Acorn woodpecker species accounts, v4448

Koenig, Walter D., 1950-

Unknown

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

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Acorn woodpecker Acorn woodpecker--Behavior--California Hastings Natural History Reservation (Calif.)

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W.D. Koenig 1986 Hastings Reservation Melanerpes formicivorus

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1986 Walter D Koenig Doubly-labelled Water Hastings Reservation 51A δ754 at Y. 18 April 1120 injected w/ 250μl H³O₁₈. Wt: 88.9gm good injection Blood taken: 1224 (wt:86.1g) Released: 1225 (No 2nd sample recovered) 22 April 52A ♀1207 at LA2. 1226 injected w/ 230μl H³O₁₈ Wt: 81.6q (good inj.) Blood taken: 1332 (wt: 79.9) Released: 1334 30 April 53A ♀675 at Y. Injected at 844 PST w/ 220μl H³O₁₈ Wt: 79.8g (good inj.) Blood taken: 852 PST (wt:77.8q) Caught in net at nest. 53B ♀675. Blood taken 914 PST (wt:80.9q) Caught feeding at nest. 1 May 54A ♀984. Injected at 1215 w/ 24μl (wt: ) wt: 78.8g. Blood taken 1321 PST wt: 78.1 (Plaque Helper) 21 May 55A ♀ Breeder. Western Bluebird at box 246 (box w/ helper, old babies). Injected w/ 75μl H³O₁₈ at 730 PDST (wt: 27.8); bled at 0826 (26.0) 30 May 55B ♀ Bled at 0842 (wt: 26.0g). (Box 246)

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1986 Walford Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Chonge HNHR 10 January 1200, Counted stores: 690. Things are pretty much filled, but I'd imagine they could fit several hundred more in (although they do have some in fallen limbs) so I'd give them an estimated maximum capacity of 900. Also, there's a nice new hole in the granary facing downhill a bit above the old hole (which still looks fine). 18 January *Group Update* [illegible] last seen 27 Feb 1985 (Philip), gone by spring j1109. Not seen after banding on 20 June 1985. j1111. " " " " " " 22 March *Group Update* Resurrect #1109 → seen by Katy 18 March. 18 April 1030. No birds in any of the known holes. There are acorns remaining here, however. 26 April 1700. Opened the nest, which is high in the sycamore over by the spring: 7 eggs! Incubated. Are there 2 9? here? 5 May 1215. 4 babies in the nest. We took 2 (1 runt, 1 normal) and are transplanting the big one to Plague. 6 May 1430. Returned the 1 baby; we kept the runt in the lab for now. 20 May Banded the 3 babies as #1263-1265. 7 June *Group Update* 5979. Last seen 3 Oct '85 (Katy); gone by 27 Feb. 9980. " " " " Both D.A. ~ 15 Dec.'85 ± 2 Months 9872. Joined the group presumably ~ 15 Dec. 1985. Now breeding, apparently and inexplicably, with

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Est FED: 12 April Set Size: 7 Fledged: 3 Chongo Nest Record 26 April 1700 7 eggs, incubated ≥1 not developed 5 May 1215 4 babies, 1 unbrooded underdeveloped egg 7.6g (1 baby a runt) ~8 days old) 20 May 1630 3 babies 'banded' #1263-65 20 May 1630 85.8g (75) 84.0g (75) 86.1g (75) (1263) Mawwe (1264) (1265) HINHR

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1986 Walter D Koenig 3 Melanerpes formicivorus Change (7 June) ♀1109. Apparently breeding now (!) incestuously with her brother ♂1110. (Based on 7 eggs in nest). Became a breeder 15 Dec 1985 ± 2 months. ♂1110. Now breeding (incestuously) with ♀1109. This group now (apparently) consists of 1 breeding ♂(1110) and 2 breeding ♀♀ - ♀1109 and ♀872 - themselves unrelated, but ♂1110 and ♀1109 are sibs. An interesting group! 14 December 1030. Counted stores: 372. Also, a new hole in the granary, facing downhill above the old hole.

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1986 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Buckeye HNHR 10 January 1315. I actually made an attempt to count stores here, coming up with 3020. However, I'd have to guess that they actually have closer to 4000, and that the number of holes they have is probably on the order of 4400. No birds seen in passing. 18 January *Group Update* 3663. Last seen 13 June (Stamback); gone by 24 Sept. for sure (Katy): D.A. 3 Aug ± 1 month. j1000. Not seen after banding on 15 May 1985. 12 April 1430. Checked the nest (in the same hole as last year): 4 eggs, incubated. 6 May 1520. Banded the babies (3): now #1215-1217. *Group Update* 7 June 31001. Last seen 10 December '85; gone by 24 Feb '86 →DA 17 Jan. ± 1 month.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Buckeye Nest Record 12 April 1430 6 May 1520 4 eggs, incubated 3 fabrics, banked as #1215-1217 (1215) (1216) (1217) 6 May 1530 84.3 (74) 80.8 (82) 80.9 (74) HNHR

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1986 Welterd Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Plaque 12 January 1600. Counted stores: Plague tree: 2981) 4991 Barn 64 20 tree 977 988} Tel Pole 969 (inc. 400 in styrofoam block and 400 in voost hole) These birds have acorns in a lot of Places I haven't seen or noticed them before. They are also pretty full, but I'd have to give them a capacity of 5500. 18 January *Group Update* j1067. Last seen 12 July (Missy); gone by 23 Sept. (Katy): D.A. 18 Aug. ± 1 month 8723, 8983, 81089, 81090. All joined Plague (from Plague Annex) ~20 June 1985. 8983 last seen on 12 July feeding at Plague; gone by 23 Sept → D.A. ~18 Aug ± 1 month. 15 April 81089 over at Blomone power struggle (identity probable but not certain) this morning. 18 April 1000. 3 eggs in the nesthole in the 20 granary! They were nicely grated by dirt, allowing me to (fairly confidently) number them 1-3 in the (probable) order they were laid. 23 April *Group Update* 81090. Now at Refuge! 5 May 1300. Caught 8984 in the nest as we went up to steal the babies for metabolism. We did the following: ① took all 3 babies, but ② replaced them with a Chongo baby (banded Manue) so they wouldn't fail. 6 May 1500. Returned the babies from to the nest and took the Chongo bird back.

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1986 Walter D Koening Melanerpes formicivorus FED = 16 Apr. CS = 6 eggs Plague Nest Record 18 April 1000 3 eggs, numbered 1-3 (in probable laying order, see notes) 22 April (Mark) 6 eggs 28 April 1730 Still 6 eggs; seem OK. 4 May 1400 3 babies, 3 undeveloped eggs (1) W/h (2) Yel (3) Yel W/out 4 May 1400 13.9 11.0 7.8 5 May 1300 17.7 14.1 9.2 12 May 1130 (Mark) 49.2 45.0 26.6 2nd nest 16 June (Katy) [illegible] 4 eggs, dirty & cold. 5

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1986 Walter D Koenig 3 Melanerpes formicivorus Plaque HNHR 7 June *Group Update* ♀1071. last seen 4 Dec.'85, gone by 5 Dec '85. (Katy) → DA. 5 Dec '85. ♂1089. last seen here on 6 March, gone by 11 March. Now at CV#1 as of June. 14 December 1000. Counted stores: 1855 (Plaque tree) 200 (2º tree) 300 (tel pole) 2355.

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1986 Walter Koenig Melanerpes fomicirinus HNHR 18 January *Group Update* Note that we have 2 groups here again: Y and the Knoll set. See Katy's notes for details. $971. This bird is gone, but we need Philip's notes to find out when. Apparently she was last seen for sure on 26 April and may have disappeared then. Philip saw her 31 Apr, gone 30 June? DA 31 May? LM. jl013. Not seen after banding. jl136. " " $1012} Moved to Knoll Set, 15 Oct. 1985. See Katy's notes. $1015) 5 April *Group Update* $1014. Last seen 22 Oct (Katy), gone by 24 Oct → D.A. 23 Oct. 13 April 530. last night Mark S. and I caught $675 and $754 together in the canyon hole. This morning (early) I released the former, holding onto $754 for the 3rd temporary removal of the spring. 18 April 1100. Well. It turns out they have a nest here in a new hole in the locusts by the barn, and they have babies. So obviously the $ removal is screwed up. So I injected him in an attempt to salvage something and let him go. 1400 Opened the hole. 3 babies + 1 runt egg (!); babies are probably in day 3. That means hatching on 15 April, last egg on 5 April, and est FED of 2 April. 20 April Tried to catch $754 feeding, but he never came to the nest. My 1st failure to complete a labelled water run.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Y Nest Record 18 April 1100 1415 Nest found: babies 3 babies, 1 nunt egg (!) 18.6 x 15.4 ① (227) ② (228) ③ (229) 18 April 1415 14.1 12.6 13.4 Not marked 3 May 1430 74.2 73.3 69.5 still not marked Banded 8 May (Mark) 87.1 81.5 (63) 81.5 (68.5) *2nd nest* 8 June 950 12 June 1430 3 fresh eggs 5 eggs First Est FED = 2 April CS = ? ≥ 4 eggs 2nd FED 6 June CS = 5 eggs HNTIR

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1986 Walter D Koening 3 Melanerpes formicivorus HNHR 30 April Caught 9675 in a net at the nesthole this morning, injecting her for DLW. 7 June *Group Update* 91134. Last seen 20 January, gone by 4 Feb -> DA 27 Jan ± 1 week. 8 June 950. Checked the nesthole: 3 fresh eggs! Another 2nd nest. 12 June 1630. 5 eggs now. 18 June 1600. 8669 up in front of the barn.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Knoll Set HNHR 18 January *Group Update* The 3 birds present here are j♂1012, j♀1015, and an ub ♀. Katy has extensive notes; they were getting serious ~15 October so we'll have them founding the group by then. 5 April *Group Update* ♂1012. Last seen 24 Oct, gone by 13 Nov → DA. 3 Nov 1 wk. ♀1015. Same. See Katy's notes about this group. The ub ♀ is still hanging out here, but she seems to be by herself. 8 June There is certainly no group here anymore. It's quite possible that the remaining ♀ "moved" to Refule 1 at the beginning of April. →♀5234. Disappeared about 3 Apr. Could have moved to Refule 1 (or been there, more or less, all along).

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes fomiticivorus Refute! HNHR 23 April Official opening of this territory in the 2nd canyon- originally (and still mostly) an artificial granary. They apparently have acorns, so they must have been here most or all of the winter. Here now are (1) ub ♀ (now #5243). (2) ♂1090 from Plague Annex. No.2 see below We will put them as having moved here 1 Nov ±2 months (Except that we need to look up ♂1090's history at Plague) Well! Katy's notes clearly show that ♂1090 has been at Plague all winter and he was last seen there on 2 April. So! We will instead have this group being founded on 5 April, and I better go take a look at those stored acorns that are presumably there. Of course, the ♀ may have been hanging out there for awhile, but Katy assures me there wasn't a group there this winter. 25 April Finally came over here. There are 2 artificial (that is, we put them up) limbs with granary holes in the tree, but virtually no other storage facilities here. Furthermore, there are no discernable acorns stored. So the group was very plausibly formed at the tree in spring. 8 June *Group Update* Not sure anyone's here anymore. See Mark's notes.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus 1500 H N H R 18 January *Group Update* J101. last seen by Missy on 7 July, gone by 25 Sept. (Katy) → D.A. 16 Aug ± 1 month. 6 February 1400. Counted stores: Main tree: 1948 ? 2° tree : 171 The granaries are not especially full; I'd set the maximum number of holes here to at least 3000. 10 April 1030. Climbed to the hole in the main tree where birds have been seen. No eggs yet, but the hole looks ready. 17 April 1300. Bird in hole again: opened, 2 eggs, fresh. I marked them #1 & 2. 20 April *Group Update* J109. last seen 26 Sept (Katy), gone by 28 Sept, → D.A. 27 Sept. 1985. (In fact, Katy appears to have seen this bird up on School Hill on 27 Sept.). 23 April 1000. Checked the hole: 4 eggs (Susan checked). 30 April 1045. Checked the hole: 3 eggs pipping (1 shows egg-tooth already) while 1 egg doesn't seem to have developed. Thus: today is hatching day 0. 12 June 1230. A "todo" here. Watching. Six+ birds were here chasing a few minutes ago. Seems like lots of [illegible]... There are acorns left here in the granary. 1300. [illegible] #297 here; looks like with ≥ 2 ub [illegible]. There are definitely * at least 2 ub [illegible]. 1300. 1 of the babies around: juno/#1275. @j Still some chasing. Looks clear: #601 is gone; 2 new [illegible] here, needing to be caught: #1100 not here also.

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1996 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus FED = 16 Apr CS = 4 eggs 1500 Nest Record 17 April 1315 2 fresh eggs, cold. Marked #182. 23 Apr 1000 4 eggs 30 Apr 1045 3 eggs pipping, 1 not level. 3 May 1400 2 babies, 1 unhatched egg. yellow ① left leg ② white out cright leg 1 unhatched egg Day 3 3 May 1400 12.9 g. 11.0 g. 9 9 May [illegible] 32.0 28.5 12 12 May [Mark] 48.5 44.3

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1986 Walther Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus 1500 (12 June) This is no doubt the end of here of at least a minor power struggle. 14 September Ambushed this evening at the big hole in the main granary, nabbing j♀1274 and the remaining unbanded ♀, now ♀1367. *Group Update* ♀601. Last seen in a nestwatch on 9 May, gone by the power struggle on 12 June; →DA. 5 June ± 1 wk. She was replaced by 2 ub ♀♀, one of whom we caught on 29 June (♀1329 - no listing for her short time as an ub bird) and [illegible] the other on 14 September (♀1367, formerly ♀5251). Both moved here ~12 Sept. 1986 14 December 1200. Counted stores: Main tree: 1292? 1446 2º tree: 154

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes bonciivorus 1800 HNHR 18 January *Group Update* J1094. NSAB on 1 June 1985. We have no confirmation of this, but the field list says that Piggy 6 February 1500. Counted stores: Main tree: 2048 20 tree (by 1500): 177 These trees are pretty full but not really stuffed. I'd set the number of holes here at ~2800. 5 April *Group Update* 8785. Sadly appears gone. Last seen 28 Sept., gone by 22 Oct -> D.A. 10 Oct ± 2 wks. 81162. Last seen 22 Oct, gone by 13 Nov.; DA -> 3 Nov ± 1 wk. [Nice try, but I caught him on 11 Apr.] 11 April 600. Ambushed at the same old hole, getting 8770 and 3 helper 88. A 5th bird was in the hole but escaped. 8770 was taken and put in the aviary as part of the 2nd temporary removal for the year. 14 April 1030. Mark saw a bird in the hole this morning (same hole as the ambush) so I climbed up and checked: nothing. But obviously this doesn't mean they haven't started already, so tomorrow should be an egg-tossing watch for sure! 15 April 1530. Katy watched this morning, seeing what could have been egg-laying but apparently wasn't, as no one tossed (up until when she left, anyway) and there are now no eggs in the nest. See her notes for more details. They are obviously getting very close, however, and tomorrow could very well be the day. 18 April I watched this morning starting at 555. Nothing seemed

