Handwritten China journal of Edmund Heller (3 of 5)

Heller, Edmund, 1875-1939

1917

Smithsonian Institution Archives

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American Museum of Natural History China Expedition 1916-1917 Zoology Ornithology Mammalogy

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January 11 Takfu. Last evening we dined at Mrs. Hamma's house, very on food cook as Mrs. Hamma is on her way to Yunnan-fu. We had Chinese cake which looked exactly like peanut brittle but made of flour coated with syrup only. Hamma has been here 6 years but does not admire the Chinese apparently as they show no gratitude & hold themselves superior to Europeans, they are rather morose a host he has found. All their talk factors are on the surface their whole attempt being to conceal what they think or have done. The prevalence of gout here he attributes to the limestone mountains, the water apparently in some unknown way causes the swelling. Flying squirrel skins are purchased here at 25.0 per 100 & the coats made up are $20.00 each. The skins are turned in the Spring when the weather is warm which produces soft furry. In cold weather, the furring loses

trittle. As told, I am not already past no foreipeen is allowed to do business here permanently. A period of 6 weeks is placed on their residence & then they must depart. Evans of the O.A.T. is able to do loads than a native agent. Evans is the product of an English father & a sonal of a Chinese mother. He's from a J'anchow & educated at Hong- Kong. His wife is a Chinese of Hakidian birth. 12) we were delayed today by the mupus who could not leave our way to take extra loads having been asked which required 2 more port animals. Mr. Hanna took dinner with us again. He has spent 15 years in Yun - nan & twice has travelled the River - chon on his way into the country & out also. He describes its scenery as beautiful, gives cult: natives in Japan but no original forest or very high ranges. Telled us that only one European has reached the top of Tali range as wo

horse and runs little ah narrow man trails, no calcitus does even ascend so high as the lake cannot be carried down the steep cliffs. He describes the country at the summit as a heavy virgin forest with heavy thickets of laurel & bristles. The English who reached the top was lost for 3 days on his way down the side being invisible from the canyon where he went astray. Earth- quakes Hama says occur here annually, chiefly in rock but none are very severe. The revolt against Yuan Shikai started in Yun- nan by the whole army which began operations by marching against Szechuan which was loyal to the govern- ment. There was no fighting inside the province which rebelled on July 1st. Last August the officials were enmeshed with a consignment which they had smuggled into Shanghai or one of its ports. The Secretary of the military governor Tang's Master were in the party. There has been little fighting.

Your man since the Mahun rebellion 30 years ago. Old demonials & vacant places are still evidence in T of of the former great populace. here.) Tali fell after the 2 pass, Shari Ndan (up), + Karinga Kum (down) were taken by the Chinese troops, than the people in Tali were massacred without offering resistance. 13 The Majors did not come until 9 AM to take the load, some did not get started until 11:30. Our loads numbered 26. The beasts, were smaller horses smaller than much inferior to our Li-chiang caravans. The day was pretty cloudy cold & windy. People were wet on the way, some with merchants' stuff but chiefly wood caravans. The only game we saw was a large flock of geese in a rice field near Tali-fu. We met quite many Tibetans with groups of women in brown & lanos in red travelling on foot in small

parties, a funeral rites return was also encountered. It was one of the poorer cases, the party walking + the widow crying+ struggling in a most awful stage of grief which is typically Chinese. At Azias Kheam we encountered crowded streets + had to edge our way thru. We reached the town at 3:30 + camped in a old field on its lower edge on the south side of the river. The funeral boat was visited as soon as we made camp. On one shop or hotel storehouse one found 4 tiger skins from Sanbaan, one of which A. bought while I bought a large spotted leopard skin for $100. The tiger was $35.00 which is not high the price here ranging from $25 - $35.00 We saw quite a number of Tibetans nearly Bunt shirts + bare legged with their very dark faces with a Tea cancum from Sanbaan. Azias-Kheam is a very busy place + much trade is done here in opium, salt, tea + grain hides. The nights very windy.

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rested on one of the ledges in a sunny grassy field. The sides generally but apart the north side pine clad, the south side shade rock & bush clad with some spruces alder, only alder. The elder trees are still in green leaf. Two plane trees were red and on a blazed spindling flowers -- no foliage. Long cane-like hedges. On fir wood were woods, some men carrying bundles of firgo bearing large rose flowers called tea flower by the Chinese were much. These flowers are used in New Year, Germany. They looked like a species of Rhododendron. The camp was pitched where the Toli Lake River joins the Yang-pi. The country on the afternoon was a series of fields & scattered huts with mixed oak trees & walnuts on hillsides. A large tree like Capparis made its appearance. Here about cultivation, many of the plants bore after leaves, 4 inches long & pale yellow. The campanula Indian fig cactus was

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Earlier I shot 3 ring cameras lives from a flock of geese. The day was clear + warm after 10 A.M. The rock formation thus the canyon of the Teh-River was granite but on the Yang-pi it changed to gray hard limestone with red sandstone in places. At 2 P.M. we passed thru the town of Yang-pi & across the river of the same name. Camp was pitched on the riverside at the edge of the town. The city was like a town like consisting of one long crowded rocky street. From our camp a fine view of the Teh range was presented. This state's steep with a sprinkling of snow on the summit but around forest, about backs a pretty little pink flower primrose is now the only flower. (16) From our camp the road ascends the range to an altitude of 800 feet. The soil here is a brick purple & derivative of a red sandstone rock. Two large Bachyama tombs

the new gray mice cardule or catch. The natural slope we ascended was pine covered (P. monniana) with a good coating of dry grass + some rhododendron trees. At the summit (8000ft.) we took lunch in an open dry grassy meadow. Opposite us was already four rhododendron like rhododendron tree of color green & compact habit. Several other species bearing large umbels of deep red flowers were seen, also a species with single rose pink flowers. At night we made camp in a grove of pines on a dry ridge at about near a small spring - the only place with water we could find. There was no evidence of trients on the hard soil two tents were set. Night clear but not cold. 17 The route followed bridge + along the Shumpkin River + then crossed it. The route junction was everywhere loaded red sandstone & the soil a purple red & very dry, clayey & hard. Day clear + warm. The country is everywhere covered by a fine quality dry

grass beneath the scattered pines. No cattle to graze it down were seen + only four small village and forms were seen. At 5 P.M., we reached a village situated on a ridge with the pine forest there we camped on a narrow grassy ridge. The place was called Pei-ki-ping (white earth flat). 18) Our catch consisted of gray mice, 2 Microtus + 3 Spiny Mouse. From the camp, the road climbed up the ridge then pine forest for 2 hours. At 10 A.M., we reached the summit where another village that seemed-shoe was perched. The soil here was a soft black loam of the hill sides were covered by a heavy growth of grass and poplar like trees, appearing having every year. Cause of being picked mammal wringing. One of the commonest bushes (item the country we have been travelling is a broad leaved brim or Rubus, I fir with persistent long upright canes with plagega crassiflorae has turned into a common tree. White pine has also been seen.

The afternoon was spent in descending a small stream to the valley of the Yang-Tsing, to which is attached a number of rice & corn, many villages, the largest Yang tsing Hsien. The camp was pitched in the middle of the first valley on the riverside near Chin-t'ung. During stop settings in the valley I flushed a quail the only one I have seen in China. A jay hawk perched on telegraph pole saw it at once & caught it killed it, I did not see hawk after it had carried its prey some distance & it departed leaving the dead quail in the field where I found it later. (19) Although the valley is a level stretch of rice fields with broad stream in the middle we saw no ducks were seen to. The trap failed to catch any mice few runaways of rodents were seen. The flora looks somewhat tropical different. I have seen only 4 few species & these are all

rather rare. The citron is a common fruit growing on an orange like tree. The natives eat the white fleshy part which has a sweetish taste. The central cells with juice are like lemon in taste & the thin yellow outer rind has the fragrance of lemon & is used here for flavouring puddings. Dried persimmons are a common market affair here. They are dried flat & taste far better than sweetish. The seeded fears are delicious & smell like yams on flavor but eaten raw they are not especially good. At various places with nowhere near beggars, many were begging under the guise of road- reformers & one beggar was seen picking pockets (the only incident from a perfectly level wide street) but others were cutting away the upper banks & helping travellers slightly ahead. At 5 P.M. pm I reached the village of Shee-yong, & made camp in an old field at one side.

At noon I crossed another range that differed little from the one before. Here a heavy forest of maple, rhododendron, and oaks, covered the mountain densely. No pheasants, squirrels or tigers seen during the day or on the previous 6 days. 20 - No mammals caught in the rice fields. A few man-caws fields were seen here for the first time, as I had not reached the Mekong River and crossed it on a suspension bridge in very warm place some 70 yards wide perhaps. The bridge was swung from two large iron chains fastened into masonry at one side supported around a rocky projection in the cliff. The river here flows deep & tranquil between hanging cliffs which rise 200 feet above, as on either side of the bridge were apart of temple buildings. During the day I saw several rollers # but one.

The Welling valley is deep Where wheel-travelled. Our tripping place was the village on the side of the valley about 800 feet above the river. From here the road ascended steeply up a rocky gully. It was the most tretch-horsing piece of roadway I've ever met. The bed was composed of hard flinty limestone rocks, well polished by hoofs as smooth as billiard balls. The feet of the fast beasts slipped at every step. My horse fell several trips, with only the empty saddle & Co. the pack-hair-dog gone out on this stretched whin, started for whole hour of calm travel. Above the valley my way continued on three rice-fields in rare-rolls then round small fields villages. Very shortly found a camping-place at 6 P.M. over a few logues amid pine trees. The Chinese girl, spends no money on road repair & seem to have no

"This road is a fine example of what leaves refer to as 'good for ten years & bad for a thousand'. Nearby humane feeling for poor burden. The camping place was near the village of Ha-tai- Chao but as the soil was hard no communal digging was to be formed & no tracks were set. (21) The summit here is 760 feet by Lewis Map which is very low for the Wa-Pong-Saleween divide which must be there is a solid wall covered by snow. This country is farmed & quite deforested. The brim above the Young-Chang valley is absolutely treeless, this a series of brown grass clad hills exactly in the general appearance like those around San Francisco Bay near Berkeley & Oakland. The Young-Chang valley is a broad long valley of rice fields with villages sprinkles about prominently it is some 40 miles wide by 15 or 18 miles long & drains into the Saleween. Thiday

was bright last the valley much or hazy. After luffing we made a 3 hour march across the valley to Young Chwang which is situated on the west side of the base of the hills. The city wall includes one of the hills, & much of the country inside the long wall is rice fields, behind pine forests. On the road we met a few caravans of jacks open with regular double three Chinese jack saddles the first we have seen with such a rig. One of the products seen on the road were bolts, lily stems in dried bundles. In the city were many dried ducks for sale. Sugar cane, citron, pistachios, dried taffies, walnuts, oranges, etc. many grains were seen. The women here all have bound very small feet like typical Chinese but are tribes people in feature. Marco Polo passed from Young Chwang (Vorsang as described in Vidal) describes the place as inhabited by

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mission or our plans - The border of Burma where some fighting is now in progress with the reds who raise trouble. Japan into China was reportedly but to be near Bawo or west of Teng - yu - tsui (near) Mao - Li - Yen where one wish to go. One of the merchant to whom Evans gave a check for collection was quite friendly & insisted on shaking hands, a European custom never used between the Chinese themselves. (23) Today is Chinese New Year & a general holiday for a fortnight - The day is celibrated by feasting, drinking, giving gifts to the children corresponding to our Christmas. Jewell & I went to the city with Wu at noon. The place was rather quiet but the children exhibited new garments & toys. Paper rabbits on wheels were a favorite toy, also masks gaudily painted representing monkeys.

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green slate the common facing material here. There are three shrines or altars one within the other. The outer has 2 gilded figures of large size set in a deep niche. The two middle are two large statues in a hall + the innermost is a gorgeous pair showing Buddha seated one white flower amid a many cavern with many small slate, in the folds + crevices. The white walls of the temple facing the courts are coveredly murial paintings showing birds, beasts, moral scenes, fisherman etc. New Year is really the beginning of Spring with the Chinese when winter is breaking + some of the early flowering trees are in blossom. It is also a debt paying time + above all an occasion to make social calls on all friends by a house to house canvas. (24) The few birds I set in the rice terraces caught two

Pachyurus + a Microscope. The large temple pond which supplies most of the water is supplied by numerous springs that lead a great spring 12 feet wide. Bubbles rise & immediately over this temple has been erected, in the center of the pond is a stone platform 12 steps & gws in shape. A flock of small geese inhabit the lake & few geese on the edge. About 3 of the geese are wild. The pond is shallow & filled by water plants & sort of some Care covering the bottom. Fish are numerous, sort of trout & a few small gold fish. The caretakers here declare at least $15.00 an amount per pack made as rent or 50 cents a day whether working or resting in campo. Horses are worth here $60.0 each as a purchase + mowing $8.0 each per month for wages, one more for having charged $5.00 to beasts. The feed in the wood is also to be reckoned

"Our tank developing machine have fogged many films recently we have abandoned their use, the trouble seems to be due to the carbon paper on the autograph film which keeps the developer from penetrating; the apertures are present seem to allow penetration O.K., but the films even when first soaked in water to facilitate that even penetration of developer are faulty or streaky when taken from the tanks. The oranges we have purchased here in the market have been very fine flavor. A large Mandarin or Tangerine as we know it, was bought here. They are as large as an average orange & fine flavored yet juicy just particularly dry. In color they are deep orange red spire on a fine perfume. A redder orange was found here quite similar to our Mand produce in flavor texture which if doubled its ancestral stock although no mand is present"

Wilson states that oranges are propagated by in China by leaving part of the shoot at the base of the tree standing eart about them until they take root. In this way several varieties could be propagated as easily as our method of budding. The common fan palm from which bean roots are made is grown here being seen in every village. This Trachy carpus exceles (see Wilson vol II p.82) The bean we see planted in rice fields in the winter, though year man is the Broad Bean (Vicia Faba) the soy bean being a summer crop. The common fava (Phaseolus sativum) is less common here as a crop. The broad bean is a favorite food for mules 25. The weather both today & yesterday has been windy & well wind blowing, allto clear.

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"Front of some of the houses fresh green pine needles which in her years custom. Our catch this morning was a large Perchyna bearing musk glands on the sides for very pleasant fragrance. A large Euphraga norvegicus was caught at the pond." 26 This morning we journeyed down the valley to the cave on the Teng-y-berel road. It is situated 20 li down on the edge of the valley at the small village of a-shi-yu. The cave is within 10 yards of the road on the face of a hill about 50 feet above the valley. The entrance is high but only about 8 yds wide. It has some Chinese letters stilled in the rock for my building are at the entrance. The cave runs in horizontally & the ceiling is very high. Inside it runs sharply down places the roof comes down within 10 feet of the floor.

Stalactites & Stalagmites are To be seen in places dry. Water are heard percolating from the wall; The general color of the limestone is black & rusty in appearance but this color is natural & not due to camp fires apparently. Some of the stalactites are silver white & in shape like great lumps of ice or snow flakes unlike Birdlows' thorn in our temple. I suspect the Chinese got their ideas from a cave of this sort. We found only one bat, large myxotis-like species. Very little bird dung was seen on the floor. Bird droppings were seen in small quantities for what species this would carry? such a cave is quite unknown to us but the Chinese assert that Birds do line in the cave. The cave is no doubt along one inch wide went 100 ft. into it.

the way down the road passed a large pond, a reservoir within high banks on one side. Some 75 or 100 ducks were on the surface, mallards & scaup ducks + one gray goose. They were shy. I've shot only one as mallard, 2 geese/ducks were seen in the flooded rice fields near by. I shot 2 jack snipes in ricefields + one of the white crowned red headed water may-tail. Below this cave on a good sized stream. A water ratted from a smaller lower walled cave. This water was fairly pure. [27] Collected birds today as mammal trapping failed. A blackbird, 2 species of warblers, stone-crusts + Molmer bird. Crimson vented bullbul + a wagtail were green kingfishers were skinned. [28] Continued the birdwork & added a purple thrush fly? rze the common blackwhite muskies piglet finch, a sealy

grasshark, a field finch tree sparrow, yellow warblel common grar [illegible] black wagtail large small fluffy meares bird sparrow hawk, olive moped Chickadeo 2 red tailed chickis (long manes) 1 vermilled breasted shrikea blue drogan + a hoopoo The new majus came in the afternoon dried up the road. Two of the large steel traps set in alters under the water of the spring were stolento day by floating parties, all the Chinese are thieves apparent + steal all traps they find (21) Our road lay down the center of the valley where we left at noon. On every side were flooded rice fields or the gray green growing broad beans. After tip in the way led over brown hills of dry grass + a few straggling pine groves

(Great Pass - T'a-hwan-shits) We made camp near a small village in the hills, nowhere were there natural forests. In fact trees (mentioned by Harries here) were seen. The common spring a few white pines + many large alders were seen the prevalent species. On the way we met several cars of open + cows carrying fire wood with double tree Chinese saddles. Both open seems are used as pack animals but the buffalo is only employed for plowing odden and flooded rice fields. Many of these were seen plowing rice fields a foot deep with water, the buffalo sinking in up to its middle. The presence of ox training was made even by the mellow tinkle of their giant brass bells whilst are furnished with resonant long + dark or every step.

"types as a hill set in a arch above the rocks often or that some also had bells suspended on the shrubs on the usual fashion nearly all of these often make a performed tin color tree conforming as the black buffalo in coloration. Have seen a few jannwhite, albino buffalos. 30 The night was cold + path a wind. In the early morning it was cold until 10 AM when we left the hill country & descended into the short green plain. This was similar to that of years change but more hotical. Many fields of tall ripe sugar cane were seen here growing interspersed with rice fields, much of the land was flooded & every inch of it was cultivated! The bordering hills were brown from evergreen groves of pine and been lifted to ride - models.

