Alaska species accounts, part 3, v4222

Holmes, Richard T. (Richard Turner)

Unknown

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

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Image from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Contributed by Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. | www.biodiversitylibrary.org

Birds--Alaska Birds--Alaska--Barrow Point. Dunlin Shore birds--Alaska. Shore birds--Behavior

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R. Holmes 1959 - 1964 Species Accounts – Part 3 Erolia alpina

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Holmes,R 1959 Erolia alpina 5 June 1900. - Barrel-Area behind A.R.L. Barrow, Alaska. Weather - overcast, light snow and S.E. wind. Two birds seen flying at 1400. - At 1950 3 noted flying back and forth between several patches of bare tundra. Two seemed to keep closer together, for three I would land while the third circled around 1 to several feet before landing. The three were noted sitting together several times. Once while flying one bird seemed to chase the other for 20 to 30 ft - indicating some territorial defense or aggressiveness. 6 June Barrow, Alaska Several noted in The Voth Area - SW of A.R.L.. They were in company with 2 Pectrals + were feeding in a small area of exposed tundra. One was collected. 8 June Barrow, Alaska 30-40 seen no. of Barrow Village. There was no pairing or aggressive behavior noted. The birds were flokced and feeding close together. They appear

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia algira 7. nestless and would not allow a close approach. 9 June Barrow, Alaska. Three seen in drum area feeding on small excreta near a gravel. No other activities noted. Also ~12 seen near The Voth Area, w. of The Base. 10 June Many of these birds seen along the gas well road. Some seemed to be paired; others not. When the birds are about to land, they fly in a fluttering-type pattern and after they alight, their wings are held high above their body for about one second before folding them into normal position. Also when the birds on the ground are approached, they will often raise one wing to a vertical position (possibly meant as a warning?). June Barrow, Alaska The flight display and song I These birds were noted several times today. They will fly to a height of 75-100 feet and then

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia alpina 11 June Barrow, Alaska hover or glide or fly and utter a shrilled note which may be short or drawn out. The pitch is lower than that of the Baird's Lark but otherwise they sound very similar. This species often draws the note out for a longer period of time than does the Baird's. These birds also hold their wings in a visible position when first landing and then slowly returning them to the folded position. They were also extremely wary and would not allow a close approach. No definite territorial boundaries seem to be set up, yet. However- when one individual came near a pair, the pair took off and chased the intruder for a considerable distance. After ending the chase, they did not return to exactly the same area, but were nearby (within 150 feet). 12 June Barrow, Alaska Three pairs were noted in the drum area. Chasing was noted once. The flight display was heard, but was

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Holmes.R 1959 Crolia alpina 12 June Barrow, Alaska not observed. One pair was noted copulating. The female was laying on the snow, and the 8 was just flying off when they were first observed. After a second or so, the 4 stood up & flew off after the 8. 1330-1630. Many pairs seen in both Area and the Area S. of the village. The birds are mostly all paired now and can be seen chasing over the tundra. The 8 are often seen in their flight display which may last up to a minute or two or even longer. Upon landing, near a 4, its wings are held high & are then brought slowly into the body. The 4 in this case was seen to raise her wings as the male landed and then lowered them slowly into normal resting position. This seems to be some kind of recognition display. If the 8 lands where there is not a female, he will carry out the same display. In this case, it may be

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Holmes,R. 1955 Crolea alpina 12 june Barrow, Alaska called a Standing display. The female (and possibly Turnola) has a recognition or location note, which in a deep grittrale "trill". It is given when The two birds are on the ground and separated from each other. Nine birds were collected today to ascertain which bird was doing the displaying. Upon examining the specimens, it seems that The male is the main displaying and that he is probably the less aggressive member of the pair. Also it seems that if the female is shot, The male will come to her "aid". If the displaying bird is shot first, The female will vocate the area and not return to the injured bird. Also it seems so far that The males may average 10-15 gms lighter than the females. 13 june Barrow, Alaska Several pairs and one individual seen along the beach ridge. Aerial display was not seen. It has been noted the past several days that we found 1 pair

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Holmes, R. 1959 6. Erolia alpina 13 June Barrow, Alaska Unvariably dropped its legs as it was flushed. Upon collecting one of these birds today, it gave the alarm note. Also it was the bird which gave the alarm note. There is a possibility that there was a mix-up when the birds were collected, so these birds need further checking. 14 June Barrow, Alaska Very few of these birds were seen today due probably to the effect of the S.E. wind. However several pairs were seen and 5 birds collected. The territorial establishment was not noted; however it may also have been surprised by the wind. In examining the 2 females which were collected, it was discovered that both had laid one egg and that a second was about ready to descend into the oviduct. Probably the first egg had been laid late yesterday or early this morning. A bird was collected which was giving the alarm note, dropped its feet, and gave an indication of displaying. Upon examination, it proved to be a ?; thus contradictory. The finders 13 June.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia alpina 15 June Barrow, Alaska No birds of this species were seen in the drum area either in the morning or afternoon. However, in the area rimmed. So, of the drum area, 3 pairs were seen. Flight displays were seen in all three / three pairs and conflict was noted among two. A pair had been sitting on a small patch of exposed tundra and another bird of the 2nd pair flew in their direction. Immediately both birds of the 1st pair took off and chased the intruder for about 100 yards and then both returned to within 30 yards of the orig. location. The bird which was chased circled around and settled near its mate. During the next hour, no conflict was noted; both pairs continued feeding. Along the gas line road, very few pairs were seen ahead during the morning. Only about 6 birds were seen. One female was collected and had not laid eggs yet, although the preniculation patches were very evident. Territorial defense was not observed during the morning, evidently the birds were feeding actively and were not moving around very much.

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Holmes, P. 1959 Erolia alpina 8. 16 June Barrow, Alaska The arvond seems to have a quieting effect on the birds as they even see feeling actively with very little display activity going on. During the last several days the landing display has not always been used as the birds come in. Also the flight displays are lessening. In this flight display, it may consist of a series of long drawn out trills which are given in succession as the bird glides fly she slowly through the air. 18 June Barrow Alaska Several individuals seen do, of the drum area and along the beach ridge. These birds were displaying and could be heard up to a consid- erable distance. The females were presumably on a nest; however none were flushed. These males must defend rather large territories, for one & watched would fly several hundred yards during its display activity and settle down to feed for awhile and then fly and stop somewhere else.

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Holmes,R. 1959 Erolia alpina 9. 19 June Barrow, Alaska Three or four pair seem to be established between the end of the drum area and the beach ridge. Pairs were seen several times? No aggressive action was noted between pairs, but a few aerial displays were heard. 23 June Barrow, Alaska Several seen between the base and Wohlebog though. Aerial displays were noted several times? 24 June Barrow Alaska Several territories were located and are represented in the following diagram. These are very rough and the size may be expanded. [illegible] Drum Area Fresh water [illegible] gas line N Beach Ridge

26 june. Barrow, Alaska Several seen displaying today; however They were not heard as commonly as a week ago. One bird was seen with a feather missing in his left wings 28 june. Barrow, Alaska Two displays were heard this afternoon set of AACs and a fashion ridge. Other individuals were noted but were not displaying. 3 July. Barrow, Alaska Several see along the beach ridge; however ever thin is quiet due to the stray wind and heavy rain. 6 July. Barrow, Alaska. Several pairs were seen reg AACs. Nests were not yet located, Molt was Opponent in severe 1 hear birds. It seems peculiar that The way molt is coming first before The bog molt. The feathers on The belly are steel in place and shows no second molt. Aerol display even heard twice during the whole day. Several

Holmes, R 1959 Erolia alpina 6 July Barrow, Alaska flight notes (just part of the whole display note) were also heard. The pairs seen roughly correspond to those indicated in the map on the preceding page (page 9). 7 July Barrow, Alaska Several birds seen again in the vicinity of A.H.S. Pairs were not noted today, but the aerial display was heard three times. Molt in flowing was noted in all birds seen. A chase was noted along the meadowridge between the two frog lines. It was accompanied with the aerial display. The pair was seen at 1502 by P. Keller in the same area. 8 July Barrow, Alaska A chase was seen in the old area where one bird had moved into another territory (caused by the presence of a Snowy Owl) and was immediately closed out. On the aggressor's return, he gave his full flight display. The chased bird displayed landing

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Holmes,R Erolia alpina 8 July Barrow, Alaska Was noted several times, 10 July Barrow Alaska One bird was collected near U.S.D.S. Area. It wear a grade and hood incubation patches. The wings were smotting, But my body molt had begun. Also This bird died, full display before it was collected. Others even seen near A.T.E.S in The afternoon and they too were smotting in the wings and were still displaying. 12 July Barrow, Alaska A pair was observed near trapline D.U. of Voth's area. The male (?) was displaying fully over a period about 10 minutes. 13 July Barrow, Alaska A pair was observed about 10 yards west of A.A.C.S. The male was seen displaying on several occasions. Twice in front of the female. The female we saw using the move-running Technique several times. Another bird was displaying just So. A.A.C.S. Anivers also heard in the drum during The lake evening

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Holmes, R. 1957 Erolia alpina 14 July Barrow, Alaska Several birds (incl. 4 pairs) were noted south of Footprint Lake. Displays were heard, and chasing was observed. 15 July Barrow, Alaska The aerial display was heard about three times at the South end of Foot- print Lake. Two birds were seen which appeared to be paired, but no activity was noted. 16 July Barrow, Alaska Two aerial displays were heard near the South end and the Back Ridge near the Consumpt. Otherwise, no others were seen. 17 July Barrow, Alaska No activity near A.F.C.S. - 11 pm was seen or heard. 18 July Barrow, Alaska. Several aerial displays were heard near Footprint Lake this afternoon and evening. Most of them, however, were not the complete song. Not consisted of the last part (the drum-out trill). One male was collected which had malarial patches? No adults with young were found 19 July Barrow, Alaska One complete and several incomplete

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Holmes,R. 1955 14 July Barrow, Alaska display were seen and heard north to south end of footprint lake. 20 July Barrow, Alaska The displaying bird was present near jager nest #3 (same as foot print lake). It was displayed several times and chased another individual away. 22 July Barrow, Alaska Two were seen on the west side of footprint lake near jager nest #3. They were collier and were 4 and 8. Both had incubation patches. The male had displayed. 23 July Barrow, Alaska been together in a closely-knit flock just west of footprint lake. They were feeding and when flushed flew off in a group. One of the males was heard in a half-dorsal display. This was much weaker than usual and so evidently coming to the end of the displaying period. 24 July Barrow, Alaska Several pairs were encountered so. 1 Vott's Area and east 1 Vott's though. These acted like they were just

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Holmes,R 1959 Erolia alpina 15. 24 July Barrow, Alaska Whinny hatching. A partial display was heard 3 times). 27 July Barrow, Alaska. A flock 15-20 was encountered just no.1 Footprint lake. They were all feeding and three were collected. These were both 88 and 44. 29 July Barrow, Alaska A group 6 was encountered in the southern part of Footprint Lake. They were mixed with Pectorals and Red Phalaropes. 31 July Barrow, Alaska Three single birds were seen between ARL and Wolfsberg's Slough. Otherwise no activity was noted. 1 August Barrow, Alaska. A group 16 was encountered in Footprint Lake, and 3 were just No 1 The Lake. These birds still are not very fat, and the body molt is now taking place. 4 August Barrow, Alaska Several groups seen. One 4 No. 1 Footprint Lake among the Marsh areas. A group 2 8 in

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Holmes, R 1957 Erolia alpina 4 August Barrow, Alaska company with Pctrauls & Golden Plover in the Southern half of Toolik Lake, and a group of 6 in the N. half of the lake. The latter group was a family group with 2 Ads and 4 Juv. Both parents became alarmed when two of the chicks (which were able to fly) were collected. One adult which arced up several times was collected and proved to be a male. No displays (areas or raised-wing) were noted. 5 August Barrow, Alaska Two seen in the south end The drum area. A flock of 18 were present along the sandspit towards Nuvuk. They were feeding in the small shallow ponds on the logon side of the spit. At Q were molting. The wing molt was nearing completion on all 4 collared. The fat condition was very light. 6 August Barrow, Alaska About 30 birds were present among the large numbers of Pctrauls and Semipalmated Sandpipers at Toolik Lake. These were feeding in

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Homes,R 1959 Erolia alpina 6 August Barrow, Alaska Groups of 6-8 at the exposed mud flats. Several young birds were seen and five were collected. Most seen were in groups of 2-3 juveniles, but no adults were present. 7 August Barrow, Alaska Fewer were seen today than were noted last night. Probably 15-20 were seen, and two juveniles were collected. They were not accompanied by adult. The adults you are molding their body feathers and the back markings are a mixture red and gray feathers. The wing feathers are nearly complete. For to the east, in Thana between Wolf Slough & Skpik Slough, probably 200 of these birds were present - all were adults. No young could be found. There were all molting. Some were further along the nests. 9 August Barrow, Alaska Several adults were noted Footpoint Lake, but no young were seen.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Eroliia alpina 18 11 August Pitt Point, Alaska About 8 birds seen in vicinity / small ponds, west of the base. Included among these were three young birds which still had down about the head. 15 August P.H. Point, Alaska None have been seen since 11 August. 16 August Pitt Point, Alaska Three molting Ads were seen just 200 yards from the base. One there had its dark breast feather almost completely replaced; The others were still in a state where the breast (welt) appeared "spickled" with black and gray. 18 August Barrow, Alaska Four immature and 1 adult were noted feeding together near A.A.C.S. 19 August Barrow, Alaska This was the most common bird seen today. Approx. 300 were present in the southern half of Fortprint Lake. The ratio of young to adults seemed to be nearly 50:50. All were feeding in the shallow pacer advantage area with no family groups being distinguishable.

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Holmes,R 1959 Erolia alpria 19 August Barrow, Alaska Several birds were collected. Numerous individuals (both Adl. + John.) were noted along the road to the lake and on the northern half of the lake. 21 August Barrow, Alaska The southern Happy Footpoint Lake was again most heavily populated with birds of this species. They were feeding in one large group, composed of about 300 birds again. This is the only place where such numbers have been observed. Out a the tundra, among the ponds, etc., due probots to the amount of available mud (constituting a charge in diet?). The loud "series" is quite diagnostic and aids in identification over the flesh for which has been present for several days. 23 August Barrow, Alaska Only 46 birds were present on Footput Lake this afternoon. Several were nearly in their complete winter plumage - with gray bellies and gray backs (sometimes with a few red

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia alpina 20. 23 August Barrow, Alaska Feathers). The wing molt seems to be nearly complete in all individuals. However the state of body molt is quite variable. Some birds were noted with solid black patches, others with patchy one and still others with 24 August Barrow, Alaska One heard on the east side of the Beach Ridge. 25 August Barrow, Alaska 6 immatures seen in Central Marsh. 26 August Barrow, Alaska Large groups of 20-40 birds were present in footprint lake. About 400 birds ever present at the lake bottom. There were immatures and adults mixed, and all birds were molting then body feather (all stages were again seen). About 1 dozen immatures was present on Central Marsh during the evening.

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Holmes, R. 1959 Erolia alpina 21. 27 August Barrow, Alaska. One flock of 15 seen east of the Beool Ridge. The was composed of immature and adult birds which were feeding among the shallow pools. Several flocks of 10-15 were noted just north of the duck camp area the ponds and along the shore of the lagoon. Probably 150 birds were noted. None were seen near Nunatak. 28 August Barrow, Alaska Only scattered individuals were seen and heard during the entire afternoon when we spent along the Council Road areas in Footprint Lake. No flocks were noted in the lake itself. Mostly immature were seen. 29 August Barrow, Alaska One seen near Joth's Slough. 31 August Barrow, Alaska A flock of 8 was present on a small pond just SE of NTA's Area. Very few were seen on the mud flats of Foot- print Lake. An estimated 20-24 were present here among the

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Holmes R. 1955 Erolia alpina 22. 31 August Barrow, Alaska abundant dowitchers. No others were seen. Three that were seen were primarily immatures; however, three adults were noted.- There were all in a state of molting their body feathers. 2 Sept. Barrow, Alaska Three seen north and west of VOTI Area and 2 more water along the lagoon. 1 on the beach ridge. 3 Sept. Barrow, Alaska One group of four were seen in VOTI Area and from other individuals 'were along the creek' That flows from VOTI's slough. All birds were (body-molting) immatures. 5 Sept. Barrow, Alaska None seen. all imm.

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpria 25 may Barrow, Alaska I see by Maker near Uth's Area. 29 may Barrow, Alaska One seen r collied (8-14x8mm testa) just west 1 footprint Lake on a bare ridge. Two more seen seen by Dave Mallin just NE of airship. 31 may Barrow, Alaska Two were seen together this morning north shore Elsa Logon, just south of Wohl- schlag slough. Both were feeding when they were first noticed; they quickly however flew towards the north. In the evening, one was heard, from the beak, displaying near drum area. Also near Elsa Logon again South A Wohl Slough, one was heard to be displaying, while at least 1 other pair were seen. The bird was heard to do no aerial display 3 times before returning to ground to feed. All this time, two birds (a pair?) were feeding right beneath humans and penguins no attention to the displaying bird. One of the birds on the ground lifted his head to save the tree, where we

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Holmes,R. 1960 2. Erolia alpina 31 may Barrow, Alaska usually associated with the aerial display. This did not occur when the low individuals were displaying. The major activity of all three birds was feeding. Several times, the birds came into contact with [illegible], but they usually stagger aside that the [illegible] go his own way. 1 june Barrow, Alaska One heard displaying west of the southeast 1/2 Footprint Lake. No others were noted in that area or farther south along the west side of Skovavik. One was seen displaying this evening on the west shore of Olson Lagoon, south 1/4 mile. A [illegible] possibly this one, was co-located in the same area one-half hour later. The display consisted of a flight to 30 to 50 feet and hovered in that position for 50 sec. During this time there were several drops in altitude and, but, regain them. The bird won the typical churning with a more mescal full as it descended. The wings were beat regardless of speed. There would be 8-10 beats for the horizontal down to approximately the 135°. [illegible] , [illegible]

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Holmes, R 1960 Erolia alpine 3 1 June Barrow, Alaska The intervals of 1/2-1 sec, the wing was vibrated very rapidly in a terminal position. This is usually the form when the bird just alighted. 2 June Barrow, Alaska One bird heard displaying behind the lot, one heard on the west shore of footprint. Now seen as heard near Barrowik. One heard in the evening near the south end of village slough. 3 June Barrow, Alaska One seen along the beach ridge, feeding in one to small thawed ponds. One seen near Elna town collected. Then a pair? seen feeding on a polygon top. There two took flight from my approach & flew 30 yards towards the south. The ? landed and the male did a low (10-15 ft) aerial display. Just as he finished, another bird flew in & closed the pair out & followed closely behind them for about 200 yards before turning back. Territorial boundaries have been established. Further south along the lagoon, a bird was seen feeding in the polygon troughs. After a few minutes she was joined by a displaying male. Both birds fed for awhile & then both chased a third bird migrating pair berry chased 1st sign of territorial boundaries

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Holmes,R. 1960 4. Eroliā alpina 3 june Barrow, Alaska which bird landed near them. The chase looked for about 48 yards, at which from the pair landed there feeding again, while the intruder flew off. During the next several minutes, they flew quietly with occasional interruptions by the (?) who he gave the aerial hills. This was done several times while he was at a ground tour usually when he was crossing a mound or patch of snow from 1 feeding locality to another. One bird, believed to be ?, was collected; the other flew off two not heard a sun during a next 10 minutes. In the late afternoon in the same area, two birds (pr.? ) were seen feeding, a third bird which had just finished displaying (the pr had paid no attention to this display) flew up landed about 8 feet away. At the walker rapidly toward the birds, who at about 3 feet away, all three took flight. The chase lasted about 2 minutes, and while the birds they were wheeling back forth over the tundra over Eroliā alpina. When the ? quit, the pr. flown southward. Their manner of flight was the same as in chase, both birds flew

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Holmes, R. 1960 5. Erolia alpina 3 June Barrow, Alaska swiftly, one behind the other, white one upper the shield free-like note. This activity appeared to be the eviction a pair from an already established territory. Then chasing with wing was noted earlier in The day between an established pair and may be a pairing or "making" display. Another chase involving three birds was just noticed. Again two birds were driven off by the possessor of the territory. It seems possible that these birds are already paired before they try to claim areas. 4 June Barrow, Alaska One bird heard displaying on the ridge (steep) near the magnetic station 5 June Barrow, Alaska Paired birds were seen all along the bird between Barrow and the Drana. No groups were noted. These birds seem relatively common along The Drana as numerous displaying 88 were seen. 6 June Barrow, Alaska Pairs of birds were seen just South of Footprint Lake and along the Northern shore of Heroovik. None, however, were seen on the west shore of Heroovik.