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1986 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes fomiticivorus 2 1800 (18 April) to happen until 700, when ♂771 came to the hole and looked it, as if a ♀ were inside. Which, as it happens, one was - but I completely missed who she was. In any case, ♂771 left at 707, followed by the ♀ at 709. Since then noone at all has been to the hole, and (at 800) I'm about to go up and check it. 800. Well, whoever it was, laid an egg, now marked #1. The nest is on. (I assume this egg will get tossed sometime today). 19 April 800. Katy watched this morning, but she was gone by the time I got here to check the nest, which is now empty. So they tossed out not only yesterday's egg but whatever was laid today. 20 April The score so far (as of this morning): ♂787 has laid 3 eggs, 2 of which have been tossed (1 by ♀193 for sure). The 3rd is still in the hole as of this morning. None (including the one Katy saw tossed yesterday) has been a runt egg (making me wonder about 17 April - did she lay then?). See Katy's notes for details. 21 April Katy watched again today (Mark climbed): yesterday's egg is gone, ♂787 laid again, not tossed by the time Mark checked. 22 April Susan watched this morning: both ♀♀ went in (along with the ♂83) but there were no eggs when I checked. 30 April 1400. Clutch is now complete with 6 eggs. (See nest record) (my guess is: ♂193 4 eggs, ♂787 2 eggs). Note also that tossing did not go on as long as it might have - restraint once again. However! It is now time to let ♂770 go, which I have now done following a nest check. 1415 Watching the nest.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus FED: 18 April CS(set) = 6 (♀793=4) eggs tossed: 5 (all by ♀793?) HNHR 1800 Nest Record 18 April 800 1 egg (laid this morning) by ? #1 : 22.3 x 18.4 19 April (Katy) 800 ♀787 laid; ♀793 tossed No eggs in nest (#1 gone) 20 April (Katy) 800 ♀787 laid 1 egg (now #1): 24.0 x 19.2 21 April (Katy) ♀787 laid: 24.5 x 19.0 (20 Apr egg gone) 22 April (Susan) 805 (I climbed) Nobody laid; no eggs in nest 23 April (Katy) (Mark climbed: empty) Everybody in hole: 1 egg laid, ♀793 tossed (presumably) 24 April (Susan) Not ♀793? Not tossed ① 24.3 x 19.5 25 April (Susan) Not tossed ♀793? ① Still there. 2nd egg laid by? ② 24.5 x 20.3 26 April (Susan) Both eggs still there; both ♀8 laid: 4 eggs now (3) (4) No eggs laid by 0730. I think 2 eggs laid after Susan left. 27 April (Susan) Both ⑤ 24.1 x 19.2 ⑥ 24.3 x 19.2 28 April (Susan) 1530 No eggs laid after 0515. Still 6 eggs 30 April 1400 1 May PM - 2 May AM ♀770 tossed all eggs! (see Mark's notes).

Second try 11-12 May Not watched 13 May 830 FED: 13 May C5: 8 NHatched: 6 2 fresh eggs ① 23.9 x 19.1 ② 22.7 x 18.7 14 May 1430 4 eggs did not develop → ③ 22.7 x 19.1 ④ 24.2 x 19.0 15 May (Mark) 6 eggs (1 broken by us) ⑤ 24.2 x 19.2 ⑥ Broken by us 16 May 1700 8 7 eggs did not develop → ⑦ 23.9 x 19.5 ⑧ 24.5 x 19.1 18 May 1000 8 eggs ⑨ 23.9 x 19.2 29 May 1745 Babies have hatched In nut: 4 live babies, 1 dead baby, 2 unhatched, undeveloped eggs 19 May 1745 day 27. ① WN ② LB ③ Y-B ④ 1325 ⑤ (dead) 15.1 14.3 16.0 9.1 6.7 18 June 1630 93.1 (83) 84.8 (79) 79.1 (83) 79.2 (68)

1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes fomiceivorus 1800 HNHR (30 April) 1600. Mark taking over - 1 May Arrived at 513. Already there was a ♀ in the hole along with 8770 (!). 8770 proceeded to remain in the hole continuously (with the exception of 3 brief [≤10s] climbs out of the nest) until 707, when he finally flew out. During that time the rest of the breeders (all 4 of them) pretty much carried on incubating as though he weren't there, or at least wasn't very important. At least 8+ changovers occurred. 8770 would occasionally look out (I never saw a trace of anything suspicious on his bill) but the others tended to changover among themselves oblivious of him - that is, as though they knew he wasn't incubating. This was especially true for 8771 and 8193; 8774 and 8787 did come to the hole several times and leave, even though only 8770 was inside. As a result, 8770 was alone only a few times inside the hole and generally only for a short time. But long enough to do damage if he'd been so inclined. In any case, there's no question now that he knows about the nest or that he's been accepted back into the group. 730. Katy taking over. 1100. Climbed nest: all 6 eggs ok. Now watching. 1230. Sue taking over. (Sue went to ~1500; then Mark took over, tossing!) 3 May He tossed! See Mark's notes for all the details, but- the result was decisive: he started tossing this is the afternoon and finished on the morning of 2 May. Nest is now empty and they get to start again! but not until ~1800. By that time he had begun tossing!

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1986 Walter D Koenig 5 Melanerpes formicivorus 1802 HNHR 13 May 850. Katy watched this morning and though both ? might have laid, as, indeed, they had: 2 fresh eggs. (Since we hadn't watched for several days, we don't know if they had tossed or not this time.) 8 June *Group Update* 3116A. Moved to Outback between 21-29 April ->Moved 25 Apr. 1986. 14 December 1230. Counted stores: Main tree: 1822 } 1892 2° tree: 70

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1986 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Horsetail 6 February 1520. Not only did I scare 1-2 birds away from the granary (artificial) here, but there are on the order of 150 acorns stored here. Who are they? HNHR

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Hay-Blos HNHR 18 January *Group Update* J1086. last seen by Missy on 22 June, gone by 29 Sept -> D.A. 10 Aug ± 1 month. 20 January 1615. Counted stores: 3696. I have no doubt I missed several hundred as well. I'd put capacity at 4000; the tree is quite stuffed full. 5 April *Group Update* There's been a ♀ turnover here! Moni's gone, 2♀♀ from CVVerande have joined: 8604. Last seen 1 Feb., gone by 26 March, DA->1 Mar±1m. 881083, 1084, 1085. All now "breeders," although 1085 may not be here anymore. (They have inherited.) 9941. Moved here with ♀1078 ~ 1 March (was seen at CVVer on 21 March, but Katy thinks she was probably already up at H-B, which is not unlikely). ♀1078. Moved here ~ 1 March from CVVerande! 19 April 600. A good attempt at an ambush up in the large Valley Oak on Hastings failed when a new exit appeared above the ambush hole. I did, however, catch 1 unbanded, probable 1st-yr ♂, who is now #1206. Who is this bird? There are not supposed to be any unbanded birds here! 830. Backup here with a net in the granary on the off chance I can catch someone. 1130. Giving up. 20 April *Group Update* 81085. last seen 1 Feb, gone by 26 March ->DA. 28 Feb. ± 1 Month.

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1986 Walter D Koenig 2 Melanerpes formicivorus Hay-Blom HINJHR 21 April 515. A net set up at an old nest hole (pre) dawn got 2 birds (at least one escaped): 81206 again!!! (who is this bird? and what does he want?) and 81084, one of the sons who has now inherited, and will have to do for a temporary 8 removal. 28 April *Group Update* 81085 Still alive and here, seen by Katy 26 April. 11 May 1107. Flushed a bird from one of the new holes: could be it. 1445. Opened the hole: 8 eggs, incubated! 12 May 1620. After a full morning of incubation watches here we fulfilled the climax of the 2nd temporary 8 removal of the year with the release of 81084. Immediately following I checked the hole, where there are still 8 eggs, and began our nonstop vigil. 1620. Watching. 81083 [1702. Finally someone came: 81083. 8571 [1716. 8571 enters; 81083 caves. [1732. 81 caves. Hole empty. (lots of calling over at the granary). 81083 [1737. 81083 enters 8571 [1812. 81083 L; 8571 E [1821. 8571 gave 2 Garricks and left 8941 [1826. 8941 E 81083 [1839. 8L; 81083 E [1907. 8L. Hole empty (sun going down). 8? [1903. 8? in (wnt 81084.) [1915. 8L 81083 [1920. 81083 E [1930. Think he's it for the night. (Note that 'squeaky' is still outside-he is 8571). In any case, I'm going- 13 May 1145. Taking over from Sue. 81083 in hole (see back). 15 May 4 eggs had hatched by this evening (Mark) 16 May 7 eggs have hatched; 1 egg prob will not. 8 June *Group Update* 81206, first caught voosting

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes fomicivorus Hay Blom Nest Record HNHR: 11 May 1445 8 eggs, incubated 12 May 1615 Still 8 eggs (8/1084 released) 15 May (Mark) 4 eggs hatched 16 May 1630 1299 WH 1300 Yel 1301 R-DB 1302 LB 1303 Blk 1304 Ova 1305 YBeak ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ Day 1 16 May 1630 8.1 10.2 9.6 10.6 5.9 6.2 4.5 Unhatched egg 3 18 May 915 14.0 17.1 16.2 14.9 10.7 10.6 6.9 The unh-eggs 4 19 May 1145 19.2 21.9 21.7 20.9 16.1 15.9 9.9 Shaped into a corner 6 21 May 1245 28.5 28.6 29.8 29.1 23.4 21.5 16.5 These 4 taken to The lab for the day. Returned: at Dusk 8 23 May 1630 36.2 39.7 39.0 38.3 32.8 29.9 17.5 10 25 May 1030 48.0(20) 51.5(21) 49.6(21) 50.8(22) 43.8(18) 37.7(16) 27.4(14) Taken to Lab for the day 12 17 May 1230 56.4 60.0 61.2 58.0 55.2 49.2 33.7 14 29 May 1045 66.8(34) 66.6(35) 69.0(35) 70.1(36) 66.2(29) 57.2(25) 41.0(20) 15 30 May 915 66.8(39) 66.1(40) 66.8(39) 71.8(41) 67.2(34) 58.0(30) 42.9(22) Taken to lab for the day. 7 June 1430 75.5(83) 77.8(72) 82.8(85) 78.0(85) 78.2(79) 76.2(70) 70.5(62)

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Hay-Blen HNHR: (8 June) here on 19 April, does in fact now live here and is feeding babies. We don't know who he is or where he comes from, but it seems unlikely that he's a baby from a fall nest (Katy never saw babies here). So, we have to presume that he is an unrelated bird who just joined the group, and is presumably now a breeder.

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1986 Waltird Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Lower Haystack HNHR 19 January *Group Update* 8972. Last seen 30 May (caught by me); gone by 8508 3 Oct (Katy) -> D.A. 30 July ± 2 months. j1043, Last seen 5 July (Missy), gone by 3 October -> DA. 20 Aug ± 1 month j1044. NSAB. j1045. Last seen 5 July (Missy), gone by 3 October -> DA. 20 Aug ± 1 month. j1145. NSAB. 20 January 1600. Counted stores: Main VO: 4730 ? 2nd tree: 520 } 5250. These guys have a lot of acorns. It's set full capacity at about 5600. 10 April 1135. There's one fresh egg in the regular hole in the main granary. 13 April 1600. 4 eggs, marked. None in the hole. 15 April 31146 at a power struggle at Blomone today; see Bloml notes. 17 April 1345. Now 5 eggs, warm. They all are still translucent, and the new one (#5) still looks brand new. 19 May 1200. The babies taken for metabolic runs for the day. 1 Gazebo baby in to take their place. 7 June 1530. Found the 2nd nest over in the Blue Oak hole - it has 5 eggs, pretty fresh but not pristine.

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1986 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus FED = 10 April CS = 5 eggs Lower Haystack Nest Record HNHR: 10 April 1135 1 fresh egg, marked #1 13 April 1600 4 eggs, #1 + 3 new ones marked 2-4. 17 April 1345 5 eggs, 1-4 + new #5. 25 April [Mark] 4 babies, 1-2 days old not hatched egg #2 11 May 1100 4 babies, taken for metabolic runs (one baby from LA2 put in for now) ① Yel RL ② LB LL ③ LG LL ④ Red Day 17 11 May 1180 70.7 75.8 73.6 64.9 - All were returned on the evening of 11 May- * 2nd nest * (in Blue Oak hole) 7 June 1530 5 eggs, not pristine but fresh.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melamerpes fumicivorus Gazebo HNHR: 14 April 1430. Nest in a new hole in the large Valley Oak off on the (far) side. It has 4 eggs, which look fresh enough to be newly laid (although a bird was in the hole yesterday as well as today.) I'd give the est FED as 11 April. 17 April 1415. Now 5 eggs in the nest. 25 April 1810. 3 newborn babies + 2 unhatched but developed eggs. 27 April 1715. All 5 hatched now, weighed, marked & photographed. 4 May 930. Nest wired up for measuring temperatures. 22 May We were here from 905-935 today banding the babies as #1266-1270. (The wires are still up) 24 May Transmitter was removed from j1269 yesterday by Michael Murray of Coast Vet. Hospital - it wasn't easy. He is just fine, however, and I put him back in the hole today at 1000. 8 June *Group Update* 27 (Katy) 8942. Last seen March, gone by 29 April → DA. 14 April ± 2 weeks. A rare breeding 8 apparently lost during the breeding season. 12 June 900. Bird in nest hole from last year. No sounds, however. 13 June 730. Checked the hole: empty. Not even in real good shape for a nest (no sawdust wood chips). 11 July 1215. Checked the 2nd nest: 4 babies, ~3 do, no eggs.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blomone HNHR 19 January *Group Update* j1165. NSAB (banded 3 Aug). j1166. " j1167. " j1168. " A bad brood here: only 1 of 5 made it at all. j968. Philip saw this bird (but failed to sex it) on 31 Jan 1985, [illegible] most likely gone by 24 April (Missy) -> DA 12 March ± 1 month. 5 April *Group Update* $830. This bird was presumably seen by Philip on 30 Apr Jan 1985, and gone by 16 April. DA -> 8 March ± 1 month. (Katy) $965. Last seen 20 Oct., gone by 11 Nov. -> DA 31 Oct ± 1 wk $1169. Same. 15 April 700. Caught 4 birds in an ambush this morning: $809, $812, j$1169, and j$1167 (the bands of the latter 2 were messed up, thus probably explaining why they had been deleted from the field list). I kept $812. Unfortunately, by the time I released $809 at 645 there was already a minor power struggle erupting, which I'm now back watching at 845. $832?? I don't think so? 845. Some drumming, garricks, etc. (1) $B1E-BPK(w)/M with (3) $809. In granary. (3) $ Or/B1K #492. (1) $ B1E-BPK(w)/M #832 An $ub & looking further. There are ~ 4 + birds on the periphery as well. (6) B1K-EP(w)/L#1169. There are at least 2 intruders here, but probably not more than 3.