A flock of green-winged geese were seen here & 5 shot but no geese or other ducks were seen. White herons & white-winged bitterns were common. No tigers or snakes have been seen. At midday the weather is really hot at midday & the sun disagreeably so. Many porters bearing long bundles of sugarcane have been met going toward Yang Chung. The cane is sold for eating raw. Where it grows it is made into loongan & a clear sort of gin called wine by the Chinese. I have just discovered that what I thought was a true cactus is really a Zephyranthes or calla lily sort. Or rather a stem for purpose making juice flows through it. This is the plant which has a few spectacular yellow fleshy leaves at the apex of the thorny pale green ribbed stems. At some of the villages on the

plain beyond trees bearing Golden fruit were seen, a few banana palms with fruit were also noted but citrus fruit trees were not noted. We reached Shikher at 3 P.M., & made camp in a temple at one end of the town. The place is small with- out any wall or fortification. A post office & magistrate are located here. The town is situated at the extreme lower end of the valley, by high hills on either side & a metre deep V shaped valley of this part of the plain. During the afternoon saw 2 flocks of the common goose in ponds but they were too many for our powers. At Shikher the Magistrate who visited us remarked that deforestation on the surrounding hills was due

to prevent measures against robbers who formerly were numerous here & hidden in the forest. By cutting off the trees no cover for the bandits was left, this sound like an excuse but it is a new case of deforestation for Australian minds. (31) During the night there was beating of drums at Shik-tien near on temple where a dragon parade was in progress. The road left the valley within a mile of the town & wound up the steep side of a mountain over one of the slippery stone faced tributaries of Ching. The country was rolling & pine clad for the next 10 miles & then descend into a narrow valley with planted rice fields, the sun now in our direction & its rays were reflected by the flooded fields directly in our face so as to affect our sight. Water is everywhere on both sides

"[illegible] road in this district. The valley round abut among the bare brown hills [illegible] by dry grass, On my [illegible] I found some swatmen were fishing and saw a [illegible] 15 taking [illegible] two [illegible] which we shot, Shot 15 Gray Dns & 1 European? Ravensing. The Crested Minkbird (which hunts butterfly) often rides on their wings was seen here 2 were collected. The large black White [illegible] and also collected two day's [preserved] On the pond many great Edders milk long [grace] duck performed well, this is made of manure of Jar Bacon. No swans came was seen in the fields. The accompanying picture is Homei (Olive) New York.

Feb. 1 Our camp was about 600 feet on a small hill but it was unusually cold at night with frost but no ice, winter mist steamed off from the large swampy & flooded field. The troops caught no drink, the soil being a hard red clay + dry at this season, but rain times we slept welling on the hills at 7 o'clock around a great growth of chestnuts, pines ash etc with soft black berries & many wilderash. strambles came into bearing pale blue blossoms, some of the deep red Rhode Island flowers were seen. After dinner we passed through mountain side clothed by long virgin forest growing oaken hardwoods, pinnings of walnut + many streams of water wild animals massen here. At 7 PM we had a

an hour descent to the valley at Mang-por-lo which is only 2300 feet in altitude. The vegetation changed radically toward the valley & the climate was warmer even after sunset. A small date palm may seen at Melambal, & many Specular trees bear various berry & nut like fruit. The valley was well cultivated through two rivers meeting here. The fields of sugarcane & others were separated by Lemana hedges. After dark a barbaric nightmare lurked for half an hour opposite camp across the valley, (2) A rather heavy ground fog or mist came up until the rising sun & enveloped us until 8 AM. This sort of morning weather is said to be the normal climate here as well along the whole border at 3000 ft. & lower in all altitude. Our hotel consisted of only one small hall a new evening with appearances of

alouse rut, The road crossed the Young-chang river on a suspension bridge moving between a great cliffs at a very narrow place the head of a canyon then not wher the river leaves the valley. The formation here is limestone & the soil on the hill a bright brick red that in the valley a light lemon brown clay soil. The One of the common trees with hills is a twisted euphorbia furea, others another is a private dwarf ash tree with long green acid fruit having a single stone in the center. The common pine is also seen here. The hills are dotted by a variety of trees in park like arrangement with long burning brown grass everywhere. The road climbed intermittently all day at 5 P.M. Merride camp somewhere near the village of Ta-shui-rough an altitude of 600 feet destroyed. There was a spring here & in a ravine forest with wet black loam where rodents runways could

be detected. Before 7 P.M., I had a new sort of spotted long carets species, with long hind legs, for jumping somewhat like like in general build & coloring. as well. During the afternoon I shot a gorgeous little sunbird having a violet tail yellow rump, & some dark greenish olive neck & an emerald gorget. A brilliant cardinal & black shrike was also secured. We have met several parties of Shaos & their caravans of mules & horses. Their women continued to have broad feet & the men are dressed in blue serge like the Chinese coolies. Only few gotten both Chinese to their villages are with Chinese resident as a rule. Nearly all of them carry muzzle loading percussion cap guns with short barrels, & doubt for defense rather than game gathering. The whole country on this Salween-Mekong divide is park like & very pleasant. The Shaos love rather pretty colors.

flat faces & stub noses. 3) I have not wed at night, nor so chilly as at Mereng for - to which it was feet less in altitude. The camp was guarded by a party of Shaw boys men from the nearest village which is the eastern of the country. Our detail consisted of 2 gray mice, another Zaporos like that at Pachayura, & Microtel's & larger Spriggs sorts. On the way men camp I saw a striped squirrel on large chipmunks ride across the road but failed to shut it. Morning partly cloudy but my mist. Hard over tiffin (place the road descended all afternoon into a rather deep valley in which were several villages. The largest or market village was Itza - Mereng. The way passed then beyond that made camps in the hill on the edge of the valley. Here we saw some women with children

feet + some wearing shirt of the common blue serge. On the outskirts of the village two parties of small savages were seen picking the skeleton of some domestic animal I shot several of these + Afri wi carried them followed by a great host of Calvary men than the village. The villagers stared at us in groups & were much amused by my shooting down with the .22 automatic. The valley of Itseao Mung being is a picturesque affair for all sides tall spire like mountains rise bound, it separated by deep narrow gorges. The forest is chiefly pine in blocks in & semi cultivated state. (4) We continued on way along a ridge then fishing & gathering fibers of trees of spruce & alders. After tiffin we descended into a small valley to a town location or a town where the

(Yung-Kang) alt. 3000ft. resides Chen-Kang magistrate Just as we arrived - light rain began to fall some made camp in a sort of temple in the village. For the past 3 days we have met several small caravans bearing tales of raw cotton covered by melting from the south. (5) The rain continued all night in sort of continuous showers. The post office name for this town is Yung-Kang but neither of these names are on Hearnes map. The magistrate was away in the border detecting Opium smugglers & raisers of gunpowder. His secretary however did the corres of the office. On some of the shops lots of dried threadless & fruitless mons were found. Some white gray like waterbrick, other, red like mentjao. They are said to come from farther south near the border in flow

country. Redmuntjar the serow skin was also seen. + purchased. A leopard skin was in the market also. Jamboree muntjac, brown bear + leopard were said to occur 5 days south near the Burma border. The young shares here wear the usual blue sarng shwar wearing shorts + t-shirts with bare unbound feet, they are a short stocky people with large heads + homely features. The day here was a market day but the chief products seemed to be bundles of horse- tail rushes, grapes, etc. with some turnip tops, to broad short coarse tasting banana. The shares here are all said to be suspicious of strangers fearing that they are spying detectives. They are said to count animals by driving with dogs they finish the dry grass, driving with rhinosmen. Today I tried some of the tobacco on men's smoke. This fire shredded it.

Pale colored like Kentucky tobacco. It is very mild, as some snooked had scarcely any tobacco taste or odor at all but the tongue like most mild tobacco. They make it in a brass pipe a pinch at a time good for 3 puffs 6 Last night the Main Caine in violent wind squalls, one of which at midnight blew my tent down. During the morning I hunted in a grove of large green trees from which I noted the killer fly with its network of strangled branches & trunk continued about several trees. Another tree had a giant erect trunk to spreading crown. A common tree here is a large tree with an immense spreading crown & a short buttressed trunk often of great diameter (15-18 feet). Of five olive squirrels seven seen in the trees 2 of the squirrels were bagged. At noon M.

"Sleary & me continued our journey at 1 P.M., showers however were encountered during the afternoon. The cactus like euphorbia is used for hedges everywhere. Another common hedge plant is the gray Mexican pulque plant or century plant. On the hillsides maize fields were seen but in the valley are every dense to rice? Not winter crops of broad beans or wheat were seen. The rock front is everywhere gray limestone. The hillsides furrowed clay soil which is very slippery or greasy when wet. Down one limestone cave which connect with one of those holes or basins seen here in the hills. We camped at 5 P.M. at the village of Moo-moo in an old temple on the side hill above the rice fields.

The Shau's have their teeth blackered like the Annamites but only the pippers are thus darkened, At 4 P M we met a troop of a dozen soldiers returning from a spot from L Piam inspection with 2 wounded men. A official doubtless. Two of the men were beating agong which gave out an ever off mellow sound like some drinking clocks, This sound could be heard amile before meeting them two quiet delightful amid the rolling hills, Whether it is a device for warning offenders or simple an entertainment for the road was not evident. Obvious. The opium jobby is secretly grown here by the govt. is trying to suppress its cultivation. Smuggling talks but is controlled at the post by Nivic stationed there (7) No rain fell during the night which was brilliant with a full moon, A runner from Shih twi

arrived before bedtime with a telegram & some letters. The Wednesday vs dull red brown salamander comprised our catch. There was no rainclouds all day. At 4 P. M. were well in virgin forest on a high ridge overhanging pool, bamboo, thickets & dry grass weeds. Great cliffs of gray limestone could be seen peaking part of the forest. The forest had no pines or evergreens in it being green leaved trees of flower and evergreen oaks, figs etc. & somewhat Tropical in character. The climate was cool at noon & pretty bright the altitude at least 700 feet. The forest was damp, the trees top overgrown by moss. Small traps were set about camp which was pitched in a open meadow at the head of a forested ravine with great limestone cliffs looming up out of the forested ridges above camp. Before going to bed we looked at our traps that had 20 mammals, chiefly a gray small Apodemas new a

(1) New cheng lives 40 li beyond Cloverdown than camp. New rat + 2 microtars, one of which was very small (but only 14 mm.) + new to me. (2) The night was cold with heavy frost + snow ice. The day was clear & warm without a breeze. A party of hunters came from the village 10 li away & hunted near camp for nuttygas. Fox was flushed near A who ran with the hunters but by mistake he did not shoot it. A nuttyga was heard barking. Three small mammals were secured: The "Silver Grouse" (Autoscis shrew?) a Microgyp red-bellied squirrel & a chipmunk. afternoon a trypin like insect-like with naked tail + mouse-like terrestrial feet. (3) The night was clear + very cold with heavy frost + thick ice. It seemed the coldest camp in all China colder than Hsieh cheng. Then where snow was abundant, there were of the peculiar Trypia-like shrews.

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entered the wood but they could not find it. This evening at dark another mounty barked from the opposite side of camp. The bark is very loud + explosive. Yesterday some of the hunters drove a senn thru the forest near camp but the cover was so thick that we could not see it pass. One of the men threw his pen into its thigh as it passed with 10 yds shrin. This morning at daybreak at Deer creek a deer gun deer barky + said to be 3en dambara but this was mere guess. Very partly overcast with a wind from the east but the night was clear + cold. (11) Last night at dark some native hunters returned with an old & sambard game size the plain + dull of which they sold no. She was a nursing of the breeding birth season being gotten at in midwinter or else it is an all year affair. She had no huff glands at all but in the

hind legs were tarsal glands. The lachrymal pit was deep but not large & the gland quite small. The whole underside of the tail was covered by a deep brown liver colored gland nearly to the tip. I went out this morning with the hunters who were accom- p-anied by 7 dogs, 3 white, 2 gray one & 3 black ones. They were not able to follow trail but seemed to depend on jumping the game. I dragged my adjutant scent. Just the first hour both they dogs were not on its trail & even my shots did not bring them. These deer are bright red as conspicuous, as elmbok which they resemble in habits keeping always in cover. This one stood in the bush galliside I cooly away & I hit it behind the shoulders but it soon got up & ran down

hill where I shot it two times more. The horns were just bidding & on the forehead were two deep longitudinal folds in the skin. We continued our way or up the ravine the men tdogs going well up the chell above us. Finally we arrived at the forest & ascended thru the trees up a ridge to an old clearing towards which the men drove long nothing was flushed. There were however trails in the forest & piles of rather fresh dung on its edge where the deer stand & look over the fields & presume, a very few marks were seen on the edge of fields. The Camber dive here in the forest & are sometimes to be driven out of the tall grass but apparently never do they leave cover during daylight. Two or rather 3 new members.

were added to the list today a small Sorex, the moolgor (to?) the gamban. (12) The prize today was a fine large & Civetta which I cought in one of the wolf traps. When I proached it growled or hissed like a house cat & opened its mouth & bared its teeth in a vicious manner. We took several photos get in the trap. The dorsal mane stood upright- all times, it was very conspicuous. The scent glands were very large & gave out a pleasant odor although when cut out- held to the nostrils the odor was rank & overpowering. A new shrew, the short tailed, large headed Sorex of Sichuan Sorex Vito, was caught today. I found some of the trails in debit Prolores. Shrews in good condition dropped by some food along animal I have not doubt. In the late afternoon I went with Si Wu to the forested ridge where we found the Gamban trail system.

day after two wolf-traps on the trail. The natives were plowing the hillside nearby & were all night camped in the field under light bamboo huts with their sheep flocking nearby. They don't live more than a half mile away, but save time for camping in the fields I suppose. (13) My walk onto the trip set on the Sambor trail was in vain. Only one fresh track that of a muntjac was seen on the road thru the plowed fields. A caught one of the cougared rats first taken at Ta-shui-tang. The hunters did not come today some had to content ourselves with shooting small animals of which we had on board. The 4p district here was once more thickly populated when poppies were the legitimate crop. Now since the opium embargo many of the fields have grown up into weedy places. The hill crop here seems to be chiefly corn or maize. This district is

in the slave of Keng - wa + is quite Indian in its courage the rupee being the only accepted coin by the Shaw population. Last night about 11 P M, we were visited by a violent thunder storm, accom- pained by sleet rain & strong wind. This storm lasted about 3 hrs. Science my very suddenly the green being cloudless & the moon clear although clouds appeared again soon after sunrise. 14 The native hunters failed to appear again but in the afternoon we went out & beat over a few bushy hills with our mafers without however flushing any game. The traps set on the Baduor trail caught few game. The small traps yielded few new species. The dominant forest tree is a large laurel leaved one which produces an acorn- like nut covered by a large furry covering. Many of these nut- covers were found under rocks

t in holes where raccoons had carried them. It appears the first few took like that got their escapement out on the haunts of Bongo Grant pig. 15 My broke camp this morning after a stay of weeks here in which time we collected over 200 animals of 22 species. This camp has exceeded in number of species in abundance any we have had in China just excepting any of the Snow men camps. About 11 pm gassed thru the village of Tsa-Chen situated into a mountain valley filled by rice terraces. The whole way the road descended down until a place amid fig trees with large figs near the stem, every broad elliptical leaves. A leafless Erythrina tree with red blossoms was also seen near streams. On the field edge.

Mammals of Meru Berg Forest (Harp-ho) Bless, above. 1 Tripsia - One purchased alive from local villagers. Not seen here which is doubtless too high out of its range. 2 Tripsia - like Sorex?... Many secured both at night & during day in the forest under logs & plant rocks. Stomach contents well examined a white vegetable pulp like that from seeds. 3 Procricis Sheers abundant in forests. 4 Silver mouse Several taken in forest under logs & roots of large trees. 5 Sorex - small brown - One secured only. 6 Sorex - piggy - Many taken in forest. In size it resembles other Sorex?... village species. Large headed? 7 Sorex - short tailed (large headed) three only secured in forest.

8 Civet cat - A large & trapped camp, Tracks of them seen Stomach contents rodent hair & bones. 9 Servals - One shot, a S. Many heard barking at night & an clearly large at noon. One other seen a few tracks in edge fields, 10 Caracal (Jambor) One did I brought of fresh hunts, A saw one on drive disappear over ridged bog & 50 to distant. Tracks trail clearly seen in pre ridge under a clearing. Forest inhabitant doubtless. 11 Red-bellied Squirrel - A half dozen shabby A. at camp from target tree not seen elsewhere, 12 Chipmunks - 4 shot from same tree. One other in hold rat camp:

13 March Two caught in forest, killed off their giant rat. 14 Spring black rat. Two taken first night but not afterward secured, 15 Springs (white bellied) one caught in forests 16 Springs (small) Two only secured, 17 Apodeemes (long eared) two taken. Same species as secured a few days previous at T.A. Skin - Kang village. 18 Apodeemes (long tailed) Most abundant round Many secured. 19 Apodeemes (filvous) one secured on last day. 20 Microops - Several taken under logs. 21 Microtites (small black) Abundant under logs.

creek banks 22 Microtus (meggy) 2 four specimens taken. 23 Talpa - Running for mole seen at camp but no caught in traps set in such places. 24 Vulpes - red One seen by A man driving near camp. 25 Erinaceus norvegicus One brought in by the villagers.

