 C. melanotos 7 June Barrow, Alaska Juv. male - moth brood early between 4 dawn + 5 o’clock + several small moths + less well developed birds - 18 seen. - Svr. display. Numbers seem to be increasing. 8 June 18 harassing a wh-o-r. - see C. fusacilii At least 2 settled for moment at Pitelki’s plot - considerably dancing - and was the fatter. 9 June 1 display Svr. - N.B.R. - Wt. (Aur) 2boston. Tried to use the stuffed bird to attract The Svr. on B.R. at NE corner Pitelki’s plot but after a brief survey, the model from 30’ away, the bird paid no further interest. Another indiv. on the grassy slope / Wobbly dog (Smyth) came in once, moved to air Min 5’/1 Mcdean - but then moved off. These Svr. birds are not as excited as you or last (i.e. perhaps last year with the dense pop - There was great agitation & aggression between Svr. - That it is not fully developed yet). 10 June 1 chased by WN - Svr. Most species - 19 Very chanced by 1875. Svr. displayed west Gashire near AACS; 368? chasing on gravelly ridge - two were in combat a good deal wasp flying & the bird’s flight ended in the ground paris

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RTH 1964 C. melanotus 3. 11 June Barrow, Alaska Females on P. talkei's plot, 1 to 2 m. north. Three at Barrowford - chased a bairdii furia - ammate apart. - Action was primarily a supplanting one - De PS flying, landing per De PS who unnest-foul flight, followed closely by De PS for 30-40' - De PS Den swooped off to save a hooting call. 12 June A O supported a WR - furia - by landing near it - De WR flying - few feet, landing, De PS following, - finally WR flew off. 13 June 2 O - 18 on N B S P - east 1 gasoline - 20' - following $ , flying - he in attempt to copulate - but neither O succeeded since they interfered with each other's ear time they approached as $, she flew off (may have had a nest - appeared broody). De two males battled for 10 min+ - flying side by side in air - giving partial hooting call - but usually De gurgles - landing on the ground - are assumed as upright slouched posture - De O's a hunched, crouch- posture with head forward close to the ground - De - De bairdii would start at De suspect or volume sever away, but De femine, forward De O - who took flight to a chosen ground. Several 1 flew ground

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Holmes, R 1964 C. melanotus 13 June Banoy Mokla encounters unobserved - all having similar patte action - all - I do not know whether the same or was always upright or vice versa. Held 6-2 believe 87 - more exact on not bleed ridge - been chased by resident 87s + WR. 14 June Photographed 87 displays, 87-8 encounter, 10-8 grand courtship near nest on P. telka's plot. The two 87s were making frequent contacts - flaying side by side in air - or chasing or landing on ground where fighting occurred (forward aggression with tail down + fanned, wings folded normally - head lowered + forward, back feathers ruffled - dart at other - who usually was upright "alert" posture - or the two sparred heads being moving in part [illegible] to ear side - neck + tail - giving a swan mation + then an occasional strike (or dart) toward the opponent). Sev. chases seen on bleed ridge near Guruline - same sort as above. - 87 PS [for one nest which had 3 eggs today] wood duck warned a grass where P.T or PDS fledgling - in The case I'm last - The included single 87 in hunting display + chasing 87s.

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Holmes, R.T. 1964 C. melanotos 6. 16 june Barrow, Alaska Rectrd activity increasing. 87 are settled densely (in 2-3 yrs, 10 - almost equal to last year's pop at least in local areas) (i not on/ Pitelka's plat). Chasing of 87 by 87 is seen very frequently. Also 1st dawn / at 4 by 1 to 6 am many as 48 87. Several ground courtsip sequences seen & photographed today. At least 2 flocks - 6, 18 birds - seen - Nathena May 1 - cirlat moss - looked like mostly 87. - male arrives probably. 17 june Several small flocks (3-6) of 87 seen (which appear to be newly arrived + not well developed chat area - is probably young 87 arriving (2 see sitting together - 1 obs being chased by resident 87). 1st gave ground courting to 87 white-rump - not full display but tail arched & several grumbled 87-ao-time. I've seen it before (4 - to which he had been displaying on 2nd early + also had flown low over her + hosted). - So he may have gotten mixed up a while he was after? Second brood 44 - pivots laying or in recently completed clutch 18 june Several Small flocks ( 4-7 ind. See also N.B.R. - settled - busy chasing Run groups (seems to be congregated mostly 1st yr. males - it not well clear. Mount).

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ATI 1964 C. melanotos 7. 18 Jun Barrow, Alaska Also, some the hooting today was high-pitched & not as "hollow" as some - indicate there you are settling & doing some displaying. 19 Jun Flute / 11:00 - all cpr young - a B.R. - Bounding at which I had flushed from nest. Both group 14:00, +176 sec later. - 4 + nut 14eps in one South Fork Area - eggs collected for weights. 20 Jun Flute / 34,3 - N.B.R. 8:00 still dense- but chasing is becoming less frequent. 8:00 chasing on beach ridge. Several ?F-in Dishkachin display - but nests were not located. 21 Jun Flute / 4:00 - including 2 well-developed "mature" ones along north beach ridge. Also, 1 male chasing ? at ~200' "elevation" + gave 6-8 hoots while at this altitude during the chase. 22 Jun Hooting increasing - over 119, 8, 6, 6, 13 - along No.2.R. - plus several "young" or scouting along the ridge. Flute 1 25+ on Pitelka's Plot. 23 Jun - ? gave ground courtship to ?WR - follower in second saw with tail up - given lek note. ? Activity unevenment - good - much chasing & displaying.

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RTH 1964 8. C. melanotus 24 June Banov, Alaska ♂ display still seen frequently + ♂♂ are still harassing ♀♀ who are flushed from the nest. In one case today - The ♂ began following the ♀ - with his tail strongly cocked, wings slightly held out from the body & perhaps partially dropped + followed behind the ♀ (who gave several rear-end ups to him - but these were not strong) Calling ke-vaa, ke-vaa... - No other seen. The ♂♂ given a hissing note emit, - with head wide open, sagging throat, hay-pulsating. 25 June - Hunk 157-60 - had a footprint hole - snow group & a censoplot. One scratched male, displaying occasionally but not frequently. 3 ground - ♂♂ encounter with scraggy posture seen + 1 ♂ harmonizing - giving his

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RTH 1964 C. melandri 27 june Barry, Alaska 3 host displays heard between 07a-11a - when cars cover behind over long distance. A few more heard during the day, but display on dawn. From 5pm 1 3-8 P.P. many cvidpici Curtus present. 28 june Activity has dropped off to practically zero. Nearly all other P.P. bar some left are not displaying. Only 1 hosting display seen heard during the extra days area while host contained 87 2 day ago (gadua R - for example - when 3-8) were nearly always heard - ~ 07:10) were saw today. The amount of chasing has declined. :: P.P. are departing earlier than in other years. 30 june Few scattered P.P. singles or 2's + 3's - 294 m nets on Pitelka's plot - chosen - ground aggress with fuel up - heel area - few and others + aired -> aerial chase. Nest on br. micromit still intact. 1 july 1 host display - very with c.trab - only a few P.P. seen - mint hour departed. 2 July - One float 1 5 chasing on gaseline judge, 2 single drift (b.r. - 4gtee on not on moment. Activity low - many have departed.

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