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1986 Walter D Koenig 2 Melanerpes formicivorus Blomone HNHR (15 April) 900. It looks like the residents are pretty well in control, however. [illegible] 8 1089 from Plaque 920. Over on the side (in direction of Farkyroll) it looks like ① 8m/DB #1089 ; at least 2 others. ② 8m/or/Ref-wh#1146+ 2[illegible]. These birds are not really participating in the power struggle. ③ M / bp-wrn(m) - thin 1170 ④ ♀ LB/wrn/LB #945 An ⑥ub 8 over here causing trouble as well. (Maybe not - all 5 may be in this together). All 5 of these birds are in the trees to the north of the granary, but do not appear to be mixing at all with the fighting going on there. 940. Back at the granary: ♀1169 prominent. 8832 definitely here. In the trees just above the granary: 2♀: ① ♀Orkwd/Maune#998 and ② ♀ LP-LB/LP-LBlue (Yes) → ③ ♀ Yel-LG /Yel-LG (Maybe same as ②; leg seen well.) These 2 (3?) birds are up above the granary for the most part. 1015. Still some chasing in the granary, but things are calming down. Only bird not obvious is 81167 who I caught this morning; he may in fact have already truly dispersed and only come home for the night. There have even been copulations between 8492 and 9808, so she's still in tight, at least. Also I should note that it's 9809 doing the most drumming here! 1030. I'm getting cold. Kaby should be here shortly to watch some more, but I'm going. There's still some chasing, but the situation looks pretty stable to me; they shouldn't have much trouble keeping control.

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1986 Walter D Koenig 3 Melanerpes famicivorus Blomone HNHR: 19 April *jll65 (Maybe?) seen over between Blontwo and Blontthree* See Blontthree notes. (Change this bird to Moved 0 Feb 86 ± 3 months.) 19 May 1400. Opened a new hole that looked promising, but nothing. It is in good shape, however. 24 May 1045. Whoopee! Bird in the 1st nesthole from 1985'. A nest! 4 fresh eggs!! 25 May 1030. Still 4 eggs. Bird incubating. 28 May 115 1530. Today's The day. Released 9812 with blue marks on her forehead and began our watch. (After measuring the eggs.) 30 May She did it! 9812 tossed the eggs near mid-day today. See Katy's notes! Whoopee! 3 June 1430. Checked the hole: empty still. 4 June 1845. " " " " 5 June 1530. " " " " But! A bird in another hole in one of the side trees: it's empty too, but could be worth watching there. 6 June 515. Watching the side hole. None there at the moment. 615. Dulls ville. Nothing here, nor (from a distance, at any rate) the 1st nest hole. I'm leaving. It's basically cold and crumbly out. 7 June 1345. Bird in side hole again, but both holes empty. 8 June Sue watched this morning: no action. *Group Update* 9808. last seen 24 Feb (Katy), gone by 24 March → DA 10 March ± 1 week.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blomone Nest record 24 May 1045 25 May 1030 28 May 1600 30 May (Katy) 12 June 930 13 June 515 830 14 June 800 15 June 1530 19 June 1540 HNHR: 4 fresh eggs (marked). 4 eggs. Still 4 eggs (9812 released) ① 26.0 × 21.6 ② 24.7 × 21.5 ③ 25.5 × 20.9 ④ 23.1 × 20.3 Eggs tossed by 9812 Guesses only! ↓ 3 fresh eggs in new hole ① 25.1 × 19.8 ② 24.5 × 19.8 ③ 26.2 × 21.1 (9812) 4 eggs: ④ 24.8 × 19.1 (9808) 5 eggs: ⑤ 25.2 × 20.2 (9812) 6 eggs: ⑥ 25.0 × 18.7 (nest) (9808) 7 eggs: ⑦ 25.6 × 20.3 Still 7 eggs.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blomone (9 June) ♂1087. The bird apparently was incubating here, and was the one who let #812 in to toss. God knows what he's doing here; I certainly don't. He's a 1st yr bird from School Hill, and thus does have a tenuous relation here (8492 is from 1500, 1500 birds are related to School Hill). In any case, pending further watching, we add him here as of 1 May (he wasn't here on 15 April when I removed the ♀, he is there now as of 30 May). 1920. Checked the probable new hole: empty. Sue, by the way, watched here yesterday morning and saw rien (8 June); no one watched this morning. 12 June 930. 3 fresh eggs (marked 1-3) in The new hole! Assuming Philip checked the hole on 10 June, this at least means both ♀♀ are laying, but I'll have to check for sure. 13 June 515. 4 eggs in hole; 4th marked. Philip did not check the hole on 10 June, so I am clueless thus far as to who or how many ♀♀ are laying. Now watching. 600. Over in the granary are 2 ♀♀ and ? B/LP #832(?) (I thought I had a reasonable look but there are others close to this) 608. I think that is him: ♂ DG-DB/M (?1M) #832 in granary (not certain but looking likely). (2) ♀m /wn #809 here. 615. ♂? or/B/LP#492. 645. I now think that the bird I thought was ♂832 above is really ♂ or-DB/M #1087 instead. Those 2 are disturbingly close. 650. Here she is: ♀? DB / -LP #812. No marks left on her forehead.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blowout H N H R (13 June) 700. Leaving. No one was given even a sideways glance at the hole since I arrived. 800. Upon returning, There's now a ♀ in the hole. I'm watching trying to see if I can figure out who she is. 820. Over in granary, a bird (♂) who looks like, or is, 8832 again. 840. Bird in hole gone. Nest checked: 5 eggs. Well, I sure didn't get what I wanted, but at least both ♀♀ are laying. 14 June Watched this morning from 435-800. Unfortunately, it was so foggy (not to mention cold) that anyone could have gone into the hole without me seeing them, and apparently someone did. Between 700-745 8492 went in turie (incubating?) and both 8808 and 8812 went to the hole, but I saw neither of them actually enter it. Nonetheless, When I checked it at 800 there were 6 eggs. The only good thing that happened was that I noted that the dark spots on 8812's forehead are still visible (barely); thus, based on the clear forehead of the ♀ in the hole yesterday (at 800) I presume that the 1st ♀ that layed yesterday was 8812 and the 2nd 8808. (Following this through, we might guess that it was 8808's last ⚪ egg eyesterday (because she layed ⚪ so late) and thus today's egg was probably ⚪ 8812's. See the scattergram on the back -

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blontwo HNHR 14 April Definitely a group here! 1600. Opened the (opened) hole that the birds have been hanging out in: nothing (yet). Still will need a little work before they can nest there. 23 April *Group Update* ♀1202. Founded here (banded at Power Struggle at CV Grande 29 March). ♂1232 (?) (Probable) from CV#1. Moved here 6 Apr. Given that the ♀ was at the CVAr. PS, we will have then founding Blontwo on 6 Apr. ±1 week 12 May 1210. Checked the hole, where there are birds fairly frequently, but nothing yet.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blomthree HINHR: 19 January *Group Update* 8768. last seen 5 July (Stanback); gone by 1 Oct (Katy) → DA 18 August ± 1 month. Note that this leaves the group officially without a breeding ♂ (unless 8989 is a breeder and not a baby from a missed fall nest). 945. last seen 5 July (Stanback), gone by 1 Oct. (Katy) → DA 18 Aug ± 1 month, [No! See 15 April, below] j1170. NSAB. [No! See 15 April, below] 5 April *Group Update* ♂1054. last seen 24 Oct (Katy). Gone by 27 Oct D.A. → 25 Oct. 1985 j1056. last seen 27 Oct (Katy), gone by 15 Nov. D.A. → 5 Nov ± 1 wk. ♀1057. Last seen 10 Oct (Katy), Gone by 24 Oct. D.A. → 12 Oct ± 1 wk. j1171. Last seen 24 Oct (Katy). Gone by 27 Oct. D.A. → 25 Oct. 1985 15 April *♀1170 alive and at a power struggle at Blomone today. See Blomone notes* *♀945 also at this power struggle.* 19 April Mark and Katy started filling me in on the mess over here, with several sets of birds here. In any case, @ Mark and I came over and ① saw a bird in CV8r 1st nest hole from last year: it's empty ② took a look at the "Grande Annex" nest hole (in the same area) ③ took a look at the Rajneesh area (see map on back). ④ saw several birds by Blom3 (Howard

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1986 Walter D Koenig 2 Melanerpes formicivorus Blonthree HNHR: (11 April) BlomZ) one of whom was ?BILK-BP(n)/BILK-BP(n) #1165(!)* 1630. Eggs, incubated, in the lower hole. *if so, this is one of the Blomone babies, not seen since being banded! 25 April 1830. Eggs not hatched yet. Plenty of acorns left in the granary here. 27 April 1630. All 5 hatched now. 4 May 1045. All 5 OK; "Black" was left in the nest while we took the other 4 for metabolic work today. 18 May Today we tried to take the transmitter out of "White" (#1258) but not successfully. So we took all 5 and I put a Gazebo baby in temporarily. 19 May 1115. The 5 babies returned to the hole. 24 May The transmitter was taken out of j1258 yesterday - he is now fine and I put him back home today at 1600. 8 June *Group Update* ♀1055. Last seen 15 Nov '85 (Katy), gone by 5 Jan. →D.A. 10 Dec. ± 3 wks. [Could be at CV#1 (Mark)] (CR (1055)) → ♀1170. Now at CV#1, first seen there 27 May but may have been there even sooner. Note, however, see Mark's → that she was feeding at Blm3 as of 30 May. So she has "dual" citizenship, of sorts. 29 September *Group Update* ♀1170. Back now here at Blonthree, as of 25 Sept. (MTS) so Returned ~ August ± 1 month. Was last seen at CVI on 6 Aug, → Returned home ~ 31 Aug ± 2 weeks ♀945. Now at CV#1. Apparently left at ~ same

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1986 Walter D Koenig FED = 11 Apr. 3 CS = 5 eggs Melanerpes formicivorus Blondthorpe Nest Record HNHR 19 April 1630 25 April 1830 26 April 1800 1259 1260 4 hatchlings; leg. Day 2 1258 ① White ② DBlue ③ Black ④ LB 1261 1262 ⑤ [illegible] 0 26 Ap. 1800 4.2 4.1 5.0 4.1 Pipping Photos. 1 27 Ap. 1830 6.1 6.0 6.2 5.6 4.5 3 29 Apr. 1815 11.3 11.0 11.8 10.2 9.4 5 1 May 1300 15.8 14.7 16.2 15.0 14.1 8 4 May 1045 26.8 25.7 27.0 25.0 21.3 Taken to Lab Left in nest Taken to lab 5 May 1045 Returned to nest 11 7 May 1000 Has transmitter implanted [36.0] in body 33.3 37.0 32.2 26.9 All but one ant taken to Lab. 14 Returned in pm Taken to lab again 10 May [- -] 45.5 51.0 44.3 39.1 12 May 1200 [- -] 18 May 1130 - (60) 76.1 (60) 87.9 (62) 76.2 (59) 79.5 (54)

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus CVGrande HNHR 19 January *Group Update* J1077. NSAB. J1080. " 21 March 1600. Power struggle here, at least since this morning. Mark, Katy, and I put up a mist net, catching 2 ub 1st yr ♀♀ and ♀1119 from CV2. Things are relatively slow right now. Note that much of the granary has fallen here within the last month, but there's still a fair amount left. There are only ~10 birds here now, inc. 5 in the granary and several more up in the little open area where they've nested in the past. 5 April *Group Update* ♀941, ♀1078. Both moved to Hay-Blom on or about 1 March. ♀1187. Seen at the Power Struggle on 21 March, but was gone by the 22nd. With 2 new ♀♀ now here, we give her DA. 22 March. ♀1042 ♀1040. Moved here from Sch Hill West on 23 March. ♂1079 ♂1081. Inherited 23 March. (also 8943 if he's still here). 24 April A night ambush at the '85 1st nest hole yielded (Now F-Troup) → ♂1079 - despite this being in the Rajneesh area (?!) 12 May *For nesting details see Mark's notes* 9 June *Group Update* ♂1079. Moved to "F-Troup". last seen at CV6r 30 March at "F-Troup" by 24 April (see above ambush) → Moved

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus CV Garante HNHR 30 August 1145. 2 birds in the granary here, inc ♂ or ♀ #837. There are very few, if any, acorns left in the granary here.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus E-Toop HNHR 21 May A major fuckup this evening when I ambushed at CVGrande's old nest hole (hoping to catch Rajneesh birds) only to catch ♂1079 - on hatching eggs!!! [One egg had hatched - at least 2 unhatched eggs were there also]. Well. Piss me off. So I stuffed him back in and plugged up the hole to keep him in tonight (Stanback will unplug it before dawn). Wow. See map on back. We hope he will be ok tomorrow. 8 June *Group Update* Birds here are ♂1079 (from CVGrande) and ♀1204 (caught at CVPower Struggle). Both were certainly here by 19 April. (it wasn't)

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Rajneesh Grande Annex HNNHR 22 April! This is one of the new & groups over here in the Blom3-CVar area, consisting of 2 ub ♂♂ and 1 ub ♀. They are up in the small open field where CVGrande used to hang out and in the nest area (1st nest last year). In any case, they have a nest (!) (see map on back) with 4 eggs in it (!). *Group Update* We will have these! Although we don't know for sure, presumably these are the birds Katy saw up here all winter (called group "Rajneesh" by her). So we will call them "Rajneesh". 24 April Ambushed at the CVGrande '85 1st nest hole, expecting to get the birds here, but I got 81079 - a 1st yr CVGrande bird - instead! 25 April *Group Update* Katy gives a probable original group composition of 4 birds (2♂♂ and 2♀♀) all unbanded, when 1st seen in December. They were originally up more toward B/M3 On th 21st of March, Mark saw only the 3 birds. Obviously these guys are confusing, given than we are still catching CVGrande birds there. *See Mark's notes for details here* 12 May 29 September *Group Update* Last seen 14 August; all gone by 25 sept. -> Abandoned ~4 Sept ±3 wks. Note: 1255 & (257 caught (apparently) by MTS on 25 June, not seen 14 August -> DA 20 July ±1 month.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus CV#1 HNHR 19 January *Group Update* ♀960. last seen 1 July (Missy); gone by [illegible] October See Missy's →DA. [illegible] Pre-October. 2 July. rest watches. ♀1096. Last seen 8 July ([illegible]) (Stanback); gone by 21 Oct. →DA 5 Sept ± 1 month. j1132. NSAB. j1133. NSAB. 5 April *Group Update* 2 new (possibly 3?) unbanded ♀♀ here! (now #5241 & [illegible] 5242). [illegible] We don't really (first seen 23 February). know when these birds moved here. Katy saw a ub ♀ here as early as 11 December, possibly from CV#2. They were both here on 23 Feb for sure. We'll have them joining 1 Jan. ± 1 month. 12 May 8 June *See Mark's notes for nesting details here* *Group Update* Massive confusion here. These birds (♀966, ♀967, and ♀5241) are have been relegated to group "Murphy," which is just up the hill from CV1, now occupied by Blm3 ♀♀ and a ♂ from Plague. They were moved up there certainly by 27 May; it could have happened earlier, but, as these things go, we don't really know. Mark has what information there is. 2 April ♀5242. Last seen 23 Feb, gone by [illegible] (Stanback) →DA 14 March ± 2 wks.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus CU#1 HNHR (8 June) Here now are $1089 from Plague, $1170 from Blonthree, and a 3rd bird (possibly $945) as yet not id'd for sure. These birds moved here in April or May, at least by 28 May (so we will have these all move here by May ± 1 month). 25 September *Group Update* $1170 Now back at Blonthree (see Blonthree notes). $945. Stayed here after moving at the same time (prob. with) $1170.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus CV#2 HNHR 19 January *Group Update* ♀1105. Last seen 30 June, gone by 2 Oct. → DA 16 Aug ± 1 month. j1118. NSAB, j1120. NSAB. j1121. NSAB. j1122. NSAB. 15 April *♀1119 at the Blomone power struggle this morning* See Blomone notes. 12 May *See Mark's notes for nesting details here* 8 June *Group Update* Big changes here. 3843. Last seen 8 March (Katy) gone by 16 May (Mark) → DA 12 Apr. ± 1 month. 3959. Last seen 18 Nov '85 (Katy), gone by 21 Feb '86 DA → NSA 31 Dec ± 1 month. ♀1119. last seen at CV#2 on 8 March (Katy); seen or caught at power struggles on 12 March (OKConal - nota a minor power struggle?), 20 March (CV Cerande) and 15 April (Blomone). Obviously left group ~10 March. (#5249) Sub. Now here. First seen 16 May, presumably joined in April following the disappearance of 8843. ♀570. A big surprise. Disappeared from Cazcbo March 1983, turns out to be here since October, at least. (First seen 4 Oct '85 by Katy). 30 August There are quite a few acorns remaining in the granary here.