"Were Baracans & Bumblebees Several of the large purple flourishes, were seen in cisterns crushing cracks on the tree. were garbed the white-capped parson water wraiths. Also, several of the colored mulberries drove a large parrot green honey creeper to remailin shelter! On the corn fields a grove of Pteris ferns was everywhere present; on many of the trees the large fronded formated leafed climbing lily was most seen. In the afternoon we climbed up again at of the valley no were following it over a pass into another which led down to the meandering plain. Near the pines I shot a species of very small chipmunk having a clear buffy belly, striped back & the usual white tip to the ears. Later saw two others in the same tree apart of five oaks. Feather in also sunset I shot another five & from a cedar-like tall tropical tree. Two species of flycatchers were

the drab or dusky fan-tail + a small yellow + green one seen everywhere along the road- side. I also shot a Malachite blue species. We made camp at dark for down the mountain on the edge of the very - large plain. 2000 beyond was the hilly, of Bah - tzu - tzai. The camp was situated on the edge of a fine clear stream surrounded by a growth of large bamboo fig trees + others of tropical character. One of the figs was a tall white barked tree bearing reddish figs in bunches, some of which were lying ripe on the ground. Another species had large rough blackbark with spreading limbs, narrow elliptical leaves + fig stems of large size 3 inches across growing from the main trunk or short sprouts. 16 The night was clear + calm without frost but pleasantly cool. No mammals except a house rat were caught here..

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with grey limestone cliffs in some places. This country is fringed by a great variety of tropical trees, some of which were in blossom. A mulberry is a walnut-like tree in foliage with smooth white bark, which bears a profusion of crimson rose-red flowers. Another small tree bearing lavender flowers in great panicles was notable. Flies & brambles were numerous in the forest. One of the largest lianas or vines bore the seed pods of what great bean 18 inch in length & 4 1/2 inches broad. A common tree was the big-leafed leguminous one seen first near the orchid tree, then flowery-leaved again. The trees were also seen at in spots a great deal of bleeding banyan. After returning to find the ferry we travelled down the valley following the Nam-lay river.

two level rice fields & an occasional village. The house here have high steep eastern side of the valley is well cultivated but the fields have often the appearance of being allowed to lie fallow. at 5 p.m. we reached the chief village of Meng-tung & camped in some rice fields nearby. The headman is a youth about 17 yrs the office being administered by a Chinaman of middle age. Many Shan priests were seen here dressed in deep yellow tayos. Every Shan family must furnish one order to the priesthood who educate him but he need not remain permanently attached to the church. At dark we heard the priest surprising the service which sounded much like that of the Catholic Church as regards its rhythm.

(17) We remained in camp at Meng-ting as tomorrow is a market day when great numbers of the neighboring tribes come here to trade. The town is divided into two villages by a fine wide stream & the bordering open ground makes a space of 200 yds or so. The houses are composed wholly bamboo the supporting poles being bamboo, the sides are made of split bamboo mats which reachs boards 12 to 15 inches wide & the roof is straw thatch. The only sundried brick I have seen is in use for walls about Temples etc. No small mammals were caught here all tho' there are fine tropical forests & rice terraces, the ground is too hard. Carnivorous quads ants have not been or have ever been annoyed by

biting flies or mosquitoes A night? The only animal trapped has been the horse with 3 pinings mosquitoes. This morning we had a heavy joint fog which lasted until 10 AM. Yesterday there was a similar fog whirling down from the hills the valley being filled by a freezing white mass in which we could look down to the valley where the sun was shining brightly as we descended. (18) The next last night people were filling the village with loads for the market day, all morning they streamed in by small parties carrying loads on their backs or poles & knives for hire. Most of the people came from the far side where a high range bounds the valley as a wall & reaches 900 feet.

I visited the market 10 AM & found it in full bloom many like white, blue & silver. Different tribes were the chief component & I saw a Chinese man in evidence. No women with bound feet could be seen at this time as a few residents here in the market when summer approaches all the Chinese leave for the highlands to the north to avoid the malaria which is often fatal to them. Some of the tribes were easily recognized by their dress which was quite distinct from the universal blue John Chinese. The women of the tribes wore skirts & shoes & bare feet in marked contrast to the bound foot Chinese women. The men often exhibited tattoos on their thighs (in some cases as a girdle about their waists). The tattoos were very elaborate.

involved so that most of the surface of the mountains covered by freeze & tigers appeared to check borders. The of never appeared to be thus snow covered, Some of the women of certain tribes wore black dresses with short skirts & leggings of black vied with black hose, but garters or bands above their calves. Their hats were of the wild design convol yellow type of Chinese hair wear, made of plaited bamboo & had a short cane for the back. Many women were seen with garland or bright green skirts, some with maroon the material up- pearled to be silk. Various sorts of vegetable were found for sale, turnips, seeds, rice, sugar-cane, grains, water chestnuts, bananas, oranges, lemons, dried persimmon, &c. &c. Saw several baskets of land- snails, a food I had never

"seen before in any markets, chinese cloth cotton, thread & Chinese merchandise now on display. The long thin goods in modern sheaths were spread for sale. Some of the dried salt fish & salt in blocks, no common produce in the market. Some of the natives affected a soft turned down hat & minare size the sides of which were folded down almost like an open bonnet. The bright yellow robes & piest added much color to the market scene. All of the tribe people here chew the beetle nut, both m & f their mouths very stained dark red & their teeth black & they expectorate a blood-red fluid. The Chinese here smoked openly at the tea-shops in public & most of this race appeared to be addicted to the habit. The number of races here are at least half dozen. There are shans, chinese, Taulhops or

Mohammedans, Burmese, Jas, Pannians, &c. Solos &c. 19 At daylight when we crossed a light rain was falling but after intervals thereafter no more got passed I started on our way at 10 Am in lovely sultry weather. Again had been obtained who both us down the valley to a place in the Burma border at the village of Man-Loah. There may lead over level rice fields for about 10 miles & then thru the valley closed in & the river ran to a dead jungle choked river. The lower part of the valley was sheltered by tall trees & so much of its strong heat like a warm green grass. The slit along the river was blocked by giant bamboos, bamboo canaries, elephants leaves growing & great big trees for etc. Near some of the villages immense fig

trees were seen as thuds from the house I came few poplar trees loaded with fruit in a field of juice apples, at 5 P.M. we made camp on clear the forest not far from border just before dusk there I saw some tiny small chipmunks in the of four small trees that were They were moving about out of range as a rule I found actually running still times in leafy trees and what a beautiful blue with green spells from physalis also There was felt after while there were pitching camp The camping night was a blend series of old fields in the heart of the forest. 20 In the morning I shot 3 more chipmunks. I also a large red tailed squirrel some of the chipmunks were seen on the lime leafless rose thorned tree along the

budding blossoms we continued on our way thru the forest over a very wet slippery clay road which ran well up on the side of the valley & went away from the level valley border to the Nam-lung river. The forest here has little of the appearance of that of Peru with Amazon bed-makers lacking paleros almost absolutely, dark green are members of this family, a small stemless maiden. Two fern lands only. There are new tree ferns here either for the leafy white stemmed trees of very little appearance in other parts of S. A. & Africa. At noon we reached some cultivated fields at a place called Mangossa where we made camp under some giant spreading fig trees when the road crossed a creek.

The sharas who live here are hunters + attend guides to Sacambar, both mahouts, clerks & neither tigers or ingapaloes occur here they said. (2) Some of the resident sharas (12 men) went out driving into Alor nothing of big game was seen. The traps caught several large Pachyurus + house rats. (3) We had better success today & caught a large new Springa + a new large Insectivore like the one I muching & A caught in Palecat. At noon Mr Oo called me out to witness a large river cat eating only the flesh parts of the cattle. & shot the animal which proved to be 6th or lean combition + probably sick which my accounts for its boldness. A monkey was also seen while driving game + no Sacambar.

" was flushed but escaped, In the morning I saw a flock of jungle fowl at the edge of a field. There were 2 cocks + several hens but they flew away into the tall green trees where I just saw them, one climbing a palm like the barnyard fowl, the 8 or 9 tender young ones + the hens below. In the afternoon we were visited by a thunder-shower. 23. All of the Slayers favor using country chow-battle nut. Both men + women share the habit. Their mouths are almost dark red + they expectorate a blood-red liquid. The palm which produces the nut I have not seen growing here. A few days ago I saw them building one of their houses, which are two stories, the upper part being an open room so it is dry & cool. At noon they had the pulloos up, they might if it was finished quickly. Now it seems

made of bamboo the pillars & thatch is depleted I can't say, almost red spring net like the one taken on the Neponset first but larger. Several finches were trapped today. 24 Another red net was sewn in the forest below camp, also one of the gray spring mice as well as a bushy-tailed rat & large R pipings. A small agouti in wheel traps. The birds here are all very slay as any native carries gun & shoot game for the food. Several birdmen few in number & species and are also very slay. Today while shooting at some red bellied squirrels I blundered upon a large black Parrot or parakeet in a tree. They looked us close as monkeys as they saw them jump away. 25 One of our hunters brought in a long gray monkey which he had shot. This makes

had a girl of elephants stowed about his waist & was topwood below the trees also with figures of tigers. This is the first chance I have seen tattooed below the laces to any extent. I collected another red rat [illegible] one of the Shoftailed Squirrel Alomaw small shrew a Pachyura morain fell today all this it was cloudy as usual with a heavy gaud mist in the morning. Considerate opium is raised here either we have seen no pipes. The Shews have little difficulty in winning the Chinese officials & allow them to bid break the law. A few rupees is sufficient. A pair is a large mother is assembling in the village below her today at jo chun where the number seems only within 3 years, a long unusual interval. [26] The natives who live here

do not keep dogs Suppose only to the climate being unsuited or damage by leopards. At the farm everything seems too many dogs but the natives on the road as well as in the market had none with them. The only crop cultivated here is tobacco. The rice fields all show neglect. On my way back from the village I witnessed an unusual animal hunt. In the meadow I saw a brown mongoose which had evidently swallowed two dangerous animals about only slowly expel it. When we came on the scene the mouse retreated hastily into the sand glass but some of the fellows not going around as in slow bounds. The day was cloudy this scene took place at 10:30 A.M. on a low rice terrace or field of low terraces. At dusk I shot a rat near the creek opposite the village. It was very small and had an absolutely different from any other species I know.

27 Another mole rat was caught today, also 2 of the short tailed lizards & small shrews + large spring haggad aspired the common redbellied species. One Mohammedan hunter brought in a large black & white Hornbill. After dark a nutgia landed the first dove heard here. The sun set clear the first day of good weather welcome land 28 Another fair dry day with a south-west wind! Favoured us. The catch consists of batwing squirrels, chipmunks + short tailed lizards at one of the small flat shelled bats shot at the creeks. The people who live here are Mohammedan therefore keep our dogs on guard. They launched 2 buffaloe to a few zebras but no other live stock. The country here is remarkably free from carnivores ants, not a specimen has been eaten. Mosquitoes are rare as well as bitting flies. The soil had great deep holes in many

places which extend straight clown + are made by termites apparently many loops in the ground are marked by a line of earth bulking in the termites which have given holes in them. The character is now ideal at night cool at the day on the shade cool also only but in direction shine. A species of brown monkey has been heard daily making calls but like clarions call A sounds tomorrow today that lost them on the trees. March 1 I finally shot a Patu just today in the tree where I first saw a pair. This one was a big x man feeding on the Rose tree with a hollum-like shape foliage, a slow hunter crouching in a trogan which hesitate. I shoot white that bushwill + a turbot at camp. A strong first jungle fire, a &

red mud glaze crane in color. we have heard them coming the bird nearly everyday this they are too many for short honestly, not a trap has been stolen here all tho the natives have seen them often. They are more honest than the Chinese & Tibetan tribe who stole traps on sight on all occasions. Their honesty is doubtless due to the wildness of the country & lack of civilization to corrupt them. Every man here carries a gun for protection, maybe loaders, that action rifle Winchester ancient type let besides a long sword in a wooden sheath tucked under his belt. At dusk the Shan hunter returned with 2 & 3 ribbons of a light brown color. They were hand made & folded then like bamboo barrels. They were smaller but had districtish callosities & very long arms while their general shape gave them

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"low + ending in a hole like the spotted hyaena but much cleaner + clever. The call can be heard a mile or two if silent only in the morning from dawn until noon. The shan hunter seems bare limbed through very heavy underbrush his legs were tattooed down to the knees heavily + far below the breech with a few stray gauges. About his waistmen a girdle of elephants trotted. Poisonous snakes or leopards are rare or this method of travel would not be popular or safe. The woods are everywhere over- grownly small vines but which tangle the feet for large creepers are not often seen. A mudhole in the forest & one of a few sandm lizards later somewhere on a forest hillside. The rooting of fatted wild hyaenas seen in many places + looking fresh. After many tracks were also seen, no dung or beds of any of these animals

were seen & I feel that they are quite rare here. No palms was seen but a few large slender aloes grow in the joints. Giant bamboo filled all the creek beds. Biting insects + mosquitoes were not met with. As dark as I was waiting for lots in the forest & saw on the top of a side tree two monkeys sitting on, ahead may well out of reach of leopard's or other climbing carnivores. I started them & found that there were really two pairs of monkey. the pairs sitting beside each other tapping away as one. At first but they got angry & moved. A caught a palm sith. A new moment for this place also a fine gobber & again. The Shon hunter shot a flg of the large gray long tailed monkeys. (3) I went out & put a rifle to the same place where we saw the monkeys yesterday but we failed to find any as

we arrived at 10 o'clock when the ribbons were rearing their wings in glee. Sometimes the rail muttles, soon for most of the noise is made from 7 A.M. to 10. Shot 2 olive squirrels in the culpe or round hole with pork. There were many running about the great trees chirping gunshots making a clinking noise like hews but much soft from the note of the gun man for specimens. Shot a toign the first I have seen here. (1) To-day was a red letter day for me, in the morning starting from camp below a hen jungle fowl + a francolin in the rice fields + one of the little white breast red or gallinule at the creek. All three species I have seen before but now not near enough to bag me. Hartman on along the trail through the woods. Shot 2 pig cork jungle fowl on the path. From the trail I saw a herd of Seminole hawks so large feeding on the beams of a top.

A Acacia tree, I got within range of them + bagged a fine B + F There were about 20 many body grown young no sound or call was given. The farm M then the trees plater I saw + heard them chutny than the dry bamboo Shickets, They contained well haired embryos of bright orange red but all the half grown we seen were blue-grey like others parents. We then proceeded up the path to the open field in the forest + both owlpe blong the sabitons did not call. At 11:30 heard a rustling of branches + discovered a herd of Macaques greeding in a grove with trees of the budding flowers + leaves shows a semi-matted tree + the Macagues could be seen learing on the trees + dropping fruit to the ground which was the noise I heard, a low muting or at times heard also. I fired at the largest + stem as any within range as they rushed past me. So The ones left arection large of my light faced + the other with dark forehead ears.

"The small are too large to see as all were in the herd opposite. The herd scampered away from the bamboo & were now out of sight. A herd was at length seen specimens today. The three genera of monkeys which have collected here are all that occur in India a chiro as day animals & they are all fairly common here. The gibbons are doubtless the rarest type; they call contemually (they are the most easily to locate so well as the most confid. I saw my first palm of considerable size today in the forest, there is maiden hair Claved species 30 feet tall with a trunk stem 10 inches in diameter. 5 Another day was spent hunting monkeys. Met the Semnopithecus in the same trees near the road but they scampered away on my first shot & I failed to get any. Saw some appeared to have orange bellies, but later discovered an

shooting and that they were feverish with the orange colored newly born young clinging to their breasts. At 12 noon I found the Sithas, a party of several males which were very frightened. I ran away at once I followed down hill separated them & soon after I heard them pealing to each other apparently trying to unite again. About I returned at 3 P.M. with one old Sarampitherus, a live egg about 1 week old which I found all naked over here. The young kept up. Pleasently all ran old & stayed nearby apparently nothing to assist it but I frightened her away. There of the herd spaced, moved away as soon as I shot. While up the small ravine today I saw a number of Marden-bird clean feeding on large ripe 40 feathery with dark green limbs like royal palms & Feather drunklers. Bute aumber

Mammals of Burma Border 1 Hylobates Heard dailing prailing the note, a rising whoop of great volume + capable of carrying a meter & half. The birds consisting of 3 or 4 to 1500 in extent of mixed ages. Old & big themselves, their call uttered only in morning & bright days from dawn to noon. On cloudy weather until late afternoon. 2g & 1yg & collected. 2 Semnopithecus Seen in herds of 40's to 40, mixed sexes & ages. No call note when alarmed a squeaking note to keep them together. Found a large herd near Karen. Nearly born are carried on the backs of parents with grip on the impression that the parent has orange red underparts

3 Mesacurs I have near are large herd of 20 + a party of 4 old Bs. I saw the first 2 ad & 7 one yg was shot as they were feeding on the flowers of a large tree just feeding in the front. No alarm note or cals was noted. 4 Hilt Shell'd Bat - Common near camp at dusk both 6 were shot. Flight flashing 5 Cervulus Several herd marking at night. A nursing & shot by Mr L. Hunter 6 Civetta Three trapped & one shot at morning which boldly entered the cook kitchen. 7 Geretta Two caught in steel traps 8 Vommula Paleear. 4 caught ni steel traps 9 Paradoxurus ? Palanstick? 1 was caught in 'steel traps.