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolla alpina 6. 6 June Barrow, Alaska where considerable ridge top was exposed. East / The gas well, seven pairs were again noted, and 2 were collected. The & None had an ovum of 9 mm. The bird had an ovum size of 5mm. 7 June Barrow, Alaska. Several pairs seen during the morning near Wohl. Slough. Bird activity was rather quiet, however, due to the strong NE wind. In the evening, a group three birds was seen; 1 pair collected. These three were feeding together with no aggressive action. The two other birds were believed to be 99. Another pair was seen feeding just south of Wohl. Slough, and within 30 feet of them, a second pair was busily feeding. If either of these birds had been settled, then would surely have been a territorial encounter. Later they fled closer to seek with with no effect. 6 June Barrow, Alaska Numerous pairs were noted in the ridge N & E of Ikravik. Several were seen along the west side. One pair collected which had extremely large

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Holmes,R 1960 Erobia alpina 8 June Barrow, Alaska Oke, which indicates that egg laying is near. 9 June—Several pair seen along Olson Logron. One a pair of birds flew and landed in another pairs territory. A chase ensued involving all 4 birds. The chase apparently left the territory centered a 2nd m. The third pair then took chase the 2 birds swiveld looked for The fundra for several minutes. Finally the 3rs seemed to get back to their own areas. When an established & see a foreign red-bird fly towards it, he flies up and straight toward the intruder. But down so, he holds his wings at a 45° L above the horizontal to utter the shrill trill. If the intruder had closed in too close the birds. 10 June Barrow—several pair seen along The Ridge west of Ft. Print Lake + near Skovnik. Sec. vidii. were collected. In the evening near Olson Logron (Ss. o/ Wohl), Three birds were watched for about 45 min. Two of the birds remained together constantly, + all three would meet in the course of their feeding even least

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Holmes, R. 1960 Evolia alpina 8. 10 June Barrow, Alaska minutes. The two together appeared to be ♂ and ♀ (A + B respectively). The Third bird(C) which fed by itself appeared to be a ♂? Usually A would follow closely (4-6 inches) behind B as they moved along. Each would peck at the tundra several times, then they would fly sun several feet (1-3) where they would peck again. This went on constantly. Occasionally A would catch up to B and attempt to mount her. B would usually turn to drive A off. B would divert her attention to feeding + A would follow behind her. Copulation was completed only twice in 14 attempts. Three times when they encountered C, a different behavior was noticed (The vermande of encounter (2 times)) The first time, the birds flew up to each other and as they did so, C raised his wing (The one towards them) + uttered a shrill note. A then turned both his wings in response + gave the second trial. He then lowered his wings + placed them horizontally with the tips slightly downward. Copulation making-court depthly — provoked by 2nd ♂

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Holmes,R 1960 Erolia alpina 9. 10 june Barrow, Alaska The tail was not spread nor raised + Seemed to be in normal position. The head was thrust forward so that it was Approx. in the same plane as the body. The aerial thrill was given while The bird was in the perching (which was held for about 10 seconds, while the bird walked behind to & with a slight sway). The & pair in attention and continued feed. The other r(c) turned and walked in the other direction After the & finished this display. I had been standing about 10 feet away the entire time. The second to third times they encountered each other, The 2 & recognized each other by the wing raising, but & was seen to give only a minor version of the display. Both times, he lowered the wing to a horizontal position + gave part (1th) trials without moving from his position + then he walked normally, after the female. It seemed that A was doing this courtship behavior for B than not concerned about c. However, John C was closely, A was more

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Hobner, R. 1960 10 June Barrow, Alaska attentive towards B + was "trying" border. Occasionally when A + B were feeding + walking, B would turn around + run after A for no apparent reason. After three short chases, the path would change & it would again follow behind B. 11 June - Two 8's seen along the beach ridge. One was near the magnetic station where it displayed & then landed on the ridge. It later flew off towards Central Marsh. The second was seen displaying in the white snow sector of the ridge. 12 June - Several pairs were seen along the west shore of Ikroavik and in VORL Area. 13 June - Two pairs seen along the beach ridge between the magnetic station & the gas line. No territorial encounter were seen; there was very little activity. In the afternoon in Britton's activities were more active. One 8 was mounted by a 8 who stood on her back for about 25 sec. Copulation did not take place. At 10 and 1 this time interval, the 8 readily and walked off feeding. The 8 followed behind (or for always)

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Holmes, R 1960 Erolia alpina 13 June Barrow, Alaska with one wing raised. The bird was open, & apparently a nut was gone, but the wind was against me for hearing. Later, a pair was seen in the chasing display, but no definitive displays were seen. 14 June - several pairs seen chasing near the ridge plot, Ikravik 15 June - a pair seen going through the chase routine where the "♂" attempted to mount the female, but was thrown off several times. This lasted for about 1 min. Afterwards flew up to display. This took place along gas- line ridge. 17 June - a nut was located just east of the drum area about halfway between the camp & the large pile of drums. It was found in the morning by Warner and contained 3 or 4 eggs. In the evening it was destroyed by an ATC man driving a vessel over it! It was located in a sparsely vegetated area. There were a few pieces I standly grown, but most had been cut by the limning. It was a nut in a moderately developed polygon.

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 21 June Derrail (Barrow), Alaska There appears to be several pairs of birds in the plot areas. The wing raising up on landing is quite universal among all of the redbacks. The wing-up towards the breast is also quite common when the bird is started on the ground. 23 June - A nest was located 50 yards NW of the wanya. It is located on the top of a low polygon and is surrounded only by low grass, thereby making it greatly exposed. The four eggs are light tan in color with darker, rather large, spot-like brown. It does not seem to have the very small spot as does the egg of the Pectoral. Pair was seen in the plot today, & These are plotted on the Census record. 24 June - A second nest was located today. This one was on the plot, first N.W. 9.2. It was located on the top of a low polygon among a clump of standing grease. The nest of the vegetation in the area had been clipped and was laying flat. The bird could be seen

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia alpina 13. 24 June Stroodick, Alaska on the nest about 30 feet away. The cup was lined by the grass which was matted down when the eggs were laid. The 4 eggs in the nest were light tan in color with dark brownish or purplish spots. These spots were more concentrated towards the larger end of the eggs. The incubating bird is usually very quick to leave the nest when "dangers" approaches. Even the birds here near The wanija will "pop" off The nest as soon as I come into sight. The males are not fond of nest feeding. If the birds are startled on the nest however, they give a very strong distraction display. The bird assumes the moose run posture when the scapulars are raised, the tail is lowered and spread, the head neck is extended forward, and the wings are spread outwards. The bird is flapping with tender making a whirring note. This distraction display (The red-bell seems to be one) The most pronounced I and other semelparian from knowledge

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Holmes, R. 1968 Etolia alpina 25 June Dersante, Alaska Another nest was found today near the wanga. It is located 80 yards west of 1st nest along the arm ridge which extends in that direction. It also is located on the top of a low, grown crown polygyn (by this I mean, polygonal which have only shallow troughs and appear to be only small mounds). 26 June Barrow, Alaska Two pairs were in the vicinity of B.A.C.S.; their nests were not located. In the evening, 4 birds were collected in the area between Britton's & Uth's Areas. All (Aves [35, 1%]) were well along in the wing molt. Pileate reports seem very much to ears as to 21st. In general, the redbodies were hard to find, and displaying birds were heard only occasionally. 27 June - Several displaying birds were present along gasoline ridge & in the area of Nest #2 (see map). Wing molt seems to be going on in nearly all the birds. Nesting is the main activity now; territorial disputes are seen occasionally.

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia alpina 15. 28 June Wainright, Alaska Red-backs were quite common near the dealium site. During our 3 1/4 hour walk around this area, birds seemed to be present almost everywhere. Several birds performed the mount run which indicates that nesting is still under way. Displaying birds were fairly common, but few chicks were seen. Most of the birds were molting. 30 June Skrovaile, Alaska Red-back activity was low this morning when I ran the census a bit north 40. A pair at the north end appeared to have a nest nearby. This will have to be found soon. The pair nesting north of the green inlet (see 8.2) was not present today. When the nest was checked, it was found destroyed. A lemming burrow was nearby, and 2 of the eggs had rolled into this hole (in the mossy covering). There were no remains of the other two eggs, so it seems probable that a predator (fox or weasel, ?) may have taken the 2 missing eggs while the other two were rolled into the lemming burrow. The actual location of the cup could not be determined.

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 30 June Klawock, Alaska so it is possible that the limning could have undermined the nest & the eggs fallen through. Hence, the other 2 eggs can not be accounted for. with this reasoning. As mentioned before the birds were not present this morning. The nest near the wanise is still active, and at least one of the incubating birds is wing molting. 2 July - The following activity was seen near Stake 1,0 This morning. A Red-bird was feeding on the ground. Suddenly he raised both wings to a vertical position and began to give the aerial trill, (also a couple "kraa-kraa" were given) and as a bird landed near him he began to fly slowly above the newcomer. The chase finally went out of sight. This aerial display vocalization can apparently be given completely on the ground and is a method of announcement. To describe this more fully.- The birds flew to a height of 40-50 feet (This is usually not a steep, high powered flight as seen in [illegible]), when it hovers giving a series [illegible].

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 2 July Ikravik, Alaska notes which can just be described as kraa, kraw, kraa...... Sometimes a kraw seems better as a descriptor. This is rather a coarse harsh soundly call. This call may be interrupted by ploors (several seconds where we call in given (as the birds remains in the air) and may be broken by a long, drawn out aerial trill. This trill is usually given when the bird descends to the ground, but at times he pauses my observation awhile and then ends his trill to start to climb upwards where he will again give the kraa note. On the downward trill, the note is not given in a steady sequence. There is often an irregular pulse to the sequence of notes, but in ground the pitch of the trill gradually tapers off as shown below kraa, kraa, kraa...... This is in contrast to baicdi, which has a similar note to the kraw, but it is higher pitched first

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 18. 2 july Ikravik, Alaska as nasal (more of a pree, pree...). The trill is often given (by bairdi) in short sequences where the notes are all at the same pitch. This is shown below for bairdi: pree, pree, pree..., ____, pree, pree... When alpina makes its downward glide and gives its long drawn-out trill, it may or may not set its wings in a V-pattern, and it usually glides a considerable distance. vocal - kraa, kraa, kraa..., aerial Positn ( maybe in 1 spot ) In contrast The bairdi has The following situation! vocal pree, pree, pree..., ____, pree..., pa aerial pos! It can be seen that The bairdi dips when the trill is given, but usually returns to its normal altitude. When it glides to the ground it usually begins its way at a 45°L. In Susswell, the pattern

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 26. 2 July Ikravik, Alaska pond edges, and they seem to favor a wet marshy seale or the polygon stops. Wing mottling seems to be a universal activity now, as every bird seen today was in this group. Body molt has not been noted. 4 July - Very little activity noted on the census plot 5 July Barrow, Alaska The brook ridge was checked from the gas line to Wollschlag Slough. One bird was collected part of AACs, + one other was seen at the south end of the ridge. No display seen here. 6 July - Voth's Area + Slough were visited + The ridge between Voth's Area + Fortymile Lake was checked. Only three birds were seen; 1 was collected. The amount of activity has definitely slowed down, as very few displays are now heard + birds are hard to find. The wing mottling seems to be occurring rapidly, for many of the birds now have their "gaps" filled in or at least partially so. Body molt was not evident on the two specimens collected.

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 8 July Skvoavik, Alaska Maker located a nest on the top of The Brook ridge yesterday. It contained 4 eggs. Only 1 or 2 broods were seen between the camp to Wanijan. At the wanija, an occasional I could be heard in aerial display, including The bride with the nest near the sled. This nest when checked had 2 small young + 2 eggs, which were pipping. Both adults were in abundance + both were excited. An distraction display was seen, however. A low fence was placed around the nest to retain the young for banding. The other nest further west had already hatched, so there were no sign of the adults or young. By midnight, The nest near the wanija had completely hatched + all 4 young were in the nest cups. Another brood was seen just west 1 stake 2.4. 9 June - Three of the young were in the melon this morning; these were banded and released. Both adults were present and gave the rah, rah, rah..., call. The birds in the pen were extremely

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Homes, R. 1960 23. Erolia calpina 9 July Kersault, Alaska hard to find, even though the diameter was only about 3 feet. Their coloration blended in extremely well. The adults gave warning to the young, who immediately froze + didn't move. This also occurs in the brood seen last night. Seven displaying birds seen heard today. 10 July - The broods and adults near the wanigan were not seen today. Yesterday evening, they seemed to be moving west after 7 am & the ridge. A common call note when two siren are. The birds have overcame their surprise at being individual with a rhaaa, rhaaa, rhaaa.... This has a trill like quality, and is given when the bird is alert to aware of an intruder's presence. It was also noted yesterday, morning that 8 hours after the lost chick latched, there were no signs. The broken shells within the 3' diameter of the pen. Several birds heard displaying today, but these displays are getting weaker & weaker and are not given as frequently. egg Shells gone

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Holmes, R. 1960 23. Erolia alpina 11 July Barrow, Alaska The nest on the ridge is still there; only 1 bird was seen nearby. The nest is located on the top of the ridge in a fairly stormy area. The cup is a depression among the grasses & is fairly well covered by the overgrowth. 12 July - A Pr with 4 young (1-2"d) was seen just South Central Marsh. by Maker & Reynolds. Several displays were heard in the morning & evening near North's area. 13 July During a trip to ootepik slough only 1 bird was seen. I was surprised to find a few in this area which appears to be good redback habitat. No displaying birds were heard either. 14 July Barrow -> Shorackit, Alaska. Two birds were seen flying together just N. of Footprint Lake. When chased they remained closely associated & when both were collected, they were 2" with liver breast patches. These were the only two seen on the trip from Barrow to the lake & return. I bird was seen at the north end (The plot (1) The 80.60).

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Holmes,R. 1960 Erolia alpina 24. 15 July Barrow, Alaska No birds heard displaying today except 1 weak display heard near Voth's Area. Only 1 or 2 birds were seen in the vicinity 1 tryphine III A+B during the afternoon+ evening. 16 July Barrow - Alaska The birds at the post on the ridge near The Beverage antenna were present + The eggs are not hatching 17 July Sherward, Alaska Several seen between Barrow & Lake. One family group was present at the lake (south of the 100 acre plot). 18 July Barrow, Alaska 2 chicks were caught in the tryphine in the fertiliser plots. 2 displays were heard. 19 July Several were encountered west of Voth's Area. One family 1 2 Adel + at least 3 young were seen out in the marshy flats west of Voth's Marsh. Other adults were out close to Dundali ridge. It seems that over the young are born, the adults follow

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Holmes, R. 1960 23, Erolia alpina 19 July Barrow, Alaska Then down into a willow and usually more marshy habitat. These are As in June of Many / The sand- pipers. There may be better food or at least more quantity - the marsh Invertebrates - This would have to be checked via stomach contents. Several displays were heard in the Duvall Ridge area. 21 July Skovnik, Alaska No birds were seen today, but several adults were encountered (1 collected). One display was heard off / The Territory (plot). 22 July Barrow, Alaska The nest at The Brook Ridge had hatched since the last time the nest was checked. The Berr- young were not present. No displays or other birds were seen today. 23 July Barrow, Alaska No birds were heard today from the gorge watch no between Camp & The Brook Ridge. There were also none at Beaver River.

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 26. 25 July Barrow, Alaska Very few were seen in a trip Through Uth's Area, Uth's, Slope + The surrounding country. No juveniles were noted, but 2 different Adults were noted during a mouse-run. M displays were heard. 26 July Barrow & Skovvik, Alaska along the east shore of Skovvik, at least Three Family groups were encountered. One group had flying chicks, another had chicks which had not been hatched more than a day or two. Another had half-grown chicks. Several other broods were also seen during the afternoon. The brood which had just hatched was attended by both adults. The 8 displays several times and gave a loud trill which brought the young to him. He She seemed to "muzzle" each chick to see if it was alright(?). During this time, he & she stood nearby giving a rocking trill. The chicks when forced would seem on the edge of the slope to avoid been caught.

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Holmes, R 1960 27. Erolia alpina 28 July Barrow, Alaska Only 2 groups were encountered during my travels in Voth's Area + vicinity. One group consisted of 3 young + 2 adults, all of which were feeding in a marshy-muddy area NE ? Voth's area. The young were flying. The adult had nearly completed their wing molt, but the body molt was still under way on the back. They were in neutral molt or weak molt. The second group consisted 1 3 flying juveniles and 2 adults (790-793). 29 July Barrow, Alaska Only 1 family group was encountered east of the Beach Ridge. It consisted 1 1 Ad. and 4 flying young (see 795- 797). One other adult was seen. 30 July Barrow, Alaska Only 2 individuals were seen in Voth's Area. One was an adult ♀; the other a flying juvenile. They were not seen together, and I do not believe that they are part of the same family. This area near Voth's Due is stagnant so show signs of depletion, as is now quite difficult to find

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Holmes, R 1960 Erolia alpina 30 July Barrow, Alaska redbuckes There (or for that matter any other sheribirds, too). The areas where They have been found previously, have been the wet areas where there is sufficient exposed mud, or the ridge or Sloping areas where there is good drainage. There are no carebipins. 2 August Now were seen this afternoon in Voth's Area + Footprint Lake. The scarcity here almost certainly reflects the amount I collected I have done in This area, however. 3 August Barrow = St. Barrow 3, Alaska During This trip today only 8 RBS were seen (1 Ad with 2 young, 2 groups 1 2 young + 1 Adult). The adults seen I have completed their wing molt, but as I yet, Their body molt has not started. All of the young seen were old enough to fly. All birds were seen in rather wet marshy areas and were widely scattered. Now have been seen among the shorled birds in The dry lake. The lock 1 birds away

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 29. 3 August Barrow - So. Barrow 3, Alaska indicate poor breeding success, at merely that they are scattered during this portion of the summer. Even so, it takes a considerable amount of driving to discover to find any at all. 6 August Barrow = Skvoaik, Alaska One individual seen on the plate at Skvoaik. This was the only Redback seen in the tundra today. On the south half of Footground Lake, there were about 75 to 100 Redbacks. Most of these birds were adults. All were molting - both dorsally & ventrally. A tail molt was noted in one other. These collected. The wing molt seems to be nearly complete. There were the most numerous birds in the tundra today. 8 August Barrow, Alaska Two flying juveniles seen north 1 sea mile ridge in the morning. They seem to be very scarce on the herdier road.