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1986 Walter Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Dark Hollow HNHR 19 January *Group Update* $696. last recorded sighting was in April; I presume she was here through the breeding season (young banded on 29 May). Was gone by 16 Oct → DA 8 Aug ± 2 months. $961. Last recorded sighting on 8 April (me); gone Philip saw → by 16 Oct. I need to check Philip's note to no info. → see if she was here through the breeding season. → DA. [illegible] 2 July ± 3 months. (Philip saw bird 29 June, gone by 5 Apr.) 5 April *Group Update* $1061. Last seen 22 Oct., gone by 16 Jan., DA 4 Dec. ± 1 mon j1066. " " " " " " " " 19 April 1630. New hole that Mark climbed: 1 egg, fresh. 23 April Mark climbed: a large gopher snake inside nest - #Gopher snake predation on eggs! Note that this hole is far up (40' at least) in a large V alley Oak. If a snake can get it, one could get virtually any nest anywhere. 8 June *Group Update* $695 $696. Moved to OKCorral, inexplicably. See OKCorral notes. j1065. Last seen 16 Jan, gone by 24 Feb → DA 5 Feb $1035. Moved here, switching (inexplicably) with $695 and 696. See OKCorral notes. This switch is very odd, to say the least.

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1986 Walker D Koenig 2 Melanerpes formicivorus Dark Hollow Nest Record HNHR 19 April 1630 1 fresh egg 23 April (Mark) Gopher snake in nest - no eggs. * For further details see Mark's notes *

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1986 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus OKCorral 13 April Mark climbed and opened the nest here, where there are 7 eggs. 12 May *See Mark's notes for nesting details* 8 June *Group Update* ♂888 8853, 8883. Not seen since 1984, this group hasn't been watched much, but apparently not here as of 1986, so → DA 850400 ± 1 year. ♀S200. Here 21 March (Mark), gone by 10 April → DA 30 March ± 1 week j1036. Last seen 20 May '85, gone now; basically gone between 20 May '85 and Apr. '86. → DA NSAB. j1158. Also NSAB. [illegible] Seen here in October '85 (NSAB) at Dark Hollow. Gone from Dark Hollow by 16 Dec '85. → Mark 26 Dec '85? [illegible] ♀695. ♀695. Seen 16 Oct at DkHollow (Katy), seen at OKCorral on 21 March (Mark) → Moved 31 Dec ± 2 mon. ♀696. Last seen at Dk Hollow April '85 (Missy), seen at OKCorral 26 Oct '85 → Moved 0 July '85 ± 3 months ♀1035. Seen at both OKCo and DkHollow in February (Katy). Seems to have switched with ♀695, 696, now a freer at Dark Hollow. Don't know when she moved, but we'll say 0 Feb ± 1 month. Obviously could have been much earlier, but, as a baby, probably not. Definitely here by April.

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1985 1986 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Gate HNHR 10 February 1530. Counted stores: 640 (at Westgate) 0 (at Gate) 640 Total. There are essentially no stores in the Gate tree. 25 April Sawa bird in last year's nest hole yesterday, but I just climbed up and it's currently empty. *Group Update* ♀ 1108. last seen (Katy) 31 Nov, gone by 2 Feb '86-DA 1 Jan. ± 1 month. 4 May 1445. Birds were in the hole (last year's nest hole) several times over the past several days, but I just climbed up and it's still empty! 12 May 1530. Finally: 4 eggs in the hole. 14 May 1500. Still 4 eggs. 29 May 1845. 4 babies ~13-14 do.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Pipeline HNHR 20 January *Group Update* Katy saw birds here right after she arrived on 23 Sept; so we'll have this group founded (by 6 ub birds!) on 0 Sept. 1985. 625 900. 10 February 1545. Counted stores: [illegible]. I'd set capacity at about 800 here. They do have some of their own holes, but not a lot. Note that these birds are apparently using the holes and stores at Horsetail as well, of which there are currently about 150. 12 May 9 June *Group Update* 19 β1181. Last seen 23 November when he was caught at Pipeline, gone by 23 November →DA 21 Nov. β1184. Same as β1181, except she was caught at Horsetail. →DA 21 Nov.' Botz Phrases probably returned? "Wore" not Maybe not breeders to begin with

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Wolfpack HNHR 20 January *Group Update* Katy saw these birds on 4 Oct upon first going out to the road, so we'll have them founding the group on 0 Sept. 1985. All were banded on 26 Oct. 1985. 10 February 1600. Counted stores: Big VO on Warp5 side: 90 Big VO on Creek side: 110 Other 30 I found no big cache here nor any evidence they have the capacity for more than ~300 acorns, except for putting a lot in the bark of the big Valley Oaks which they could do but haven't. I don't really see how they can manage on what they've got, but they have so far so we'll just have to see. 14 April 1100. Opened the hole high in the sycamore where we caught 1 bird last fall (Katy had seen birds in here several times). 24 April Mark checked nest: 5 eggs, fresh. 28 April 1600. Still 5 eggs. 9 June *Group Update* ♀1178. Last seen when banded on 26 Oct, gone immediately thereafter -> DA 27 Oct. 15 September *Group Update* ♀1177 moved to Finch 14 July. ♀1176 Here on 11 Aug, at Finch 6 Sept, -> Moved ~24 Aug 16 November ♀1175 seen intruding at Bianca today!

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1996 Walter D Koenig Melamerpes formicivorus Est FED = 20 Apr. CS = 5 Wolfpack Nest Record 24 April (Mark) 28 April 1600 16 May 1530 ① 276 ② 277 ③ 278 16 May 1530 77.0(41) not weighed not weighed 24 May 1430 85.5(85) 92.0 (83) 89.5 (74) HNHR

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1986 Welter.D. Koenig Melanerpes fomicivorus Warp 5 HNH 15 April *9998 at a power struggle at Blomone this morning', see Blomone notes. 16 May 900. Noone up here or in any holes. Also, they appear to be plum out of stores! Maybe that's why we can't find a nest here. 24 May looked here and sat around for a ½ hr or so. Not much activity, but there was some. An ub♂ came and pected around in the main trees for several minutes, eventually getting chased off by a banded ♂. The latter stayed for a couple of minutes and then flew down toward the road. This does make me wonder about the relationship between Warp 5 and the new Road groups. We don't know of any (all the road birds were unbanded originally) but who is hanging out up here? I certainly have little sense of there being a nest here. 9 June *Group Update* j1151, 1152 - X5AB. also j999 → Last seen 10 July, gone by 11 March → DA 10 Nov ±4 months. 18 September watched up here this evening, seeing no sign of birds or stores. I don't even think there's a group here. (Was there one this spring? Could have fooled me.)

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes fomcicivorus Road 1 HNHR 20 January *Group Update* 9996. Last seen on 22 June feeding young; gone by 15 Oct -> DA 18 August ± 1 month. 21 February 1600. Counted stores: Valley Oak: 966 7 2328 Sycamore: 1362 7 2328 I had a hard time counting the sycamore; it was quite full, however. In sum I'd give the group 3000 holes - there are lots in the Valley Oak (mostly old) that aren't being used, and some over by the creek. 5 April *Group Update* 8994. Last seen 28 Oct, gone by 15 Nov -> DA 6 Nov ± 1 wk. 91124. " " 15 " " 28 Oct -> DA 21 Oct ± 1 wk 25 April 1315. 3 young babies and 1 unhatched (but developed) egg here in the sycamore over by the creek. 15 May Banded the 3 babies as #1246-1248. 9 June *Group Update* 9269. Last seen 20 Feb (Katy), gone by 1 Apr -> D.A. 10 March ± 2 wks. 12 June 1215. Bird (adult) in 1st nest hole. 1915. 36 babies (~3 do) + 1 undeveloped egg in 2nd nest. 6 July *Group Update* 8994. Is still here. Seen by Katy today.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Est. FED = 9 April (CS = 4) Melanerpes formicivorus Fledged: 3 Road 1 Nest Record 25 April 1300 3 babies and 1 egg (developed): 24.3 x 20.8 1246 1247 ① Ycl-Or ② DB ③ 1248 25 April 1300 15.2 14.2 10.0 15 May 1250 84.2 (88) 89.6 (80) 77.0 (73) Est FED 27 May CS = 4 * 2nd nest * 12 June 1915 3 babies + 1 undeveloped egg, largest baby weighs 18.2g → ~3 do. H N H R

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1986 Walden Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Road Warrior HNHR 24 April I discovered this group today while wandering around looking for Road I's nest. It is in a small gully and the surrounding flat area up above the bend in Finch Creek near group Finch. The pipeline runs right by it, but it's quite likely I've never been up here before. Nonetheless, the granary has perhaps 800 holes, currently filled with 200± acorns. There are lots of big Valley Oaks in the vicinity as well. And I did see several birds. Thus, being kind of in the middle of the study area, this territory begs some attention. I obviously know nothing of its prior history, although it's less than 100m from both Rl and Finch.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Finch HNHR 21 February 1600. Counted stores: Main Tree: 307 7 590. Sycamore+: 283 7 590. Lots of empty space. It would seem likely that I've long missed the peak at this territory; 600 acorns is not a very many for this group. 22 March *Group Update* J1138. Last seen 30 Sept (Katy); gone 15 Oct → DA 7 Oct ± 1 week. 4 April 645. Ambushed the 1985 nest hole, catching 863 and 9986. We therefore removed 863 and put him in the aviary, as the 1st of the 8 removal experiments for the year. Katy watched immediately afterwards to check and make sure everything was OK. *Group Update* 8542. Last seen 15 Oct., → gone by 22 Jan., → D.A. 3 Dec. ± 1 mon. 81139. Last seen " , gone by " → " 3 Dec. ± 1 mon. 16 April Saw birds in a new hole in the sycamore this afternoon, so I came out and opened it: nothing yet, but it was in good shape. 9 May 1700. 3 eggs, fresh! We're on our way! (In same hole as last year). 15 May 1645. 863 released and the hole checked: 3 eggs. Now watching until dusk. 1703. 9986 in tree. 1720. 863 in tree, Noonis returned to the hole yet, though. 1725. Some serious fighting, including grappling and falling to the ground, between 863 getting attacked

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus FED: 7 May CS: 3 2nd FED: CS=4 HNHR Finch Nest Record 9 May 1600 3 eggs, fresh, marked 1-3 11 May 1530 Still 3 eggs 15 May 1650 Still 3 eggs 18 May 1445 Nest empty. He tossed! 4 June 1800 (Mark) 4 eggs

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Finchs (15 May) by a ♂ - presumably 8613 but I haven't gotten a good look at him yet - with 986 joining in some. The ♂ & ♀ are pretty chummy and obviously not happy with 863's return. 1800. Still no one has come to the hole...?! Ah! Here he is... 1801. 8613 enters hole. 1823. ♂ Left. 1923. ♀ enters (986, I presume). 1900. ♀ still in hole. 1917. ♀ Leaves. 1918. ♂ enters. - 1925. 2nd ♂ at hole. 1927. ♂ Leaves, returns. 1930. 1st ♂ spends night in nest. I go home. 16 May 1200. Took over from Sue. Nothing interesting yet. Compilation of the watch is on the back. 1500. Nothing at all interesting. I'm quitting and going to watch the trees looking for 863 until Mark comes at 1530. As an aside, These birds do have stores remaining, at least in the sycamore. 1520. 863 is here - up in the Vo granary. 18 May 1445. The nest is empty! He tossed!! 4 June 4 eggs in the new nest (Mark). 12 June Sue reports that eggs have hatched, so final clutch size was 4. 12 July Jim brought in 986 - road killed! Ugh! 15 September See Katy & Mark's notes re the replacement here. Currently we have ♀1177 from Wolfpack, here since 14 July, and ♀1176 "" ", seen here 1st on 6 Sept, was bass at Wolfpack on 11 Aug → Moved ~24 Aug ± 2 wks. 3

16 May Incubation watch. 8613 1200:00 start. Hole now empty, I think. 12:00. No. 8[613] in hole. Probably has been in the whole time. 9986 17:45. 8 leaves. 9[986] enter 27:45 LO 29:30 BD It is 9986 36:00 LO 36:45 BD 40:45 LO 42:45 BD 45:00 LO 46:30 leaves 8613 47:40 8613 enters 19:06.00 LO 09:15. BD 11:00 L 9986 22:15. 9986 E 41:00 LO 41:10 leaves 57:00. 8613 E 8613 58:00 Left - went to another hole 8613 58:30 returned (8613) 14:09:45 LO 12:00 BD 17:45 LO 21:00 BD 25:15 L 9986 25:20 9986 E 29:50 LO 30:35 BD 33:05 LO 35:50 BD 41:35 LO 43:20 BD 44:55 LO 45:50 BD 51:55 LO 53:55 BD 15:00:00 Still in. I'm leaving

1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus MacFlat HNHR 20 January *Group Update* ♀1985. Last seen 21 Feb., presumably by Philip. She was gone by 14 May (she was not around for breeding) so → D.A. 30 March ± 1 month. 21 February 1600. Counted stores: 597. About the same as Finch! However, their capacity is not really ₵ over 750. But they do seem to be doing fine! 9 May 1615. 4 eggs in last year's hole.

