(Great Pass - T'a-hwan-shits) We made camp near a small village in the hills, nowhere were there natural forests. In fact trees (mentioned by Harries here) were seen. The common spring a few white pines + many large alders were seen the prevalent species. On the way we met several cars of open + cows carrying fire wood with double tree Chinese saddles. Both open seems are used as pack animals but the buffalo is only employed for plowing odden and flooded rice fields. Many of these were seen plowing rice fields a foot deep with water, the buffalo sinking in up to its middle. The presence of ox training was made even by the mellow tinkle of their giant brass bells whilst are furnished with resonant long + dark or every step.