18 Red Squirrel - One seen from a distance, another pair seen by A.- Rare 19 Olive Squirrel - Abundant in forest in small herds of 5-10. Note checking hem-cells. 20 Pepper Chipmunk Many seen in forest feeding on buds of rose flowers white backed Tree. Keep high up 30 feet or more. 21 Spiny Red Rat, Afraid large red rat secured in forest but rare (5 specimens)

10 Short-tailed Deselessee - Several caught in net traps set in the forest grassland. 11 Pachyurus - Large Most common small mammal in forest & on edge of streams, 12 Pachyurus (small) A single gravid ? with 2 embryos secured in forest. 13 Tupaya - One caught in steel trap set at edge of creek 14 Esping (white belled large) Very common in forest & on stream margin 15 Esping (dark belled) Powerful habits like darks 16 Spring May Mouse (white belly) Often taken near forest human camp 17 Spiny Mouse (dark belly) One collected

adds 22 Sarnibar One beast of 20ex + find of my native hunter, Tsechore in forest but not common. 23 Red-bellied leopard. One seen by A in forests, 24 Meazel - a dark word seen in the fields. Another seen by A as it broke out of his trap. 25 Bat (Large P Carleani) The large bats flushed from a cavern grave by A.

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Prima Barde? Name [illegible] The valley is narrow & rather deep forested everywhere except open clearings near the road on one side hill high up, Elevation 1700 feet of valley floor hills range from 8-9000 feet east side to 5-6000 on west. Soil a hard red clay except near rice fields where it is black. Forest evergreen trees but no conifers. Two layered trees, laurel common producing nut like fruits. Occasional clearings now common. Giant Bach abundant in forest, brambles make travelling in undergrowth slow many vines bar armed with thorns. No oaks or rose family tree seen. Trees of large size common with undergrowth. A maiden hair palm seen a few giant palms above me.

Forest. Following thoro tree fur in blossom in March tall care grass + sword grass over much of the Area only + this becomes dry in March to burned by nature to make pasturage. Rock formation limestone, the creeks caverns + often disappear. In place the country is filled plains large sinks or basins having an outlet into which water drains. Vertical holes six inch in diameter 2 or more feet deep ging straight down are common in fresh grass country + are doubtless the work of ants.

Birds of Burma Border 1 Jungle-fowl - Seen in small parties two daily, in rice fields. Often seen or pairs in jungle + often bird crowing in jungle cover. wary + some hunted by natives. 2 [illegible] Often seen in rice fields + heard calling in morning, One shot. 3 Bamboo Partridge - Several caws seen in forest live taken. 4 White Throated Mallard - Seen creek side, one collected. 5 Mormon Plover - Common in fields. 6 Pygmy Crow Abounds in trees at camp 7 Raven - Seen at camps 8 Magpie (blackbird) Few seen at village. 9 [illegible] Common.

10 Crested Lark Abundant 11 Black White Starting Afew Seen. 12 Golden Dog Cocks - several Seen. 13 Wood Cocks - Large Species tripped 14 White & Black Hornbill - Afew seen, Shoo Shot, 15 Eurygan Two collected in Forest. White Seen. 16 Black Fantail Flycatcher Common. 17 Black & Blue Wood Flycatchers Two Tripped in Forest. 18 Yellow Bellied Flycatcher Afew Seen. 19 Black Crow Abundant. 3 Tripped 20 Purple Thrush 2 Tripped near Stream 21 Bronze - Black Several Seen. 22 Barbets - Small One collected. 23 Blue Merthatch - One taken 24 Green Flowerpecker Common in Forest.

> March 5 add < of the red stemmed fig trees with broad leaves were seen in the forest but no animal appears to eat the fruit now. The Mohawaden Shan hunter shot a ? Moutjoe today, A shot a pyg & Gibbon. Two or three other yesterday heard two Raleut for chasing me another than the trees I met a small cover of bamboo partridges in the forest where they were scratching on thoops loom. They never leave the forest for the ricefields as do not gallinaceous birds there. The forest of the hill is charming all this season. There are no annoying insects & the trees give a cool shade so The under shrubs are annoying only on the names few spots which are overgrown by long grass. The trees are evergreen timber species chiefly but in habit are like an oaks & others. The soil even on steep hillsides is a loose reddish loam humus although it is almost all to the porous rocks which is limestone.

Books Wanted Sand of Blue Poppy F. Kingdom Ward Rivers of Golden Sands (2 vols) Capt. Gill Yun-man Sinks below Indus & Yangtze, H.R. Davis Marco Polo's travels with maps - Chinese Dictionary Hillier English-Chinese Turkies to India Prince Henry Irlceon Roy. Geog. Soc., Suppl. Papers Vol I Part 1, p1-8 Baker Voyage on Yun-man G. Courtellemont A Naturalist in Western China Ernest H. Wilson (2 vols.) Doubleday Page & Co. 1914

March 6 We continued our hunt for old & gibbons but without results. Located about by their wailing notes at 10 A.M. but they were timid + sneaked away after I approached the trees they were in noislessly + moved only when they called to assist to be heard stalking. Their notes are quite varied when nearly & clearly like rather than a wail. As I was leaving camp in the morning I shot a fine & grangleford Assoumoo monkeys along one which was caught in one of my rat traps at below camp frighting Ju-mo so that he did not bring it to camp + in the P.M. when I went out hunt the place trap was bare none. We moved camp up the Valley over the lake trail & crossed the river. Have seen + camped across the creek where lived here where Shan villages. These people are not decided by talking + done my bird playing moves with the

materials directed outward & very wide. Their lips + mouth are also large + strangely features generally being a different than that. I mean our camp when many Gigphis trees bearing the yellow fruit which is eatable + monkey nutters monkey. The tree had sprus, but dark shiny leaves but live ash in appearance. None of the natives here eat monkey meat & tho some of the hunters have shot specimens purs. The skins I havent seen in any where either but the monkeys are quite wary & difficult to approach so they are probably shot as often, In weeks hunting the gigphus became so many that they could not be approached without exercising extreme caution. 8) I spent the day at Hue Peym but without results. A went out driving with 2 women & Darw morgane. Should get my photo show me where the

monkeys lived or I remained in camp being afflicted with indigestion. Weather hot to clear with cool breeze up the valley from the west. (9) Just before leaving Five Mangroves I took a walk near the River side & saw about dozen jungle fowl in various openings, with three shot a fine cock from a bamboo mat on which it perched when I flung it. Our road led back along the wandering river nearly to Mair Man - on other side of the valley & our rolling hills. No game was seen or monkeys heard. The hill country is cultivated, without forest except a few patches of brush. The only water we found for tiffin was a fool green slime pool used by buffaloes as a wallow, after tiffin we went on 2 hours & found other open nearly down grass plain with large pits holes into which the water drains. The rock over was ledges of gray limestone at, 5 P.M. we reached Moulai-lings.

"At Mo-li-ba we first learned from Clive that the U.S.A. had broken off diplomatic relations with Burma about some time after crossing over the stone Burma boundary monuments. Mo-li-ba is a Chinese settlement at the women having bound feet. The land is not at this season planted to poppies which were in bloom. The blossoms are large white 3 inches across, occasionally there are lavender blooms seen. The opium fields from Jaffy Island envelope the poppy grown here extends across the border into China. No custom house or British government official were seen on the boundary. The British have evidently moved the boundary into Chinese territory in recent years. Harris' Map has Mo-li-ba well inside Chinese territory while now it is some miles inside Burma. Here at Mo-li-ba we again found only a mud hole a Buffalo wallow as a watering, camping place.

10 In the morning we con- tinued our way to Mali'- pa where we learned a British Officer was stationed. The route descended down a narrow valley & then has dry freshly grass down plain. Mali'pa was reached at noon. Here we were met by Capt. Clive who gavers liffin + a camping place near his home + barracks; He is stationed here with some 50 Hindus of the Turba tribe chiefly infantry with one 3d muzzle loading gun + a herd of pack mules & ridding horses. The station here is temporarily occupied in the period rented when he returns to the main station at Lashio. 11 Upon our arrival yesterday Clive sent out a telegram near ago to Lashio as the head of the district could only givers permission for them to China or leave the station. No message concerning us was received however. The Captain closed me the heliograph.

in action. The apparatus is a simple one consisting of a small circular mirror 5 inches in dia, meter + a button to flash like a telegraphic sender. The flasher represents the dots & dash Morse code is used. The stations are 10 miles apart & 6 of them are needlessly placed on this. The one near Mt Diablo is on a mountain top & the flash glass mirror can be seen clearly when they are sending. Afterwards have all up the distance so that the flashes not visible in that an enemy could not read it. In foggy or cloudy weath no message can be sent. On a clear night a large reflecting back with a shutter is used for signaling. (12) Pea fowl are said to occur here at one spot 3 miles west but Chie has never seen the birds, except out at

3 P.M. with a guide & his wife to the Peafowl hunts The place was a narrow valley filled by rice fields + forested on the sides While he were watching the sides 2 large olive mungoose when seen walking along the edge one after the other. They finally ran away + disappeared into a ditch before me could get within photograph range. The only game and seen near several jungle fowl + many large squirrel tailed doves. (13) In the early morning Jervas again to the Peafowl place but saw more all the still call was heard like that your domestic peafowl. Many francolin were heard calling in grass plains + several very flushed. A giant black hog cock was shot + one francolin in harpy eagle. (14) This morning in bright sunshine at 6 AM I saw a pair of large pole cats on a small rice field. They ran up a small path on the other when me.

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border. At 9 am after breakfast with Clive we drove the Madi via li-li, road running N.E. to another [illegible] name. We passed many natives came to market with loads of grain, vegetables, etc. Capt. Clive says that a few t mountain occur in the hills but he has never heard of tigers or leopards near the station. Sambars are lurking as are also monkeys of any sort. Altitude of station 3600 feet. Rock white limestone weathering grey, Soil darker red clay. Rainy season starts middle of June & starts to October. None of the natives of Burma territory are allowed to carry guns as in Chinese territory where every traveller is armed. Clive told us he took the guns away as soon as he located them. The name Madi-jpa applies to a large species of tree One of these trees with spreading crown & dentate leaves, for a near

on camp The bilobed leaved Tree so common below the Khun is now in blossom here in abundance. Other large tree white fragrant flowers in shape like those Orchids, but is not a member Of the Leguminosae as I had thought After climbing them appears to an altitude of about 6000 feet we started the mount rule To Man La Ding where we camped at 5000 feet apparently. The village is located on the mountainside with cold streams and dry below it. The tree growth is tropical within pines and a few oaks tolders. The boundary was crossed two hours out of the Li-pa valley morning monument for Mrs R was seen on the road. (16) Night pleasantly cold The country everywhere here is much broken mountain Bro split only on all plains valleys suitable for rice terraces. The valleys and ridges run in various directions & the country is confusing.

At dark we reached Meng-peng village of some size. It is rather large plaining rice terraces. The hillsides here are all without forest and are now grass covered, the grass recently burnt. It appears to be a poor game country, also unsuitable for small verminals. Weves seen & often heard chilling. (17) The road after leaving Meng-peng passed up the valley & over a high ridge to the next down into the Salween gorge. The road here ran on the ridge and between weathered glacial stone & brown grass covered fields of wheat. Theroad was from or blackish soil red soil, and in many were alders & few oaks. Presence preserved groves of common pine. A Chinese village half down towards the Salween contained sun

very small woman, some al 3 feet tall but male or strong in build. Two species I smell previously seen on the way whil had head, A pink blossoms. A steep descent of 2000 feet brought us down to the ferry on the Salmon which is here a quiet stream. 100 yds wide & very deep. The sides of the valley are steep with only narrow patches of alluvial soil bordering the rivers. We made camp at the ferryman's but on the east bank, where there were old rice terraces & level land (18) The country looked favorable for collecting so we decided to set out traps. The toadine and mountain pitter & peafowl occurred here. The ferry consists of a long raft of bamboo poles lashed together by vines & bark. This structure is propelled by shovel like oars which have a square bamboo frame & are pulled back toward the boat like a snow shovel which they present

ble in shape, Poles are also used when mean the shore but the depth a few feet away from the bank is great for poles. My regards down here the stream has a current of only about 2 miles an hour. The water is clear + cold 60° F ash, The rocks formation is largely black shale + slate with some limestone of the soil or hill sides is red clay. 19 The bat traps produced only 2 species of large Sperm like those already secured at Marker. The olive and colored squirrel of Yunnanian forests was also common here. 20 I went peg-freel shooting down the river with A, V. saw an old B on a sandy point at the edge of the bush but kept away at 150 yds + we each him no more nor any other altho we waited west from 5 P.M. to sun-set. Perford call daily on the west side of the river during the cool morning again at dusk, Wherever we

fire a gun that also call which is a habit of domestic peafowl. (21) The old Q was seen again today on the Point. A man waiting behind brush for pea- fowl & saw a distance away, saw this old bird get up and langer out on the open chke path look at his position then turn around & check away unseen by A. It was a plain case of the falcon being stalked. I shot an adult Q which flew over my head & alight on the beach opposite me. As she alighted she noticed me under some willows 25yds away & started to fly but I brought her down with a shot wing broken. Then she plunged for the water & we picked her up in the water. She was green with a large top, not it looked like an immature Q but she contained a series of large eggs. The peafowl inhabits dry leafless brush here & call daily but only at daybreak or at

See - 2d Dollar they come down of the beach, There are 3 or 4 of in this neighborhood but only 2 of tem have been seen thus far, The Chinese don't hunt them here but they are very shy nevertheless. The flesh is especially the galla said to be deadly to Chinese & the gall is employed by person people, or a dried on the & roasted & founds it much like turkey in flavor, just as dry & which quite indistinguishable. The tail feathers of the 8 are valuable to the Chinese for oom Range #10.00 Mex. 29 This morning Dan a band of 20 Mongass numbers but they all don't all come nearer than 750 yds. They were on the river margin in sand & leafless trees The valley of the Salween is quite without residents as the climate

No moderations in summer, the rice fields are cultivated by the villagers of charming-lung, which lies 200 feet above the river in a pine forest. They are no native tribes here but people speaking Chinese only alter in features they show some Chinese characters. The Salmon in depth & shape is identical to that of the Midway in the same latitude both being deep V shaped and affords valley's with good land floor of much extent, 23. The night was raining hot- to the morning dawned rainy. Out at 9 am. It went down the river to the far foul hounds & saw how the next weather being favorable to them. The fish was ones on the open sand beach where struck the g. This bird was an old 5 x odd one see it until it flew up much game with long beats & rows. Fired shot at 78 down the shot had no effect. This bird I found by its death was without a single gun shot.

"One point but apparently played me to pass on being looking forward to the scrub away from the river. After she'd gone well ahead it flew up tops as if danger. The rest of the land I saw a few 100 yards further down along along the open sand and rock beach which it followed for an hours sitting on the top of an exposed rock back to which I did not move to stalk the bird but did not get a shot. This bird was seen at 10 AM. In the evening I again returned to hunt sea fowls at 5 P.M., but saw none after that. The sky was partly overcast, as it was shading at lots with river mile ahead a splashing with water opposite our tent animals swimming widely side by side enjoying the water themselves. They seemed to be in full flight. I left the water when I saw they were after red mullets. It

mus tus dealt to me just sights well so I stayed close when we returned to the water & the other swam away on land it was not seen again, very surprised that they parted head to the nose after shortening. The had evidently just came down the river at this point for a swim. (24) Thursday broke nearly hot without rain. We broke camp & crossed the river on the Columbus raft which made six trips to get the 25 boats over. The mules & horses swam over in a close bunch & handled well up the river being strong swimmers. It took us 2 hours to climb up the very steep sides of the valley. At noon we stopped for tiffin & amid a pine forest at about 500 feet, At the summit of the valley from the country was rolling & mountainous in every

Mammals & chewing being Between Febry. 1 - Macacus, Several herds seen on the river margin in trees sent, The individuals mixed ages & sexes, from 12 to 20 individuals. They + difficult to stalk within shot-gun range. 2 - Brown Bat. (Vespertilio) Several shot at dusk near camp in open country. 3 Vespers brown Bat. Like dark in size but teeth smaller, One shot. 4 Cervulus - Several heard barking at night + in the morning near camp. A few marks seen on the marshy river beach. Young fawns seen in grassy hillsides. 5 Canis (Methwolf) Often been prowling in river at dusk. Tracks of dogs seen unless made by these wolves, doubles. 6 V Vinnula a Poly cat seen running on an overhanging branch to river in front of river margin.

Elephas no evidence past or present Country most suitable Rhino - no evidence 7 Scinax (Redbellied) Several seen in trees at Camp, 8 collected, 8 Eupryma (dark bellied) Several collected in edgey rice fields. 9 Z. (white bellied) Intell. past in occurrence. 10 Microps. A small white bellied spci recorded. Am. 11 Pachygnus (large) Three caught on Meadow Island. 12 Serin Others are said to be seen on the river by the boatmen. 13 Pteropoma along in reeds or marshy. 14 Bot (medium size) A few seen at dusk. 15 Cirriths Tracks seen on beach 16 Pelis - Bennetta? Tracks found not seen on beach.

10. Solanum (Yellow fruit) A shrubby weed in alvar soil 11. Jessamine - A common flowering shrub 12. Red Flowered Shrubs. Tubulos. Common near river. Description general Valley deep, V shaped about 3,000 feet in depth. Rock on east side limestone or west bank shale chiefly. Soil red clay or shale gravel with yellow clay. Climate cool in March. Morning calm afternoon with good breeze from inner from 1 PM to sunset. Night to clear calm. No original forest seen, only a few trees at riverside to scattered growth of poplars, trees on grass covered hillsides. West side little cultivated; some here occur like trees, but x fall. Very little bainto or mudgrass seems, chiefly tall slender grass 3 feet high or hillsides.

Birds of Salween Ferry 1-Plea - fowl (Kuhn - chah) (Chooie) Soon (Shaw) Seen on west side of river on beach both days only with caution. of one & which were wrestling near the call at daybreak & at dusk. whenever a gun is fired, shy + very alert. When frightening on beach they takeering tothin dust they run + keep in cover. not seen in trees but they doubtless rest in them. 2 - Pheasant (Lady Anberst) One skin dried for sale by native. A white moped pheasants rarely. A once only at close range. 3 jungle fowl (Yeh-che) Abundant in ricefields & riverside. Many cocks seen my flock by themselves. 4 Franklin - or hear calling + one flushed. 5 Purplewood Pigeon - two shot in trees not coming 6 Sharp tailed dove common nesting in trees. 7 Cotoranous - A large flock.