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1986 (Walter) Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Road 3 HNHR 20 January *Group Update* ♀1010. [illegible] saw her on 25 May at the start of the 2nd nest here, so she was presumably here through it's completion on ~10 July. She was gone by 16 October (Kaly) → DA. 28 August ± 1 month. By 16 Oct. she had been replaced by an unbanded ♀ that we caught on 18 October (will say she replaced her in [illegible] on 29 Aug. 21 February 165. Counted stores: Sycamore: 352 ? Valley Oak: 118 } 470 Pretty low. The sycamore especially is nowhere close to being filled. It would seem I'd missed the peak here. 22 March *Group Update* j1125. NSAB. j1126. NSAB. ♀1173. Last seen 5 Nov, gone by 21 Jan → DA 13 Dec '85 Add: ♀ub, new on 14 Dec. '85. 10 May 800. Opened the hole in the sycamore (hole above the road): 4 eggs, incubated. 14 September *Group Update* ub♂ new here, apparently joining ♀1011 (a sib?). First seen 31 July, not here as late as 13 July → Moved here 22 July ± 1 week. (this is 85252). 17 September 600. Ambushed here this morning nabbing 5 birds - everyone except the new ub♂. C'est la vie.

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1986 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes fomcicivorus School Hill HNHR 23 January *Group Update* 886. Gone(!) A sad day. last seen on 9 June, gone by 27 September. DA → 31 July ± 1 month. 978. I last seen on 20 April 1985 by Missy, she seems to have disappeared shortly thereafter, by 4 May or so. So, DA→27 April ± 1 week. 1088. NSAB. +100 in 20 tree = 23.42 9 February 1600. Counted stores: 2242. The granary is pretty full; I'd put there their capacity up at about 2600. 2750. By the way, the birds here have a new hole just above the "traditional" hole in the Valley Oak. (The '75 nest hole.) 26 April 920. Watching. 930. 0♀ #260 and 1♂ #977. ♀ flew way off up will over to the census plot...? 1040. These 2 are the only birds hanging around. Where are the others? No good clues, so it's time to check around. 14 May 800. Looked around here: still no sign of a nest. 7 June *Group Update* 9872! This bird, listed as not having been seen after banding in May (1983(!) is now all of a sudden breeder at Chongo! Change her to "Abandoned (SA)" 16 Aug 1983 along with the rest of the group. 81087. Equally bizarre. Apparently now at Blomone, having joined several 8492, to which he is only distantly related. last seen here 2 Feb, gone by 7 Apr. → Left group 4 March; now at Blomone as of ~1 May.

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1986 Walter D Koenig 2 Melanerpes fomcicivorus School Hill HNHR 9 June *Group Update* 340Z, 1161. Last seen 2 Feb, gone by 7 April. -> DA 3 March ± 1 month. This apparently leaves only ♀ 260 and 1 helper ♂ (977) here; with no breeding & they do not have a nest this year. 14 December 1300. Counted stores: Main tree: 1467 2° tree 78 1545

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1986 Walter Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus School Hill West HNHR 9 February 1620. Counted stores: 230. The granary does have more space, but I still wouldn't peg their capacity at over 500. They could have a stash somewhere else, but I doubt it. No sign of anyone while I was here, as usual. 5 April *Group Update* ♀1040, 1042. Moved to CUC Grande ~23 March 1986. 13 April 1230. Went by here, seeing no one in any holes, no birds, and &no stored acorns& What's up here, I wonder? 8 May Watched roosting here tonight, hearing scant evidence that there are even any birds still living here. I hit flush a bird from the granary a ways back, but Things are awfully quiet here. 14 May 815. Saw nothing up here looking around. 14 December 1300. Counted stores: 597. (Mostly Black Oaks). There's obviously a group here now!

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Arf, too & ARF at ARF, TOD HNHIR 8 May 1200. Flushed a bird out of a hole, containing young babies in the Blue Oak in ARF proper, next to box #259. 9 May 800. Found ARF's nest, in The Valley Oak right by the road on the way up to the 1st sharp turn. They have 5 eggs, incubated (clutch is certainly complete). 900. Opened ARF, TOO's nest: they have 4 very young (~day 2) babies plus egg-shells (implication is a FED of 24 April and clutch size of 4). 28 May 1300. Banded the 3 babies at ARF, Too as #1281-1283 ① 1281 ② 1282 ③ 1283 84.3 (70) 77.9 (57) 92.5 (75) 2 June Banded the 3 babies at ARF this afternoon. (1289-1291).

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Black Oak HNHR 14 January 800. A propitious morning. The ambush in The central Valley Oak nest hole netted noone, but over in the Poison Oak tree we got 4 birds including 3426, 3744, and both ub 99, now #1189 & 1190. Whoopee - 60! This group is now (presumably) entirely banded for the 1st time in many years. 23 January *Group Update* 8102. Last seen 21 May 1984 by Ron. Apparently gone by 3321. last seen 7 April 1985, gone by 9 June → DA. → 8 May ± 1 month. j1008. NSAB. j1156, j1157, j1188. All 3 babies from the 2nd nest NSAB (note the messed up numbers here). ♀1025. last seen 9 June 1985 by Stanback, gone by 25 October → DA 17 August ± 2 months 22 February 1410. Counted stores: Central area: 2090 ? 282! Site area: 731 They are pretty full here. I'd put capacity at 3200. 5 April *Group Update* 8102. last seen 21 May 1984 (by Ron). Following this we are almost entirely lost, but it would seem as though he probably disappeared in the summer or fall of 1984, so we'll put DA ☺ 1 Sept ± 3 months. 11 April 1115. Mark censused and then opened the nest here (in the central area) where they have 6 eggs. 17 April 1645. Didn't see anyone in the hole in passing. 22 April Mark climbed: 5 big (!) babies

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1986 Walter D Koenig. Melanerpes formicivorus Black Oak HNHR 2 May Mark banded 6 babies here: #1209-1214, 28 May 1145. Bird in the "2nd nest hole" here: could be the 2nd nest. 2 June 1500. Opened the 2nd nest: 6 freshish eggs. 9 June *Group Update* 3689. last seen, rather oddly, by Doug Mason, who had been visiting and did a watch, on 14 December, gone by 27 December -> DA 21 Dec. ± 1 wk. It seems possible that this bird just visited for the day - it had last been seen in April '85. 81005. last seen 3 December (Kaby), gone by 9 Dec. -> DA 6 December. 16 June 1550. Flushed a bird out of the hole: babies, sound not very young. 10 November 950. Watching from blind. 955. ①♂ Blk/or #426 in forest by Bianca. 1005. ②♂ Red-w/y/Br #1006 (probably). In side area. Yes 1008. ③♂ LP-Blk/Blk #1004. In Bianca side. ④♀Mv/M [1007?]. ⑤♂ M/Red [1214?] ⑥♂ DB-Or/DB ?? Seen pretty well. Here he is: ⑥♂ Dg/Or-DB#1213. Beat up on a ♀. 1025. ⑦♀ Blk-wh(w)/M #1212. Sapsucking! Several birds sapsucking now, inc. ⑧♂426 and ⑨♀ DB/LB #1007. 1045. ⑩♀ LP/Red-wh(w) #1190. In side area. ⑪♂ Mr/(yet)#1009 sapsucking. 1110. ⑫♀ Red-Blk/M #?? sapsucking (⑬♀ DR-Red(w)/M #1344. 1130. ⑭♂ La-Blk/yel #1209! ⑮ Oops! It's a ♂. Fear sure. 1145. ⑯♂ LP/Red #744 ⑰♂ M/wh #1343 sapsucking. 1200. Saw ♀ R-Blk/M again. Who is she?

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1986 Walter D Koenig 4 Melanerpes formicivorus Black Cale (10 November) 1203. ? M / Ret-Maure #1214 (a o based on observation at 1008.) 1223. I bet "♀ Ret-Blk/M", who I've seen several times (but no left leg yet) is #1346 (with the fieldlist wrong). 1226 (13) ♀ Blk-Wn(w)/Blk #1211 sapzucking. Some confusion, but I think it's her. Yes. 1245. (14) Yes: ♀ Ret-Blk/M very hard to see #1346 is here with the split LR band colors reversed. 15 birds so far. Not bad! These birds do, by the way, have lots of acorns stored, even though. They're sapzucking a lot. I wouldn't swear I got everybody, but I must have gotten pretty close.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus SOBO HNHR 22 February 1445. Counted stores: Main tree: 968 Other: 45 1213. Not bad. I'd put capacity at 1200. 11 April 1020. At least 2 birds were around last year's nest hole, so I went up and opened it, finding some moss and the makings of a mouse nest (but no mouse). I cleared it out, and with luck maybe they'll still use it. 17 April 1700. Looks like I'm in luck - there's a bird in the hole now. These birds also have stores remaining. 22 April ○ 1039 intruding at LA2. See LA2 notes. 1330. None in the hole (last year's nest): it's empty (but is in good shape now). 7 May 1415. Watching for a nest. ○♂ Red #736 here. 1450. Now 2 ○♂, second ○♂ /m #1039. 1545. Found the hole - it's in the same tree as last year, but in the hole above the opened one! They have babies ≥ 14 days old; should be opened soon. 8 May 1100. 4 Babies in the nest, ~14-15 days old. 15 May 1300. When I was up here before an ominous crack opened up in the limb, which I nailed up, but, as it turns out, futilely. The entire limb fell, taking the babies and both nest holes with it. A double tragedy! 16 June 1600. Watching. 1630 ○♂ or -? /m #1037. ○♂ -bp/red #1039. ○♂ m/b-w(m) #736 1645. ♀ here also, but haven't seen her legs yet. 1655. Going to look for a nest. 16 September 845. Watching. Lots of new acorns here now.

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1986 Walter D Koenig 2 Melanerpes formicivorus SOBO HNHR (16 September) 850.①♂ M/DB-wh(n) #736. ②♂ LP-/or #1039, in gramary. 900.③♀ub baby. Rats. They did manage to pull off a nest after all. This one's eyes are still dark and is certainly pretty young. 930. Raining pretty hard. leaving. 16 November 950. Watching. The birds have a lot of acorns stored. 1010.①♂ LP-/RE #1039, along with ②♀ub♂(baby). ③♂ M/DB-wh(n) #736. ? 1020.④♂ LP/M *Mauve? Yel/DB 639 Both "LP" and "Yel" bands quite faded. This bird in working stores. Who is he? (j♀ub here, too.) Bird seen well. It's 639 1030.③♀ub 1115. leaving. This seems to be it! *Group Update* 639. Still here. Actually, this bird is listed as having disappeared in 1984. So for now, I'll add a "returned" record ~16 Oct 1986. Wow. Also add 1♀ub♂ nestling from a missed nest here. Obviously we don't know how many fledged, but he appears to be the only one surviving this long.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Arnold I HNHR 11 January 1145. Flycatching in the granary is a ♂/damen - who is this? (This leg was seen well - I did not mix up the bands). 1155. @? Mr-wr/wr-Mv #568. 1205. Up at the "Top Field" is @7(?) Red-LB/M#1019. 1330. Counted stores: 3408. Granary is not especially full; I'd give them a capacity of 4000. 22 March *Group Update* 8679, 81019, 1020, 1021 all moved to Lambert on 28 Feb. 1986. 81018. Last seen 8 Nov., gone by 14 Dec. → DA 24 Nov 2 wks. 11 April 1130. None in any holes here. 7 May 1700. 4 eggs (I think), rather fresh, in the same old nest hole (deep in the hole, I might add.) 21 May 1000. 4 babies, ~ 3 do. 10 June 830. Banded the 3 babies here as #1319-1321.

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1986 WalterD Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Est FED: 4 May CS = 4 eggs Arnold I Nest Record HNHR 7 May 1700 4 eggs, freshish 21 May 1000 4 babies, ~A to 10 June 830 3 babies, banded ① 1319 ② [320] ③ [32] 10 June 830 85.4 (88) 80.0 (87) 83.1 (85) Mauve-BPk/902-43009 Orange / Red Mauve/BPk-Mauve DG-BPk(w)/902-43010

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1986 Waltord Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Keep Out HNHR 11 January 1300. Counted stores: 870. Granary pretty full; I'd say 1000 holes total. There are several miscellaneous birds around in the "top" area, including an ub & who flew down to this vicinity. 11 April 915. None in any holes here. 22 April Nest in the same tree as last year. 23 April They have 4 ~5-day old nestlings here (!) 21 May Plenty of stores left here in the granary. 9 June *Group Update* $739 is apparently gone, but with noone to replace her we'll wait to knock her off. (Katy saw her here 10 June.)

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1986 Walter D Koening Melanarpes fomicivorus Arnold Schwarzenegger HNHR 18 May A new group christened here, consisting of the old lamburt birds displaced to the area between Keep Out and lamburt last winter by the invading Al 88 and UAZ 493. They have a nest in the same hole as last year (the large Valley Oak along the path to Keep Out) with 2 ~14 to babies in it. See lamburt notes for more details. 28 May 950. Banded the 2 babies. ①1279 ②1280 80.2(95) 82.2(86) This group does not have any stores, or even a granary as far as I can tell. 9 June *Group Update* This group consists of 8624, formerly of lamburt, and 9720. (This is not certain, but seems probable) [illegible] These birds were apparently evicted or left voluntarily from lamburt, 8624 in November, 9720 in the March power struggle.