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 30. 11 August Barrow, Alaska No birds were seen in Footprint Lake Today nor in The area north of VOTR; Due vicinity. 15 Aug - None have been seen during the last few days in The gasline - a central marsh areas. Five juveniles were seen east of The Beach Ridge near The traplines on 13 Aug. Today, a group of 3 juveniles or no adult were seen in The north end / Footprint, but there were none in The south half. Males reported a nearly completely molted individuals in The Central marsh area. 16 Aug Barrow = Cape Lisbourne, Alaska Several juveniles seen along the shore of Spanish Island - in the foothill east of Cape Lisbourne. 17 Aug Barrow, Alaska 2 juveniles seen near 1 CWT & Area. 21 Aug - A flock of 6 juveniles were seen - Footprint Lake; one was collected. Another group was encountered in Dry Lake. No others were seen except a single group at The South end of Family Logoon. All individuals were primarily all were in The

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Holmes, R. 1960 Erolia alpina 21 Aug Barrow, Alaska of molting - both on the ventral surface (darker body) & the back feathers. This is a post juvenile molt where the birds are going into fall plumage. The feathers coming in & the back & scapulars are greyish in color. No adults were seen today. 23 Aug Barrow, Alaska Several juveniles seen along freshwater lagoon, all appeared to be in molt. One individual was heard in central Marsh. 26 Aug Barrow, Alaska Several jiv's again seen along the lagoon. One which was collected was quite far along in its dorsal wing molt. No adults have been seen for days now, and only a few juveniles. 29 Aug Barrow, Alaska No Redbcks have been seen during the past three days in Central Marsh & vicinity. For we see this morning new fresh lagoon. 30 Aug - Barrow, Alaska Two juveniles seen along first lake, one other was collected. It's

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Holmes, R. 1960 32. Erolia alpina 30 Aug Bannock, Alaska molt was nearing completion. Mat 1 The back feathers have been molted; however the breast is still heavily zoned. 2 Sept - 1 sent collected (a juvenile - in past juvenile molt) across to Frost Lagoon. Mat 10 Gnarly Fuzz now and so is the ground. 3 Sept 1 seen in Footprint Lake (collected - juvenile 4y through past juv. molt). Two others ever seen at The South end 1 Family Lagoon. Both were juveniles. 4 Sept - 2 seen along Family Lagoon

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Holmes,R 1961 Crolia alpina 3 June Barrow, Alaska Two or Three displays heard along the brock ridge, south of ATCS. One was seen heard, just west of the gas line. Along the shore of Elm Lagoon, north of Wohlechlog Slough, 2 birds were located in company with 2 Sanderling. Moving further north, 2 lone individuals were collected. 4 June: This was the most common sandpiper today. Many aerial displays were heard near VDP1 area, Redbark ridge (Cer Ridge? St. Print), and near Stevavik. Along the shore of family lagoon in the high area where the hummock was exposed, a pair of RB were found. After watching them feed for several minutes, I collected 1 (a P- #1082). As he lay fluttering, the female walked up behind after a few seconds, stood next to it, her head was held erect, tail depressed so that it was almost touching the ground (-it was not spread) but the wings were held in normal position. In this posture, she walked around the bird several times; no calls were heard. The female (#1081) was then collected. A third bird (P) (1080) flushed displayed - in air with bill, etc., then landed near the 2 wounded birds, peering around - unusual, possibly slightly upright posture. Another pair was seen along Redbark Ridge then

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erolia alpina 4 June Barrow, Alaska were chasing each other, tumbling around, running back and forth - for about 1 min. Finally I flew up onto the snow patch; the other came along behind it with the tail depressed head held high. They both then flew off. Other singles were seen collected (all proved to be RBD). This period seems to be right in the middle of courtship activity. Some birds are paired; others are not. Chasing is frequent seen. This may be courtship chasing or territory disputes. 5 June Numerous pairs were seen today along Elson Lagoon + in VMD's area. All birds appeared paired. "Individuals" were observed. No chasing or courtship was noted (one pair was seen chase a neighbour displaying bird). The RB seen numerous + are heard everywhere. Birds were watched feeding today. Most were working the polygon type or grassy areas + not the wet, flooded bands. They would feed by probing shallowly or picking at the surface. No deep probing was noted. The birds move rapidly + do not stay in any one spot for more than a few seconds. 6 June One RBD was watched as he fed. Suddenly he took flight, flying low over the ground

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erolia alpina 3. 6 June Barrow, Alaska (4-6') and after 100 yards he set his wings in a V-shape & glided to hulled for another 50 feet before landing. No other bird was seen, but it may have been nearby. This individual also raised one wing towards the observer during the feeding period. This wing raising has not appeared before - this year. The north end of the plot was walked in the afternoon. The only RD present were 1 pr. of individuals right at the NE end - see census sheets, The pr was observed flying east & the lone bird then displayed upright mode from several both into their territory - apparently, some boundaries are now in effect. When they landed, a couple of seconds later - the 8" kept both wings held high overhead & walked a few steps & then lowered them to resume feeding. Whether this is just a left for the display flight or an additional signal, I do not know. 7 June Barrow, Alaska One bird watches feeding and again great distances were covered. Feeding seems to take place both in the wet troughs & the drier, drained grasslands. The animal still may linger even in its entirety on the ground within no special posturing. However, occurs a wing or more

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Holmes, R. 1961 5. Erobia algina 8 June Barrow, Alaska Red-backs were observed near the old A.F. site, east of Voth's area. At least 3 display birds (♂♂ presumably) were present. [sketch with annotations: X <— 600 yds —> trash pile —> 100 yds —> new road —> camp; labels: "waggin" Voth's area, telephone poles] charm Much chasing was noted. What is thought to be a courtship procedure was noted. The ♂♂ would chase each other back and forth. The ♀ would crowd in a submissive-like posture she would turn tail at the ♂ and take off after him. They would fly awhile, then land & tumble around, flapping their wings together — OR There would be a short flight where both birds flew close together, usually one behind slightly below the other — as a chase. On several occasions, the ♂ would walk up to the ♀ with

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erolia ageris 6. 8 June Barnow, Hoster his wings held at a 45° above the horizontal & with tail slightly raised (n ~200, ...). He would then follow behind the & for several feet + on 3 out 14 case, she turned and attacked him by throttle herself in his direction. The & would break away occasionally to chase a neighbouring & and would aerial display upon her return + then would chase the &. After about 15 min. This riff-raff, one bird (&) disappeared + only the & was left. He continued to display + feed. After another 15 minutes or so, he walked toward the weasel + sat in a nest depression about 6' away. He nestled in, as if to 'round' out the nest. He then acted disturbed + finally walked away + took flight. I then moved the weasel 50' + checker the site. It was a cup about 1½ - 2" depth, with well-packed sod. There was only a few pieces of dead vegetation on the floor, while some lined the sides of the cavity. Upon return to the weasel, I watching, a pair Lenniopus cans I began to make a nest in the same site. So it should be interesting to see what will occur. [illegible] semi-pal RB - same site

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erolia agria 8 June Barrow, Alaska any time; independent f. glide to vibrating wings: When hovering flying wings are beat at an angle from horizontal down - in a smooth manner. The neck is pulled in, & the head is slightly tilted. 9 June RB were seen commonly on The plat today at Idravik, The birds appeared to be paired; And generally, there was little activity going on. On the beach ridge in the evening, a RB was seen flying & or landed it gave a wing-up-display & trill to a semi-pole which was about a foot away. The semi-pole crushed & ran off, the RB followed for a few feet & then turned & began feeding. 10 June - 1- or 2 pairs seen along ridge when insect plots are being placed (No. of Traplines IV A+B) This area seems like it should have more than birds. 11 June Only two pairs were seen along Pitelker's Beach Ridge Census Plat. A few were heard out toward Elson Lagoon. 12 June Several displays were heard - The insect- Sample area, N.O. 1 Voth's Area. (Calunda - 10 June had laid 2 eggs, & (her laid 2 & had another in the arduous). 13 June - Very few birds were seen between bay & the lakes, but on the Demovik Census

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erolia aspina 9. 13 June Barrow-Ikrovik, Alaska plot, a good number seemed to be present. Display hovers were seldom scattered. Only through a long time spent on the plot - cover they be discovered. 15 June During an entire morning of driving, only 3 were seen or heard (during frequent stops). Two 8? were overflown; both had immutatus patches? No 8? seen - may indicate that all were on the nest, but worse, The general lack of RB activity leads me to believe that they are generally scarce this year. 17 June During a morning spent along the Bear Ridge, Curtis Mountain - Boulder Ridge, only 1? was seen (others over. The hawks were heard). The nest on the Bear Ridge. In the afternoon - only 2 displaying 8? were in the B.R. center plot. One nest was located on the plot on the east side of the ridge. The nest was located in a grassy area, but the grass was not wholly covering the nest - it was generally exposed. No 4 did not do a mouse run, but flew directly to the nest and landed nearby as I looked at the eggs. A couple of hawks were heard displaying No. 1 vole area during the late afternoon.

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erdia alpeus 18 June Barrow, Alaska Several birds seen in VAP vicinity but activity was poor. 20 June Barrow-Kenaiik, Alaska Birds seen - Red-tail Ridge to down to The Lake. Wing molt was well underway in most of their forms - see catalog for wings. Stomachs were generally empty - possibly due to the fact that these birds may have been incubators - who were flushed from their nest. 21 June Three two heard displaying Nervi-misect plots, In The area between The edge of Family logan and The news York road, no RB were seen. This area was cleaned out well during the early period t apparently the vacancies were not refilled. The same but applies to the Beaver ridge near sites. Also, The birds do not seem to be defending lands nearly as actively as in the past. Very few aerial encounters have been noted all season. The general lack of activity probably reflects the current lack of numbers - reducing densities + therefore River encounters. Is it possible that with an early season, That funder in The more southern areas open up quickly to early wood food abundance That The

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erolia alpina. 24 June Barrow, Alaska mukluk. The tundra seen all the more deer. Wing molt is progressing rapidly; now all birds are in some form or another. 25 June A nest was located east of the B.R.-town Suit - float plane logrun (see map - RB₂). It was located in the centre of a large grassy-sedge field - surrounded by old grass - 2-3' high - 4 eggs, 8 cm incubating; 4 not seen. 26 June A nest with 4 eggs found 200 yds east of the receiver site along the B.R. road. Both hens were present. Both had wing molt. The nest was in tall grass, between old willow bushes - two lined with grass. 27 June Only 2-3 birds (pairs) were seen on the census plot at Ikravik. The numbers were noticeably down. On the trip across the north end of Ikravik to an area 500 yds from Footprint + then north who FTP - only 1 bird was seen. It was collected and turned out to be a bird which I BANDDED last year near Ikravik - on 9 July 1965. So now I have a bird I know age - for feather characterisitcs & I know they breed after 1st year.

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erdia alpina 13. 4 July Barrow, Alaska - 7m A nest located 36' Eust of the new gravel York To UAR - almost to Dittowes. Located in Tall grass, it contained 3 young & 1 piping egg. The adult was very excited & went into her distraction display - when she hunched her tail feathers - drop her wings (not spread horizontally) & gave a shuffling off on 2 hindfeet giving a "Pii" squeaking note. Once she returned & did a partial aerial display. She went inside the display. 4 July - AM Only 1 bird was seen - FAP's census plot - See census sheet. The next nest - was present, but the eggs were cold & no adults were seen in the immediate vicinity. The nest & the north-east The B.P. - had been destroyed - all brown were missing. A pair was collected over there at the POW site. The 8 was starting molt in the mid dorsum. - Only 1 display was heard all morning & afternoon. A few were seen in the afternoon near U.S.B. (See above). One bird watched feeding - 4 young - low polygon area - 16' peek - 15' from travel. - N.B. Ridge.

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Holmes, R, 1961 Erolia algemá 7 July Barrow-Shravik, Alaska 1 pair + 2 luidin. Ads seen on the plot at Shravik. 1 Ad + 1 chick seen colliding in the grassy area, west of Tofugud Lake. 1 group 3 Ads seen feeding together just east of 4.0 on the plot. When flushed, they flew off together + landed 20 yards away + resumed feeding. Another group 3 Ads seen on a flat ridge slope - 1070s east of the main plot. All were feeding within 3' of each other - again flew off together. Are these birds with nest failure?? They certainly must be first non-nesters- since the young can't be raised yet. NB Displays were heard today. 9 July Barrow, Alaska The nest on the B.R. plot (which contained 4 cold eggs on 4 July) had been destroyed by today. One piece of egg shell was there - + This showed signs of breaking, not hatching! - as if predators had taken them. Two displays were heard NTE of 6.0, + 2 were heard EF 16.0. There were probably 2 birds involved in the nest display twice. The display was on a tree - no crane - call was given.

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erilia alpina 15. 9 July Barrow, Heslo The Nest n. No. B.R. along the wood was still intact - but the bur was slim - Domeculator. Another pair was noted just as the road works. The try 1 on B.R. - maybe a nest nearby. None were seen between the B.R. + Osm - Wohl - 305- log Area. Flocks of 3, 3, +4 were seen NtW of Voth's Area + just last (Traplin- 1VAT+B - There were all concentrated around mud-bottom ponds). One group was collected - 2079, 14. There appeared to be non-breeders. or those who had quit - some all hold brood patches. 10 July A pair watched - a & gave a leathodon display - as I collected her chicks. They showed no concern + flew off after ~ minute ~ so - are these specific Breeding? - Another group of 3 birds were seen feeding in a block-mud pond (2' mud exposed at edge) - near Voth's Area. 13 July 2 family groups encountered between Wohl. + Colepik Sloughs. Only 1 adult was present - 2 chicks, 1 cm

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erolia alpina 13 July Barrow, Alaska collected. They were feeding in low polygon -grass area with no water nearby. The 2nd flock consisted of 3 young & both adults. - The young were banded. - These were feeding Nima Pond. Two flocks of RB were also encountered - and 4% wr 15. Few were collared from each flock. These were nearly all molting. All had wing + tail molt. During the past days, all birds seem to have shucked their central tail feathers & Some are molting other feathers for the midline out towards the periphery. Wing molt continues, so that most birds are now molting the 3 or 4th feather from the distal end. Several displays heard today, mostly from the disturbed family groups. The distress call - at which the young freeze seem to be the raah, raah, raah.... call - This is interwoven with a - breeep.... The male raah..... Two birds were seen just east of Trap II-A-B - at the mud-boiler pond. One was watched feed - see feeding record sheets. None were seen - Forbarmt Lake

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Holmes, R. 1961 Erolia afeina 13 July Barrow, Alaska The RB nest along the road to The B.R. is still intact & The O was incubating. 15 July Two RB were feeding again in The black mud on the ponds just N.T.W. of Voth's three- proper. They either fed in The middle or both around The grass growing at The edge The mud. all feeding was done by rapid probing - usually feeding with 4-I probe in succession, a bird with head raised slightly - then returned to probing. One flew over Ponds J, H, + I - but kept a going. Our partial display heard today. - just The whinny. The wing molt seems to be about completed. 16 July 1 bird remained at The mud ponds. This was The only RB seen during The afternoon. The nest along the road toward The B.R. had apparently watched, trace signs of The birds were gone - 19 July - flock of 5 rear cormorants (Wade + Elsa - Vcalr - see journal-catalog. 2 family groups encountered. - 1 young collected, 2 banded. Three birds feeding at soft mud pot will probe- dull-feather for the food, while those feeding in grassy areas will pick up peck + not probe -

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Holmos, R. 1961 Erolia alpina 23 July Barrow, Alaska So. Wohlschlegel & Elson [1 cocl]. One of the was seen flying in this area. The next was seen alone near the edge of an Arctophila pond with Dysphania mensis - just N of ootpir & due So. of The Fertilizer plots.- coll. Finally, a flying jun. was seen in the S. end of central marsh. - coll. Total RB seen = 6, incl 1 jun. Most birds seem to be feeding at the pond edge or in wet marshy fields. Unfortunately the stomachs of the 3 cocl. above - were almost empty - so little food habit data was obtained. This is a general rule however - that birds are now feeding in the lowland - as opposed to the broyat polygyn type. 24 July One Adult (8") + 2 non-flying chicks were seen r.coll. in Central Marsh just N of the Cener plot (but in the marsh). The 8" gave a stormy distraction display, flutturing away with wings out stretched, uttering the whumpeng cries. 26 July -One flock of 11 birds seen feeding on the ridge area 200 yds west of Delsanga at Skroewk. 7 of these coll.- showed adult Tipulids, beetles, - occas. Small flies in their gizzards. In watching these birds

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Holmes,R 1961 20. Erolia alpina 26 July Barrow, Alaska Fed, it was noted that all indiv. were pickling or picking at the surface or at the vegetation + no probing was noted. This was true for birds that were feeding along a marshy-upland pond-edge. Another flock of 6 was seen feeding in the marshy area S of the 1st lake, S of Footprint. No other birds were seen during the entire morning. 30 July Not seen in the tundra today - during cruise to Woblookay & So. Woblookay. In the late morning, a flock of 19 was seen N. 1 Birnik along the pond-series. All were adults - no immatures. -5 were collected. 31 July A flock of 18 (16 Ads, 2 Juvs) - See feeding N/S the west end of Trypler- III A+B. The 2 Juvs + 12 Ads were collected. All were feeding at the edge of autophile ponds. 2 Aug 1 flying juv - by himself - was seen over. No. 1 Footprint lake. 3 Aug A flock of 15 - all Ads seen No. 1 Birnik, 4 were coll. 4 Aug 3 indiv seen near VOA's area, (2 collected). All were feeding in the wet marsh ponds.

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Holmes,R. 1961 Erolia alpina 7 Aug Barrow, Alaska Trip to new census plot, S. of ookepik slough. 1 flying juvenile was seen. about half way between ookepik & Wohlscholz - feeding in the wet marshy flat. This was the only flock seen. So, 1 ookepik, 2 flock were encountered, and 15 + or of 8. These consisted entirely of adults, some of which were well along molt, other which were showing no signs external of molt. See was seen.. On the return trip, a gray 19 was encountered in ookepik slough. All birds were feeding in wet marshy areas, where there was standing water. 8 Aug - 2 flying immatures, 2 adults seen together No. 100th Tree. These were feeding through the wet marsh area. Another group 1 4-5 adult was seen nearby < [illegible] juvenile was seen near Pool M + [illegible]. A couple (The adults seen appeared to be in quite good plumage (summer!). 9 Aug - Several flocks encountered between the VOR road & the insect plot. One group of 30 adults was found quite close to the plots. These were feeding on the slope or in the wet-alkaline ponds. Two juveniles were seen near there.

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Holmes,R 1961 Erolia alpina 9 Aug Barrow, Alaska ponds also. About 10 Juno seen in the gravel area near British Ave - 2 were collected. During Proctenzate plenty-recording, Ollas calls / RB were heard. Some (These Horken were quite far along - molt). 11 Aug A couple / individuals seen near the Cookpik census plot + 1 imm. was with a male / pectoralis i central marsh. [illegible] 12 Aug - / adults seen near fertility plots 13 Aug - 1 or 2 RB's heard during afternoon near insect plots. 14 Aug Small flock (5 Ads, 1 km) encounter on southside gasoline ridge - none coel. 15 Aug 1 Ad + 2 chicks (with down still, head - but flying) collected No. 1 footprint - The adult was a 37-. Another male chick RB was found assoult. and a flock / havetbeen on The south end / footprint. 16 Aug - None seen near insect plots 17 Aug - None seen between camp & cookpik, but 1 Ad + 1 junior seen near the fertility plots during The late evening. These were feeding in The marsh.

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Helmer,R (961) Erolia alpina 23 18july Barrow, Alaska A large flock 40-45 pounds - The low polygon-wet bough area just N of Oolipih near De crossing. 5 birds coll. - 46 Adl.- 4t young. All feeding with shallow probe probes at the surface. Just adults all male. Breeds being quite far along. 20aug Nunsee near Uptby Area. Two Dnnaht colected near fertility plots - by Chambelani 22aug 2 Dnnaht seen near De pows N. The duckcamp - There were feeding near De flock (Oolipih) no adult seen. 27aug - Now see dunn's the past day - but a small group of 5-10 molting adults (mats i (-D stage, probaby) - were in The Ookpik census plot.

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Holmes, P. Erolia alpina - molt 18 Aug Barrow, Alaska Primaries - 11 #11 is vestigial - has greater covert molt proceeds from #1->#10 (+prob. #11) 10 outer primary coverts - #11 is missing - There seems to be a smaller carpelremex in its location Secondaries - diastatary - 5th secondary covert is present without 2ndary - approx to 14 secondaries - cell at fulura over 10 molt in sequence from 4 mots from proximal end to distal in #14->11. Tail - 6 on each side (incl. central feathers) #7 primary closely correlated with The central tail feathers - underway coverts molt rate - see #1283 - where Prim #9 is almost complete Secondary U.W. coverts are pins

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Holmes, R. Eroica alpina - molt 15 Aug Barrow, Alaska wing molt - prim. 10 on D stage when secondaries are complete + at the same time tail is complete. So prim #1 starts appendage molt + prim #10 concludes " " . See 1290. There is quite an overlap in body + wing molt, but wing molt is started first. When molt nearly completed - start start to be deposited See 1290 Last area a body secondarily molt region - even on 1200, @ - The entire body was under molt. Post-Iuv molt - seems to start in Pr center of the back & scapular. no mark a rump. Sides of breast just behind dorsum but central breast with no molt. Lower neck molt, but none on upper neck or throat - no molt (wings, liver, covers) or tail. no molt in upper nuchal

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Holmes, R. 1961 Feeding Data Erolia alpina 7 July Barrow, Alaska Ad. with chicks - feeding in grassy, plains on west side of Footprint Lake. - Ad picked or picked 8 x in 40' - no probes made - collected tos #1152. 9 July Barrow, Alaska Group 3 in Pandle a mud-edge pond - N. t.w. 1 Voth's Aunt just E of O.S. of T. I.D.A. Grass range De pond but thru in 6-10' 1 Mud - on E & W sides. 1 Bird watched feeding as follows. 30 sec. - 30 peck-probes - 6' at edge " " - 23 " " - 2' ... - belly deep 29 " - 33 " " - 1' ... - " 25 " - 19 " " - 4' 'frody water' 52 " - 41 probes unwell - 5' ... " , belly deep 31 " - 33 - probes 197sec pick-probe on a partial spot - not full probe. In our cases full probe meant De head ever put underwater. Weather bright - Sunny. Time 1500-1515. 10 July More Observation in Reservoir as above, excepting 2 birds present - 4 feeding. 1430 - bird feeding in 2' (water) 120sec - 58x - head lifted but probe sure made 4-8x (m=5) probed down -

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Holmes,R 1964 Feeding Data E. agapina 2. 16 July Barrow, Alaska Seemed to be swishing mud with three short sequences of rapid jerks. Head Underwater - stayed ~ 2 sq.ft. area. 225 sec - 111x- Lifted head - again work motion as above. - moved 5' from deep water to shore - when it picked once at over the bank at deep water after 2 min spent in preening. 1501 - Bathing - by bouncing left down & splashing water up onto feathers - dip head in - flutter wings - it ruffling feathers - it picked at feather with the tip of the bill - fl ew up a the bank - fluttered & hopped to preen. 1505. Walked 11' away from pool & stopped again to preen.