Species seen on river twice, 8 Kingfisher (little blue) one only seen. 9 Lapwing - a few seen on river. 10 Sandpiper - a Bertold species seen. 11 Black/White Magpie - ofen near the camp 12 Raven often seen marculintion. 13 Bee-eater - golden headed Abundant sandacions 14 Bee-eater - Green Several seen in fig trees 15 Barbet - large Threshed in fig trees, 16 Black headed Sparrow often seen. 17 Red headed Vireo Common in trees. 18 Bobbling Thrush - Slaty Threshed in bush. 19 Sunbird - Red A small species seen. 2-1 Kinglet. olive Common in trees. 22 Crested Babbler - Very common. Hawks, Kesse, hemo, rock mountain only one kingfisher seen.

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"road cuts gray or whitish grante (sic) was exposed the first work of this sort I had seen since coming south, at 1.30 P.M. we reached a stream situated in a deep ravine amid newly grown grass lands & here we camped as Arno down with the malaria. The grass was just opening up & a new crop of Pteris ferns a tribe which are all then this region dominate over the grass, The natives gather the new fern stalks & boil them for food. I tasted some which was rather glutinous & spinach like in taste. The camp was about 5 hrs. from the small village of Nang-sai. No sign of game mammals or birds were seen here. At the creek below past camp a new store building of white granite had been built the rocks taking at the creek side. 26 Having recovered from the malaria we continued on journey & arrived at Nang-sai

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in great numbers & placed above & every objective possessed. They could not be driven away. (27) From Hsiang to we joined to Lung-lung in seven hours. The landscape remained the same type as previous days very hilly & broken, the road dropping down into many steep ravines with small creeks interlaced, torceding again, there being no level stretches. At Lung-lung the magistrate held up there was fighting at Mang Shih, a large Shan vil- lage 1 day south where we had denounced to Chung-kwan. The Shoers are here raising opium & fighting the govern- ment troops who attempt to stop them. On this account the magistrate could not let us go there so we turned northward up the Shwele Ri valley to the high pass on th Salwen divide on the Teng-yuel Yungchong road. The night was cold & the climate here quite

Browsing 28 Our camp at Sung Suiy was on a fine grassy meadow west of town and in the morning on route lay thru the town which is string along this one long road. It is a typical filthy Chinese town with Shang or other tribes being purely Chinese. The Sung-Hing valley is small & irregular & stream crossed it & asended the bare hills. The route was a paved road leading to Yung Chang. South of the road on at the spurs I could see 2 miles away a temple pidwerly perched on a sharp conical peak whikers well forested the trees hiding the lower tails of the buildings. The roadsides about Sung-Hing an lined by rose hedges, which are now bearing single yellow flowers sweet scent. This is perhaps the rambler rose of Wilson Chinese flora. The pear trees are now in white with blossoms & the few peach trees also pink with flowers. A few South Primroses & a carnation roseaceous flowered shrub red bearing

(burn like Crataegus) to use as a hedge plant also in flower. In the afternoon marched a Valley on the sides of which were numerous Chinese villages the largest being Cha-an - so. One's place nearly as large as Jung-king. One of the villages was a pottery manufactory great numbers of conical white pots being in view. We made camp at the lower end of the valley on fine gassy slope. These valleys look quite desolate now being a sort of dried up rice terraces without any vegetation across grazing. Only one crop of rice is grown here this is not yet planted as the fields are left idle all winter quite a reverse to this thing. The creek is a broad shallows over flows into the Salween east of the valley. (29) The nights as usual at 5000 feet very cold. At this point we left the Jung-chang road and made straight for that ridge bounding the Salween on the west which we followed north.

Hoang-cham - new city, At noon we had tiffin under the pines under a pear tree in full bloom. The country on the way was a series of deep valleys & ridges cultivated vertically consist of no extensive forest left. After tiffin we dropped down into the between valley filled by smoke & haze, where we extend the valley it is very wide, 10 miles, but the surface above is a rolling sea of red clay hills. The ridges continues as far as Hoang-cham. a few Shan slaves here mixed in with the Chinese. These Shan women wear great circular turbans as high as the beret hats of British guard sermons. Their attire is a black cloth & their feet are bare in remarkable contrast to the bound feet of their Chinese sisters. We camped beside a village of modern style houses of Chinese type but the place is governed by a Shan chief who knew much of shooting game & was very friendly. This village is Hoang-cham (new-city). This place

all this range is shown on Davis map, neither in the road or any other place west of the Silveen between Cheri-an - so + Ho-mu- on. 30 The day was spent on a wild goose chase for a shooting camp all the 1st of April was still 2 days airance. The Shan chiefly Hring-chen sent two soldiers as guides to a place he said was good hunting but when I arrived we found it in deep mine or rather which for some miles was clothed by dense primival forest growing on steep a slope that machines could not cultivate the land of road allowed the forest stand. This spot was high up with min of the Silveen valley 300 feet above it being then 1500 we descended from here I found ourselves near our starting point at darkeness but on way to Ho-mu - See. The rock formation is largely granite in this range with some sandstone + shale. On this

season the mahout trees are just leaving they form the chief trees in the landscape near villages. We met quite a few clans on the road going down to Stronger to the market but most of the farmers of the region are Chinese. This is the poorest reptile country (Salween valley) considering its tropical nature & degrees I have visited. The Salween is hot & dry with plenty of cover & rocks but not a lizard is visible along the road & snakes are never seen nor are their tracks met with in the dust of the road. We have in 10 days worth travel secured no snake or lizards only. 31 The route was continued in the early morning. It led down into the valley east of the Salween and for from then Cheng & then went south to the main Yang-chow Tengyukh road, The bridge over the Salween was visible some way away. It is a two span & suspended the two parts with a live boat linken at the middle where the Salween only continues wide

I'm above the bridge as far as we could see. The weather has been continuously lazy so that wherever that visible distance is clearly visible. This haze remains permanent or at least very as dense at sunrise. We climbed out of the valley again to through village of its own-then 6000 feet, situated on a spur with a few vertical forms surrounding it. Then our camping place at the village & saw considerable rabbits during but the villagers assured us that rabbits occurred there only during the rains at dusk I shot several brown haggies shot at camp. April 12 [illegible] proved to be a whole day for me. In 2 hours made up the Teng-yerk road me reached a small village where the inhabitants said monkeys were to be found but A day not like the place it seemed on over the pass at noon we found ourselves out of the

pass & the range of monkeys. There was something to do, but return to the village as there was no water at the pass or in the forest below it where the monkeys lived. We pitched camp at the roadside a mile above the village which was our only water supply. 2 In the early morning we heard monkeys calling which by their notes we suspected were gibbons & this later proved to be the case. If the gibbons here are uniform black in the b's and brown mgs. They are larger than the Mann ling species but their call notes are similar but distinct, is being less prolonged that is more of a series of chacks or whistles. One rat traps caught the long tailed Tupin like monkey of the orangutangs of Gory Apodema & same places as the longtailed Orang apodens.

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"full blossom. There is also a soft cream white speckled species with a very delicate perfume like a magnolia" Two figs or palm can be here but brownlow is everywhere the commonest fresh undergrowth. 4) Theday was clear calm all morning the heavy windbreak beginning until afternoon. A Shot and old J gilbert large size long Brownish. He said to shot at several large black as a bird trees on a steep sided ravine. I went on with a Liso hunter who carried a cross bow gun with launching dart, He was dressed in silver beggars + short wide breech pants much like the English Order wear. His feature more to his head was a turban of a blue cloth twirl along his head in a rope like roll. He carried my rifle & his cross bow on his back. Just on leaving camp me heard gilberts calling below camp + we descended in

Search of these. We located them only then call but when under the trees they were in our movements frightened them away. I saw the alarm of aptring brand & foot swings from the tree, at a fast rate for foot for our guns to overtake. The black g gib. came later at 150 yds. but he got bolted out of sight in a few seconds before ashor could be obtained. No more seen or heard nor were returned as 10 AM today. Just below our camp is the a clearing in the forest where Siso family have under cultivation potatoes, Satecom or maize is planted in these same fields as forms their chief crop. (5) Today I was lucky & shot a black g gibbon which I discovered clinging motionless to an upright tree branch on a leafy tree in the dense forest behind camp. There were one other gibbon with this one but it got away unharmed as I was

shooting with the rifle which made several shots before this one down, there was a half grain & with the canines not yet partaking beyond the other teeth. The stomach contained seeds of a yellowish berry & purple fruit & another fruit & green leafy pulp. Those 2 gibbons were quite noiseless & it was only by chance I saw this one. (6) No gibbons were seen by either us today, all the ones called in the morning. I shot a fine & other pheasant in the forest, the first we have obtained. This one flew past me & I shot it on cheering, chattering round another & was seen not far away stood a maned tree thrush & sprang at him but he flew away unharmed & I heard him calling later. There was one here & these few crows which were quite different, the 2 makes a crowing squeaking and rather peculiar. (7) No gibbons were secured at-

seen best as traps down at the creek side below camp + caught 3 great fishews a short tailed Sorex + long tails silver Sorex + aldyge Pachyura. 8 This was on last day in the camp which was taken down in a driving rain storm. I took a long climb than the rest + just as we were turning to descend the gibbons called near by, we walked those by their vots whch they entered at close intervals sent for me disturbed or frighted them. Their vots were varied, The long Dranmont vail was uttered in consort by the 2 Blackmble but before these contrasts were pulled down barking warning not was group uttered. We stahed them very carefully as they are quite shy + advanced only when they were calling so they could not hear us hidden in the leaves. At lastly when night: 40 yrs I saw a large block but but only his body, the

head being behind a large branch. I fired BB shot the bird just to the ground. His companion moved away hand in hand swiftly, + then stopped at woods to look as us + bark & call for his companion. On plain my side of the gate I was surprised to find only 2 shot had struck him. one in the old man part lodged against the stomach & did no damage + the other penetrated the skull + broke ribs + then entered the lung place it caused a leaving which showed its annual filled with whole chest cavity not clotting blood. He died within a few seconds, as if shot from the butt. His stomach contained chiefly green pulp of leaves with some of the red forest berries + 2 large birdfruit pits size of a small olive. I can near hear a pair of Banty Partridges + shut one, & run again at the 3rd person +

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with a long blue pendant quail such as brilliant blue sunbirdly fleet crossbills. This mark resembles the Chinese character for longtail + the bird is called by this name (Tao-che). This considered very lucky to shoot one of these birds. I reached camp at 4 P.M. at a small village called Tai-hwa-pong which is on the new road to Teng-yueh, the old road which went thru Tai-ping-po. Henry Dwight dismissed me. Here were remarkably heavy frost clothing to kill + the place looked favorable for mammal collecting. At our camp small mound was only 4 specimen + type Of fresh brown long tail were a flying squirrel at 1 hr where I was waiting for lots. It rained hard at noon remained overcast all day in the P.M. when setting traps on the foot I encountered a large herd of gray

semnopithecus monkeys. They moved away rapidly + I failed to hit any at long range across a ravine where I first sighted them. Some of the f's had orange color young clinging to their bellies. 10 It rained hard most of the night + on the morning showers continued up to noon. My traps contained only 2 olive insectivores + one mouse. On the trail welling in the forest we encountered the gray apes again. Jesus accompanied by a local fijo hunter with his two dogs + cross bow gun. The monkeys showed little fear of the dogs but when we came in sighted they moved away then the fives with much speed. I fired from an old f + dropped her + then run after the fleeing troop but got no more close shots. When me returned to the f a half grown young avenus in.

the trees quite clearly her offspring but it vanished before we got near. The rain must have been thick as this tree here and continued thru the forest descended toward the creek. Here we met the apes again & I shot an old g & a dark grown gg before they fled. The stomach of all 3 apes contained only green leaf pulp and no seeds or berries. In the evening I drank & watched for squirrels near the village & finally saw one of the giant flying squirrel & sailed down across an open meadow & alight at the base of a large tree. I shot it in the clear light & shot it, as it flew or failed it looked much like a gliding pheasant with its long tail streaming out behind. A hunt trapper came with a bow & returned with 28 giant reptiles somewhat like the species he collected at Yanping.

(11) We had another wet day with intervals of sunshine. At night there was hard rain + in the morning low mist + quiet rain. I secured another & Saranopithecus on the same ridge as yester- day. The Liso an army of boys + men armed with bow arrows brought in a fair large? Montjae which they had shot in the leg with a primed arrow. They & said it ran quite away before the person killed it. The person is a vegetable substance, black, tarry in color appearance. (12) Today for the first time we heard gibbons calling. They called at 8 am for a few minutes + all the others got more than mile away we could not find them. The country we travelled down is covered by fine forest of long-leafed oaks + laurels but no figs. The branches here are very wicked not being armed at each node by a whole of short heavy spines which prick you

as you move thru the thicket or scratch your hand if you gasp brown hogs from caressly, This species of hogs grows everywhere on the forest being the usual undergrowth. Haltams none to feet in heigh & 2 wide in diameter. On the return to camp I shot a new squirrel a very long mounted sort with the general color appearance of large Tupia. He was watching sitting and feeding on chips in the bush & Log within a few yards plain. Through the terminous redbellied squirrels were also secured on the return. Neither gun caught any small mammals in our traps. At the summit camp one young Fishhunter Alday located a beehive within a half mile large tree which danced much to his early ascented in consequence. He ascended & with some more simpled the bees which made out stunged around his head. He

however paid no attention to the insects & spiders though they stung him. The hole however was too deep to be open by his sword-like bone which he used to chop the entrance so he abandoned his attempt to rob them of their store of honey. 13 During the night it rained hard but stopped at daylight not so hunters came out to cloudy weather or went out with a rifle at 8 am. Soon after we started it began to rain continued until noon. We tramped for 3 hrs thru pine forest but onto rain no getting called nothing could be heard. The mount owing to more grain. I saw a & Sila. Phurnast at close range but shot over him. One retailed squirrel was all I bagged. No small man well were caught by us. 14 Yesterday predictably came for Tang-yeel his in the early morning rain.

Mammals of Hornersky Pass 1 Pachyura (large) Two caught on margin of creek 2 Sorex (long-tailed silver newt) Two secured, rare 3 Sorex (short tailed) Two taken on margin of creek 4 Sorex (abrown) One only secured 5 Insectivore (Tupin like) Several secured in forest under logs. Common mammal. 6 Spring Gray Mouse Several taken in forest & clearings 7 Apodemus (longtailed) A few caught in forest. 8 Gray Mouse (long tailed) A common species in the forest. 9 Sorex (red bellied) Two secured only a few seen. 10 Microtus (shorttailed brown) A few secured, rare. 11 Black Hylobates Three secured, one old brown.

9 + a old black ? + a black yy ?. Heard daily calling, but only in the morning, The calling is very irregular. sometimes early + agian as late as 11 am. The call is plentifully intrect for 5 minites but rarely continues for a period of an hour, the yibbons are shy + difficult to stalk all but they are not hunted by the resident who are averse to eating the flesh or peccing the plants, Frod in stomach berries seeds + green leaf prep! The old ? contained 2 large foetus which was still quite charless. No nursing yy seen. 12 Capricornus saw 2 in the forest + whether trails were new or not, 13 capricornus - some deer y tracks seen in the forest on steep sidehills. 14 Deer (some deer seen in forest but no tracks 15 Black bear (said to be seen)

"Kept us from leaving until 9 A.M. Rain continued & Mist was prevalent, after climbing out of the pass, we had a long descent thru cleared open hill down to the Shweli which we could see winding thru the valley for Belmar Village with groups of shade trees almost been could be seen dotting the plain. To the north on the Belmar Divide path grasses could be seen on some high spools much to my surprise. This is the 4 or foot peak of what I called Davis' sharp & Bonero's South. Our camp was well arrived at 7:00 x 1:00 p.m. will hold soon in this season. Thus now named back for 2 days which is quite a good performance for this time of year. Have no doubt this is the beginning of the rains at 11 A.M. we crossed the chain suspension bridge across the Shweli River."}

The valley is rather deep, but the similar Solvven in shape, but less deep x and tropical being 4,000 feet at the bridge. There is another growth near the river only grassy slopes & rice terraces. At the bridge the river is bordered by grassy curved bluffs 100 feet high. The road winding up the valley slope thru small villages & rice fields over the gardens & paved on the block being a blockish shaler shale, the formation changing at the river where granite comes. The whole afternoon we travelled over grassy curved hills with demand of forest, with no cultivation only few small villages. Also small streams were crossed. At dark we camped at a small village on the hills 30 li or 2hrs from Tien-yu-chi 15) The night was cold & bright but dawn was partly clear with a queer rainbow in the east above the rolling grassy hills. Our road

Macmwal & Taiprung (Ta hwa prng) 1 Sermonpithces A large herd of 20 seen on several consecutive days from which I shot four 2 old F, an old S + a half grown egg. Some newly born orange brown eggs were with this heart but the some quite Ss were accompanied by half grown eggs only. Food the leaf pulp. 2 Hylobates - heard calling only once was seen. The forest boughs were dried about for 0oole 3 Hyelens (giant) A, caught 28 in cave. all were a level of S but without embryos or emerging eggs. 4 Pteronup I shot one at dusk by watching a group of three where I had previously seen one come forth at dusk. This one flew sailing down hill looking like a sailing pleasure with its long tail sticking straight out behind. No others were seen but