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1986 Waldorf D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Lambert HNHR 11 January 1240. Counted stores: LFT: 809 Nest tree: 752 HFT: 1714 H.V.O 881 3456. The only area not very full is the lambert fallen tree, which could probably hold another 1550 acorns, so I'd guess their capacity to be up around 5000. (Note that they are storing a lot in the Hastings Valley Oak, esp. in the bark.) No birds seen up here. 23 January *Group Update* 3546. Last seen 4 March (1985) (Philip?), gone by the nest watches beginning 16 May -> DA 10 April ± 1 month 8775. last seen on 19 May feeding, gone by 28 Oct- -> DA 7 Aug ± 2 months. 8777. last seen on 24 June by Missy feeding, gone by 28 Oct -> DA 26 Aug ± 2 months. j1029. Last seen 24 June (by Missy) gone by 28 Oct -> DA 26 Aug ± 1 month j1031. last seen 24 June (by Missy), gone by 28 Oct -> DA 26 Aug ± 1 month. j1032. Same as j1031. j1147. NSAB. j1148. NSAB. Some serious attrition in this group this year. 5 March 12/15. Up here following a power struggle last week. Saw ? - #106 (Wn-LB) or #1029? This bird may still live (?) All pretty quiet. (1) 8am-Blk/m #679 from A1. Things are

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1986 Walter D Koenig 2 Melanerpes fomicivorus Lambert HINHR (5 March) actually still pretty active here. ♂️ Red-IB/M #1019 here from A1 for sure. Also lots of Starlings. Bring the gun next time. ♀️ BIK-LB/BIK #679 (from A1). 22 March *Group Update* ♂️ 624. Disappeared (presumably just before the 28 Feb power struggle) → Last seen 30 Oct, gone 19 Dec, DA 25 Nov ±1 month (see Katy's notes), ♂️ 679, 1019, 1020, 1021 → all joined in 28 Feb power struggle. ♀️ 1030. Last seen 30 Oct., gone by 19 Dec., → DA. 25 Nov ±1m. ♂️ 1033. " " 31 Oct., " " → DA, "" 5 April More changes. The breeding (♀️720) is gone (having been kicked out in the power struggle!) and has been replaced: × ♂️ 720. Last seen 28 Feb (in power struggle) gone by 6 March → DA 3 March. Evicted ♂️ 720 in 8 power struggle! { ♂️ 916. Moved here (from UA2) replacing ♂️ 720 by 3 March. Did this with ♀️ 1028. ♀️ 1028. Same. 11 April 900. None in any holes here; Katy staying to watch. 7 May Mark found the nest: 3 ~ 3 do nestlings. [This is A.Schw.nut] 18 May 1500. 2 babies in the nest, looking fine. ! Well. The mystery is solved. There are 2 groups here now. Former Lambert was relegated to an inferior part of their own territory (no granary facilities, as far as we know) and is the group with the nest mentioned above. Meanwhile, there is a 2nd nest in the lamburt Valley Oak

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1986 Walker D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Lambert HINHR (18 May) with small babies in it - presumably the Al males and UAZ females that took over the territory last winter. So! A new group! Which we will christen Arnold Schwarzeneger (which is basically a budded off part of Lambert - see map on back). 21 May 930. Opened the real lamburt nest, where there are 3 babies ~ 5 do. 8 June 1100. Banded The 3 babies.

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1985 Walter Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Fanny Arnold HNHR 11 January 1300. Counted stores: 943, scattered among 5 trees here. I'd give their total capacity at 1100, and probably growing. 23 January *Group Update* 8797. Last seen 19 Feb 1985 (Philip?), gone by 3 May → DA → 26 March ± 1 month. 22 February 1250. ①♂ or-wh #835 seen in trees between Fanny Arnold & Arnold I. At least 1 other bird here also. They're here eating Valley Oak catkins, which are well out already! Also here: ②♂ BIK/M #1023; ③♀ or/Bik-wh #834; I think at least a 4th bird. The baby (①1023) managed to pull out a Valley Oak acorn that was somehow still in one of the trees. Mostly they are here for the catkins, however. This tree is definitely the farthest along up here, and even here there are only a few oaks flowering. 5 March 1345. Several birds in the "open" area above here again! One is ♂ wn-or/or ?? 1348. ③♂ BIK/M #1023, In same trees as on 22 Feb. ④♀ wh-DB/M #834. 17 April 1730. Finally found the nest here - a new hole very high in the same tree as last year (near, but worse, than a hole Ron opened up here a few years ago). They have 3 eggs, 2 of which looked clean and fresh, one of which was dirty (marked #1). 15 May Banded the 2 babies here as #1249 & 1250. They are (empirically) between 18 and 22 days old, but they are a tad young, so I'd say they're ~19 days old. 21 May There are stores remaining here, somehow! 9 June *Group Update* 7796. Last seen 23 December, gone by 28 Feb. →

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1986 Walters D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Fanny Arnold HNHR (9 June) D.A. 25 Jan ± 1 month. 8940. Last seen 6 November, gone by 21 December → ♀ D.A 28 Nov ± 3 weeks ♀ 1022. Same as 8940 (Kathy). ♀ 1098! This bird, the old breeding female from Tom Arnold (1985) is now feeding ♀ here! Odd. Maybe she is related to the Fanny Arnold ♀ after all. She was seen here 21 May; presumably she joined the group sometime after 23 December when Kathy did a census → Moved here ○ March ± 2 months.

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1986 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Upper Arnold Z HNHR 23 January *Group Update* $123. ! Ack!! last seen 7 Apr. (by Me), but wasn't there during the feedings watches which started on 16 May → 26 April ± 2 weeks. $778, $780. last seen 19 February (by Philip?); gone by 7 April → DA 15 March ± 3 weeks. see Xbl. 22 March × below $916. Last seen on 3 July (Missy), gone by 26 October, DA → 29 August ± 1 month. J1026. Same as $916. DA → 29 Aug ± 1 month. J1027. NSAB. 22 February 1330. Counted stores: Valley Oak: 1680? 4393. Dead Tree: 2713 The granaries here are loaded. I'd put capacity at 4500. 22 March *Group Update* $916 seen at Power struggle at Lambert on 28 Feb 1986. 5 April *Group Update* $916, $1028 Moved to Lambert ~3 March. 11 April 930. ♀ in hole in lower smallish Valley Oak. A nest! 5 eggs, inc. at least a few days! (Est FED = 5 April) 17 April 1600. We got babies! 4 babies, just hatched, plus 1 egg, developed but not pipped. This means that incubation must have started at least by 7 April, which yields a FED of 3 April (possibly 2 April)! By the way, there are lots of stored acorns remaining here - 20 April *Group Update* $632 is gone. last seen 26 Oct (Kaby), gone by

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Upper Arnold 2 Nest Record 11 April 930 5 eggs, marked 1-5. (Inc. a few days, but one "almost" (fresh. Est LED = 10 Apr, FED=6 Apr. 17 April 1600 4 babies, just hatched, +1 developed egg. *2nd nest* 10 June 930 5 eggs, incubated. 16 June 1500 4 babies, ~3 to (heaviest weights 12.2g). No unhatched eggs Est. FED = 3 April CS = 5 eggs, 2nd Est FED = 31 May CS = 5 HNHR

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Upper Arnold 2 HNHR (20 April) 12 Dec. 1985 → D.A. 19 Nov. ± 2 wks. She has been replaced by 3117 (formerly of LA2), who was last seen there on 9 December. → Moved here Q [illegible] ± 2 months.. 3681. Obviously now a breeder, even if he may not always have been one before. 38140 1141, now breeders (but 81141 not seen recently...). 21 May Many acorns remaining in the granary here. 28 May Saw a fledgling here. No sign of a 2nd nest yet, however. 9 June * Group Update * 31141. last seen 9 December (Katy); gone by 11 April → D.A. 8 Feb. ± 2 months. 10 June 915. Birds were around the nest hole from last summer (2nd nest) so I checked it, but it's empty. 930. On the other hand, the 1st nest hole from last year has a bird and 5 incubated eggs in it.

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1986 Walter J. Koenig Melanerpes fomiticivorus Lower Arnold 2 HNHR 23 January *Group Update* 8678. Last seen 19 Feb. 1985 (Philip?), gone by 9 April (probably, Missy watched). DA→15 Mar±3 wks. 7783. last seen by Stanback on 8 July, gone by 31 Oct. 1985; DA → 4 Sept ± 1 Month. 22 February 1400. Counted stores: Blue Oak: 856 others: 198 Pretty good! I'd set capacity here at 1300. (They in addition could very well have 200 more acorns stuck in crevices in the dead Blue Oak). 11 April 1000. None in any holes here. Mark found bits in a new hole here. 17 April 1630. Opened the new hole - 7 babies! not even just hatched, but probably about 3 days old!. This would give them a hatching date of 15 April (possibly 14 April), incubation thereby starting on 5 April, and thus a FED (exclusive of egg-tossing) of 3 April (probably even 2 April). This and UA2 become the new records for the earliest nests! (Walt, see BKOK 86) 30 April *Group Update* Feb. 9117. Moved to UA2 O 1986 ± 2 months. Actually, she was last seen here on 9 December and only recently seen here. See UA2 notes also. 22 April 1045. Ambusher set up at the next hole; trying to nab the 99. 1048. Bird in tree (not at hole): 8 LP10r-Ras[?] #1039 from SOBO 1215. Got one! Now 91207. Injected and released at 1330. 23 April 1200. Back up trying for the other 9 and to recapture 91207. 1415. No luck. I'm leaving - it's cold up here.

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Lower Arnold 2 nest Record 11 April) Nest found 17 April 1630 Nest opened: 7 babies, ~in day 2. No eggs. 22 April 1230 7 babies, weighed ①Yel ②BIL ③LP ④Wu ⑤Or ⑥DP-Yel ⑦ 1230 12 Apr 39.0 35.1 37.4 33.1 27.9 23.3 16.9 8 May 1140 4 babies taken for metabolic runs; 2 left (the small ones). These 4 taken → 1245 74.5 80.2 79.2 Corn! 69.1 9 May 930 Banded & Bled # ①#1234 ②1235 ③1236 ④1237 ⑤1238 ⑥1239 WL: (79) (79) (80) Gone! (74) 62.8(42) 45.0(28) 21 May 1030 - - - → still in nest: 72.2(104) - Est FED = 3 April Set size = 7 eggs (249) HNHR

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1986 Walter D. Koenig 3 Melanerpes formicivorus Lower Arnold 2 HNHR 24 April 1310. Set up again to catch the 99. 1415. Got the 2nd 9 - now 91208. This was the 1st bird to come to the hole since I got here. 1450. 91207 over in the granary. 1545. Giving up. No one else ever came to feed. Failure #2 for the year. 9 May 1030. Returned the 4 babies I stole yesterday for metabolic runs and banded all 6, although the smallest is far behind and seems unlikely to make it. 21 May 1030. Checked the nest, where there is still 1 baby (Mature/M# ) Who now weighs 72.2g and has a 104mm wing chord. There are stores left in the granary, by the way. 28 May 1150. Nest is empty. No sign of a 2nd. j1236 seen over toward Bianca (edge of knoll). 9 June *Group Update* No! See 6 June 1987 Katy saw an unb9 feeding here on 17 May; thus there are apparently 3 99 here. We will add the 3rd as of Oct. 1984 along with the other 2 - we have no evidence one way or the other, but 3 unbanded 99 could obviously have passed off as only 2 for a long time.

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1986 Walter D Koeriq Melanerpes formicivorus Bianca HNHR 22 February 1400. Counted stores: 994. All in the "new" granary. They aren't even bothering to store elsewhere anymore. I'd put capacity at 1300. 11 April 1005. None in any known holes here. 22 April 1300. Found the nest - a new hole. Probably have eggs. (Maybe babies?) 23 April Mark climbed the hole. 9 May 600. Banded the 4 babies here. 21 May 1100. Acorns are remaining in the granary here. 28 May 1100. jda/LP #123c seen on the knoll toward WA2 (this is an LA2 baby) 16 June 1630. Bird in nest hole, but it's empty. Nobody in any other holes either. 16 November 1130. Watching (at the granary.) Doing alright with acorns here. 1140. ① ♂DB-Red/Red #1232. ② ♀ Y&B/LB-Y&L #993. $1175 from Wolfpack! 1215. ♀ Or / Wh #1175 chased off by ♂993. Who this? 1221. ♂DB/Red #1180. 1240. ♂DB/Wh #1230 (?) Huh? No - but it's a ♀. ♀ Or / Wh #1230. 1250. Leaving. Birds are less than forthright here, but I probably got them all.

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1986 Walter D. Kocniq Melanerpes formicivorus Est FED: 5 Apr CS: ? Fledged: 4 Bianca Nest Record 22 April Nest found 23 April (Mark) 4-5-day old nestlings 9 May 600 4 babies, banded ①#1230 ②#1231 ③#1232 ④#1233 9 May 600 79.8(78) 75.3(71) 81.0(77) 77.9(73) H N H R

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1986 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus POT HILL #1 HNHR 24 May Evidently things have been messy here, as I just found the nest here and it's fresh, with 3 eggs (it's in a new hole in The Black Oak). As most of The holes here are easy to get to, I should ambush here, and maybe even to DLWater. 3 June 1530. Checked the hole: 1 hatchling and 2 developed eggs. Today is hatching day. Clutch size: 3 Est FED: 22 May 12 June 1145. Nest is empty! It failed.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Aviary Birds HNHR 9 May Amazingly enough, Terry and the ♀ have 1 egg! 10 May 2 eggs! 11 May 3 eggs! 12 May 1240. Still 3 eggs!

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1987 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Chongo HNHR 24 March *Group Update* j1263,1264, 1265. All NSAB. ♀1109. Last seen 12 May '86, First not seen 30 Sept., → D.A. 21 July = 2 months. (2 April) 1530. None in any holes here. 14 April. Again, none in any holes. 21 April 800. " " " " There are only a very few acorns remaining here. (3 May) 1500. No sign of life here, but: I am left a runt egg in the (mie) granary hole several days ago, and it's now gone. So at least something is paying attention to the hole. 3 June *Group update* ♀872. Last seen 30 Dec. 1986 (MKH), not here 4 March, D.A → 31 Jan = 1 Month. 2 new wb ♀ here, not seen 4 March but seen on 26 March (MTS) → Moved ~15 March. 24 June 1540. No sign of anyone here or in any holes.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus 24 March Buckeye HNHR Group Update: (Birds to delete) 31002. Last seen 25 April, gone by 7 May D.A. 1 May '86. ♀987. Last seen 6 Nov.'86, gone by 25 Jan.-DA→15 Dec. ±1m ♀1153. " " 16 May, gone by 21 Sept., DA→18 July±2m. ♀1216. " " 30 Sept, gone by 6 Nov., DA→15 Oct. ±2wks at Chongo! 81217. " " 16 Nov, gone by 25 Jan, DA 15 Dec. ±1m. No! 81351. " " 30 Sept at Chongo, gone by 6 Nov. →DA 15 Oct±2wks j1352,1354. NSA B 81353, Last seen 11 Nov, gone by 25 Jan, DA 18 Dec. ±1m 15 April 1045. Birds here, but none in any holes. 21 April 730. Still plenty of acorns here. Nest is in same hole as last year. Birds now have 4 eggs. 3 June *Group Update* 9987. Still here (seen 21 April) 7 June Cyndy saw (almost certainly) ♀1351 today, so I'm resurrecting her. 3 August *Group Update* (by Katy) ♀1154. Last seen 25 Jan '87, gone by 21 April→DA. Mar 10 1987 ±1 M. (by Katy) 13 March. 81215. Last seen 31 Jan '87, gone by 21 April →DA.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Plaque HNHR 17 January Group Update; Birds to delete. ♀1070. Last seen 30 June, gone by 7 July, DA → 4 July 1986. jl271. Last seen 11 July, gone by 14 July, DA → 12 July 1986. jl272. " " 5 Aug, gone by 5 Sept, DA → 20 Aug ± 2 wks. jl273. " " 23 May, NSAB. jl361. NSAB. See Katy's notes for sightings, or lack thereof. Earlier changes: ♀1068. Moved to "Radioactive" on 4 August (see Philip's notes) Apparently may have gone with ♀1070, but this is not certain. 24 March More updates 81069. Last seen 10 Dec, gone by 2 Feb, DA → 6 Jan ± 1 m. 81359. " " 23 Sept '86, " " 5 Nov, DA → 14 Oct ± 3 wks 81360. " " " " " " 8 April Netted in the morning, catching and removing ♂521 for an experimental "control". He went into the aviary by 1200. 11 April 930. Well, sooner than I'd hoped, but they laid an egg this morning in the nest hole in the 2° tree. Mark removed it and, after marking the head of ♂521, I released him. The idea is to observe his behavior with the nest, which will (hopefully) now "begin" tomorrow morning. 12 April 604. Watching. None in hole. 640. ♀973 in hole. Followed by (1st) ♂721 and (2nd) by ♂723. ♂721 is particularly attentive. 645. ♂721 in hole, leaves. Then ♀ leaves, followed by ♂723, who was also in the hole. Presumably an egg now! Q: Is ♂723 a breeder?