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Holmes 1961 Erola alpini Molt 12 Oct Juveniles can be distinguished by the buffy edging the upper wing coverts + by the non-molten rump parts which appears to have feathers with rusty or at least "lightened" edge - as opposed to the adult gray color. The chin is considerably darker - a bold t across the throat. Throat / jaw: dash soots gray with white chin - no ruddy patch post. Tye. Underwing coverts at bend / wing - are dark for leading 2-3 rows (which in adults only a faint lightened gray is observed). One jun showed the 2-3 outer rows (ant) of coverts to be non-molten - as well as 2-3 inner rows - but those whether were gray (# ).

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erolia alpina 29 may BARROW, ALASKA individual seen feeding in the small grass areas on the west shore bluff of Elson Lagoon. The bird was a 8" who disturbed, he would fly over to another disp. patch I funda give, the trill rah-rah-rah- rarahah. This was sea fever t the once he saw an amewa - loud trill The bird was feeding by picking at the surface of The funda & his Start probes (permanent depth 6-7½ inches) in the mossy- lichen-grass area). Another individual displaced several see One mirale, flocking site (VOLKOV)- (+ The trill) gave a long series / cree, cree, cree prettly 30 may Hock of 7 seen near Elson-ookpit. Several were flying still on the ground or when they flew. When one flew up to group & saw the bird, the feeding bird raised its wings, hulled it ran toward the newcomer Ground Aggress. ? or display.

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Holmes, R 1962 Eronia alpina 30 may BARROW, ALASKA -both were into a aerial chase. The whole flock flew - all chasing & pulling. One peeled off & beg the Shells wingbeat - & gave the kraa,kraa. It appeared to be a flock of 278 - which are yet unsettled. The heron rod, rod, rod, to give on the ground - when it must be alarmed - it may The turn into a krae, krae - of the aerial display. One bird doing an aerial display, landed, keeping both wings at rt. & with the ground & gave a curve while. The folded wings & began speeding. Suddenly - it gave several kraa's & walked up behind a feeding bird (? ?) raised one wing to 90° - (Bird was facing & not h ?) & gave seven more kraa's as it walked behind that bird. Finally the bird flew off for about 18' - & not birds resumed feeding. Pairs seen near Drift Hen's Area, near both; Arise, across from Damuslu site (VOL) & on Sout shore / Vol creek, just beyond Renoli Gate & on the Bluff along the sweet spot / Fortymile Lake. Numerous Aerial displays were heard during the day.

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erolia alpina 4. 30 may BARROW, ALASKA rush forward toward the ? & she would turn & fly off for several feet - The ? would be repeated. Occasionally - There would be no flight but the birds would keep on running in short sprints. Once or their short flights ended in the snow - both birds hunched down & shuffled themselves out - situated 3-4" apart & facing each other.- They then would fluffle about together -finally taken, all + flying for 30+ sec. - not giving a decent dramount screen trial . This over a far at least an hour of dusk ? it had been noted this afternoon. No every-up or tail-up postures were noted. Many of the clurler are seen in pairs already - could there "erolies" courtship displays report their early courtship - fare i not see now or is there a complete different type?!

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 1 June BARROW, ALASKA Elm wagon bluff - between Wibblocloz & Elegib Sloughs: I bird as it became aware of my presence stood upright (upright posture) - ran to a nearly mound + again took this posture. The fler up - aerial display + part tree + [illegible] landed with b driving over head. [illegible] landed starfledig RB's (Hush 16 nearby) - plan drill as it landed - I kept wing up + continued to give the thrill In aerial display- The wings may be held in several positions: (a) (b) (c) The latter (c) is the most frequent + is the posture in which the wings are vibrated rapidly + or kraa, kreea cue is given. When the bird is going to descend, the wings are set at and the bird glides or swoops to the ground. The wings are usually held at this angle (perhaps even higher) for about 1-2 seconds. They are folded in place + the bird begins to feed. Flocks to three flocks (6, 8, 12 birds) [illegible] thrace today + a number (4-5) displaying birds which were

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Holones R. 1962 Erolie affire June Barrow, Alaska continually chasing New flocker or they came into territories. These "more or less settled" males would fly into the flock- as described above - display - chase individuals - but none seem to pay much attention. Eventually, the displays would calm down & begin to feed. If any new Lord must displays nearby - the displays now amongst the flock were fly, if I chase the flock. (i.e. evidently they are settled birds & not just members?) The flock - who were starting to sing. Also, there did appear to be single birds - although with most of these displays - it is usually possible to find a 4 in the vicinity. It seems that these flocks are moving in - 85 or settling down - some part settle; others don't (probably same [Dr. Charing & N. Hawk, by a settled display- in part courtship?). The territorial rights are not as definite & absolute - They will do soon. Male seen running forward & (?) with one wing held vertically (right wing - and previous females too see - the year also forwardward).

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Holmes, R. 1962 Folia alpina Jane Barrow, Alaska head up, but not extended, tail in normal position. The other bird flew by several feet - he remained harder up angle with both wings raised - after few seconds he took flight - landed near her - kept 1 wing (at) up & gave a soft trill (similar to aerial trill but not as loud or "resonating"). She responded then- then both birds resumed feeding. This probably was a pairing display - ??? A long aerial chase with 2 birds involved - was seen. The birds were flying low - usually about 3-5' from ground but occasionally to 10' - swooping from side to side - going in circles - shooting up & down & then turning & fly off in another direction. The bird in pursuit (?) would give part of a display for very brief period / time (i.e. shoulder wing beats & parts the hill) - then he would resume in degree wing action & repair distance to the other bird. The displacer would usually [illegible] fly below, slightly behind the pursued. Once these 2 landed near other birds & with these already on ground - extended both

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Holmes, P. 1962 2 June Barrow, Alaska Erolia alpina 1 group of 3 was noted near Wobbleby Lagoon - otherwise only pairs & singles were noted. Display & chasing was quite noticeable. Several chases involving 4 birds was noted - apparently 2 pairs were involved. It is quite frequent to see 3 birds - i.e. the mate & the defender following him as he chases. Or inbreeds to a familiar - but at this stage, paired birds are moving & they are chased out by both members of the pair. The pair usually flies immediately behind the displaying bird + as far as 2 can counter - On hills given an aid by the bird? Some chasing & seemingly aggressive acts was noted between two birds. For birds were seen on the ground (i.e. adjacent). Chasing: One who would run several feet & then fly to another open patch / ground - it would be followed by the aggressor (?) who would adopt the following posture - after landing: head forward, partial tail extended; back feathers ruffled, tail driven up in approximately normal position; legs partly bent - giving a crouched appearance. & the rodent-run-like posture - the bird would run off.

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Holmes,R 1962 Erulia alpina 4 June Barrow, Alaska usually is monol polytris (a slight raised in courtship?). Also many aggressive or structural displays. The & may follow the D (D display) to be done The introducing individual - pair > the from Drama. The & can also give the aerial trials but this has only been seen from India. A frequent & a 4 down an actual aerial display has not been recorded. 5 June - Several displaying birds seen along The 5th Road - as well as 2 flocks (8 + 13) - one near Uphill Area - one on the high ground S.W. of Br. Hm's Area. No aggressiveness or displaying was seen among members of the flock - all fed together - flushed at the same time - only The cawl note was given. A male displaying bird flew in & landed among the group - flapped his wings - giving a loud trill. It then landed - both wings were held up for about 6 sec. - The lowered tail normal position - but head was held high. The one wing was raised along the shell was given when the wing was vertical - this was directed toward one member of the flock (both 837); another bird flapped off a few feet thereafter

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Holmes,R. 1962 Eroica alpina 5 June Barrow, Alaska Feeding - The displayer folded his wings & Then flew off to give a aerial display. Apparently, he formed this group of feeding birds with only 2 close circling "pangs" of annoyance & hostility - which resulted in a partial display. The flock of 8 - There were 3♂♂; 5♀♀ - classed by bill size. Semi 1 (least likely, as well as other during the past week - appeared to be grayish on back - & The feathers have white or gray edging - Whereas - Paws are very red. - See specimens. Again was watched - in courtship flight - both birds landed & began fled. Suddenly 3rd bird flew up & landed. The feeding 2 - raised both wings & lifted to head, giving Mr Loud hill - flew for me on ground (just from the setter wing i narrow V. Before the display arrived, the include both flight & brother birds were flying rapidly over the Fundra. The male pursuit moves fly fast - Sets his wings & flies swift along behind the other - all Pts while giving the drill. It finally came to a landing at the end.

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erolii egenia 5 June Barrow, Alaska And three glides, both wing keelings - One lowered & one more turned in ran about 40' bolt b. The Q - at when goes - not bright jud. 6 June One displaying RBen David Plot - Sweet v Britt's Area - 3 pair or exposed area along valley creek - 2 pair so. of Skwash Plot. Map below - shows area I exposed turee - No. In circles indicate # 1 prb. for flock 178

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 6 June Barrow, Alaska or take flight - which results in one of the erratic aerial chases? At times - she may jump into the air - several inches + or 8' may follow suit - remain standing - Sometimes when he is charging - she may do one of these jumps - he will ground strike - she will land - by then she has turned & is charging again - she will jump & the leap frog manoeuvre may go for up to a minute. Usually both birds end up in air - with floated wing - then flying off in aerial chase The running bouts may cover 50' - so in 5 minutes - while the aerial combat usually stayed in an area 200 x 180'. The & may turn & chase the 8' - when she does so - she assumes her posture - but she was never seen to make any noise. The 8' will give the hill - during the ground chase. At times there is the loud aerial-type call + at other instances - a softer tune, true, there is given After this had been going on for about 20 min - a third bird was encountered during one of the ground chases - both members of the pair

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Hobvies, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 6 June Barrow Alaska Took flight after 1pm - The & Following beh The 3; The 3 given the Loud Song Trill & as they flew low over the Tundra. The 3 displayed a decent Wing. At this point The 3 rushed at The displaying bird - The pair swerved off to the side landing & began again Ground Chasing. The 3rd individual landed nearly presumed fleeing. Apparently - The intent of courtship was stronger than area defense. Some The Two birds kept chasing each other for the next 10 minutes; their both were then collected. The chase can be categorized below where [___________] The solid line is the pursued - when seen until the pursuer catching up with it - The 3 jumps ahead - The a fortiori turn off-label. The other bird followed it - only to display it again. After a period there - A aerial component is interspersed - then more ground chasing. (3:1 ground time to aerial time). There two turned out to be the two 35 (1554, 1555) - So They - a ground chase - involved in 67 to 87 contact & aggression. These were included further.

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Holmes,R 1462 Erlic alpina 6 June Barrow, Alaska Several different directions (W-SW-So. +SE) - After about 60 feet - stood by - stepped out 1/4 cup & walked away feeding. Dr. 4 Was about 2' away during this ceremony. [The bird was open severe mm during this Stay in the cup - but from when I was - no sound could be heard). The cup was investigated awhile later. It was about 3" in diameter + 1½" deep. The vegetation was not just marked down a pushed aside but apparent had been picked out & I guess carried away from the site. The bottom / the nest was mostly dark black- colored moist soil with some broke root-end present. There was no loose material either. The bottom & around the sides. It was located - a small hummock - 3' diameter - near - polygyn traps - with 6' / water in it. - It was marked r will be checked again. Dunlin feeding along Elsa Bluff would move slowly - picking frequently at the surface / ground (in well vegetated areas) or probe very shallowly. Deep probing / any kind never not observed

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erolia alpina 21. 7 June Barrow, Alaska Displaying bird Seen /or heard near Volk's Britt's Areas and along Elsm lagoon. No aerial call may be ka-rah, ka-rah,... or may be abbreviated as k-rah, k-rah,... (The Sandesling in opposite direction has < Krrrr, krrr.....). A flock (4) was seen E Volk's Arm + agony 16 near Britt's tree. 6 seen Seen along Elsm lagoon. 8 June Generally - very little amount / Chaser was found today - along Elser lagoon - but aerial displaying seemed to be going as usual - perhaps the chaser activity is subsiding in this area. I must check newly opening areas In the evening, several Dulin were watched in the vicinity of Volk's gasline - i bluff above De Rockrose from De lagoon + Volk Creek. One Displaying bird flew i - fed - Sat in a nest Cavets - with tail 1 pointed (folded) Every held high in the air so that the white understeil Cavets & lower abdon were very conspicuous - The bird appeared to press its breast into the cup - it doesn't. The abdomen + appendages were moved from side to side in a waggling [illegible] [illegible] [illegible]

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 8 June Barrow, Alaska ran at + displaced #2 - + The two birds were "leap-frogging" over the tundra on the ground + in air. Humbling was seen frequently when 1 or 2 would pop up in the air + be followed by another - the bird would fall together with wings flapping. This went on for about 15 minutes - before the two sparrows had flown off + disperse already - moths began to feel. 9 June Displaying birds seen heard in nearshore area 1 ground from Butler - north to Village Slope + Skroovil + Footprint Lake. Very little chasing was noted (only 2 cases both on Skroovil center plot). One bird in Butters Ann gave a poor distractive display with head over, both feathers ruffled, tail depressed spread went shuffling over the tundra - position of it not seen until three weeks later. 10 June Courtship seen - terminated in copulation. + with wings held at 45°, tail slightly drooped head head head high - remaining after 2- both took flight + ran 100' away - the 3rd pair ink 2 - Cypselus - Steller ott. 3 pure Cornell birds 23.

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erolia alpina 24. 10 June Baird, Alaska Another blow - both fly in, fly in - but the 8 in pursuit - flies evasively. Birds seen everywhere today - but the amount of aerial displaying was very poor - only occasional birds were heard - why is it that when the weather is good - displaying to at a minimum + vice versa ? (Do the evening winds the fog set in - more displays were heard; along Baird ridge). The dunlin may give a shrill,shrill, a quick loud grating call note when it is disturbed. 11 June Display heard commencing near between both + Fortprint Lake - also on inset plot, Baird ridge + Clam Lagoon Bluff 12 June One 8 being chased by a Cullen Lap - keeps pace. 13 June Bird giving a mouse-run in Britton's Area - with hundred level, tail lowered & spread. Alarm individual with pressure I dropped. 14 June Occasional birds seen between Beaver Ridge - Oskpit Slope & Brownell - but number were not conspicuous. RB conflict notes sweet of gasoline on Baird Ridge. One 8 displayed - with tail churning - per tile. Immediate south bird follows - gave the bird other.

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Holmes, R 1962 Erolia alpina 23. 14 Jun Barrow, Alaska [illegible] - seemed like counter-singing - both birds were not displaying at the same moment - nor were they in close proximity - at least 200 yards away. Late - 2 birds were chattering by Arctic erratic flyby - pásza through two hurricanes! - each of grobby up to chase! One (with set V wings) - freed & then turning both & given Mr. Churing - Hill before landing. Finally, the chosen bird landed - apparently in his territory - & remained in the alert posture - giving a harsh, grating, 'breeep, breeep, ...' & acting very excited. This was given continuously for 2 min - then a trill - then more of the same. The bird flew up displayed 1st at 15' - then swift rapid wing beat - move up to ~60' - horned m down curved wings when we quivered Napeal - the bird stuck - The ground approach - given by kraa, kraa. After 3 min - the bird was given in the hand set it away & spunster down to the ground - when he beat his wings perfectly up 2 sec. After hovering, then sat normal posture. The flight is not unusually ended until the bird is standing & holding wings

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Holmes,R 1962 26 Erolia algina 14 June Barrow Alaska One bird nearly in display. Gave long drawn out trill cubital product with pitch lasted for at least 30 sec. No sound was very semi-pl-like note Yesterday - a bird was seen with set V wings given the tree-glider swiftly & landing - with both wings up. It walked several feet with then wing up, the lowered them, ran 10' across a broom & then 2 timber behind it - raised both wings to 60° - tail & primaries down - mounted & copulated around with a wild beaten wings & protruded the experiment Then he jumped off - took the air - a fine display Flypt. One of piteos 10 bird seen showed more premieres. 15 June Nest found atzy Beoch Ridge - W. 17, 4 barrels - with 4 eggs - Pte 80 male was incubating - gave relatively 5 long distractive display - with tail depressed & spread - body feathers ruffled - wings were in molt.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 17 June Barrow, Alaska Very little activity along the beet ridge & Elsa Lagoon. One bird was seen doing a nest cup display; when the tail & folded wings were sliding up with the air & the bird was moving them from side to side. The was performed in two cups [both with bare bottoms & no grass] & the sides were only scantily lined. Nest #1 (W.B.R.) - was being incubated by the 8-9 young not to be seen. Only one or two birds heard along Elsa Lagoon & Wohlleber Slope during the entire cold afternoon. In the evening, Stevenson located 4 nests (#3 -> 6) on the area in E. east of Wohl Area. #3 was located on a grassy hummock - near several - block-topped [grassy] high polygons. It was surrounded by tall grass & fedges - covered it from view - looked 8" both in edge. polygon - 4 eggs. #4 on grassy-sedge covered slope - directly S. of the missile site - again in tall grass - so. approx. 4 eggs #5 - on same slope as #4 - but 130 yards further to the E. - again 4 eggs - in nut cover by grassy fedges. #6 - on the bluff from E - with 4 eggs - low polygon - with 4 eggs. - covered on sedge.

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia alpina 18 June Barrow, Alaska Aerial display - head from 1 individual along Mt. Beard Ridge - west of gasoline. Flutter a quivering wings for 3sec - glide a out stretched down - curved wings for 6-10 sec - then flush again. All the while The bird was uttering The churring - kraa, kraa, kraa,... Once - wings were set at weld V - feet up gave - when dropped in pitch - bird lost some altitude - but regained it when quivering - shelling flight was resumed. This was all taking place at 78 to 100'. Finally - wings set at 45° < V for bird spiralled down - given a loud, down - out - grill rubbin trypudi pitch. The bird landed with both wings held vertical, - The lobby Then - slowly to c deliberate manner. Wing still held at verticals reglades Even though 1 of several primaries are missing. 20 June Keroabike - 2 nests found - 1 - 200' WNW of warmigan +1 200' - off Cannigan - both with 4 eggs - in tall (3-3") grass on large grassy polygons. Several other birds displaying on The north plot - see census note. Wings are shell been held aloft for ½ to 1 sec - pre landing. 2 June A nest was located on the plot - with 4 eggs - The [illegible] meadowlark bird gave a

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia alpina 29. 21 june Barrow, Alestra strong distraction display - mostly the pursuit run variant - with head bowed & pulled up - Arch Haltu , including Staggelee, Ruffled, tail lowered & spread & the bird shuttling off over the funder - after seeming 30' - at it stopped, turned toward the nest - Mother - The ran off again - sort of a Ruffled aggressive - but still mouse-like posture. Upon leaving the nest site, she kept the shuffling device with very Shuffled out to the side & went shuffling off over the funder - (through & through). The alarm or disturbance not given by the female in a failed, mate - school, 23 june Nort #12 nest Leggs - E( Mest.) #0 ret, ret, ret ... ruffle may be given several pitches. - vary somewhat with the excitement of the bird. 24 june Two nest found in same De Strooud plot - both with 4 eggs. 38 were incubating & gave storm disturbance displays when I approached on nest #1 at 50' east of plot - left nest with 200' away - but gave a slight mouse run - later when flushed from the nest - gave the weir shuffling to both sides - tail expressed - turned Now forward & low - Hopper flyby - trumps over the funder - generates a squeaking noise. It would stop - in hundred moves - no posture

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Holmes, R 1962 Erolia alpina 30. 24 Jenn Barrow, Alaska with wings folded but tail carried spread look around toward nor - The turn rfp Skeddering off in a direction away from the nest. On the 2nd nest (see 5.2) - The bird did not flush until I was 5' away - I stood up & fluttered off - a disconcerted above. At first when the bird is away from the nest & Perches you are following she will run - The rocket pattern - flinch not wings & Dr. side - Showing the white every-stripe - Making be quite eye-catching. On the 1st nest, Dr. was nearly - giving the ri-ri-ri - & Then a short trill - while all Dr. white, Dr. I was giving the distraction display.] At the nest near 5.4 + The one ETP wanninja the bird! Remained apparent until I was within 8' - They then fluttered off in wings spread - Bumpy flight - Giving the squeaking note. All nest for 4 eggs - all hood & so snowboarding. - At one hood both best present during a visit + the nest. Display activity over Prochease not today - All, who - but not disturbed - did it ever - free - 10-15rpm - NE wind.