The [illegible] hunter brought in dried skins 5 Sciurus (red bellied) Several shot in trees on the edge of the forest. 6 Sciurus (long tailed) A small white bellied squirrel the size & color of a Tupia was taken here for the first time. I shot one & the [illegible] another & came across on the road and was approaching camp but I mistake this one for Tupia. 7 Ins[illegible] (Tupia like long tailed) This was the commonest mammal in the woods. 8 Aproberrus (long tailed) Several caught in forest. 9 Aproberrus (gray) Like the last in occurrence. 10 Sing gray mouse - Like the last in occurrence. 11 Mole Runways of a small mole were often seen in the forest but traps set in them caught no moles.

led up over the hills where herds of ponies & buffaloes were grazing. With their necks stretched, pheasants were calling overhead and then on the summit, the Teng-yueh valley far at a point far below rose deep, valley. The villages were scattered hill in the valley & looked like islands amid the flooded rice fields. Patches of water floated almost in spots giving everything lamp appearance. The road winds swiftly down, the green hillriders are treacherous Chinese phenomena; its rocks smoothly set in sharp angles. They appeared to be black limestone or a similar rock formation. The valley is almost 3 miles wide by 8 long & every inch is devoted to rice terraces. We found them four villages & then into Teng-yueh which lies on the north side of the plain on a slight rise. The population here is Chinese, no native element.

being apparent. The Everyone + 8 child above 6 yrs has boundfeet in regulation Chinese style. 16-21 The time was spent packing specimens. Every day the weather was cloudy & each day or more a little rain fell on drying specimens. Has not been pleasant. Forrest the botanist was here until Thursday when he departs on his way to Tash Jen. His destination is Altyn Tagh & the country west of it, Melong. Sichuan divide. Thunberg flower this of the painting + between is a Bancheria or legume + not a Rhododendron he says. The lower tropical flora he does not know only the main flora. Several times his life has been in danger during his 13 yrs in China. At one time on the upper Melong near Wishi at the time of Genry's husband's wild expedition in Tibet, the Tibetans hunted his party down + killed

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strongly, The rock formation is Luma + the quarry has a white deposit I suppose about it with some Melphun on the surface. This apparently a Quin [illegible] spring with some Liquor Melphun infused. Several stone both homes far as for 5+ them of have been erected nearby + water led them then Only 2 chimneys was falling but in the center great number come here pass prints there come thatch home look pro+ named up one of the walkers at night. We ascended the steep hill to the plateau where alders farms + thurkes give cover to birds + animals. Here we met the boy with the 4 pointers + our guns, with the dogs we strucked about them the ferns one. The first bird meet was a painted quail which the dog pointed well but I missed the shot. Later a ? pheasant was flushingly trailing the dogs but some shots and pheasants are shut in the breeding season.

by the European residents, Finally I jumped shore which ran straight away & I hunched him over easily. Then we had lunch & I shunned the hare which was amusing q. at 3 P.M. we again went healing with the dropst Greason got a shot at here but missed it. The dog Spark finally came to point in a bush + I overrunning + flushed a covery of 7 French in 2 July I shot (right + left) Then we turned back to the road & the dog Spark trailed a pheasant boyds & then flushed it. Alberton shot it & it proved to be a Amberst. On the side of the hills I saw a farm of Barnhart, where the green grass was just turning into after morning. The day was partly overcast but without rain + very pleasant. The loop were interesting & gardens all on bird shots for they flushed me hares.

"The hill country is covered by allright red soil. Redfields clared for rice were seen in many places. This crop is raised without irrigation on hilltops & plains, from where we had a trip far could see for down the Taiping Valley where the Bhamo road runs. We returned in them at breakneck speed over a good dirt road & reached Griers house at sun- down. 23 Visited the waterfall at Teng-yueh. It is on the lower westside of town it's formerly the creek which runs down the valley dropping over a loose cliff about 50 feet high. The falls spreads out very pretty in spray. Immediately above it is a stone bridge. 24 At 9 am we left Griers house for the goal camp & took a road leading north across the valley & then a deep valley near the Minor large conical mtns, at noon we were near

"some ponds at their base. These are a double pair, with reedy margins + of small size. Some white heron + black storks were seen here for months. orgese are here at this season. After tiffin we passed over a narrow pass from which we could look back to the deep crater lake just east of our road. It is called Chini Hai (green lake). We could also see the high range which marks the Balween- Shiveli divide. It extends as a small strip with few ponds, + two of the peaks showed just a yellow. The sides of the valley we passed through were clothed in white pine, alder + dark leafed green poplar. At 4 P.M. we reached the lava beds which cover a wide area here. The lava is covered with soil in some places + supports short grass + pitch pine. The Chinese have made hedges of it + divided the land into small fields but I saw none

at this time abandoned + grass covered, we stopped at dark at 6:45 at a village in De Saran fieldy Belmoro in Deep gorge the Shivel River Moored. Rhododendron were in blossom with forest body on road. There was a rose jub species, a large white flowered one + the 'large Carmine species', no other flowering trees now in evidence. (25) On the early morning we went with the village guides apron hunting. Our path led over the bridge + then another village + then down the river following the base of some cliffs, just after passing the village we sighted 2 monkeys at +? feeding far below on a gassy hillside. I hit the ? thu scared shot the rolled down hill a few yards + then hitted in some weeds. Later he got up + ran swiftly down with into cover where me.

couldn't find her. They ran down hill but in a differ ent course & later I saw her near the river & shot her clean thru the side. We found her with difficulty by the blood. She contained a large jellies sea spotted with white & milk, of few days birth. The stomach contents was leaves & grass only. We followed the steep river side down over some grass bounded cliff where I saw 2 goats, at 150 yds I fired at them but I missed both shots & they escaped along the cliff down the river. & then returned to search for the wounded mulga goat. A car turned down the mire for more goats & shot one. On 14th afternoon we moved camp over the bridge to the other village which is nearer the goats haunt.

I went down on the road or near side of the river to look for a large goat I shot at in the morning across the river but we could not find it. Going down the river further however saw 5 goats fleeing across on the other side at the same elevation as the road at 400yds distance. I shot 3 of these, 2 old f's & a old g. We then retraced our steps to the bridge & followed down the river to where the 3 goat had fallen down hill. One of the 7 s contained a large boiled fetus. All 3 had only leaves twigs in their stomachs. These goat were man open shot grass hillsides in plain view & were only bewildered by the shots owing to the distance. The two escaped finally in some cover but does of them

red spritz & whitish ones seem small yellow, white rose is a common shrub here. There are however practically no general influence except for yellow fox in damp meadows. a beautiful violet iris occurs in the surroundings of Heinygar, The trees apples & cherries around pass Heinsberg their flower season. Hunting with local men here for numbers has proved quite unsatisfactory owing to their wanting understanding as to me them. We cannot be persuaded to accompany us a field so there is small lost revolution every day, The do not see why we should not accompany the dogs through thin heavy forest or cover all the in much places no game would come in sight. They don't realize that they must beat the game out into open fields where we can shoot it at a great distance. No being able to speak to them.

their language we must follow them blindly about which is very irritating, though there are easy to move at year if needed only get the men to drive them one may not would even have 74 or 5 instead of only one which I secured by refusing to follow my guide into cover but remain on a field where I could see all the surrounding fields & shot the stag as it left cover crossed one of their openings. The clumps are very distinct & difficult to direct on this account. They always seem to have some better way of doing anything than you suggest if they insist on doing it there I way. 15) Three two hunters assisted me today with 3 small terriers. We beat out the ravine of the two sandlur but saw nothing in the forest at the summit, those dogs ran a quantity then the forest & down into deep

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camp 30 li over the ridge to a village near the isolated temple. In the Afternoon diverted out to still hunt Sambhur but saw no game. [18] In the early morning we went out with 4 lissos & their 3 dogs to drive Sambhur on the right side. The dogs drove out a number only but it was too far away to shoot. Both The Lissos did not return to camp & we went out still hunting in the afternoon going up the valley & over the ridge where we had hunted before for the rice fields on the Western road. No game however was seen. [19] We returned to our old camp near Hunyao as Sambhur hunting had proved a failure. I decided

return with the caravan but took a route art. the valley, it over the ridge to our old ford Samblancamp, at the base of the Temple mints. & lost my trail & had some trouble finding again. Here I found in the banks of the clear water stream many logs, my black bears most signs of small mammal, we have not collected any small mammals here yet either. last few been set out at both the good & Samblancamp camps. This place all the base of the Temple Lakes forbids however. 20 last night after making our second good hunting across the river from 2 on the cliff but failed to hunt any. This morning I took a trip over the river opposite when A shot the season but we saw no game, since our return the natives have excited two fish traps with long

"[illegible]" to them and [illegible] [illegible] the mist land cross the river. 21 A trip over the cliffs did not produce any game so I beat out a hillside for minutes but failed there again. On the way back to camp I fed on the delicious yellow blackberries which grow by the roadside. There was a black sweet species growing here also which was new to me. Bushy [illegible] single roses of sweet fragrance, yesterday I saw a Tropica amongst the rocks of the river side, the first I have seen here. 22 It has been cloudy the greater part of each day but very little rain has fallen at Huiyao camp. This morning I came upon the Pufos Macaws but failed to hit any. There were some newly born up riding on their mothers backs. Several of the old's were very large. The flower season is now practically over the Rhododendron, other trees being

in fruit. Recently we have been having boiled bamboo shoots at the table. They are quite unlike our vegetables in taste, possibly nearest the flavor of an artichoke. A common table bird all that you know as a black stained chicken. The muscle sheaths, then the whole body are deep black & gives the bird a peculiar appearance but the taste is normal. The actual muscle is white and firm generally. The common crop here which I thought was sweet potatoes, is really buckwheat. It is grown everywhere on our hillsides & is used as flour for bread 23 As our success was only a question in 3 days hunt we rode camp this morning & emerged in the Tarpo Yek. The way led down the valley & over a rocky suspension bridge across the Shreck. The common most flowering plants of the roadside

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weather Dear Mr Packard 24 Specimens. [25] Went at early daybreak with Albertsen to hunt wild red dogs on the slopes of the large hill just south of the Custom house only 2 miles out of town. We saw no game but Albertsen & Palmer have both seen a pair here several different times, & gotten within 100 yds but never shot a gun range. [26] Again I went out for wild dogs, this time with Palmer to the same place but we saw nothing. The morning was rainy & misty. At 3 P.M. on driving back out of Mexican verandah I saw a red fox running cross the field which approached & ran between Fletcher's house compound & brewery & hid in some tanbo near the city wall. A black dog had flushed the fox some time before & was following it slowly with great difficulty & soon gave up the chase! This is the first fox I have seen in China.

27 On the late B Mardinsel the custom house. They have a good library among Sardin magazines. In the goods shed they have a series of samples of all producing food products, textiles etc which pass thru. I saw here for the first time the edible for bird's nest. The nest was runner shaped & flat on the side where it had been attached to a wall. It was opaque creamy cream color & without any disagreeable or fishy odor. Shark fins found & transparent amber color were here also. Passing down the customs, I saw 2 pair of Sardin horns in the welved about half grown ones. These are very valuable for medicine & worth when fresh 50 taels. When hard they have no value considered practically & fully grown horns are only worth 1 tael a pair. Several bundles of currentlyoc skins were also among them

At 4 P. M. After Office hours Albertson Palmer & I went out to the golf links & played a round. The links are on rolling plains, crossed the raised graves of to chinese & the grounds is this quite rough & full of hazards. Saved to a hole in a good average hero. The Customs Officers, 3 English men & one dane, live here in great luxury, altho their pay is not large. The have horses to ride, shivering dogs, fine houses set in great open compounds for from chinese guarders. These luxuries at home would cost several thousand dollars annually. Their office hours are short, 10 A M to 1 P. M. an hour off for lunch & 2 P. M. to 4 P. M. The rainy season is said to be dreary often but there are sunny spells always when travel or sport is possible.

(30) At the Ceyton house I saw this afternoon 3 pair of Elephant tusks passing thru. One pair was large, the weight of the pair 9 1/2 lbs. Albertsen said that the only larger pair he had seen was 1 05 lbs the pair. The value they were was only $2.50 gold a lb. for the ivory. (31) Dry sunny in spots at noon, a short heavy thunder shower passed over the town. June 1 We departed from Tangyoch at 8 AM in a light misty rain. The road led down the Taiping river thru a narrow valley filled by rice terraces. Many Shan women were seen here with the Chinese transplanting seedling rice plants. This is the height of the rice planting season + all the fields are flooded. Two hours and we met the law fields thru which the road runs for a few miles. These fields are rough piles of lava blocks with cactus between and there is no attempt at cultivation.

Maoes, Teng yueh + Vicinity 1 Goral (Nai-yang) Abundant at Hui-yao on the cliffs of the Shuveli where 2-3 were shot in 2 weeks. PS in early May a foal springhorn in middle loft of Hui-yao only. Color as both as an adult. A sharp bird-like bleat of alarm uttered at rare times. Food grass + shrub. No apparent carnivore enemies such as leopards or wild dogs. Bizarre bearers horns at base but not longer. 2 Serow (Chuan Ji) (than PS One up & (2 years old) shot by A Oth cliff above river. No others seen or any trails or dung. Rare according to native report. 3 Muntjac (Chee-tzu) Cervulus Two were shot by me at the edge of woods at Hui-yao, Two were PS one with large beard horns + the other with out tips only the haired bases. The & 5th had a single haired embry Muntjacs were seen at Wa-teen? also and at Teng yueh the Reston's seen shoot many every year. Only a few heard forking but they are said to bark the year round.

x Das - Wild boar most common here. but on Bhamo road near border 4 - Sambhur Cervus (Rusa) One shot by me near Wa-teen a fine & huge hard kg. 27 1/2 inch? This on us with a female both were driven out of forest by dogs, men as beaters. Shot as it ran up over an open field of buckwheat on a hillside. A single cow flashed that evening in Bambus edge forest. Next day the beaters drove at 5 but it stayed unseen by us. The following day a big herd under way for a deep wooded ravine but escaped before me got into action. None were ever seen still hunting at edge of forest but the natives and the sometimes saw them as daybreak on edge of clearings, 5 Ursus (Black Large) A large black bear is reported in the forested mountains. 6 Ursus (Black small) Far-shining One of the common black bear were bought in T. Sengyok in middle of April which were small & perhaps a month old. Later another pair were

moved rapidly. The fetus was gray like the parents in color but in a few day's of birth. Some of the goats or mountain sheep were in fat condition. (26) In the morning we again went out for goat. A on the east side I saw the nest. Another goat, a yearling, got to my rifle at 400 yds across the river. In the afternoon I shot an old E in the same spot practically she was on a cliff when I hit her she tumbled down on her back. Her four legs broken high up only A was near the river & he came down to shoot her then the neck as she fell ran to the river margin. She then floated down stream, it was recovered by one of the men who followed it down stream. This one also contained a large fetus. It is quite evident that I early in May the kid got

At dark Grierson arrived from Towagque to spend the week end with us shorty apart. He brought with him his pointer dog + two pieces 27 Grierson went shooting with A down on the East side of the river while I kept to the west side on the rim of the cliff. They shot a quail which I chased down by shooting but unfortunately hit it in the head + blew off the top of the bird after shooting it threw the body fatally but failing to drop it dead. A large group of red macawne number was seen on the boulders lining the shore + A bagged three a 1/2 + half grain. In the afternoon we went to the same country + I bagged another quail, 2 g with feathers but A & Grierson got no shots but they parked up near

animal on the waters edge. 28. Grierzon & I went out in the morning thru different country following the crest ofly valley for about feet above the river here we saw several quail that was good was that but I, not being accustomed to a rifle missed all + I could not shoot without wounding his chances. A visited mr bot care, + returned with one bat. 29. The weather has been cloudless daily until today. But the rain has fallen today however. We went out in the morning morning along trying to find a good for it. Though but failed, I saw 3 from the near too side across the river but missed them at 4 or + 500 yards distance. While was settling watching for game one of the large J red headed barbets perched in a pine tree 10 feet away began the true frog like call which

we heard so often in the Salween valley & thought it a frog call, It is repeated over over again to very froglike & deceptive. Our camp is pitched at the village of Hui-yao (Line Hill) on a grave place amidst the houses. The country here produces much dense & hills are in operation in many places. The rocks used is a white marble spotted with gray. A fierce fire of branches is kept burning along the ridge for about 4 hours in order to drive the dense wholes piled at the top out out of poisonous creatures. Llewism returned to Teng'yeul at 3 P.M. where I will arrive at dusk on his spirited pony. He has two very good live ponies which cost him 750.0 each bare in Chinese money. Should they prove worth it, gold each,

30 The first day I hunted yoral I was attracted to one by a sharp bird like sawt or bark. This sound of alarm I have not heard since & is given only rarely. Teng-yuel is a walled town the wall of the same size & structure as that of Tai-fo. Outside the wall is an cleared space or grassy meadow + a shallow dry moat. Inside the town are many open gardens + even ponds, many of the people (all the Europeans) live outside the town. The streets of the town are wide like those of Yunnan fu. The remaining benefit for yoral netted nothing but in the afternoon I shot thru a fine range which was pointed out to me by a party of Chinese from the road. He himself isleep on a ledge near the base of the large cliff about 30 yards from the western or road.