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1987 Walter D Koenig 2 Melanerpes formicivorus Plague HNHR (12 April) 700. Noone at hole since ♀ left. ♂521 not seen at all yet. 704. ♀973 enters hole alone. Now ♂721 at hole. 707. ♂ enters, (leaves. ♂723 enters. ♂721 at hole, By the time the ♀ left at 734, the total number of hole visits was as follows (includes all visits to the hole since 704): ♂721: 15 Both ♂721 and 723 entered ♂723: 5 The hole on several occasions ♂521: 1 ♂521 sat at hole for a short time at 733 only. unknown ♂: 1 745. Going to check the hole. 1 egg, marked #1, 24.9 x 19.2 808. Back watching. 835. ♀ in hole. Trips to hole: ♂721: 1 ♂723: 1 ♀. Left at 839. 900. Being relieved by Loretta. 1800. Back again. Nothing extraordinary so far; ♂521 is not coming to the hole much, however (apparently he is not mate-guarding). 1830. Checked the hole: the egg is intact. 1910. Interesting stuff here at roosting. The good news is that 4 Grads were going around as a tight pack - maybe the ♀ and the 3 ♂s, including ♂521? All 4 were very interested in roosting in the next hole; as far as I could tell, 2 did so. 14 April 800. Well. Lots happening here. Yesterday (While I was in Berkeley) nothing special, although ♂521 was seen at the hole and did enter the hole on several occasions (see numbers on back). This morning, Katy was laid and marked by Stanback. This morning, Katy

Plague Mate-guarding of the ♀ during 1st round of egg-laying, 12-14 April (following capture of 8521) #visits to nest hole while ♀ is inside 8521 8721 8723 ?8 6-900 12 Apr-(WDE) 1 19 8 1 9-1200 " (L) 0 7 14 - 12-1500 " (KH) 0 11 17 - 15-1800 " (CS) 0 4 5 - Total for day ① ④1 ②4 1 13Apr. 525-950 (CS) 3 11 3 - 900-1230 (MTS) 0 12 5 - 1230-1545 (L) 1 4 4 1 1545-1915 (KH) 3 10 7 - Total for day ⑧⑨⑦ ③7 ①9 ② E. grand mean ⑧ ⑦8 ④3 ② Mate-guarding of ♀ during 2nd round of egg-laying, See Katy's notes . (gnitropm- slam tar i ad [illegible] [illegible]

1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Plague (14 April) 530 got here at [illegible] and already saw several birds in the hole (I imagine they may have roosted there last night again). At about [illegible] 700, 8723 was in the hole, the ♀ then entered followed shortly by a 2nd ♂, unidentified (!) but no markings were seen. Upon exiting, a ♂ tossed an egg. No markings were seen, but Katy says she was not able to see the yellow forehead markings yesterday either (she's now watching from the hill to take a book). I came down at about 800 to find the hole empty. Somehow we blew it and did not see who tossed either egg. However, I suppose it's inescapable that 8521 probably did it. [illegible] What this, I suppose means, (at best) is that taking birds out does mess up confidence of paternity such that the birds toss anyway (e.g. The experiment doesn't control for what we want it to). 15 April Katy watched this morning; no eggs laid, although the ♀ did go to the hole. Guarding appeared generally weak. 16 April 1400. Hole still empty. (1st laid on 17 April, 2nd on 18 Apr) 20 April Birds laid their 3rd egg today. They are incubating as far as I can tell, and 1 bird is spending the night in the nest, but I couldn't tell who. See back for the current data on who's doing what at the nest. 21 April 830. Still 3 eggs. *! Note: Mark reports 4 eggs at 1800!! ≠ 1920. Tonight: success at least: 8721 is roosting in the nest. (Note that 8723 is doing the bulk of incubation, so I should try and catch 8521 again!)

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1987 Walker D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Plague HNHR 22 April 1420. Still 4 eggs. Clutch almost certainly complete. 24 April Early this morning Loretta did a nest watch. Starting at 730 I put nets up and eventually (945) caught 8723. Not perfect, but he'll have to do. The hope now is (1) the incubation will continue normally [hard to tell with the workmen all over the barn, which they are restoring], (2) I can catch 8521 in a few days when (after) I let 8723 go. For now, 8723 is in the aviary. 25 April A bird did roost in the hole last night. Also, Loretta did a watch this morning and they are still incubating (but not 8521, and there are still apparently large gaps where 8723 "would" have been incubating - they do not seem to be compensating for him very well!). 27 April 810. Let 8723 go, who, by the way, had a brood patch and a cloacal protuberance. He is fine except for a toenail that broke off. Katy is watching until 1100, when I'll check the hole. 8723 was out from 24-27 April (3 days). 1105. Still 4 eggs. Katy watched 'til now - 8723 only (probably) came to the hole once, but did not go in. 1530. Me here watching. (Workmen are here with macho equipment, but I think they'll be leaving soon.) 1730. Leaving. No sign of 8723 yet, but others are incubating just fine (including 8521 and a ♀ helper [4984]). 28 April Ambushed this morning, catching 9973 (Who I

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1987 Walter D. Koenig 5 Melanerpes formicivorus Plague (28 April) released immediately) and 8784, who I took blood from and then released. Shortly thereafter Katy did a watch and virtually no one came to The hole (except a short visit or 2 by 8973) so I guess They are freaked out (the ambush hole was ~10' above the next hole). I checked the hole at 1100- still 4 eggs. Hopefully they'll get back into it; I can only hope that all the disturbance (me, ambushes, and the workers at the barn, which now includes chainsawing, a dumptruck, and a dozer) hasn't finally got to them. At this point I'm going to give up catching 8521 and hope I can claim the experiment worked using 8723. 1800. 8521 in the hole! Maybe it's OK after all'. (looking out) 1815. 8723 came to hole, had a hard time holding on, flew off, now sitting on the branch nearby. 8521 still in the hole. * 1824. 8723 enters! (after 8521 left. 8723 had problems getting in, but he made it.) 1933. 8973 enters. Both in hole. (844. 8723 leaves. (No egg in Gill.) Yipee! Nest is OK, and 8723 now has definitely had the opportunity to get the eggs. 29 April 1530. Still 4 eggs. Set up an ambush and am going to try for 8521. 30 April 745. Still trying for 8521. However, birds are incubating fine; 8723 just left after 42 min. in The hole, mostly by himself.

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1987 Walter D. Koenig 6 Melanerpes formicivorus Plague HNR (30 April) 820. Got him! 6521 removed (4 eggs still in nest.) 1 May 1510. Still 4 eggs (#3 infertile; others fine), warm but not pipping yet. 2 May 640. 6521 released. Hole checked: still 4 eggs, not pipping yet. (6521 removed 2 days, 30 Apr-2 May.) 9 May 1445. 2 babies weighed: green LL: 24.6; G-R(w): 27.9. The experiment went as follows: the 4 eggs were intact on the evening of 2 May; 1 egg was pipping. By noon on 3 May there were 2 babies and no eggs or sign of other eggshells in the nest. Those 2 babies have survived thus far. Thus, odd things happened at hatching: the infertile egg disappeared, as did the (apparently normal, but who knows?) third regular egg. This could have been the work of anyone; strange things have frequently happened at hatching before. In any case, the nest was not destroyed, and 6521 is now doing some helping at the nest. 3 June *Group Update* 81150. At Y on 30 March (now breeding there). Also there on 24 March with other Y birds. Moved to Y, 24 March. 27 July 1000. Checked nest: crawling with ants! jDB-16/Meww dead; wt=32.2g. j982-43197 measured; 6led: wt=72.1g. Wing chord: 69; TL6th/10=42 6th/psmath: 28; Culmen: 20.1; TtoN: 13.2; BW=7.5; TLCR=31 LTsheath = 22. 3 August *Group Update*: 91149. Last seen 23 April. Not here by 24 June. →DA 23 May ±1 m. (Never seen at nest).

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1987 Waltor D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Y HNHR 17 January Group Update This group pretty much fell apart this fall, and only the breeding #675 is the only bird left. She is visited a lot still by the Plaque birds, who spent a lot of time here stealing acorns in the fall, but still have not moved in. See Katy's notes for more details. Gone are: 8669. Last seen 1 Oct, gone by 26 Oct, DA → 14 Oct ± 2 wks 8754. Last seen 15 May (feeding), gone 20 May, DA 18 May. #1135. " " 26 April, gone by ~29 April, DA 29 April! j1228. SAB j1228. Last seen 2 July, gone by 26 July, DA 14 July ± 2 wks j1229. " " " " " " #1349. " " 1 Oct, gone by 26 Oct, → 14 Oct ± 2 wks. #1350. " " " " " " → " " 8970. " " 9 March, gone by 14 March, DA 12 March. 1 May new 1500. Opened a hole in the sycamore that these birds are clearly interested in: empty, but ready to go. 6 May #1600. 2 eggs in new hole! Marked. 13 May 815. Watching: (1)♀-wn/Da #675. (2)♂ Red-Bik /m (3)♂ Red-bik #1375. All 3 here (88 unrelated.) 3 June *Group Update* #1150. Moved here ~24 March, but had been down there a lot all winter. 3 August #1350. Returned! First here 15 July (seen at the nest), not seen on the 8 June nestwatch. → Returned 27 June ± 2 wks

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1987 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus 1500 17 January Group Update j1295. last seen 12 June '86 (Me), gone by 23 June, DA → 18 Jun? lak 91329. last seen 29 June (when caught), not seen since. Gone by 9 Aug, DA → 19 July ± 3 wks. 81100. Last seen 12 March, gone by 8 April, DA 25 Mar? Zw 28 April 1500. Hole checked. No eggs. 1 May 1420. " " " " 6 May 1630. " " " " 18 May 1745. " " " "

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1987 Walter Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus 1800 HNHR 17 January Group Update: ♂(Stanback) 81095. Last seen 30 April, gone by 13 May, DA → 7 May ±1 wk. ♀1163 " " " " " " Both were last seen by Stanback and not seen since. j1322. NSAB j1323. " j1324. " j1093. Last seen 27 March, not seen 1 April, DA 4 Apr. [illegible] 81093. Last seen here on 22 Oct 85', gone by 13 Nov 85, →DA 30 Oct '85 ±1 week. Seen once again on 27 March on the side of Haystack Hill. (Katy) 27 March Delete ♀1325, who appears to have dispersed to Blomone as of mid-March. 28 April! 1530. Hole checked. No eggs. 1 May 1400. 2 eggs! Marked #1 & 2. 5 May Watched roosting this evening: 8774 spent the night in the nest. 6 May 1215. Got 8770! Whoopee! Also caught ♀193, who I released right away virtually into the talons of a Cooper's hawk who homed in on her screams. I hope she's OK—she's now sitting on a branch low in the tree recovering. 1300. 8770 is pretty freaked out—he's now in the aviary, and I hope he's OK! 8 May 900. Bird in hole, incubating. Checked hole: 6 eggs (Mark had found a 3rd on 2 May). I was a runt, which I kept.

Mark, more random field notes 1987 Ronald L. Grinell Balanosphyra formicivora Hastings Reservation (6 Aug) a complete turnover of the Arnold I birds. ② A large group of males from UA2 has taken over the A1 granary. This included (minimally) 81140, 81222, 81225, and 81027. All 4 of these birds were seen well and repeatedly in the A1 granary, wakaing, chasing intruders, etc. Three other UA2 birds were also seen briefly, This could have been Juv.1402 * 81340 Blk-wht(n)/M, 81026 Lgreen/Lpink, and of A1 Juvenile (? ) 1380 M BIK-Lpink/Black /Red-Dblue. ③ With the UA2 8 a group of 3 99 from Keep Out: 91220, 91330, 91332. All 3 seen well and repeatedly in the A1 granary. ④ 8100 (sob!) appears to be gone. No sign of him at A1 or anywhere in the vicinity. 9505wht/cpk however, still lives. She was hanging out well North of the A1 granary (downhill side of Big Tree) with Juv 1402 BIK-wht(n)/M. No evidence of any other A1 birds around, although a 89a without bands was hanging out with 9505 and J1402. Apparently, 9505 was evicted by the KO 99 after the death of 8100 and the ensuing power struggle. No idea what has become of 99568 r 1319 a-d Juvs. 1400 +1401. 7 Aug Watched at CV Grande 0600-0900, looking for Juv. dominance interactions, with No luck: the juveniles seldom perched together anywhere, and when they did, I saw no interactions. They also spent quite a bit of

1987 Ronald L. Grinnell Balanosphyra formicivora Hastings Reservation (7 Aug) time sapsucking in the dense live oaks on either side of Carmel Valley Rd. near the CV canyon gate, which didn't help matters very much either. Good census, however: ♂837, ♀1042, ♂1081, ♂1079, ♀1284, ♂1285 all seen well, plus 4 surviving juveniles: 1430, 1432, 1433, 1434. No sign of ♂943, ♀1040, J1431. I suspect that all are gone 10 0930-1030 at Y and the Blomquist Knoll, a mini power-struggle in progress: Two ♂ from Hay-Blom, ♂1301 (P.k.-Red/or a-d ♂1303 BP.k.-wht(N)/wht "" setting up shop on the knoll with ♀1350 of Y (D6m-BP.k.(N)/mauve-D6m). These 3 birds walked together frequently, while exploring the old fallen knoll granary and the roost hole in the Blue Oak. This same sort of thing happened in fall of 1981 (see Knoll Set notes + T notes) At Y proper (in locusts by lower barn) were ♀675 (m-wht/M, D6m ♂1150 Red-B1k/M, a-d J1428 M/mauve DBlue-wht(N)) (All 3 took dog food from the feeder). No sign of ♂1376, who is probably gone. J1428 also "visited" the Knoll birds briefly, but appeared to be chased by the Hay-Blom ♂.