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia alpina 24 June Barrow, Alaska The nest at the southern plot - was accidentally stepped on. When I returned 3 hours later - one egg shell had been moved 3" away from the cup, I was still in the cup as the 2 were not hatched. Held the incubating bird to remove the two - as apparently is done at hatching - but a predator took over. North Bel. RD was seen at this time. The scene is still 26 June Very few display heard yesterday or today - but weather was clear & there was little activity generally. The nest - No B.P.-No- the 4 stands were checked yesterday, The eggs & the adults never gone. 27 June Skroavik - very little display activity on the census plot - the nests were all present & being incubated - in each case by the bird (as far as I could see). In all cases today - the birds left the nest before I was within 60' - the bird flew directly for the cup - landing between 40 + 100' away - going into a slight crouch - run - then straightening up - on a mound - giving an excited re-ri-ri - The running bird moved forward to another mound - standing erect - calling again. If I would follow her - it would run off through the brush in a mouse run - all the while looking both at the shoulders. 31.

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia alpina 37. 27 June Barrow, Alaska After it was 100' or more from the nest site, The bird flew a short distance giving a partial whinny (trill) - landing - running off. in a more normal posture - which he kept up for about Three aer- lengths before flying around & leading back in the vicinity of its nest. Another bird leader flushed from the nest near 5.4 - flew across the nearby pond - in a distracted flight - head forward tail sprigs shallow wing beats appearing and the bird was fluttering across the ground - but this time - it was in the air - 3-1' over the pond. In the evening, 1 display was heard in the distance - during the evening a Pt. Barrow ridge. 25 June Only 3 displays (incl. - 3 und frees orbs - no knee) after dinner my 2 hour walk from Britten to Uoth Area. No counter-singer was singing; perhaps even 3-4 displays were avoided by me - in approaching nest. Nest #3 & 5 were still present; no bird was meditating but egg were warm. # 4 & 6 were gone & There was no sign of adults in vicinity.

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Holmes, JR 1967 Erolia alpina 28 june Barrow, Alaska The displacement - disturbance note - give who the bird is flushed from the nest or from feeding is a drily + bruggy - fleet or cheat. Also give by c distraction-display bird on a (orho) is Parawam, in nest. Nest #2 not TIII in steel present; both birds were Denevitz. 29june A total of 3 birds seen between Wohlseblo & Oolepita Flough. No displays were heard. 30june Warm, clear day with lots of mosquitos - but no displays were heard. Three birds well seen on Decircuit from B.R. - gasoline R.), Wohlsechly flory - to N.S. R. - Camp Nest #3 - incubating 8? - who jumped off the rest - flew low to No - (under 200' away - never returned while I was near the nest (2min). Nest #5 - 8? flew off the nest who flew 50' avay - flew low over foreground - setting wings in V + trilling. Finally, it landed (-wings folded quickly with the body - not held up) - trilled again, ran a few feet with head forward - but not - free, rocket run posture - stopped jam still again + 8 flew off - gave 1 min free hover 15' away. When I moved to the nest, it came in slow + gave a fluttery flight with wing out to the side - fluttering at the fundera - the same rocket run - Ben (or)

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Holmes, J? 1962 Erolia alpina 30 June Barrow, Alaska (2) Flight - over trail. 2 eggs. I was were pipping. 1 July - Nest #2 with 4 eggs - no pipping - I left nest when I was 60' away - trilled & landed 20' away - never came closer. Nest #5 - 8 flew off when I was 100' away - trilled over - landed. - 1 from 1 1/2' cut 1 cup, 2 - cup, 1 egg - no pipping yet. (1328). The 8 stood away giving an occurring rat, rat, rat - or - BREEET alarm a disturbance note. No other birds or displays seen here today. 2 July 1960 - Nest #5 - 3 young + 1 egg just beginning to hatch [i pipped]. 8 flew off - gave tree - (landed - continued wet the rat, rat, rat.... - see p.37 2 July All nest - plot trees wannigan were active were being incubated. For more passerines localizer: The plot - but nest were not yet located. - See census sheets. Distraction displays Nest #9: when 10' away - The bird flew up toft - 1-2' off the ground - (landed 160' to 180') - gave trill just before landing. Stood there + gave Sweet rat-rat - Sequencer 2 The fleeoff given trill - several times. This event seems happened earlier when I went by with camera.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 35. 2 July Barrow, Alaska Nest #10. Bird left nest while I was 100' away flew S. south, utlenin several hills (3) - not seen down next two minutes Nest #8. - Bird flew off when I was 50' away - flyng low to S - landed at 76' - no bill given - bird not heard until 2mm- away, where it gave The B:FEFP - alar note. Nest #7. Flushed off - with wings flapping & loud squawk call given - when I was 6' away. Flushes off. Half flying, half- running - looking both over the shoulder.- The taking flight across the pond - still maintains a partial clubtail just with tail depressed & partly spread. landed on the side in roebuck pattern - rant wound - stood upright for ral-ral-rol- The ran off, rock- through - followed me for 10' - several ral-rols as 8mm notes. Call NOTES These seem to be two primary alar notes - which may be given a different pitch? ) ral-ral-ral... - aggressive or offensive note given when my bird is suffered for treatment & stones, to defend itself. Some

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 37. 2 July Barrow, Alaska churring ear - almost as low + grating as alba + De at times - it may be high- pitched like variati. A certain amount of the variation is found in few individuals - but is more extreme + slightly more noticeable between individ. 1 July - continued. At nest #5 when I returned at 1900 - two young + 1 piping egg were: The nest cap - 1 young had moved off. At this time - There was no evidence of the egg-shell fragment which must be removed within hour after hatching. 3 July A Q was collected on Beach Ridge - Near The Black Box (due So. of AACS) - with 3 collapsed follicle + love ab 7mm - Apparently having one more egg to lay. A family group of 2 Adults (♂ + ♀) + at least 2 two-day old young were noted No. 57 UPHS Area. The ♂ & ♀ (which were collected). The Q continued to swi As val val - vol or in creasing BZEEET - as she flew excitedly from 1 place to another - Then as we drove off - As were she followed for twenty five hundred yards. egg-laying

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Holmes,R 1962 38. Erolia alpina 4 July Barrow, Alaska Nest #2 checked - a bird flew off when I was 40' away, flew low over the Tundra, landing 25' away - giving the nasal-trilled alarm not rat, rat, rat - when can begive - several pitches - sometimes as high as a sound like yel, yel, yuak. - They usually come in 3's but occasionally sequence up to 6+7 were heard. Suddenly a group of 8 birds were present - They may have been a flock or neighbor pairs & soon lost and / disappeared but - since they were surrounded by these birds. One & - suddenly began to give a distraction display - with wing spread, out too to the side & moving away from me - slowly. A 8 next to be - trilled - lifted head + both wing-tail in about normal position - trilled again & walked behind this displaying bird. Suddenly another 8 nearby raised one wing (not quite - most) toward the other displaying individuals - but its feet was partially lowered & pectoral slightly spread - The head look held low - beak trilled moved forward to apparent courting best info

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Holmrs.R 1962 Erolia alpina 39. 4 July Barrow, Alaska The latter flew off. Perhaps this flock of birds consisted 1 no. females who were sufficiently motivated to perform courtsy antics - One as possible - since some birds are still laying eggs. The pair at the nest fiercely begged me slowly cautious forward the nest site - when I then moved a - feeling. However, every off - We would run up a stop if I moved figure 1 till. Mm kills were noted this morning in Ours are - That any when a bullet cock (20-25 kills - in 15 minutes). One high display heard - when a high under bird (not a queen, was) for several long drum out trills. - Nikwam was heard. Vest Labrador 2 eggs. apparently two young were in the vicinity of R.B. #3 - 8 flew off nest, when it was 100' away- landed 50' away - giving rat, rat, rat calls After landing, intermingled with a BEEP. Two young were found within 1' distance - or never proboffs nearby. Mere have looked with lat 24 hours

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Holmes,R 1962 Erebia alpina 5 July Barrow, Alaska Nests all intact on Shroanb flat & vicinity. Few more were located - a nest with 8 eggs - one with 7-8 incubating. No sign of hatching yet. Nest #7 - 8 allowed approach to 20's'. The fledgling off at 8t Ls - injury flight - flying across pond - landing in a manner - the standing up from a polyptych & ral-raking several times. He followed us for 350' before starting to work its way back toward the nest Nest #8 - birds were off nest & moved into a flock of 4 - unsettled birds. Nest #9 - bird (8?) flew off when I was 6' away - flew low over the ground in a rapid flight - landed 60' away (at 8t Ls & one?) - sat in a hunched posture - gave several ral-ral. D. sapper Nest #10 - bird (9?) appeared < low rapid flight - landed 25' in nest - lurked 10' away - ran off in hunched posture - the stood erect - disappeared in brush - not seen again until I turned & headed away - then it led me off - while it was in a partly hunched posture

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 41. 5 July Barrow, Alaska Nest #14 - at south end of plot C. lay 1 low flat polygon - hidden by George-grass blades. - 2 meubating - flew off the nest when I was 20' away - Flying low & rapidly - landing 50' away - stood erect Giving 3 sequence of ral-ral-rab - then running off hunched over, - looking back over its shoulder, stopping - standing erect - one summerd again. Nest #15 - allowed approach to 40' - flew 50' at Rtl - landed - ran off i < rodent tree - after looking back - finally when-100' away - moved in a partly hunched posture - circling around + following me at the side for 200' curve. It flys off - from hill. Trill activity was generally up today. Two instances of kras-ing were recorded - on 1 these two by 3 with a very weak voice - given a high pitched kras ka-rad - . The cooled breath & your beard - at the feet and i display period - call. 26 Trills heard during Dec 6 hour on plot B - most [illegible] were in response to my disturbing the nest - the remainder were in response to other birds & probably represented the remainder of territorial activity. [illegible] Flock of 4 and 3 on Skroairik plots - apparently

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Holmes, P. 1962 Erolia alpina 5 July Barrow, Alaska unsettled & moving Through The area. The only call made was The Breeep. Sex could not be determined on these individuals— all appeared to be in the eclipse zone. FEEDING BEHAVIOR: During the month of June — it seems that the Dunlin kept to a dry, well- drained ground — usually in areas least prygons t/or grassy slopes. This is borne out by stonier contact work — since Triple larvae seems their major food item & these are apparently most common in these particular sites. Also — these areas are the 1st to be exposed — in spring, to dry out some, a pina-post sink. Fasts: By 20 June — The pond areas are getting up & The upper inches The sod are thawed — The birds seem to move with these areas & feed either along the pond edge or on the ridge that separates the ponds. This seems to hold through the present time. 6 July Nest # 17 — intact with 4 eggs — 8 incubating — Flew off when I was 100' away — Flew toward me & finally landed behind — to the right — The flystraws direct & with full belly beat. After landing, The bird went with a rodent run posture — 12" facing me — jumping & running away — all the while looking

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia alpina 43. 6 July Banow, Alaska Back to see if it was being followed. As I continued walking toward a nest - the bird dropped off. This disturbing posture was not seen or heard during the next 3 minutes. Apt Q was in the area. Nest #16. New nest located S.O. of B.R. - new nest #1 (Culled Sandpiper) - contained 4 eggs & 2 were incubating. - flew off Nest number 2 was 100' away - gave 3 short bursts. The bird + 2 bleeps+ landed in a hunched posture, giving a mouse-run display. Saw that distance - the dropped off into bushes - not to be seen for the remainder of the day. The immediate vicinity (25 mi) Wing-up display upon landing is a much reduced part of displays now. Only once was it noted yesterday - the bird after doing a usual display, kept its wings up for only 4 sec before lowering them. 7 July Hawk of 4 found N.O. of B.R. - NE of magnetic station - watched feed - no ammunition between them. Zero were collected + one had a band - R 137839, which was a bird

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 7 July Barrow, Alaska Abandoned last year - 7-13-61 as a clutch - in the locality north of Voth Area. The bird had well developed brood patches then- was breeding or has failed. FEEDING BEHAVIOR. - Predominant feeding acte was picking at the ground surface +/- vegetation - but occasional probes into grassy sod were made - see field notes shats. - more details in field section. During 2 hours I obtained plot #107 The - all 3 Dunki trills were heard. 8 July Several individuals seen along the grass slopes on the N. shore of Wotlssbog Slough. One nest (#16) was seen then - with 4 eggs + 6? incubating. No distinct display was given. At 8' a nest #12, also did no distinct display - only several fledge - or bumps. - Again 4 eggs were present. 9 July Skroavik ** The two nests near the Wannigan were gone - no sign of adults or young. [There were #9+10 - found a Jun 20th - with 4 eggs - 8? hatch expected at least by 10-11 July - ] Nest #7+8 on the plot were also empty - again no sign of adults or clutch - they probably hatched I have moved off. Nests #14+15 were still present [were been incubated. At#15 - The 9 did not

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Holmes,F. 1962 Erolia alpina 45. 9 July Barrow, Alaska Leave nest until I was 3' away + The Husband off is a low-bounce, injury flight stiffing at 20' - going into a rocket run pasture - running off - giving a loud irregular squeaking call. She did not return to the nest while I was present, but after [illegible] she was 60' away - sl & Negt & displacement feed.- At nest #14 - The P left the nest when I was 20' away. Flew off - landed 40' fs E - got several rat-rats - then flew off & gave 3 cries - Maui while a decarted wing [illegible] Two adults + 4 young were found near 12.3 - when a nest giving a stormy distractor display was observed 4 days ago. The young were banded. The P Aex- gave a very stormy distractive display - with wings out, tail depressed & spread + then flopping off over the tundra. When they did not deteres - he would run both in - & rocket run when 10 feet + 90

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 46 9 July Barrow, Alaska Flopping off again. The & stood by + gave the ras,-rab-ral call many times. She moved gon- durbat display t while we walked off - she ran & flew short burst- while the & gave short display. No other birds were seen on the plot. Occasional individuals were seen - The siphon around the lulu - but no more young could be found. Two displays were heard during the 4 hours on the plot [trills - with one short sequence of trills]. Dwindled calls were heard last evening to early the a.m. [2300-0200] - from the swanigan. 10 July Two broods encountered near VSH-Direct Area. One - with & attending - both 2 young - both banded - on 1 July at first #5 + now was 200 yards east/nearest &11 - seemingly they had moved more than 4 miles during the 10 days - also opport? 2 have been lost. The other brood consisted of The & (#1672) with 2 young - 600 yards WE 1 meet area - all were collected. Dead: One flock of 4 birds seen SE 7 miles past - feeder - the marsh [but - Posp-ridge - not proceed].

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia alpina 47. 10 July Barrow, Alaska Nest located on south slope. I meet poly - 60' NNE of panel - a flat grassy slope - 4 eggs - 3 incubating - gave no duetback- display - instead flew off at 60' [draw vi] - gave 2 trills & several squeaking calls - The male off feeding. 11 July Nest #12 - still intact yesterday - no bird was seen. Nest #16 - being incubated by 3 - left nest when I was 30' away - flew off 30' - gave brief trill & call. No family groups encountered - only birds seen were in Vah Bro - down slope - When 3 were found feeding in the dried- cut loc - polygyn area - feeding sites were taken. 12 July 1 display heard during the 2 hours. In plot + The concealed only of 1 brief trill. The only The birds seen were the bird & nest [2]. #14 - 3 left nest when I was 6' away - flown 1-2' off the ground - in shallow wing- beat (as like aerial display flight) - flew 400' feet before landing. Gave 3 brief flight - did not return during the next for minutes. - 5 eggs #15 - incubating bird flew for near When I was 4' away - gave an upper flight for 100' - into a momentary for 10'

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Holmes.R 1962 Erolia alpina 12 July Barrow, Alaska And the 100ft flight making a wide circle around the nest - landing about 200' away. No calls given except the squeak dim Migratory flight. While in flight - a long t. juice made a slight stoop toward the bird - at which time it dropped 5 feet for 1 altitude & increased speed. The LTT flown. In the afternoon - a group of 4-5 birds seen with one - leading away, in poly- porb & grassy interspaces. In 3 or birds also seen - but scattered through Dunes. 4 birds were collected - at least 2 km from Park & all were Q with well-defined Mr. patches - some of the were starting to be recaptured [with pin A]. Were there a float & for 'electro' nest chore or left over - a cheap young ? Only 1 full heard during the afternoon. One other brood was encountered in the marshy, polygynous ground 108' No. of Footprint Lake - Brown +8'. I gave a mouse run - followed it for a fluttering injury flight - the cormorant run again - kept coming back & running out again - gave shriek w/squeak call. "Schree" w/squeak. Stood off from nest's, a breeze. The injured run i open + great ducks, deeply. 48 [illegible] [illegible]

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erōliā alpina 14 July Barrow, Alaska Nest #12 was empty - a bird nearby was heard giving an alarm note - brrrpg - so the brood may have been off in the distance. I've seen new Eros - I collected no sign of young. The E was incubating at nest #16. It flew off when I was 28' away - flew low to the ground (1-2') - a strong flight, landed 40' away in an area of hypoliths - went running off through the ptys, through a hunched prairie. After checking the eggs - I walked toward the area & found a bird sneaking off - Short A. Tway - shaven, no birdland return. It gave the Tway alarm notes. #18 Nest #18 - 5? incubating - flew off when I was 25' away - gave two calls at it then flew over the ground - landing 300' away & began to feed. As it landed - it gave a partial wing flap - it tried to spread & it fluttered low to the ground - but no more display was observed. A flock of 9 - apparently willow warblers was seen No 1 North area in by Lowenburg. Most these were feeding. 49.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Eroha alpina 14 July Barrow, Alaska along Reprel edge and in Dr block mewels. Three (Three) were collected [#1637-39]. No family groups were under anywhere in field today. 16 July No display heard on the flat today. Only 1 nut was still present. The 8 left in nut when I was 10' away - by standing up - flew 4' settling with sweep in and - saw part of tree - r- floed off lawn - a ground, lands 10' away - from a short burst flight when One squealing could be heard. One stood upright - group 2 seen? Nah, nah, nah - spent alarm notes. A flock / 12 were seen 16' east ? In wannigan - feeding on the slope & among the pond ["lowlands"]. No other seen today. 17 July Flock of 8 found on beachridge - so. of ATCS 4 collected - see catalog. No young found today. Snow flock 1 dot was located by J.A. Fullmer near Vol Area. Then flock must be birds that have failed to bring off successful brood- since the earliest hatching was just a few weeks ago. On this coast be [illegible] reported numbers are taking off?