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shot & remain there only night, we had a little rain today, May 1 We each shot a gorail today. At my side of the river in the morning shot a gorailing which had apparently upper jaws; the lower one striking the palate far back so that the lower lip could not reach the upper. In the after- noon I shot a dark & about 3 years old & just reaching maturit. Getting this one female may 1st longest shot (500 yards) the men far away that the men could not make him out to be leg or full length on a rock beneath a pine tree. The first shot killed him striking him in the middle of the back & breaking it. 2 In the morning I took my two be guides Taw-yi-li & a villager & proceeded down the river following the upper

rim of the cliff, then the east side. The villagers espied a goral pasturing far below on a boulder under a pine tree. I hit it the second shot and it rolled down out of sight. They went down through the steep cliff in about an hour. The storm of this animal which was an old one, contained alder leaves + twig but no other woodland or grass. The cliff side has many alder trees + alder scrubby growth on it making a convenient fodder. The river (long thong) more the bent goes down more than a fourth mile to the mon- conformity. The east side is limestone, the cliffs being rugged + high with caves in places, & the west side of the river is basaltic lava in a series of steep terraces or basalts flows. Bordering the riverside on this side are basalt columns in places. A stone old fat desk. 3 This morning I shot a young goral on the cliffs after 2 had

flushed an adult from the grassy plateau at the summit. This was contained in her stomach, grass chiefly, with some shrub I could not identify. Two goats were shot by us on the P.P. 14) This morning I dragged another goat on the cliffs, by a shot directly above at some 40 yds. This one was averaging 3 yrs old. The stomach contents was largely grass. In the afternoon I went across the river down the workmen village down the road where I dragged two more goats. The first was a 5 grazing on the first cliff, on a level with the road, he was 30 yds away, I missed him at first shot, he then ran under a fallen dead tree & stood where I could see him but when I shot he rolled down cliff as this induced him suddenly fell over backward & rolled off the cliff dead. He was shot from the heart. Returning from down river, the guide pointed out another goat standing at mouth of a small cave near the same

Place. Hawk - shot at this one as it stood facing me & it fell down dead at the mouth of the cave & stole Mar. It was too dark to send for this one the sun banis ed. Next morning we found it in the cave dead having been shot thru the wall, I had an old wound in the shoulder & this is why it had taken refuge in the cave. On starting up I found large felers ready for bait with but 2 well formed sharp teeth. The birds are now I should say the first & second weeks in May as evidenced by these embryos. Today was my best accords Membership. I shot 2 gorals or 3 or cys, one rather single whether in 2 shots & a third gorol I shot from above Checliff hilltop in with both shots each which were fatal. Had only one miss & bagged 3 gorals.

(5) On the morning I saw moorhens on this side of the river where I had 2 wolf traps. Also, I was the only one hunting today & bogged a good in the PM from across the river. I shot her the first shot at 30 yds then the shoulder & she rolled down hill dead. 1 or 2 more were seen missed. (6) This morning I saw a moorhen on the same spot where I shot my first one. This no excepted in the rush. Later I saw a good at the cleft passed that. I seem on the way home I shot a clif moorhens whick flew near same as 4 some hushers. She was a small females endow with a arrow stomach. With her stomach contained grass of leaves & twigs of Alderon Birch; no grass. This after glnoon we had a heavy thunder shower which lasted for two hours but at 4 PM, it had ceased & went out across the river along the road & spied out goral's. I saw one in

the first cliffs + shot it after a few shots but it was not badly wounded tho it went in right on a rock. After several shots I finally killed it with the next to my last shell til rolled down hill & died. When they brought it in I found that four funny shots had passed thru into night ear as it faced me. It was an old 81. A men up the river has found no game or meat they allow the country looks like the usual cliffs. 7 Travelling down the valley I met a goral on the first cleft + shot it thru the lungs the second shot. It fell along a short way to ledge. When the men went for it, it flushed another goral which ran away before I could get into action. Further down the valley at the high cliffs we ran 3 other gorals in a herd but only got one shot at them + ruined my marks. Works better

Steel traps set for wild dog + civet cat (Paradoxurus). It is strange that the gorge cliffs where goats are numerous are not the haunt of leopards + wolves as well. Apparently the goats die here uninviolated as no trace or tracks of carnivore are to be seen here. The gorge shows a ragged rift with brush. Her storm was filled chiefly with blades of green grass + some shrubs. In the afternoon I went out hunting for mountain goat but flushed nothing. A solider bore 17 huts (large Cyclostes?) in camphor near the river. @ Started this morning to hunt serow with 7 men who took me down the river. On leaving the camp I saw a mountain goat in a bean field across the valley 3 or 4 away. I fired + it dropped shoulder to side. There after I put horns in the velvet or rather

without the hand prints being acting beyond the obvious caves. No scrow were seen or other game but two two small troops of Red Wacos, across the river. These monkeys saw a branch going at us + at intervals leaned forward from their perches + dived us with bared tooths. The river 6 mile below camp passes thru a vertical basaltic gorge or cliffs; Here the columns are distinct but often twisted in semicircles or at right angles, given the cliffs a peculiar effect. Never camp this side of the river shows granite boulders + cliffs instead of limestone. In the afternoon I took aside down the river on the Opposite side to where I came the monkeys in the morning, as I reached the place I saw a pair of adult Muntjacs feeding. I shot the bitching she straddle hind leg but it went down hill + traveled thru grassy side hills. Finally I came at Monig

Ash & 13 still has without effect I saw the sun rise over where we were going, headed for the [illegible] & held it until I came to a hillside. It was a pair of a wild heavy hard horn. The other yesterday had no hard horns projecting beyond the short curved bases. There was a white animal but I got breeding to suppose. In the early morning I went with A to the same place as far back right to hunt for roroukaps. We were fifty Macaques at the bridge near the village & fired several shots, I there did trap no one. Later A shot a gy & serow from the cliffs below the joint when I saw something yet. The serow was quite black & dark darker than those I have seen but this may be due to a growth of spring pelage. The stomach contained both grass & leaves of bushes.

(10) We broke camp this morning & traveled to Wa- then, a small village some 3 hours away. & at noon we had a quiet 1/2 hour of rain. Camp was pitched well up the Salween gorge below the Hsank Shan T'zing village. On the route over we passed thru hilly country of granite formation with rice terraces & jagged all the palles & pine trees & trees on the hillsides. The common pine & white pine & chestnut trees are the common trees. At one of the students paper manufacturing in progress. This chip-pulp paper is made from bamboo stems. The stems are first boiled in lime to clean them & then they are soaked in large tanks immersed within it a fiber forms a pulp mass. A fine screen is dipped into this & an area of fiber is skimmed off which is laundered off & deposited carefully

by crossing the river, a thick layer of thus formed & dried e so as to form leaves, they Before reaching the water one or crossed the Shweli on a curved high wooded bridge. Here at the village it is a sharp stream flowing lazily through a broad valley & has much the appearance of the Nam Can River at Mergui. After making every other out with local Chinese girls to look for gambers. We found a few paths & trails in the next elders but saw no game. At 12 o'clock a heavy shower set in & we were drenched for hour, Then the sun appeared so beautifully double rainbow frame on the east the most brilliant I think ever beheld. The crops of the hill country are sweet potatoes which are several miles high. They cover large areas at Kwin-yaw & Wai tien. The rice fields are just very plain with great buffaloes. Our cleared beds are already green. The rice is

"not planted until the corn in late May time. Too many has not been planted which is about a summer crop. I saw quite a number of red northern granger, a woody tree like bush. The berries were bright crimson, tasted well. Along the road side the common broad leaved bramble is in fruit, the small golden fruit being edible but not very delicious. 11 This morning I shot a fine old Sambar which came with 3 dogs drive from cover where I hunted last night. I hit the beast thru the shoulders at 40 yards as it ran thru a bean field, it ran over the hill here followed the blood spot & found pt dead in a forested ravine below the ridge. The bullet had gone clean thru both shoulders & chest follow the lungs with blood & sticks mistletoe sprain. The whole &

Under side of the tail was covered by a large brown gland and to its top as in the & we thought at muching, neither fore or hind hoofs contained a gland but the lochypal gland was very deep & large. This I have just seen with another animal somewhat smaller. The horns were fully developed & hard of rather large size 27 1/2 inches long by 2 3 spread. This must be the rut rather than fawning season or else deer carry hard horns most of the year round. The stomach contents was chiefly leaves of larch trees. The body was lean excepta little for on the briskets. The chines were rancous for the blood in the chest cavity. This they drank especially the large clefted masses. Every vessel even packs were filled with blood to be sold for medicine.

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"[illegible] seen the animal run across the fields which were some 500 yds away. I saw the dogs run cross the fields later but the deer must have been a long way ahead of them. In the afternoon we beat the fresh near camp where the first deer was shot but the dogs all drew out a cast cat. (13) The same men + dogs took us out again this am to to a new place for sambhur. Before we got in position close the beaters 2 large Sambhur came out across the ravine. April one but were in cover again before I could get a shot at them. They were not seen again five returned aimless to camp. The morning mist hung across the valley but our side was clear. A slight rain of half hours duration ended just after noon we had a thunder shower. (14) Our day was fruitless altho I spent most of it beating for sambhur.

At this season the wild fruit here consist of a yellow black- berry or hries [illegible] good taste, a red dry raspberry to small cherry. The Chinese are very destructive to all vegetation & in order to get the cherries the cut the large limbs off. The result is there are now few cherry trees left & such hard only a sturdy growth of branches left. The flowering season is now at its height but the forest does not present any large areas of flower display owing to the great number of pine oak & older trees. There are several species of Rhododendrons now in bloom & such trees that are covered by a whiteness of large flowers. There are two species of large white Rhododendron which are visible for miles in the forest. Then there is the deep carnation tree Rhododendron, & a pink shrubby one. Smaller less conspicuous

bought by Fitcher the Commissioner 7 Helis Pardus A few miles ocean but we saw no tracks + Helis tigris - not known here 8 Canis (wild dog) yes go A pair have been seen by the customs officers near the hill west of the Customhouse. Went out 2 mornings last saw none. We purchased a fine scarred skin taken 7 days north of T-y. 9 Vulpes Red 2 species - Albertsen has killed 4 or 5 in Tangyuch. They are branded with deep black feet. One skin is much larger lighter than the other. Perhaps there are 2 specis here. Isaac one seen past Cricions compound one day at 3 P.M. One was flushed at itui yao by A. 10 Palae circt - One skull found at Hui yao where the owner had been killed recently wild dogs evidently. Skin seen in shops at T ang yuch.

11 Pole - cat. One skin purchased at Teng yueh 12 Civet - Commonest of the civets here 13 Otter One shot by Albertsen in Teng yueh creek. Found in all large streams sparingly. 14 Gray wolf - One seen by former commission also reported by natives in winter; 15 Jackals - Natives report them in drove at times. Not seen by customs officers, irregular visitors 16 Helio (tiger cat) spotted Found about Teng yueh 17 Mustela (Weasel) Occurs here also but not abundant. 18 Lepers (Hare) Found on fern + grass hillsides but not common. One or a day beat is fair success. I shot one at T-y & bought another in the market. No others seen.

19 Porcupine Said to occur, not seen. 20 Bamboo Mole Rat. Brought in to the market in the flesh at rare times. Bearer of large size with dung of this rodent seen on grassy hillsides at T-y, Hui-yao, etc. 21 Paradorsus, One brought alive at Wa-tien. Dried skins for sale often. 2-2. Red belled squirrel Several seen at Hui-Yao at Wa-Tien. 23 Eprings sprougins Houses rats common at T-y. 24 Epring (long tailed) (One caught at Wa-tian) 25 Tripin (large) One seen at Hui-yao. Rare 26 Mole - Runways seen in forest at Wa-tien

27 Myclerus (large) Many caught in caves at Hui Yao 28 Myclerus (small) Taken in caves at Hui Yao 29 Mycleris (medium size) Taken in caves at Hui Yao 30 Myotis (black) Two taken in caves at Hui Yao. 31 Macacus (red) Three shot at Hui Yao on margin rivers. Large troops seen here, 20-30 apes all ages, a few old Bs + some Bs with offspring on their backs. 32 Gibbon (black) Heard calling in the forest near Ma-tien on several days but not hunted. 33 Cercopithecus Said to occur at Hui Yao but not seen.

Teng-yueh District The exposed rock surfaces are not numerous most of the hills & ranges are soil covered & grass clad. Soil when exposed on hills & plains bright red clay except on paddy field when it is white gray slate lumps here Granite underlies most of the region & is exposed on some beds. Southwardly there is great lawn sheet with rough scarred surface covering a great area. There is lava running much of the country from Kwi Yao northwards. Limestone was seen extensively at Kwi Yao & at Wa-tien in Salmeeen Range & at many places near Tansgel.

at Hui you much lime is known from a melted marble abandoned there. Near this village we've seen great piles of cinders where silver had formerly been mined. These workings are said to contain much copper but no use is being made of them now.

Filora of T'ung yeh district 1 Pine - pitch (massoniana) Common forest tree covering great areas at Hui yao & between Range in watershed of Shensi River 2 Piceas (white) Seen near Hui yao road & also at that village but not generally distributed. 3 Alder - The common hillside tree in the # Salewen Range & at Hui yao. Seldom growing to large size, often forming thickets. 4 Chestnut A common road side & river side tree at Wa tien & Shensi River & Hui yao. 5 Oak ( small leaved) Large oaks seen at Hui yao & in Wa tien district where they are used for charcoal. 6 Magnolia (a large white flowered tree seen in west at Wa tien

7 Rhododendron (giant crinson) A forest tree on Nitus, 8 Rhi. (White flowered) Common shrub or small tree 9 Rhi (pink flowered) flowers a shrub on hill-sides, common. 10 Cherry - in fruit - A small choke-cherry seen 2 Wratien district. 11 Willows Few stunted trees seen near cricks 12 Bramble (golden fruited) A common bramble in fruit, delicious taste, leaves obovate Seen widely spread previously. 13 Raspberry (pink fruit) brushes A few seen in Wratien district. 14 Rose (whitish) single flowered A common variety 15 Brambor - [tall 15 - 30 feet] Thickets in Lambhur country in forest. 16 Plums (common drabe) 2-3F high Abundant in pine forests where fires are successively spread, covers many miles of dry hill-side 17 Strawberries, 2 species white & red fruited.

or removal of the boulders. Here were seen many small brushes + a candleburr planting some 10 feet high was common, at 2 P. M. we stopped for tiffin at hot springs near a running stream. A steaming hot clear water comes from the hillside, here there are spring phlox and water clustered in steaming on the hills. Frogs were heard calling here the first I have heard in Tengyueh district. Just after leaving Tengyueh we saw one of the leather-leaved giant fig-trees bearing small yellow figs. These trees continued all the roadway where their great spreading branches make excellent shed.

After dark at 8:30 we reached the bungalow at Nam-tien. It was a large structure like a temple surrounded by high wall & having two courts. The building was two storied the lower floor used for cooking & luggage & the upper reached by a stairway having 4 bedrooms to a large dining room. The place was very clean & the wood new of a light brown color. These bungalows are only used by Europeans, the Chinese being excluded by a caretaker. The night was monotonous than Tommy Lynch & Donald Schmidt (2) At 6:30 we continued on our way down the Taipings valley keeping to the east side thru a

the rice fields, the river here flows slowly than passed low banks at the valley looks much like that of the mountain but is narrower. At noon we descended the large hill the highest on the road which drops 1000 feet in minutes walk over winding rock. The valley at this point narrows & the leaves sandy & concentrated as this cliff place marking 200 feet altitude, the small red fig makes its appearance defining itself by growing in clusters at the base close to the stem. Another tropical plants seen here was the great creepervine, mimosa bean pods a foot long The peinst & rhododendras seem to cease but above this point.

"No marks for place has been seen since leaves to leave here yesterday. The sides of the valley are made of yellow gravel and deposit, after 2 or 40 feet thick. This it is exposed in cuts or wide canyons opening the Taiping valley. The bounding ridges of the valley are about 1000 or 1500 feet above the Taiping River. The shores are impassable, most of the rice fields all the village bank, 60% Chinese population. There shores on the T side near high rocks and on the other side sweeps & that shut to the trees of black & deep blue shrub like those we saw on the Delaware in dress.

After tiffin we continued our way following the gravelly bed of the river. The boulders + few ledges bordering the water were a White granite. Before reaching Ka - Nai the gravelly bed spreads out 2 or 3 miles wide having in former years carried away all the soil of the bordering rice fields. The accommodation at Ka - Nai was in an old temple in the town which was filled by the branches of school children + quite littered up with straw + dust. The town is of considerable size half Chinese + half Shan. The climate here was quite warm + the nights only + rainy.

(3) Very few mosquitoes, practice more mere about during the night. The morning broke with a soft misty rain falling. The entire day we travelled down the broad valley thru *the rice fields, sometimes near the river but often as much, several miles away the valley being about 5 miles broad. The river is shallow & runs then a sandy bed not rippled without rapids or boulders. Many dhows were out carrying loads to market, the women have very neat appearance, the only legs always clean & unpainted in this sort country of set, short skirt to the knees

"a jacket & a tall turban. The material is a black serge or cotton cloth. These women have good features & are neater more comely than their Chinese sisters. They are rather stoutly built heavy legs & broad naked feet. We stopped for tipping on the river margin & I saw many Shan men & boys coming the street both men & women did appeared bathing together in groups & thus, I have no doubt is daily accustom. The Chinese I never seen bathing both men or women. At 4 P.M. we reached Hsiar Hsin Kai a

Ancient village with a Shan one nearby, here the deli bringalon is situated. The building was small of one story with only 3 rooms & a small court with 2 sheds. During the day I saw bananas plants often & also a few Papaiyas. Rice is the only crop raised by the Shans excepts few beans chilis other vegetables. No forest was seen on the hills, which are grass or scrubbed without any attempt at culti vation. I have seen along the road numbers of the giant elliptical leaf fig trees which are preserved for shade trees. They have a large core of tangled roots exposed & very wide horizontal The Shan Authority like bringingalon were much fearless by whom Kermitas & Galings.