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia algina 51. 18 July Barrow, Alaska Pair + 1 young from nest 1 The Bear Ridge - in novel toward Central Marsh. The chick was about < week old. The only other encountered was 1 at Sand end /B, D - at nest #16 - where egg were still present. 19 July - Flocks present in the No. U.P.B. Area - Varying in number from 3-16. Probably total of 50-60 bird wall - no young seen. All those seen were faders, in or near the ponds in shallow water - block mud. Nest #18 near forest area still with 4 eggs. The incubating bird was off the nest when I got to the nest - but was standing nearby - giving no returns - no distraction display. During the 3 hours spent in the meat area - an aerial trial was heard once, but was given in a feeble way. The RB seems to be the only species which uses its trill as an aggressive note beyond the period of territorial defense. It is often given when the bird is startled or disturbed - with no other preliminary notes. The trill at the time of the season, however, is weaker and more variable in pitch than a full-bodied resonant trill during

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Holmes, R 1962 Erolia alpina 57. 19 July Barrow, Alaska early June. The calls are rare, given in display flight after 1 July + just once an undisturbed night - a type flypt, shot excited flypt, i.e. when disturbed from the nest + on ground. 20 July Flock of 13 or so at No. 1 Shroaik wammigan: feeding at pond edge + ridges inbetween. Nonesuch - no plat - but the bird a nest #14 was still incubating - 4 intact eggs. As I approached, the & stood up, fluted b' off ladders - gave till then flew off c low down flyt - lader 40' away - went a brief injury display + then fled c mouse M off Arryn (a fras [illegible]) - not to be seen in the ground for 3 remained / My time I spent them (several minutes). Nest #2 Per T-3A - No. 100 was rechecked + the two unhatched eggs were still there - when cracked - they proved to be infertile - just a mass of yolk + other material - no sign of embryo. Several groups of RB seen in No. 35 Ara - mostly feeding on the pond edge + a ridges inbetween. Nobody were but several were caught in traps (see catalog). STERILE EGGS

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Holmes, R, 1962 Erolia alpina 33. 21 July Barrow, Alaska Nest #18 which was present, being incubated - not piping - 14 July - 1330. - was gone Today at 1330. Hatching must have occurred yesterday - 20 July. - No birds were seen in vicinity. Only 3-4 Seals noted in the No. Off Area - on a block round pond. No other were seen between Area - Wobleckle Shore's head ways - except 1iver < Hill Gold Placers, on the south side of the lower ridge. 22 July Herds of 8 or 9 males are present along north of the Siberian Wannigan. This is the only group seen today. Inside 2 lakes with 1 chick in the north sect / Foggy Lake (8 yards from road shore) - The chick was collected. Only one parent dolphin singing with tail up & wrap out t/n down - No other birds - the 9 - stooer acted excited - gave the breezy call to over the rel, rel, rel - sequences. No squeal given by the distracting bird was a high pitched - bes-hee - given over- over again - as it flutters off through the grass in the lake bed. The nest (#14) at the southern end of the plot was checked. The 8? piped off when

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Holmes R 1962 Erolia alpina 22 July Barrow, Alaska Texas 25' away - gave two alarm notes (Beep) + landed - 30' off h. Notice The flight used when leaving D. nut was a shallow rapid wing beat similar to Pter Medi. aerial display - The bird min went over in 3' off the ground. It stood at our distance label I examine the nest - contained One alarm note & occasional 2 three- parted call. It flew again- about 100' circling me at the nest - landed r gave three bills - beedeek sad resemble, The bills fin during Pter. tentant display but weaker. The nest contained one egg- all white showed signs (piggery). - One probably would die out tonight - and the other three by tomorrow morning. 23 July large flock 1 North 87°7' + 99' in Mt. Tawalena near Ponds K+M [No. 1074]. The group was flushed & they all landed together (18+) - The scattered out as they began to feed. Body molt was not obvious. The gap by wings seems to be about closed. Note some 1st Secondary covert seen Feb 1962.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 24 July Barrow, Alaska Scouted N. VA. No meat plot & VA. stoyl - Only Duklin found were near the crevice ponds (5 H. 3 T) & here there was only a Group 1b. Some feeding records were taken - $1 food was collected. No young were found. Feeding seems to be mostly in the black mud ponds or in the surrounding tund ridge & grassy swales. Mud bird was found with a group I live on the west slope of the crevice ridge - but most could be found in upland locations. Mud 1b feeding is more by jabs - while probing r jab predominant in the mud. 25 July Found 1 & north of magnetic station - but She was acting as if she had young - & bypassed odorant trail call (bdence) - but they Were not found. Lake 1 Aa was found feeding in a black-mud pond - where the feeding action was to stone a bill 5-10cm into the mud - The root along for 4-5 inches - apparently trying to come across any larvae. When the bill was bent Stowed Angry! Animal - the head to 1/3 bill was jerked back & forth - made for a settling motion. The bird had seven chirp and chews in its stomach.

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina 36. 25 July Barrow, Alaska Two of the individuals were encountered feeding with a group of Goedele Flies in De Slope - east of B. Ridge. - They were collected. 26 July One flock (6) encountered east of lower insect ponds (F-T). They were all adults - showing no evident sign of body molt - all were feeding c. loose Group - with 15" feet apart. When hushed - the flies hopped & landed nearby. Once when four were feeding in a black-mud pond - they scattered the to the edge! The pond touched a tall grass. Swans seems late. A Lay-t. Gage came cruising over & moved on to De sand. After about 20 sec - the birds moved out to resume feeding. That feeding was done on a black mud - in water - where was "belly-deep" - when De bird probed at the mud surface - not usually not far into the mud (how what I could observe). Swans to the carpet beat was submerged! however three instars were probably deep probes. Feeding records were Taken from some [illegible]

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Holmes,R, 1962 Erolia alpina 57 27 July Barrow, Alaska Now see new Quaas Glos, but day was cold, wet & very windy - resulting in very little bird activity. 28 July Flock of 40+ found feeding on Elson Bluffs - half way between Widdischlag & Obeyite Sloughs. Sex ratio seemed about equal. The two birds collected - 1♂, 1♀ - had loose mantle patch + 1st D were meeting - in all areas. The feeding method / the birds was predominantly a jab & then comelten with their stomach content - what Tupile lanae were The past beyond 1km. Only 1 other bird was found in As survey to Elson Lagoon + Obeyite - an 1st young, a distraction display - from which I expect we young - but they were not located. 30 July Flock of 6 found on well-draimed 'slope' habitat 400 yards east of De Bear Ridge - 1♂ then was a flying immature whose was down its feeding entirely by pecking at the surface - while the adults nearly were probing shallows (jabbing) - see Leedey records. Now 1st adult seemed to pay particular attention to this young bird. (Perhaps young birds peel

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Holmes, R 1962 Erolia alpina 38, 30 Jul, Banana Hawks until Their beaks are strong enough to probe into The heavily marked & thick rooted soil. (?) 31 July Three found over 3 Black-bellied Plowers - feeding in the wet polygon area - N.E of decomposed magnetic staiti - see feeding seeds. One bird was found to probe in the black moss — probably, after fly larvae. 1 Aug 5 Adults seen in the N. Vth - wet polygon area - feeding on the low ridge between pools. No other notes between Dev - S. and 1 Footprint Lake - Vth marsh - inset area - Brothers Area. Also the number in the N. Vth area has decreased by 4 fold during the last week. N.W. Demake seen. 2 Aug None seen in N.E. Vth or inset Area 3 Aug One Adult & with 1 flying immatures - in wet polygon area S. of Wohlschlag. Young was feeding in black mud & see feeding trials & Adult remained on the low inter-polygonal ridge - feeding most of time but also keeping a close eye on me & on the feeding chick. Every so often - it gave a weak version / The trice - pram - when unseen, made The

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia alpina 3 Aug Barrow, Alaska immature stop feeding & look around - then it would usually resume feeding. - No young bird was collected. Only another bird of the species noted (18el 8?) - which was in the same area - otherwise none were seen between camp & Oolipil slough. 4 Aug Only two seen NORTHERN edge - where we crossed. Three hours in search for more of the species (2nd.). 5 Aug Were seen near Beach Ridge - ESN Lagoon area. 6 Aug Large numbers encountered today in several localities. A group / 3 cows first noted - about 200 yards S or E of garden ridge - these were watched & feeding actually needed. - nearly all feeders were seen due in low-cut poly bough ridge - with occasional periods spent at the wet pool edge. Later a group of 15 was found & The me of 1P - (part 1 of 1st group may be smaller here) - 50 between garden & 1000yds away - there were about 30+ birds. All 1P were adults - some in seemingly poor summer plumage. - 2 3/4 inch winter dress.

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erolia alpina 6 Aug. Barrow, Alaska In the afternoon - the bleep-call mate was heard frequently while I was doing the obs. counts, & the < first /14 was found near Pond-k - again all adults in varying molt stages - 1 Koll.. Another flock of 8 was feeding in the gravel pads near Britta's Area + 1 immature (coel.) was feeding nearby - 1st we seen in days. All the influx - seems to indicate that birds are in the more or less have just moved in here - whereas the local enduriduas have already left - probably with few young having been produced this year. The birds collected today were not very fat - & all were smothing (although one bird molted halfway & one feather growth complete - the remainder were worn red). 12 Aug One flock of 25 seen on the flat grasslands (very low polygons) so. 1 Voth Area. all were adults, in varying stages of molt. When returned for dropping Sullivan Next XI + XIII - I could not locate them- apparently they are moving rapidly. A group 14 adults was found 400 yards west of Voth's mare (near ditch) -

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia alpina 61. 12 Aug Barrow,Flords. But there were too edgy to get close. Later-mm cooed to located in the No. VIII Area - during 1 hour cruising. On the way in a flock of 16 was encountered near the east end of insel ridge. 3 were collected. Feeding seems to be in low drained polygon or slope localities. The birds are in flakes or probably moving while around the local area - or more likely through the local area. 13 Aug - A flock of 12 adults encountered before The two Meadow lakes a little south of again On return - 3 collected. Feeding in wet polygon sites - small content yields mostly [illegible] Tipule. About 400 yards south gasoline ridge - a flock of 30 adults - again feeding in "slope" habitat - 1 collected - group was shy & would not allow close approach - would stay together when flushed - alarm note so still Rebrup. a family group 1 an adult 87 + 2 just flying - still downy-headed young was found 20 yards so./ gasoline. Your gun usual clamor mate & the adult acted excited but did not give any distraction display. No Pm except 2 gm encountered as hundreds & collected. See who are this morning.

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Holmes, R 1962 Eroli\ alpina 62. 13 aug Barrow, Alaska In the p.m. - one was seen heard in The No. 14th - Street Podge area with 6 immatures + 4 adults were present at Britton's Gravel ponds - also, with several mares. Immature-collected- had primaris chironomid larvae in its stomach - no molt as yet. 14 aug 10 immatures, 2 adult at Britton's Gravel Ponds - no indication of family grouping, 4 immatures along fresh lake - 3 collected - all beginning post-juv. molt - but this is not visible externally yet. 15 Aug Only adults seen between carp. vch - Footprint + shovel - FTP - gosling - Dens Refer - near Thorner near Goshen Bridge - all feeding together. Two immatures were feeding at the muder edge of a large lake So. 1 goshen (in canyon with 15 km R.P.). Three mares were feeding in an identical habitat on the west edge (N. Meadowlake) + 4 were along fresh lake. NB adults were in attendance. It seems - in general - that most members have moved toward the coast & are now along the lagoons & gravel pond areas. A few are still inland in private polygons & around the large lakes.

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Holmes,R. 1962 Erolia alpina 16 Aug Barnes, Harker One group of 2 and 4 in the area NE of the magnetic station - two were used for flying feeding operations. Free flying immatures - independent /or adults were also noted. Later afternoon - 3 immatures were in the gravel ponds near Britton's Area + 4 more scattered along the edge of Sour Salt Lagoon. At the south end /the lagoon - a flock of 16 Adults meeting individuals were found feeding on a sandy lake edge (sand) were standing in "bubbles" depressions and were clustered together - while 8-10 immatures were seen out in usual moult feeding behavior. 17 Aug - Flock /7 Ad. in No. 1 Area - feeding with polygons troughs & ridges. 18 Aug - Groups of 8 on muddy north salt lagoon - in company with mauri, + Limnodromus scolopaceus. All were adults same in terminal molt stages. Two immatures were seen later along the same lagoon - they were not accompanied by adults. Near Brant Pt., a flock of 6 adults was found - feeding in the port Cove marsh - where feeding was mostly by jabs. No immature seen in this area - but halfway back

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Holmes,R 1962 Erola alpina 18 Aug Barrow,Alaska To the beach ridge 2 were found feeding in the wet polygon-habitat. The adults seen near Meotis lobe - 3 immatures along Fred Lobo! just south of APACS (collected). 19 Aug Approx. 40 immatures + 1 Adult seen - In ponds along Elson Lagoon - halfway between The Point & The Duck Camp. Most of the imm's were spread out all through the area - but one flock of 12 was noted. The adult was associated with one of the flocks; it was not for wh molt - the black patel being nearly intact. 20 Aug 1 Adult + 1 immature seen together in Britton's Gravel Ponds - The adult was collected. No others were seen - No volt - Volt ment - VOA - Fortymount & East to Gasoline area. 21 Aug Trip to Ootepik & return. Two flocks of immatures found - 168 (3 coll.) - feeding in the wet, low-center polygons & 1410 - Eared & The Fertile Plate - where they were feeding, in dry - low polygon (3/4x). A mixed flock / 4 imm (1 coll.) + 12 Ads (1 coll) was feeding on the "slopes" - in the south side. 1 Wobbly flock - 8-10 Golden Plover were also associated with this flock. One group of 10 - along with 15 Golden Plover

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Holmes,R 1962 Erolia alpina 65. 21 Aug Barrow,Alaska was feeding on the north slope. The breed singly - near the 4 barrels (100ft) + 1 flock of 5 was found 200 yds - S.W. of the Fertile Plots - in low-lying polygons ('sip') Thulep - The birds are still here - flats in the tundra - adults & immatures are generally separated. 22 Aug - Dave see - in No. U.A.- Wared - Britton Area. 23 Aug Flock of 13 in the British Gravel Land - While none were seen yesterday - so apparently these groups are moving! A flock of 8 adults was found near the Wannigan at Shroaik - now there were many complete flocks - i.e. still had large block areas on the belly, etc. - I call. - Also - all were apparently 537. No flown sun today - but 2 or 3 pairs were heard S.O. the Wannigan - & The birds are still - The Tundra. 24 Aug Several lone individuals immatures and 1 flock of 16 were seen on the Gravel (near) The Point (Halfway). One adult - nearly in complete fall dress - was collected from near the flock of immatures. 25 Aug B.R.-C.m-Wold - Eisa-ookpik - gauliz - Green R- B.R.-AIZ'. The only Dunlin seen today were in the S. Gashin River area - where

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Holmes,R 1962 Eroha alpina 25 aug Barrow, Alaska a flock of 7 immature + 3 lone individuals were found - feeding along the wet sand edges. Two were associated with m. Limnodromus. The adults, were seen on the south side of the beach ridge - near the gull line - all three showed at least half of the black belly - but some molted. It seems that most of the adults have departed - except for small groups + lovers - where, as immature are still here (or are moving through) + there are congregating - mostly all on shore or gravel parts (adjacent) In the afternoon - a group of 14 immature + 1 adult were in gravel pit - near Britha's Area. 26 Aug 6-8 immature in Britha's Gravel Area -several heard near the float plan - layer & I saw flying over Gull Lake. Some Hail / Starlings (mostly Phalangia, I believe) were seen along the Sandsprut layer - SW of Point Lay - some I then appeared to be Dunlin - but not identified, not positive. 27 Aug 2,2,2,3,1,2 - immature seen south

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Holmes,R, 1962 Eroli again 27 Aug Barrow, Alaska 1 Gasline Ridge + 2 were mo. 1 De broad ridge - near the 4 barrels. One adult was seen south 1 Follen Ridge + 2 Whinnies - were also heard in this area - the fruit for many days. Only 1 immature seen near Brittan's Grand Bonds + 3 come a truck lake. The herds have certainly diminished + now there scattered groups (2+) + maybe may be just stragglers.

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F.A.P. 1962 Calidris alpina Barrow, Alaska © Sept 1 ♂ jnr. light fat. 61.5 Molt advanced, center virtually white, with only scattered general (spotted) feathers. Numerous A-D's as well as E's present. Forward, A-C's reaching through cervical region to lower throat. Dorsally, grey prevailing. A-C's reach to lower neck. Some fully grown winter feathers + A-D's on scapular tract. ② " ♂ jnr. very light fat. 55.3 Molt stage early. A-C's scattered on abdominal and chest regions; upper chest + forward inactive; A-C's on back + scapular, grey evident superficially only in scapulars. No activity on upper back + forwards. ③ " ♀ ad. light fat 70.5 Molt active, breeding plumage showing only scatteredly on both center + dorsum. A-E's present not only on body, but on neck & head as well. Wing molt complete and secondaries except for inner under C-S-C's, which are C-D's. Tail molt complete. ④ " ♀ ad. very light fat. 67.1 Similar to ③, but less advanced, old feathers present on head, especially on neck, scatteredly in back + venter. A-E's over entire body, head + necks, new plumage prevailing. Upper tail

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FAO 1962 Calidris alpina Barrow, Alaska @ 18 Sept. ♀ juv. light fat. ova < 1 mm. 61.4 juvenile plumage on body underlain by A-C's on ventricle, and A-B's on dorsum along entire tract up to lower neck region. No molt on head or upper neck. ⑥ " ♀ juv. light fat ova < 1 mm. 60.6 Limitedly (by comparison with a) A-C's present on saddle region of dorsal tract and on lower chest and upper abdominal regions of ventral tract. © 4 Sept ♂ juv. light fat teats faint 52.2 Body molt already a. On dorsum, molt extended along entire tract up to lower neck. New feathers A-E, some fully grown scattered among juvenile feathers. Also A-E's among scapular feathers. Along ventral tract, mostly A-B's, some C's form areas up to lower throat. ④ 1 Sept ♀ juv. moderate fat ova < 1 mm. 70.1 Body molt as in a, in general. A-B's in dorsum, mainly in saddle area. A-E's on scapular tract. A-B's along entire ventral tract up to neck. a, b taken month of Wohlodlag Slough; c taken Fresh Lake; g-h taken Meadow Lakes

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Holmes, R. 1962 Erolia alpina Molt Banaw Alaska Primary molt - #1,2,+3 seem to molder almost simultaneously with #4 not far behind. 5 is late in starting #1622 - Secondary covert molting - #1 = 1/2 c #2,3,4 = 3/4 c #5 = A 6,7 = m 8 -> O #1640. The upper wing coverts are fawn colored along the small - cobalt. The undercovert coverts are now mostly in pins. Specimen preserved in alcohol. Primary - upper covert - follows the primary molt - i.e. #1-8 are molted - but #9+10 are not

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Holmes,R 1963 Calidni alpine 25 may Barrow, Alaska -First seen by Mulla on this date - not see on 23 may. 27 may An individual seen and well-behaved near Elsin Wohlschlag - feeding in grass-edge area and bluffs. Five other individuals noted Note! One location - both feeding. Three and one individual lifted its head and gave the trill which normally accompanies the alpine display. The provocation for these outbursts are unknown. 28 may None seen or heard in drum area - nor Barrow - Wohlschlag locale. Just note 1 Ookpik (sloop) - 2 seen flying (Chuwing?) , Landing - the last with wings held up for half second. One flew off and gave the full aerial song - with kraan on the hill. Lark, a chase with 3 birds involved - ? 29 may Two seen south / ookpik - chasing - appeared to be area-conflict. The chaser continued to follow behind the other until a certain point, at which it returned and flew north along the bluff. No others seen or heard along Elsin Wohlschlag. None seen or heard in evening on BR, near Wohlschlag - near Elsin Wohlschlag.

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Holmes, R 1963 Cohorn's alpme 2. 30 may Barrow / Alaska one feeding on Voln Creek bluffs. Fwry he flew short distances & gave the bill as he landed (also wings were held up). 31 May: 1 feeding between Wolf-toot-pik sloughs,- 3 south lookpik. All were wary & would not allow close approach. When one landed after being flushed, it kept both wings above its head slightly flared out & vocal- whilst it gave a whining (=trill). This was the only display activity noted. [illegible] 1 June Two feeding together between Wolf-toot-pik- no where seen - nor heard - These Birds are very scarce so far - Some there are laying nests along Elze Bluffs, where we now exposed & very few Dunlin. Two seen together on Voln's bluff- no displays.

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Holmes,R 1963 3. Colian's alpura 2 june Barrow,Alaska Three chasing on large open potel southvillage shovel. One saw "across" trill from ne ground- alone - with no other care. Forseen no.1 ookipih shogzy - 8" landed. -watched forward & with left wing held vertical, trill 45°z - not spread - in fast boohet finked- giving lay-trill (but not the loud, rumpy, descending- - pld me give whoa - Doris was veloted even after a soft. As De & stood there, he lofted his other wing + jumped and he bold where he stood for about 3osec. with his wings fluttering. looked up + bill slighty up- giving a soft - mygola (minute) trill. After Doris, she moved (our 7sypt) - he stayed within 2" & Dord Doris was an attempt at regulation. - If the fluttered 11 to De sick + landed about 6" away. His wing even held up + flung fluttered for about 1osec before lowering them into Nirdy pos. B. Both birds were fleding.

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Holmes, R. 1963 C. alpina 4 2 june Barrow, Alaska In aerial display, bird here as rapidly beating wings, giving churring or crower note - then breaks with the loud, rising, descending - in-potd hill & u-drag so, Then loses altitude, then when crown resumes, he angles up & gains altitude to about 50' - The pulse chops, etc... When beating wings are held near the ventral for about one second. In one case, two 8" - well (fled) about 3i years - one studied tool flight - (aph 5") - sit wing, sliding into area of another & giving, The loud call - The tool flight In second case, trailing seemed the main call given by the appear. 3 june Only bird seen along this part 1 wolves were 2 that were chasing at the mount wolves club - They flew off to the south along the bluff & did not return to first area - is nomadic. These note was an irregular sharp creases - The loud field where became abrupt up-pitch while the birds were in flight. A flock (6-8) seen halfway to Ooligah (1km (weld)) + at the junction/

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Holmes,R 1963 C. Olga 5. 3 june Bannu, Alaska Oolpik - A love group / 8 birds - 3? as far as riverbed - were found. From this group, 2 + sometime 3 birds would chase around the exposed tundra - mixed group (a sleeve close note & Oulhill - alternately. A number of these birds were collected - see catalog. 4 june "Pair" seen chasing near north level ridge, just west 1 magnetic station. Several other individuals - which seemed to be members of a love flock - of males - Some chasing was noted (sweet Oolpik, some heard - Then were all between Wolf & Oolpik Stouglas - It seems that the lady - among single OPs were not here this year - except for a very few - it seems just 2 I collected - seen during the last 2 days, flock / OPs in port coming in-to B. Fundra. 5 june Several heard in Britta & U.P.H.S area + along Voth Creek. The birds seem to be spreading out on B. tundra now - Since many areas are opening up.

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Holmes,R 1963 C. alpina 5 June Barrow, Alaska Fork 14 (5"30-2 Nelveie) just south / (Wilus Sip. Area - along Elsmaygon. Levelbed-) no displaying seen heard in this area. No. 1 The block top polygon - pair was found. No 2 walked in a half. Ninebed pasture giving a dry, trill note: mrrch, mrrch,... (Trill at first - then on the - Men was continued for 3 minutes - while be performed a brief pretsonger - when he sat into a dyspnea (mice Pher or both singers) turned around 3-4 times, maris breathed in and out - he stepped out. Twice since there was. See 2 minute - in different spots. But in this case, he just squawled into a dyspnea - the moved again. No 2 was 50' away feeding. After their scrapings - the call described above began high - in pitch + was the "alarm" call: rel-rel-rel. No 1 was shot; No 2 flew off but returned landed about 3 feet from me - gave several squeaks rel, rel, rel - shot at - missed

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Holmes,R. 1963 C. ophrys 5 Jun Barrow, Alaska flew off but returned again (to the F - who had not moved since first shot) + the time he was mortally wounded. 6 June Several aerial displays were seen near Worth Area & along vellage slough - all brown turgid were in pairs - no flocking- A NEST with 4 eggs was being incubated by the F; the M was in the vicinity + formed the F at a distance 40 yds from the nest; the M went on to give an aerial display. - The nest was located 10 yards west village slough on the side of a large (5 acre) open area - The cup was located in sparse grass-sedge, it was lined with wet lichens, moss, & cut grass blocks. The pinnufin was 16" deep + 2 had trouble staking. A SECOND NEST with 4 eggs the F incubating found 30' east of Voth Road - 100 yds. south of Britten's Area. Located on low flat, grass-sedge covered polygon. Nest lined with cut grass. & flushed off when I was 30 yds away, flew low over the tundra for 10', landed + picked at ground several times + watched as it approached

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Holmes.R. 1963 C. alpea 6 June Banae, Alaska No nest; she gave no call or distraction display. She returned to the nest very soon after 1 minute away. Several pairs / clinker seen between Birkar Volk areas & display were heard from a distance. The breaking was seen at 12 in 7 sa - approx 2/Sec. 7 June Several displays heard - Elsa bluff - + 1 nest cup display seen - where 3' settled into cup after giving the dry full note described pge 6: The E was only 3-4 inches away - "looking" at the D. After 10 sec, both birds moved away feeding. Six displays along Von bluff. 8 June A chorus a village flat bluff - little pair - call not heard. One display bird met Elsa - 1 displaying bird collected a non-stone & wobblingly flew. 9 June 2 pairs seen between Fertilin prot + Muck Creek - both feeding in Sireel (line 10' dia, off 20' dia) patch exposed Tundra. Birds flying down for aerial display - set wings a sharp V & glider for 50' towards the ground, Jerry runn-tub - He landed

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RTH 1962 S. opeiae 9 June Barrow, Alaska (for 2 hrs) Begun both wmp at vertical. Then lowered as wing. Dem Drifts, 2hrs. Later. Man went off downriver again. Our signal appeared for 1 bird by 1-od hen + the huts cleared. 10 June Nest #2 destroyed by vehicle! - all 4 eggs were crushed - no sign adults. This has occurred sometime in the last 2 days. No bird seen hear near Britta's Area. One display heard in Voth Area - very little display activity, The morning - by our bird species. One heard at south end of Mead ridge - very little activity in the evening. 11 June Several displaying a gasline ridge - but have never seen a bird - Meadridge. None seen - Mead ridge in afternoon. - War came and heard in 1st Bluff Area. 12 June One bird displaying a cement plot - removed. - N, wrote Seen. None seen or heard in the RACS area. Birks really seem to be lacking this year - no floats - no evidence. Birds move through - either as floats or passes.

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Holmes,7 1963 C. alpina 15 June Barrow, Alaska Very few tundra census plot - see census sheets. One nest located ne stole 15.2- with 4 eggs + inc. ? bird (sex?). The egg had a lighter background color with dark red-brown spot on the pointed - brownish spots at the round end. It was located in the center of a 30' diameter flat, typical physa - could not miss, below only stunted grass. All eggs were conspicuous for about 10 sec. for blades of grass covered them. Display activity was at 11:00am fodder - 11:00am? One 15 acres display heard 6:30am - the plot. Only 1 pair encountered - travel skourt, 16 June Pair collected south / John Area - in the middle of egg laying. Wing molt noticed yesterday. Displaying? + one specimen collected today Hood cat puma? 1+2. Again, there seems little display activity 17 June Again, there was very little activity on a census plot. Another nest located ne 13.3 - with 4 eggs - Dementation birds jumped if the nest within 20' away, went fluttering & bouncing over the tundra, giving a high-pitched squeal.

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R 74 1963 C. alpina 17 June Barrow, Alaska Nest located on edge 28' polygyn - in Clump of grass, which was surrounded by mossy lichen. The eggs were 40% covered by over- hanging grass. No bird was displaying in the immediate area. Nest count was one bird near 10.4. A nest was located 10' SO / Stake 4,02 Trophy 6 - Beeler Key. Pitfall trap. - Incubating bird - jumped off a nest + flew 30'. Could not see eggs while egg's sweet book- giving the louder singing bird is heard &. - 4 eggs - located - grass-polygyn (1') - eggs - 57% covered - cup-grass block - lined. Very little display activity was heard in the evening. Two male songs from birds along the beach ridge. 18 June 2 Nests (#6 + 7) - 1 hour SE 1 South's alt (apt) are 20 yds south of the lagoon - both had 4 eggs & 87% were incubating. One (#6) was on a tall ledge - covered polygyn- eggs 96% covered. #7 was in tall grass - 70% covered, eggs 19 June Bird hard to locate in breeze ridge - Never a pair found - trap near SE 1 Mox. Stotia - no nest -

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Holmes, R. 1963 12. C. alpina 19 Jun Danny Heuble scrappy display. First the♂ scuffed ink the up & high turning with his breast pursed & the north / the up of the white under-tail coverts being very conspicuous - the♀ walked (almost a run) towards him, he stopped out 1 place & she stepped in & began rotating. The♂ stood about 3" away with no speed gesture. Both then took flight - the♂ gave 3 turns & a stiff beating wrigg + an out-his-wing at a sharp V, slid 20', giving the loud rising trill. (The bird was flying low - over maybe 6' above ground). The♀ followed behind the♂ & as he finished his roll & landed, she let her wings in a V & flew to a tree - which was not a long way from the same great quality. Then, 9.9 mg fur sample same over as the♂ - However, I have never seen for collection. I - a known flight display. One other pair located to east 1 beachside, 10" and no live patch was collected.

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Holmes, R. 1963 C. olgina 13. 30 June Barrow, Alaska Nest with 4 eggs inc. ? - on flat grass, Sedge pftins - Bird south VOR circle, Birds East / Orwell road. - In tall grass where one egg - 80% protube. The ? did not give duck. Slightly suprflue off nest - flew - loved hill (while at mirigo) to landed - 6' away. The birds were stocky bird and having slightly stubby bill with yellow white beak shaped V-shaped wings. They best encountered in the evening - west of meadow lake - collected. 21 June Nest 49 - 8' W. (cabbage road [just so]) Trapezine 3A - with 4 eggs & inc. bird. Nest - tall sedge - small mounds - eggs Some 70% covered by overhanging vegetation (Nest #10 - a plot (new 3.3) - 89 vic. - jumped off nest & flew in the long "bump"; flight W. of pond 4 pm - Picked up proton, numbered - stuffed parts - Jerry De Wanasse hyp. protein speed notes. - 4 eggs with 403 Cave - a small polygon, caves with moss & grass nearby - Cry was heard with Mock quail-like

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Holmes, R. 1963 C. Alpinia 1/4. 21 june Barrow, Alaska Display activity was extremely low - only I and 8-0 (or any kind) I these noted. 6 displays we heard during Thours - 1st plot. Nearly all the nest have been stumbled on to acerentraeal - since the birds aren't seen until flushed. 22 june As noted above, chasing elks 8-0 - 9-0 has rarely been seen this summer. Only occasional display are heard. Nest # 11 - 30' E of Gouwell lake - 300 yds north 1 footprint lake - On small moss/lichen covered polygons - scattered flavenny heads / Dog around eggs giving only 59, cover. The nest was only scantily lined with grass blades. Display a brood ring - same 7 kraa's in 5 sec + 15 in 10 sec with a pause inbetween. The 40 sec krass followed by a 3 sec hell, 5 crans, 2 sec hell, 2 min 1 kraa's - followed by a large discordant hell 15 sec. Total song was Our lasted 2 min - 20 sec. - the bird we sensed, keeping both wings at vertical for about 1 sec before lowering them into normal position.

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Holmes,R 1962 C. alpina 23 June Barrow, Alaska Checked the area of Voth bluff - south east of the Caveater site - where C.B.'s were fairly common last year. One km - one was only one bird (probably a pair located here) further no display activity was recorded. 24 June None seen in Insect areas. - west of Voth. 25 June [illegible] display activity at a census plot today. Two birds who flushed from nests were killed. One display heard off Ne plots; No flusher - no chasing. Another nest (#12) located on plot - NE south end - with 4 egg time. 80%. No distraction display. Nest located in a cup (which was used last year (Stake was still in place)). - eggs: 80% Covered by nearby grass. 26 June One bird on Elson removal plot - could not be collected. A pair located at south end / level ridge - No Giver, collected 'she had just laid (and he first egg.' - No display. Seen a bird In the afternoon - pair was encountered Elvok - 9 (with very short beak) were collected; Nest remained close by for a minute or so - but was out of gun range. - She had developed eggs, but none have been laid (at least

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12 Holmes 1965 E. aspina 26 Jun Barrow, Alaska recently - yet she had a fully developed WC patch - including vascularity - Cull follicles were not in evidence. Thus, M. was probably a second clutch whose owner about to lay - the first may have failed. 28 Jun One bird found south brood ridge - on the gasoline collector. It was a F - with well-developed patches. Once calm flushed - she looked in 'every' - held every up for several a half sec - Then lowered them. A 3 was collected near the insect patch - the afternoon. The call not breech - we flew after her as wounded it as I approached him. 29 June Almost no display activity or reconscript Today - but 18 min 5,4 was seen - post-script + aerial display. As the bird is in the air giving the aerial churning - he quivers an outstretched wings for about 5 sec, then there is a very brief pause - whereby wings are held in a down-curve position & the bird glides There are turns above. The bird will continue a quivering sweep for periods up to 1 minute - but the pauses are usually more frequent.

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Holmes, R 1963 29 June Barrow, Alaska While churring, the posture is such that the bird is tilted slightly upwards the head is held [illegible] even higher, tail is spread partially. In quivering - the bird is actually hovering. But usually progresses forward & upward slowly. At times, he may move considerable distance (he covers an area / several acres) for about 3-5 minutes. The bird at spirals up but usually faces into the wind when in one position for any length of time. This churring posture is then interrupted by periods when a loud, descending trill is given. At these times, the bird sets its wings above a horizontal plane , glides down gently for 3-5 sec - giving the trill. It may then go out to pound a flap several times, gaining altitude & then resume the quivering wing display. In the downglide - the black belt, belly is more conspicuous in the bird been put forward, head & wings up & the black belt is most impressive. The throat further accentuated by the contrast with the white under

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Holmes, R. 1963 E. alpina 29 June Barrow, Alaska Wing lining. The bird then lands - "well, fast" - the wings are held up at the height of ½ to 2fe before lowering. Occas. on the ground - The bird will raise one wing board and the bird of any speed or toward me + wave it both forth slightly - but not to the degree found in Bairdii. The "glide" posture is also used in another way - as the main return for aerial herring. The bird when feeding on the ground may suddenly take flight - using a swift wing beat to a height of 8-15 feet - then set its wings in a V - usually sharper than that described previously - V. The bird Glides back to the ground. During the glide fast sink — slide on up-held wings The bill is quite. This last display may be a response to another Ric's boat nearby it would then be considered as a "weak" form 1 territorial advertisement. (The stronger territorial adv. would be the chase Avenue Herring). Following the glide I land may land with it every up. The resume feeding & it may level or take off in a chase or the chase may

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Holmes,R. 1963 E. olpivia 29 june Barrow, Alaska begin from the end / mi-glide - brA And switching to a fast flying pattern & taking off. After another bird Deaniel churr: is a low-pitched, relatively grating note, given cross- again continuously. At certain times, As the bird chirps & begins t churr - he well gave a high-pitched ch-ch-ch-yeh- then he turned with the trajectory (the same note given Deaniell recordings, which is followed by the trill). This trill note also is given on the ground upon disturbance. Another disturbance note is a trilled (musical quality) series - which is given emphatically. There is just a version of the "cael note". Today. a 07 was in quivering, very display at first kept low on the ground - both times, circling over in curve 2 acres. He landed in down-slide display & kept his wings at the vertical for one second. He then ran through the short grasses, pecking back & forth (but apparently not feeding), and after going about 10' across a grassy polygon Top, he assumed a nest-approaching posture (rear end slightly up - still pecking; scatt to side) And then stepped into a nest cup. and began scraping. The posture is one cup

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RTH 1963 29 June Barrow, Alaska was such that the tail was in the vertical plane so that the white under tail-coverts. were very conspicuous from near. The bird then rotated from side to side wagging The elevated tail + folded wings. The bird did not turn more than 15-25° in the cup - so it kept its original orientation - (it as it turned out toward the & who was standing quietly 4' away). The rotation seemed to be done by pressing the breast into the bottom of the cup - The tail wagging was a consequence of this motion. After about 20 sec, the & arrived at cup, the & backed out, keeping the tail + folded wings at an above normal position - the lowered the wing tips into normal position (leaving the tail in a half- cocked way). Tail not spread. The & then stepped into the cup, turned completely, around 3 or 4 times, settled into the cup - manimal incubating posture & then after about 10 sec, she stepped out. During this performance for the &, the & stood at the side (near cup, just inches away from the &) and was in the posture shown above

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RTH 1963 E. alpina 29 June Barrow, Alaska except the bill was pointing straight foreground. The bell was not gone - The sound could be heard (but a storm wind was also blowing in the wrong direction). So she stepped out of the cup The & took flight - with feet dangling, gave re-re-re-re to the left wings & landed again on a long hill. Not Then flew normally & opened her - not began to feed. No further activity for this pair seen noted today (except a aerial song was heard from Not direction later in the afternoon). There was little display activity at the plot - except for an other-wise, pair. Birds (The species are still scattered at the plot - but there is little aerial activity. 1 July 1 a.m., heard non-garlic ridge - no other seen today - except a pair of bears ridge - where took flight & flew east - out of sight (?) 2 July No display activity noted in inner area.-no bear ridge 3 July Ikravik: Aerial displays today, were not numerous but several were seen/or heard. most aerial (round) calls consisted of the long hill - alone - not accompanied

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RT4 1965 E. Ogema 3 July Barrow, Alaska general is consistent When RB-12 was checked - the & sat The egg until I was only webs away - then exploded off the nest & went out a violent destruct-display - with wings out & side fluttering frame ruffles - went shuffling off. She would go about 10' - stop & press herself into small depression & then bolt back. After several scenes, she would shuffle off again. One step - huddle into depression & off again - dummy alarm At high-pitcher squeak noise gone. Finally she sat on the side of polygo - 30' away from me & nest - squealing still bundled up - while I examine nest - she flew out - went a rodent run - New nest - #14 - nest 10.3' wide with 4 eggs + 8 incubators - where fell off the nest when I was 20' away. On slope in tall grass - edge - 15% cover for egg New nest - #15 - Nest 6.1 - with 4 eggs me, bird - who didn't flutter until I were 3' away & then it exploded & went shuff off - as was clear for the incubator. Next with a few grass recipe (Erythromycin) - egg ever

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Holmes, 78 1963 24 E. ogeina 3 July Bannet, Alaska 20% covered - but birds as hurr Not & produce poor shadows while Gan greater protection. - Located- Small mound in trough between 2 Large grass-covered polygons. Nest - #9 new cereal food was empty - both adults were seen & were down d. displays say you seen in the vicinity - no we've not seen, powers. 5 July Snowed last night - no diapla activit / Only bird today - brief nutty even plot. In afternoon - snow on meeting fact. Nest #6 - S. 1 So. 5 set ago was what they were by 7:00 at half off of our approval. At nest #7 - there was 1 young which probably hatched late yesterday or early today (he was dead// at 7:00 & three eggs while never not pipping yet). Nest was in attendance but did not come near the nest - instead he stood off 30 yds. 1 gun fired long drills, then flew off - only a brief distraction display was given at approach. One other seabird ever seen near Volcano area - no others seen during the travel.

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Holmes,R. 1963 C. alpina 25. 6 July Barrow, Alaska I collected & in the northwardly swale moj today - who was still laying eggs The mole was present but was not collected. Mole - burrow at meat glob 7 July Shroud Plot. Birds were thrilling today - both from the ground & while in flight- beakery was very infrequent - Trolls were seen in alarm, & excitement & when my bird was surprised from feeding site. No chasing / or courtship activities seen - Nests 410 - gon - 1 sterile egg present 415 - 4 eggs + 8 14 - 4 eggs + 8 4 - empty - adult was excited nearby 3 - empty - 1 sterile egg 12 - empty - ads nearly exhausted. 8 July Devo Ridge Plot - Nest #16. Found new mole and I plot a sort slope / moj - a space mound - granophytes provided 20% core Deo" came, lasted from minute to half a minute - so, I watched the nest, started to incubate. No other birds or display / any soil was noted. Nest #5 - was empty - but the adult were nearby + excited.

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Holmes,R 1963 E. alpina 26 8 July Barrow, Alaska Nest #6 - gave today - but both adults probably your were nearby. All birds were fine from #7. At #8 - 3 eggs over Peggy - they grow well probably in out tonight. No display activity - brief calls given by 8:30 at nests. In evening - I laid two collected new AAS. - One Hill (5 sec) heard - distance. 9 July Nest #14 + 15 - still being incubated - both adults - attended at each nest. No animal kraffing. But when nests are disturbed They will flush, drain again averse - I My long hill - while near cars more the 3 sec often did not dry off asfe - no fulls did earlier in the scan - experience - several species - successive. One can jump from the air or from the ground to are more disturbance t/r than situation. - I'm not sure if it's limited to some other birds 1 of same specie. 10 July Two wood - 1 aged, dead 2 days old - located - south side / gasoline ridge - Some 1/2 adults taken were collected. On one clear 2:30 seen.