1. There appears to be much greater than their height line 2 spread of at least Kai was just 45 yards or 135 feet in spread with a height of about 70 feet or less but many larger trees were seen 4) The route today lay level thru the valley amid ricefields & villages as yesterday. At 2:30 we reached Mantouen! a village of adogen houses with acetone house situated in a narrow part of the valley. The tropical forest here begins to make its appearance as a covering on the ridges & hilltops where the Chinese have not cleared it but there are old palaces & the road in ravines, etc. The day was cloudy with some misty rain stopped 5) During the night we had a heavy thunderstorm & much

rain. The rain continued during the morning soft + misty. The road lay thr[illegible] all the day & skirted the mountain side high above the valley. The vegetati was dense + consisted of tropical trees, most of them unknown to me. I saw tree ferns of average height, a Raphia like palm Acacias, figs & an Alder. This point is therefore limit of both tree ferns + palms Doubtless. Two troops of monkeys were seen in trees near the roadside. One troop consisted of 8-10 Semnopithy + another of 10-12 Macaques, the brown species taken on the Wauntying Rive[r]. On the Perdy fields yesterday + day before the cattle heron in bon headed nuptial plumage has been common. Curremants to a large brownish duck have been seen through. One of the common sights at Teygul or rather the Taiping River is the Black drongo perched on the back of buffaloes similarly to the native birds. At noon we stopped for tiffin at a iron bridgeed

European construction spanning one of the lateral affluents of the Taiping. This bridge is said to mark the Burmese border but there were no masonry boundary monuments near. However from this point outward extended four mile macadamized road with five mile gap which was evidently the bed of the proposed Tengyueh railroad on the grade of this road was very gradual seldom more than 5%+ broken limestone was used as a roadbed instead of the smooth block pavements of the Chinese which forms a cruel footing for jack animals. The mile post at the bridge registered 51 miles. Many gaudy large butterflies were seen in the road showing vivid green, violet, reds, yellow & black.

We reached the bungalow at Pa - chiao t'ai so the Chinese call the place, the Burmese name is Montong ka haw. The bungalow is the best we have yet found at the first in Burmese territory. It was neat well furnished with chairs, table, lamps, bed - table service. The house was one story with wide windows letting the breeze turn the dining room which was also furnished with a pumba. The durwan in attendance could speak neither English or Chinese, but I suppose he knew Hindostani. He was a Shan sturdy enough. The country we came thru

all day was solid forest both sides of the deep ravine from which the Taiping River flows. Near the road a few acres of clearing & an occasional hut was to met. Insect pest such as biting flies were quite absent & the climate was not apparently hot. 6 The night was cool & a rain shower of considerable duration met the road & flooded the streams. The Taiping was filled by a muddy gray brown flood from bank to bank. Many beams & pretty waterfalls were seen yesterday from the road & today Drames falling like silver sheaves very tall across the valley: The birds seen in the forest are quite new to us. This morning I saw the long white tailed paradise flycatcher & a rufous- tailed blackbird (Chloropsis flavescens)

In several places prominence red figs were seen hanging in the road. They were 3 to 4 inches in diameter, the size of apple buttons. No commercial value. The tree which produces them has irregular elliptical leaves of ordinary texture & color. Several other fruits were seen in the road. Yellow plum shaped ones, & green olive like fruits or nuts. How flowers are to be seen, a coral like plant bearing white blossom. The hone ysuckle type is the most conspicuous. A red flower in particles is also common. The stage was a short one & I reached the brigadon a Kalongber at 11:45 AM. The driver was a Kachin evidently & could talk no English. He wore a one or rather two hairless down in a big hat on his crown.

The bungalow was exactly like the one last night in size Hurnishings. There were on therwood today several pairs of natives (Katchus?) who are short dark the [illegible] wearing skirts sleppers heavily bearded blomes other backs tumliners. The visitors look at the bungalow in which each person must record his visit contained many names from (1909) down to date. Kingda ward and present leave & the 13th night George Howen was down more often than anyone else. Person, the Frenchman who keeps station at Sterngaro also recorded. The rain cloud at noon the afternoon was bright & but less pleasant than stormy weather,

(7) The morning was only slightly rainy but continues-- mostly cloudy. At noon we reached another longbow exactly like the ones we have used there no tuk tuft, From here down the road left the hills+ travelled thru a level forest country of Gigantic slumps of bamboo Trees. Palms howeverly been seen occasionally + none have been larger than 15 feet high and were without a proper trunk. Tree ferns have also be rare + of medium size only, At 5 P.M. we reached Momork a Burnum village on the edge of the jungle. Several shops were seen here the houses were set on pile made of bamboo like those of the Philippines Many of the men here had thei

thighs & waist heavily stored like those seen on the Nam-tung, I saw climb the village many trees bearing jack fruit, the first I have her seen. Areca palm was also seen & many Papaiips, The afternoon was success very warm & the night calm & still & very warm. There is no intense cultivation here such as you see to be seen in China there being much waste level land on every hand. The beds of most of the streams were swollen yesterday which are tributaries, to the Tarpy, flowed them granite beds, great-granite boulders! Slowing their progress & filling them with rapids. No game animal or bird were seen except small birds. A single species of small lizard was

abundant on the, road beds than other reptile persons. 8 The night was warm & calm, or down a heavy storm visited us the rain falling heavily for 3 hours accompanied in the beginning by much thunder. I took Wood chair & gave him the mule for this last stretch of 3 hours - 9 mile. The road is a splendid broad affair 50 feet wide & well macadamized with limestone. No cultivated fields lined it only bamboo shrubs & jack-like country small trees & new growth with a small village at intervals. We arrived at Bharno at 10:30 & at the street near his store market Mr. Holmes, an Austrian merchant who has lived here many years & is married to a Shan woman.

From this shop we went to the Deplity District Comm. Office, Mr. Farmer. He was a young man very cordial + gave my permit to stop all the circuit house + invited us to the Club. The circuit house we found very comfortable + home like. It is a two story building with 4 bedrooms with bath on the upper floor + two dining rooms below + has wide verandas on front. It is nicely situated opposite the Superbana Club + surrounded by a wide lawn. The beds were spring cots furnished with clean linen, the wall screen wood painted white +

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wives most of the men being married. The whole company comprised about 15 to 20 people. They played carrom, bridge or billiards. The golf course is not used. The club has a fair library in which I saw many books on Burma including Kingdon Ward's 'Farleylet' Blue P. O'Joy. The officers here consist of the deputy D.C., A. Farrellee, a major and other Army Officers. The women seem to enjoy the club quite as much as the men + the place is quite home-like in atmosphere. The town is spread out with wide spaces of grassy plains between residences.

The avenues are broad + Lined by shade trees. Acacia Trees & red flower acacia - leaved bean tree. The Inhabitants are mixed. Hottentots are often seen in short skirts of black trimmed in red wool + beads about the neck. They are a stocky short race about 4 1/2 feet tall only. The Burners are light skinned with Chinese features but rather prettier. Then there are Indians of various tribes, with dark skin + short beards. Chinese are seldom seen except in the shops. 9 The morning was partly overcast but without rain. A left on the express steamer at 12 noon for Mandalay.

10th spent a quiet Sunday at the Cercel House. The government offices were all closed but the shops in the town were open + also the market. In the afternoon took a gerry + rode on to a village 5 miles away on the Teng Yeeh road. It's a tiger trapper lives. When we arrived the headman showed me a No 5 bear trap with feet jaws weighing about 15lbs which he uses for catching tigers. At the present time he says no tigers were about but when any come + kill cattle he set the trap for them thus caught 5 tigers by this means. The skins are

all turned over to the gvt. which pay a bounty of $40. Rub Kohn buys the skins from the gvt.. & ships the to N. Y. where they are sold at auction. To buy a skin from Kohn it is necessary to get the L.L.D.C. permission as the guarantee that it will be taken out of the country nor resold to the gvt. Leopards are also on the bounty list the gvt. paying $20 Rub. per head. At dinner time in the circuit house I noticed 4 geckos on the walls. The moved about after on another 7 or 8 times uttered a chirping croaking sound !

In my bedroom I often see fine lines on the wood walls. A large fire beetle enters the house also, the mist being apart of a dark brown dove shaped surface 1 1/2 miles diameter. It gives as much light from under its wings cases when flying about 1/2 candle power I should estimate. (II) Fig. At fiffin I tasted the jack fruit a close ally of the bread fruit + a member of the same order as the mulberry & fig. The name is Artocarpus integrifolia. The tree has heavy green foliage & makes good shadebut is small sized. The fruit grows close to the trunk & is nearly 10

large as a watermelon. The interior is filled by large oval seeds myflying beams about,whish both white and yellow in flavor like the head of a sweet watermelon, quite agreeable to the taste. (12) The morning was bright & sunny but last night we had a heavy shower, visited the melon market at 8AM. The place was filled usual with Berries. women selling vegetables. I saw watermelons, mangoes limes, bananas, jackfruit papayas, red pepperies, potatoes, tomatoes, etc fish etc needed for sale.

(3) The morning was bright + sunny with overcast sky in the afternoon + light shower at sunset. The marking white chervot of Kipkinge Mandalay is seen on useby women everywhere. It consists of maize husk rolled into a long tube 7 filled by crumpled tobacco leaves. The women are inveterate smokers + are seldom without the marking white chervot stick which they carry in their homes. My young boys smoke even better can walk it is said. The climate of midday is very humid + sticky.

Everything feel the heat, The varnished finisher sticks To your clothing when you sit in a chair or lean on a table. 14 I heard as [illegible] Burns bands played near the circuit house & sweet hither & investigated. The band consisted of usual banjo or banal drums a flute, a series of brass bells or gongo going sound like - zarrimba & agambol made of slabs of tanbo. The music was like that of the Turkish Hush - Rundi sort of dance music but their were no dancers. The musicians were chiefly boyos,

"I have seen quite a few Huttees of Burmese design, Instead each with shutters, Arches on the roofs, gilded. Shal cone shaped jalousies, With lattice and bamboo, Still are found here as well as ancient mortared Walls of brick. Coco-palms are a common shade tree about Burma houses but are not used by the English as an ornament. There is a mission for the Katchins, an American Baptist Mission, by Rev. Ingram. The Katchin boys play soccer football every evening on a green opposite the Mission School which has some children of foreigners.

"grounds. (15) During the early evening when the lights were lit many animals were attracted to my room, a large spider 3 inches across stationed himself near the lamp on the wall where he preyed on many flies & moths attracted by the light. The fine geckos were on the walls in various places at odd times two Scrotophilus bats came in & crawled about over the floor like invalids quite unable to fly. There were several small bottle flies & may flies down

The night was hot & restless & breathing air but Toward morning a breeze & rain shower cooled off the air, 16 Mr. John the Austin Merchant. June 14th Burpee I was thus enabled to get away on the Down River steamer, Morning Down with light rain. The steamer left at 12 M. On board were Eight a Merchant wife from Hobart on Albany India the trip will be very allowed by way measures to go home with hubbby. The trip down the river was fine & pleasant.

a cool breeze being made by the boat at the bow, at Bloomer the river is 2 miles wide but lower down it is 3 miles in places, at 3 P. M. we passed thru the defile where the river runs between great forest cliffs this only 100 yds or 200 yards wide. At one point a cliff 100 feet high raised sheer crowned by a few trees of the sumac. The rock formation is gray weather limestone. There here shows considerable currents upon boiling whorls. The forest lies

16 JUNE new tributary character being green leafy trees, with posilms, or tree ferns, but many bamboos. Below the defile the rain riders on again only around flat country with villages at intervals, 2.5 30 p.m reached Kalka the [illegible] R19 connect small bameese village with white pagoda + many homes, bordering the river: Over Jaling we bear fruit, also a few palms from which the toddy or beer is made. Saddles were lashed to the palms along the loft part of the stem for hold

Rec. check #1015.0 Mex Efferson Rangoon to H.Y. May 30th Bhamo to Rangoon 165.00 My Cash - June 8 Hong Kong check - May 28/17 $ 1128 17/100 Mex/H.K. dollars

During the afternoon I saw many the penguins and their water properties show his borelgin: The captain's slop he sees Van Glien, but they are never in fogs only in pairs or solitary. Water birds were singularly scarce, as always seen were few auhigs or cormorants. (17) The night was quite pleasant but a few mosquitoes came about the electric fan before time cool. We left an anchorage at daybreak, but the fog came up soon after it blurred the landscape so we had to anchor again until breakfast, namely 9 am.

foggy pleasant on the river at this season. The rain continued all day + made the trip cool + prevented the glare of the water. W.4 P.M. I saw a 8 peacocks on the beach 150 yds away which looked seen very wild. The engineer said he saw them. flew here also spotted deer + jungle fowls. At anchor at a village for the night from 3 hours since Mandalay very few mosquitoes in biting flies have annoyed us (18) at 9.13 5 A.M. we dropped anchor at Mandalay. The day was cloudy + pleasant many steamers were seen here

lying along the shore nearly all their primary Hotel company, the only one which operates on the river. They have fleet of 30 River steamers of which have been loaned to the Brit. Govt., former steels to the Tigre River and Menjok. there is a railway line running from the shore to the center of town at the Bazar. The bazar consist of long halls or stalls in wellbuilt stone building all sort of merchandize is sold here as well as fruit, grain & vegetables. The merchants were nearly all women (Bumese) attractive & vivacious. The town is well laidout with well macdernized streets & plants. & several streets are here as well actually direct to various places.

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all able to swim but made little attempt to dive. The only amateur game I have seen the Burmeses play is one in which they used a ball made of bamboo strips liber basket. They men stand in a circle & keep the ball in the air by kicking it striking with the knee. by hitting with the head. This passed around to anyone who can kick it or keep it in play. The 1st steamer left Mandalay at daylight in cloudy weather. A few rain squalls visited us during the morning but at noon the sunshine & a stiff breeze up R. Ier blew all Kerman: At 2 P.M. we

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are said to compose this forest. The river here shows yellow clay or sand banks rising perpendicular some 40 feet or so. At Merimbula where we anchored there are mud volcanoes of small size which throw up bubbles forth as only canal gas. The town as well as the volcanoes is situated some five miles away from the anchorage. Some indeed visit them. 21 At 3 P.M. we reached Prome in a dazzling rain, directly opposite the anchorage is a reef of rocks running parallel with the shore, through which the river draws down the

Sunday The town is nicely situated on wide plane & the street are spacious & the place beautified by shade trees & open park like spaces. I have been struck by the friendliness of the English on board the carrier in holding chatting to one another. There seemed of the cold brought the English people so often found in India, Persons who show no sympathy for anyone are not here here & are remarked by universal dislike. There is an old chap on board an Oxford man who is a judge in Madras Province. He is John [illegible]

sympathetic type & makes conversation with everyone even on third class deck. Passengers consisting of Bermuda families. He talks to these women who are quite comely & plays with the babies & mentions half dozen words of Bermudan in talking to them. No impression that the H. L. has divided the world into two classes of people, the sympathetic. The apathetic which division he considered first, essential & fundamental. The A. T. G. Company's a Scotch firm & all the officers on the boat & shore offices as well are Scotch,

"The whole of Burma seems To be settled or officially the Scotch, I have met Rarely any other class of British here. We haven't toured the managers of the company this wife, her Scotch money married to residents of Burma. Officers in Burma, an English man this wife from Tobago Japan, a P.W.O. Officer who has spent 15 yrs in Burm to in fine health & spirits, a 15 yrs old bride & an aunt, a well borner. This girl is a resident of Burma of English scotch parentage (her family) Rangoon. The green leaves have seen in the market are those of the Betel Pepper (P.

which are chewed in connection with the betel nut (Areca jolun) to form a red juice: These leaves are seen on sale in all native markets together with the brown betel nut. It is said to betel chewing produces an astringent taste only it is not a stimulant except to the flow of saliva. It appears to be a corresponding habit to tobacco chewing. 22 A lady was largely riding & chanced through numerous villages lined the shore & extensive patches of Buzara cultivation were in evidence At sunset we anchored for the night at Karebyew- a village famous for its good Burmese cheroots, The Burmese women me bare as deck passengers use a face powder of a clay yellow.

made of the powdered wood of a named tree, Pieces of this wood they all carry with them. The odor is pungent for the yellow color inherent on their light yellow complexion. 23 Daylight found us on our way up Rangoun Creek with a formidable tide. The Creek is a short cut to the Rangoun River which we reached at 8 A.M. Paddy fields under water bordered the river on either side for miles and broken near the shore by thickets of sprouting coco palms. At five miles we could see distinctly the big gold spire of the Shwe Dagon minaret from a small hill about Rangoun. The River approaching the

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The evening was speed dining at Smith's. He is bachelor has spacious apartment above the banks, Cotton is a magistrate from Madrasan vacation & very enthusiastic tourist. 24 At 7 AM Cotton called for me & we visited the Shwedagon Pagoda. The morning was misty & cool. The entrance to the pagoda is a long rising hallway or arcade on each side of which are both occupied by flower girls & vendors, of candles & sweets. The Pags is covered incredibly gold paint except the base which is capped by gold pickles & a golden lace work. At the base of the Pagoda are many small shrines of gilt wearable bronze multi of plaster Buddhas. A great

bronze bell many tons weight is suspended in a temple here. It was dropped in the river by the British vessel taking it away I could not be carried by them. The Burmese however raised it & restored it to Rangoon. Several of the officers killed at the Pagoda which is surrounded by a fortified wall are buried are at the Pagoda where they fell. Zoological garden. The Zoo's near the Pagoda in ascensions park with trees & lakes. The cages are large, airy & contain local animals & a few foreign ones. I saw a Panda for the first time & the keeper of Bengal tiger said that one had lived there scarcely but another died not long soon after arrival from Tibetan.

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"and was of the usual olive brown color but had a great size being 75lbs in weight. The tail was long abnormally. There were Macaques & two specimens only of Lemurs both small. Several black bears were in a pit. Two tigers apart from one, three black leopards, one normal one were all the cat species.