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Holmes 1963 E. alpina 27. 10 July Danos, Hocku collected with 2 chicks - prob? The 2nd or just came in when the first became excited. The nest frequent with the young who buzzed - the spot field. Another chick also collected for pond area - n.d. 11 July Nest #17 located a b.r. censu plat-rock Yegg - or least 2 chicks in mess & Scattervel grass slope - no carrf- vegetation -(grass&frog). One long hill heard this afternoon. 12 July Hock/ 12 birds located 18 yds south,1 rock salt lagoon - 2 collected were gg - must be bird who failed to bring 11 going - or they have moved up for south when nest was completed soon. (These gg had incubation patches; one, were being refarmed). A 0? with 2 young just not 1 came/ broodwds - the 0? & 1 young were collected. Nest #8 checked again - the "pipping" egg contained dead chicks - they have been there was for at least > days. No seg 1 adult parent was discovered - the eggs had small holes (1/4" in dia), where they had pecked Menaceus - apparent or probably - the low warmth provided by the parent may have caused death.

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Holmes, R. 1962 E. alpina 13 July Barrow, Alaska Nest in a plot still intact - One is possibly another nest near 23.4 - One bird for a kill when flushed + < brief aerial flight - such kill (dry) - preceded by two brief rel-rel - 14 July - Two bead ridge census plots were intact. At no road adult was seen, but appeared worn. No display or court activity. Located one or + at least 2 birds near John Slope w/affector - collected. 15 July One bird collected near gasoline ridge - otherwise none were seen or heard 16 July Only 2 adults seen - travel to gasoline ridge - across both - insect area & return. One was to join - sour! both me - no young were - evidence - They were to way to collect - so they may have been moving. Nest - bead ridge #16 steel intact. 17 July Flock of 6 88 in polygon area south of north / footprint lake - 2 collected. One flock (3 (sex?)) on Duroavit census plot. Ne Two nests in the plots were intact & very well done. In each case, both adults were present at the nest. A possible nest near 8.25 or near 23.4 - but there have not yet been located.

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Holmes,R. 1963 E. alpina 29. 17 July Barrow, Alaska 2 Trees were heard today - Nuts? There were brief - 2-4 sec; but two louder for 5 sec - They were given for the snow lobe disturbed. When I looked was a flight. One could be heard - even when it flew up to 20' - The swifts downwind with their wings - were + slight vibrating or fluttering then - is a partial hover-like way - giving the trill. Noyour even seen in all the travel today. 18 July Nest #16 at north end of Bear Ridge census plot - was being incubated by 4? - who flew off at my approach - saw a brief fluttering flyt across from the disquiet. Also seen fairly typical Noyour - very far seen to sit around. - Nut #17 - had hatched during the last 3 days - no sign of adult archicks. Mixed flock (8 & pbs + 4 & ps - seen a grassy flab, east 1 beach rock - 14RB never collected. - Feeding on prolebin on slope, NORDS seen in afternoon - 5th floor. Coast - or Dutton's Area,

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Holmes,R 1963 Calidris alpina 19 July Barns, Alaska First bird seen today - all the county covered (b.r.-yukon river south to Voth Slope t. the west). - One adult collected. The other birder even also an adult - in young. 20 July 1 Adl see in footput lake. - Both nests in Shroud census plot even intact - both adults were at a new nest site - 2 were seen no 23.4 again - but not not found. One chick head - in Mrs. Behr's. Chick 21 July 1 chick caught i by - yule ridge. Flot#3 See a the brood ridge near Mr. census plot: 299 were collected. 1st another group 1 Mrs. was seen at the east slope / the ridge - 14 was collected. All three birds appeared to be gull. 22 July One adult & +3 just flying chicks collected near North Meadow Lake - in wet marshy habitat. Several on Nroves, 112, 101+ another 11 - even located south / Woltschlag Slope. Then three more 1 young chick - 2.5 days old (see catalog). - The brood counts above are based on the #1 your seen - So they may not be accurate.

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Holmes, P. 1963 3. C. alpini 23 July Barrow, Alaska Two nests - Dhravit plot pod robbed during the last 2 days - in Not case - the 2 adults were nearby - giving the layer a nd- we well - but the cheer could not be located. These were the last such a hotel - Theme I had located. One 07 for N #15 - when flushed flew 18" - then a downward curve - he slid in the ground - given a 3 sec. till. Only one other bird was noted today - it came from - dubious - south 125... It was preceded by 3-4 vocal kraa notes. No other seen since then young down a bold 24 July Group of 3 98 in upland country south of Wibbolsby Sloyh - (collected. One trill heard - same area. 25 July One flock of 4 on Skroavik census plot. From a nest other seen a plot - near head from - full while gliding or quivering wings Never along bred at gaultine ridge- south field - cold gazelle. One flying child seen in upland area, north of footprint hole.

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RTH 1963 C. alpina 32. 26 July Barrow, Alaska Travellled south to Ockpit Floyd via wholmarse + return. Saw 8 adults + 2 flying chicks (1 of over call.) + 4 she Aos were in the area + were probably moving. When the chick was shot - the P can run on it, jaw and whr-rib of the funnel's light + feed around very difficult which began sun hight note. One adult (Mr P?) gave wing flap when landing - keeping me from being at Mr Nurbrol for about 2sec waving it dark r forth. Two adults see a Elsin Huffy, south 1 wobbldle - 1 gave a flick. 3 hooser with 4%,+38 petals south 1 wobbldle. Anoth - P + 2 flying chick seen in the same area - Mr P + 1 Jun were collected. All spedely fledg now in Upland Situaty. The dark groups The first with Mr P? were in covert Single-party structure in Upland. The chicks are feeding on smaller adult insects. In the afternoon, 6 AOs + 3 fly- chicks were seen near Ockpit IIIA-D - 1 AO + 2 chicks were collected. In hypolysa-over Floyd area. Parental solicitation toward the chick, I will work up

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Holmes, R 1963 C. arpinii 33. 26 July Barry Alaska wounded bird (Red deer) - seen in mid-mid, walk around then 50m more off - at that distance + fled- perhaps < displacent cubinb 28 July Group 1/3 with PSt GP - 1 weed sack / Footprint. group 1/3 u Shantz Cranial plate & Send single for Museum, whatever. One found Group I 1Ad + 2 [illegible] Deer See i Footprint Cole. One eld was Collected. One flying deer also. See weed / Footprint Cole. 29 July Group of 4 Adults north North area - 2 collected. Two adults seen together - east dwood ridge but is polygynum (with wet broghs) - collected. No young seen - in big pools - One bird seen scare for the season. Feeders is been down in upland polygynum bushes -- but now after the heavy rain - Every thing is wet. 4 Aug 2 Ad fuding a polygyn ridge - North / East Area - in marsh-type habitat. To way to collect. 5 Aug. Birds seen in vienith / Fest. plot - polygynum - marshy Troughs - 3 Ad, 1Ad + 2 I, +3 Ad. There were all feeding in upland situations - See were collected. 4Ads at 8a.c.m. (month) f / SoANBP - upland,

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RTH 1963 C. alpina 34. 5 Aug Barrow, Alaska In afternoo- 12 Ads + 2 Im were feed at the gravel pond near Britton's Area. (2 Ads collided). 2 Ads in polygonal area and 1 Vth Area - let 4 Ads see together - in same good scenery. The birds seemed to be a movement type. The same in Yplar Sundra - with the major exception being the flood near Britton Area. 6 Aug 2 Im. sun flying across footprint lake, mother down sin today. On the plate - several lineadclub were seen - heard. 10 we saw nes 8.7 - went 3 down club - not more than 3-4 days old. The chick were see one Binics - but could not be found when approached. 8 Aug 1 group 5 Ads on nest flat. p/b - 18cm / 2 mrl/ F. p/b + 1 single - out 1 BR. - no immatures observed. 9 Aug 4 Ads in scrap - not least ridge - 2 separate under see in pair - poly - one adult p/b - p/b - not feeling like a ridge - not - good. - no immatures. 10 Aug Float 8 in No. Oak Area - all adults - 1 call. Float 12 her + 2 Im at gravel pond (Britton Area) No other seen.

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Holmes,R, 1963 35. C. alpina 16 Aug Barrow, Alaska Traveled south past meadow lake - saw 4 Ad RB in flush - & 1 sardine may. - saw 1 Ad + 2 Jnr RB (1 latter collected), 2? RB, 2? RB - at Eirt plut - 3? RB, 6? RB - at south end / C.n - 1 single adult. Three adults + 1 h collected. Here 2 Jnr That we see Today as the first time in the flush for a week - more now. All birds except the one immature that was collected - were feeding in upland situation - all at Arms Bay were to be found in At too many - polygon - situation. The immature was fudner at 2-3 inches (water in a small pool - with Caddisfly larvae). 12 Aug In trip to Oobpil Slope - Reflux - 23 RB As were seen (1,1,1,1,2,1,2,3,1,2,1) - There were Israel groups - as is evidenced above. Mint were found a relatively well drained slope (every run is well now - even all the recent rains). None were collected. A possible record an immature with 2 Ads - near Fort Pils but this could not be verified. 13 Aug Tried sardine - vacant - Brita An - Nw Seen - etc in Brita's Gravel pool - where 2? + 3? adults were seen.

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Holmes R. 1963 E. alpina 14 Aug Barrow, Alaska Nosee - Tundra - between Britton's Arat Insect plots. For adults feeding close by - even at the gravel pads near Britton's Area. 15 Aug B/Nowhere seen north / coohlschleg flat- but on meupland ground to the south - 1 Ad, 6 Ad, 7 Ad, 1 Ad. - where I was collected. Sol curled marel - 6 Ad + 1 Im, + 1 single dm. Near the meaders lakes - 3 Ad. Mat food was in the polygonal a flat upland ground - for jobbing snatches - A five dams were collected. 16 Aug Se found fluting - several groups/ adults, as well. 1 Im + 1 immature seen. Mat we feeling in drained polygr- upland areas. 18 Aug One group /3 between the meaders lakes - Only 3 - seen 1 garden lady - no other seen. Feeding again with upland habitat. - Only Schubsea. A group 3-4 Ads + 2-4 Im seen by Child near Fresh lake. 19 Aug 2 Ads at Britton's Gravel pad - none in Tundra n. U.A area. 20 Aug 1 flot & Ads, 1 km, 3 Ad + 2 Im with Rowerter / PS, + IWS. All adults in dry ground - the immature with them in wet pond. 36.

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Holmes, P. 1963 E. alpina 37 21 Aug Barn, Alaska (marsh - wet grass ditch found from old weasel tracks - silt furlin nap - mln [illegible] Slope). Bud - espewed immature RB are very scarce this year. 22 Aug One float of 6 Adl seen NE / magnetic station + 1 Adl RB see east bridge - no immature seen in area. At Britton's Grand Pond - 1 Adl I were seen - not sure. Attempt to First plot at 21.00 - no RB covered be found. 23 Aug Hold & Dinnabon at Furl Lake - feeding in Chirnouns - 3 collected were - mould. No adult seen. 24 Aug 2 hr in Britton's Grand Pond - not seen - found in wet spot - First area 25 Aug - From south part meadow Lake - now seen - south of furline R. - 1 Adl, - 3 Imm. 6 Adl. in one float - flying S&S + 2 Adl see south of Central marsh. At 18th / immature this year be less striking - certainly fewer than in next years. Has been to have staged large - or at least are seen more frequently.

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1923 Calidris alpina ;7 AW. molt. #2387 - crown = E, but with 2 cu lbell on forehead, feather were A-E. Dsr hood Scotland c'tD's, mistly in centre but a few toward edge / druck. Lwr back. rumps upper tail covt E (+2 B's - whil seen insig) [rupture an tipped with light gray]. Molt molt a Mr. is at lateral edge / front abd sides - C's + D's - sanctum / breast + belly. Scald c'irp's a scudo / hood (2 around auricle - not seen to be E (both - dorsal part - frucl with 1/3 c's). - no molt - very covert, by Nen - Rubidius An Imm. #2392 - fuller along in molt than 2387. - Dsr- was complfr etc. for 4-5 c's m each scap. tract. throat area from beak to stern was E, but breast on both sides + extending porting to lower belly - Nen were scattered c's + D's. Sed these for only < few D's + was fuller adv. than breast. - by very covert - Imm. #2398-scattered c'tD's in all half-hoods, air side / hood - but molt heaviest on lateral edge of tracks - esp along neck region -by covet 2 no

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1963 moet Calidris alpina 17 Nov. 2393 - dasun completed exr. je forebear with <tD. lateral edge / ventral hood with c+D - but central area is nearly complete . low heels compl. by ca = Imm (inside scattered marker shelves meet prominent across cross side, head & neck 2390. scattered (<5%) from n c+D on all dorsal trub. In 8 side head with a few c+D-(month D) joint br. there with many c+D - u hear moet In ca = Imm

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C. again Mott #7248 motet in O.C. stage - all head tracks - not seen & bregute simultaneous. - starting in capital boot - Command regni propusij dord an rebeard - the drawl up + center + humerus but sign - along with aruber boot. 2250 - frontal O-A - just starting. no motet m crown - ped-sec - intersey - droop - but o-A a pelvii + c. flab/o-A (femoral tract) - Small Africa - edy / cermit regni / ventral boot- no other head motet. Nor other ventral motet (i lower tail caudob-o) - Upper tail cv. an M-seq & Shovrm A. tail motet is just starting Upper pum-cv. ft-lbs behind their primary-16 of p - ½ c. cv.-B. - upper-upper pum cv. now rising - n/A. Maynard caudb: o-A. Grab 2nd day caudb following behind their 2nd day caudal - next, 207p

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Holmes, RT. 1964 C. alpina 4 June Barron, Alaska Two-may seen behind drum area near AACS. Several (25) aerial display heard - all concerted only of long hill - no churring heard. / feeding with 1/8/1975, 1 Pair seen along Elsom bluff - 1 aerial display - with churring heard. 5 June 1 pair on both bluffs, 2 pairs on Denali Ridge, 2077 (locally settled - subalpine) - 50 yd from Hmb Area. In the area the latter birds - one was flushed by the weasel, it flew 100', landing about 80' away from AACS. I raised 1 wing toward the newcomer - gave a long hill. The flew flushed 8' from B - I kept both wings vertical for 1-1/2 sec - gave an abbreviated long call. The birds fled or at least stalled at mid sound for 10-15 sec - before B took flight toward A - a flew + the chase went until over 1 syt (lost over lunch. (23'') - uplift in approach (D) gave me break - a softer, less emphatic bleep + a long reeeeeeecee when I repeated the long hill given by B - in fast flight. 3-4 scattered indiv. on Elsom bluff, no. 1 Wld. None seen on Pikel's Plots 6 June Only 1 pair on north beach ridge - all no 1 or 2 displays were heard from trees between the ridge & Iniskippuk (Tuck) lake. On the ridge (white-rump sector). No P displayed (15' max. height), landed with a brief wing up. Walked several feet

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RTH 1964 C. Algeria June 6 Barrow, Alaska perching at vegetation but clearly not feeling it Then he tipped forward slightly, with tail elevated ½" or so above folded wing tips, walked 6" + settled into a depression, with tail + folded wing tips held high - but after 2 sec, he stepped out - moved 2' + settled again. In this stance, he settled in, breast against the bottom, pushed it stalked his breast & body and the cup, at the same time giving a nasal versus aerial "kriiing" - nee, nee, or phlegm note - slightly high - pitted then the aerial note - his heel was open about 3.4 mm as the call was given (which was continuously while he was in the cup). The & who was nearly flew 18', landed, ran to the cup, stood next to the &?, he looked out from the depression, sidestepped with it in beeched, tail twenty eight - ran past him - but the & then walked off in a feeding manner. The &? resumed normal posture & preened. - the cup when checked had no cover formed - it had been chewed and I guess the bottom contained only dry Sable leaves. About 30 min. later, the &? appeared again - in the air giving an aerial display - rock hovers + long hills - tailed (20-50' fluttering height) - & thymian birds behind him. She landed

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RTH 1961 3. C. Ogeria 6 June Barrow, Alaska The K landed nearby & first way at vertical for 2-3 sec. Then giving Nr ground start till clear above. He watched semis step-assumed scraping pattern, settled into a cup (about 50' from Brother or a different low patch), turned & rotated, wagging posterior parts (no scrapping seen - all rotating) - all the while wagging Nr relatively soft tree, etc.... Nr & flew 6' + later, landed, walked up to him. He looked out of cup - She stepped in + he went off & went 1/2 feeding - N87/300 monolperture. - Appears as if aerial display may bring birds together for an act - Since Nr 9 appeared soon after Nr 8 did + not nearly when he landed for display. Nr oft call prey and is attracting her. All / One session was very short, lasting only 2-3 sec. - No & secondly rapidly. Perhaps the cup was already formed (as at least I was) + The earlier phase of their movement is : Not seen now. Now seen along Elson Bluff in afternoon. 7 June Pair on BR per 0.0-2.0 on Pitikok's plot. Nr 7 display. unwary - starting off (but not moving) altitude (6-25') with one burst (1 minute) - white white given the clear note (140 sec.) - Nr he filed

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RTH 1964 C. olgani 7 Juve Banni, Alacche back to the ground a substituted wig - gave like way up at levelig - the folded wings, woodcraft feeling - but moved rapidly as if heading for something in particular. Dr & who had fleding near where looked, followed other at about 6'. He went directly to a next one settled in - tail + wing to 41 - while moulable covert to conspicuous - noteable - but no scraping seen - no any epaulette - Dr & walked around at about 41 distance - he kept his reverse turns by except for one half turn when he apparently looked to see where she was. After about 30 sec the moved up - it stayed at 7' up - fell for about 5m + then performed - last went clearly - fly so' to 5' - then glider down to the ground. Dr & followed - non ladder effect. Perhaps too low flight - veld. vibr. wing beat- & during process & V-shaped wing glider (long tail is declined - not & followed - so unrolled - pair, first reinforcement. The scrape was bare - no long wing - broken (black soil only) - in that zone - sidese a small mount - 2.0 cent.

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RTB 1964 S. alpina 7 Jan Barrow, Alaska Mild cheeing & N.B.R. drought, with at least 3 pairs for 4 barrels Wh-v. sector. - I NEST with 1 egg found about 100 yds west 14 barrels- 12. Shaped caps not well formed - but contains nuts fluke and one egg 8 June Nest contained 2 eggs at 0800 - no Sign of adult while I was in care (0820-1130). - i not in attendance. 9 June Nest contained 3 eggs at 1000 - an adult was in nest some 20 minutes but flew off when I was 100 yds away & never returned me "complained" - while I was - the eggs were not warm to the touch- alpha - not very cold cells - last angle + Two morning temps were below freezing - so the birds may unwork or at least care eggs at the stage 3 eggs at 2030. 10 June Nest had 4 eggs - 2 incubating (at 1000) - gave mild des fr. display -(hundred m)(faint formed). 13 June One pair on N.B.R. between Dvenant + gasline - lot not seen 4 barrels, none to the north of the ridge. Very few display blood today.

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Holmes, R. 1964 C. alpina 14 June Barrow, Alaska Dist. display for hual - Wh-r. Seated 1 brooding. 15 June Not found in clearly vegetated (grass-edges) polyg- - upland area, 307) to South/Station ridge - 4 eggs - 3 incubating. 16 June Sex. indiv. - m wing molt. 21 June Nest with 4 eggs a ridge top where snow covered (east / 4 drum) - in sparsely vegetated cover - shallow cup with grass lining. - egg, calculated for egg weight. Nest #1 on ridge still intact 22 June 4 on nest #1 at 1030. 23 June RBs on shroud plot were not conspicuous.. 107 probably from a nest nr 16.2; another near 15.1 + a nest with 4 eggs incubated & near 24.1 - The malt same cup that has been used by a pair / RB (same?) for 3 consecutive years! Seventh Mids spur? On plot - all - wing molt. 27 June Nest with 4 eggs inc. & located on 'garden ridge' NE slope - a pronged spade - 70%. Care. Eggs removed for weighing; I returned cup sat 3-4 times - if sec. seconds - the mom off - only to return- saw second bird lay third. I found display head. Part I - sat left awhile I alone [illegible] it - m - [illegible] d.d.

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Holmes, 1969 29 June Bunny, Alaska Not a brood rope - wet 14 drums. - 1 egg beginner to pip; both adults present & giving sharp Call. 30 June Nest at 1130. - 1 chick halfway out 1 egg - other 2 chicks still crawling - 4th - not yet crawling. 1 Ad. in attendance. 1 July Nest with 2 downy young - Ad already - other 2 or 3 young were probably present in the vicinity Ad. excites, gives both red, call & click over the long tail. In afternoon, No 2 young were out 1 the next cup. 2 July Ads + young - a br - not seen - found.

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1964 C. ogreia 27 June Barrow, Alaska Mackean 242 61.2g 1st year 1=3=E, 4=D, 5=2/3c, 6=1/2c -old primaries + all rectrices very worn b/ll=35mm

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