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1987 Walter Coening Melanerpes formicivorus 2 1800 HNHR (8 May) The others I marked #4 & 5. 8770, by the way, is doing fine at home. patch. 9 May 1030. 8770 released with brown dots on forehead; nest still with 5 eggs. [8770 removed 6 May 1215 - 9 May 1030.] Eggs should hatch on or about 14 May. 12 May Watches here seemed to be going normally until this morning, when Cindy reported no activity here at all. Stanback climbed this afternoon and found only 2 eggs. Very bad news. I don't see how I can weasel out of this one, although I don't understand why, if 8770 did go bonkers, he didn't toss all the eggs. And why would they abandon? All in all, it just doesn't make a lot of sense. Maybe something strange has happened to the group, or maybe a predator got them; hell, I don't know. Maybe I'll watch in the morning and try to find out what I can. In any case, this is totally depressing. It means that, for all practical purposes, several eggs did get tossed or destroyed, and my control (the best I have so far) is more in favor of the "freaked out" hypothesis than the alternative. 13 May 600. Checked hole: 1 egg left. Watching The tree. (40.0)♀ R-W / M #787 here. A fair amount of activity, apparently due to a ♀ intruder. (♀ Mouse? / ?el ) ① 8770 here. 700. 8774 here, pecking 8770 and hopping on his back to do so (!) Meanwhile, 8770 was giving submissive calls. This would certainly indicate that I really screw

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1987 Walter Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus 1850 (13 May) up dominante relationships by [illegible], as we had reason to believe that 8774 < 8770 before. (And even if he wasn't, This seems to be an unusual amount of aggression between cobreeders.) 725. 10♀ Reshin/M#193. All 4 girls are here. It's all still pretty odd; I don't understand the abandonment or the egg still left in the hole. It does let me cling to the idea that a snake got in the hole, or something odd happened. But it certainly seems possible, even likely, That it is a direct or at least indirect consequence of 8770's removal. 14 May 1030. Hole now empty. Probably irrelevant, since The birds had clearly already (for whatever reason) abandoned the nest, but I still wish they had left it. 2 August Missed a renest! Ambushed this morning at The regular west hole, nabbing 1 bird only - an ub baby. According to Katy, this is probably the only one here.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Hay-Blom HNHR 17 January Group Update: J1299, 1300. NSAB. J1302, 1304, 1305. All NSAB (!) 25 March 1100. Brought Cindy up here. 1 bird (81083) was sapsucking near the PO patch; at least 3 were way over by Far Tortuga flycatching. I left Cindy to watch and chased after the other birds, eventually seeing some down by the fence above (S) of Soto springs. ID't were (1) 8 LB/Bik-LB #571 and 2 89. Bands of 1 was 8PB/Red-Yel(n) ?? 11 April 2000. An ambush tonight at a new hole in the old nest tree (by the fence line) yielded 3 birds: 81303, 81085, and 8941. I weighed all 3, and, in lieu of catching 8571, took 81085 and kept him in the aviary for another temporary removal experiment. 2 April 1700. None in any holes. 81085 still in aviary, doing fine. 8 May 930. Bird in the old (deep) hole! 8 1500. Hole opened: 6 fresh eggs! One was, unfortunately, broken in the process of opening the hole, so there are 5 remaining. Incubation has just begun (there was a bird in the hole again when I came.) 10 May 1345. Hole checked: 1 new egg! So there are now 6 eggs again (a set size of 7, inc. the one I broke). Bird in hole. I'm now releasing 81085. 11 May 530. Watching. (Noone watched yesterday). No action here at all by 630, so I checked the hole: still 6 eggs. 640. Watching again.

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1987 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Hay-Blan HNHR (11 May) 700. Moved The blind and left. Hole will be watched again this evening and tomorrow morning. Nothing going on at the moment! 12 May 518. Watching again. 818. Leaving. See transcription on the back. 14 May 1100. Still 6 eggs, and no problems (but none, as far as I know, has seen 81085 at or in the nest yet).

12 May 518-818 9941 91078 6571 61083 61206 #visits 3 1 48 1 2 Time In 36:35 18:50 51:10 :50 27:45 Time LO 1:15 0 1:40 0 :15 Total time 37:50 18:50 52:50 :50 28:00 9941- 1800. Arrive 5030. Bird sticks heat out 5050. Leaves 5110. 9941 E 5245. Heat out 5400. BD 5930. 6571 E ; 9L (6:00) 6571- 2030. LO 2050. BD 2700. LO 2720. Leaves 2850. 61206 E 61206- 5400. 6571 E 5415. 61206 LO 5430. L (7:00) 9941- 100. 6571 L 300. 9941 E 2630. L 6571- 2710. 6571 E 2850. 91078 E 2910. 8L 91078- 4800. 9L 6571- 4800. 6571 (8:00) 300. LO 400. L 61083- 900. 61083 E 950. 8L 9941E 9941- 1550. 9L 61206- 1630. 61206 E 1800. Me Leave

1989 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus January 17 April Lower Haystack Group Update: 1 Oct Resurrect: 81046, seen [illegible] (Katy), after not being seen since 28 April. I think we will assume that this bird was gone between ~8 May and ~25 Sept. (not seen 17 Sept.). Geek off: 81044. Last seen 2 May, not seen 14 May, DA→8 May ±1 wk. j1251. " " 2 July, " " 17 Sept.; DA→8 Aug ±1 month. j1252. " " here on 29 June, not seen 17 Sept., seen at Rajnesh on 25 Sept. Thus, probably left group but we'll have him Disappeared about 8 1 Sept. ±1 month. j1253. Last seen 29 June, gone by 17 Sept., DA→10 Aug ±1 mon. j1254. NSAB. j1347. NSAB. 24 March 3857. Last seen 1 Oct '86, gone by 21 [illegible], DA→10 Nov. ±1 m. 31348. Ditto. 1 April 930. Power struggle here! ①♀ R-w/cn / Rct ②♂ or-w/m #1155. ②♂ or /m ③♂ or-Blk/Or-wm #1146. ⑤♂ Da/m #1046. 5+ub ♂♀. About 15 birds involved, including several out on the periphery. ④♀ R-?r/cn / R-or(w) ④♀ ?al /m 21 April 1700. No sign of anyone in any holes here. 6 May 820. 1 egg in hole! Ian [illegible] Tait is here to get egg-tossing so we could be in luck. Unfortunately, there's some power struggle activity here to confuse the issue, but we'll go for it! 1100. Watching. (Are there still 2 ♀♀ here?) ①♂ or-Blk/Or-wm #1146. ②ub ♂ drumming in 2° tree. Still some chasing.

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1987 Walter D Foening Melanerpes formicivorus Lower Haystack (6 May) ③? Or/wh/M #1155. ④? Hr/Mh-D4# (D46 ; ⑤? Red/Red #1266 from Gazebo [♀] 1130. My guess at this point is that these 4 birds are it, and that there's only 1 ♀ (!) 1200. Still no sign of a 2nd ♀. Leaving for now. 7 May 800. Ian reports no activity at the hole this morning, and indeed, egg #1 is still the only egg there. 8 May 945. 2 eggs in hole. Ian reports that, as I suspected from my watch on 6 May, there are only 4 birds here, and that ♀1266 is the breeding ♀. 9 May 1715. Still (the same) 2 eggs in the hole. 10 May 1400. " " " " " Have they gone to another hole? or what's the deal then? 11 May 700. Watched here a bit, after checking holes. The 4 birds are still pretty tight here, but are not (obviously) going to any holes. ♀1266 seen; also 3 ♂♂, though I didn't see their bands. ♀1266 still drumming SOME (!) 730. Still 2 eggs in the hole. Given that the birds show no sign of incubation, I'd have to guess that they've abandoned this nest. 3 June *Group Update* ♀524. Presumably gone just before the power struggle here on 30 March. ♂1046 and ♂1146 now breeders, inherited 30 March. ♀1266 and ♀1267 from Gazebo moved here (maybe not ♀1267), ♀1267 not seen (so far) after the PS.

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1987 Waltord Koenig Melanerpes famicivarus Blomone HNHR 17 January Group update: 81169. Last seen 15 April, gone by 25 May (Sue); DA → 5 May ±2 wks. 24 March j1355, 1356, (1357), all NSAB. 8832. Last seen 18 July '86, gone by 19 Sept, DA → 18 Aug ±1 m. 81087. Ditto. 99809, 812, both here 20 Jan, gone by 5 Feb, →DA 28 J±1 wk Replaced by 91325 (from 800), who moved there between 23 Feb and 26 March, → 11 March ±2 wks. 8492, here 14 Feb, gone by 26 March, →DA 6 March ±3 w 81358, here 10 Dec, gone by 20 Jan, DA → 30 Dec ±3 wks 24 April 1100. Cleaned out starling nests from the hole in the Big Blue Oak by the path and in the hole over toward Far Knoll. 6 May 1730. Bird in new hole; the nest? 7 May 915. Hole opened; empty, but in good shape (except for a few sprigs of grass which I removed). 11 May *Group update* j1356. Alive and well at Blontwo. Change to "Moved" 1 Feb 1987 ±3 months. 14 June 1700. 9 in new hole in dead lone tree.

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1989 Waldorf Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blomtwo HNHR 10 May 1445. Noone seen here in passing. 11 May 815. A pair of birds here: ♀ is banded: ?M (4u-DB)? 845. They're still here: ♂ BIK(?) / M 1054. ♀ wh-DG / wh#1356. The R leg of both birds was seen well; I should be able to identify them. They are definitely hanging out here this morning as one would expect residents to. ♀ is 1356, a 1986 Blomone baby "not seen after banding"! ♂ is 1054, a 1985 Blomthree baby who was at Blomtwo on 17 January 1987 with 6989. For the moment, I think these birds should be kept here as an active group. (♀ moved here 1 Apr ±3 months) 29 May 1300. Came by here yesterday and today and saw nothing. So much so that I already wonder if these birds have abandoned the area...? 3 June *Group Update* ♀1202. Last seen here 15 Apr. 1986, birds were interested in holes through the 1st half of May, but no sign of this bird after this → DA 15 June ±1 month. ♂1132. [illegible] This bird was never here! ♂1054. Here, apparently, since winter of 1985-86! 14 June 1745. No sign of life here in passing.

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1987 Walter D'beriq Melanerpes formicivorus Blomthree H.N.H.R. 17 January Group Update: ♀1172. Last seen 29 March, gone by 1 May, DA → 15 April ± 2 wks ♀1258. NSAB. 24 March ♀769. Last seen 25 Sept.'86, gone by 30 Oct., ♀ DA → 29 Sept. ♀1171. DiHo. 12 May 1445. Cleaned out a nest of (almost fledged) starlings from the lower hole here (last year's hole); plus, the out from the upper hole was loose! Maybe they'll be in better shape to nest now... 3 June *Group Update* ♀1185. Gone. Last seen 9 Nov. 1986 (Katy), gone by 14 Feb. 1987, DA → 25 Dec ± 1 month. ♀1259. Same as ♀1185. No! Seen by Katy here and 1 July '87 [♀1261. Last seen 2 April, presumably left at the time of the 23 Apr. power struggle (but not seen at the B) ♀1190. Seen at the 23 April power struggle, presumably no longer here. (No! Seen by Cinty on 4 June.) 8989, 1262 inherited, now breeders.

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1987 Waltord Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Gazebo HNHR 17 January Group Update: j1268. NSAB. j1269. " j1364, 1366, NSAB. 24 March. ♀1267. last seen 21 Nov., gone by 24 Jan., DA → 8 Dec. ± 1 month. j1270. " " 25 Sept., gone by 21 Nov., DA → 23 Oct ± " δ1365. " " 21 Nov., gone by 24 Jan., DA → 8 Dec ± 1m. 3 June δ1104. Last seen 24 Jan., gone by 3 March, DA > 12 Feb ± 2 wks ♀1266. Moved to LHay 30 March. ♀1267. With ♀1266 at LHay on 30 March. Obviously here all winter. Not seen since, so we presume she left the group.

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1989 WalteD Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus F-Troop 17 January Currently defunct (never did very well). (Group update: ♀1204, ♂1079. Both bred (unsuccessfully) here in spring '86, and appear to have stayed here until possibly as late as August (see Stanback's notes). ♀1204 then disappeared, While ♂1079 returned to GVarande and was 1st seen there 7 September (he was not seen there on 7 August). Hence, both abandoned about 25 Aug ± 2 weeks (or possibly earlier). Territory has been unoccupied since (not surprisingly).

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus CUGrande HNHR 17 January Group update ♂1079. Returned here (from F.Troop) ~25 August. See F.Troop notes for more details. ♀1286. NSAB ♀1288. Last seen 4 August, gone by 7 Sept, DA 21 Aug ±2 wks. 24 March ♂1287. " " 7 Sept, " " 26 Sept, DA → 16 Sept ± 1 wk. 4 June *Group Update* ♀1284, ♂1285 status unclear.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Murf HNHR 17 January Group Update - More or less OK at the moment. 24 March ♀1328, last seen 27 June, gone by 7 Aug, DA 17 July ± 3 wks. Replaced by ♀965 & ♀921. Moved here (between 24 Feb and 12 March → Moved 5 March ± 1 week. 81339. Last seen 8 Sept., gone by 3 Dec, DA → 20 Oct ± 1 M. 4 June *Group Update* ♀965. Never here. Should have been ♀1144 (from PHF). ♂1338. Became a breeder when ♀1144 moved here ~5 March ♀921. Probably seen here 12 March, but not since.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus OK Corral HNHR ♀ June 9696. Last seen 26 Sept '86, gone by 29 Jan '87, → DA 27 Nov ± 2 months. ♂ 1159. Same. ♀ 1240. NSAB. Also ♂ 1243 ♀ 1241. NSAB. Also ♂ 1244 ♀ 1242. Gone by 29 Jan, here 26 Sept → DA 27 Nov ± 2mo ♀ 1245. Ditto.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Gate HNHR 17 January Group Update ♀1107. Last seen 27 April, gone by 6 May, DA → 2 May '86 ♀1108. Returned! First seen 9 Nov. 80, not there 20 Oct. (Katy) → Returned 30 Oct 86. 6 March 8627 found DOR along road by Joan. Boo! 24 March ♀1314. Last seen 9 Nov, gone by 12 Nov, DA → 10 Nov. 4 June *Group Update* ♀1097. At LHay power struggle 30 March, seen at Gate 4 April (Katy), gone by 12 April. Left group? 2 new ♀♀ seen here 27 April, → Moved here ~20 April This allows the young 88 to inherit. ♂1315. Last seen 12 April, gone by ♂1313. Here 30 April, gone (prob.) by 4 April! (Katy). 6 June Ambushed this morning at The Live Oak hole; caught ♀1315 (only bird There). 13 June Ambushed this morning at the low hole in The dead limb in the Sycamore, catching 3 birds (all banded): ♀1108, ♂1312, and ♂1313. 30 July 600. This time a successful ambush at the high sycamore hole. Unfortunately 1 bird (The ub ♀, apparently) got away. Otherwise 4 birds, inc. ♀1097, ♂1312, ♂1313, and ♂1106. 3 August *Group Update* ♀1097 is back! Returned between 15 July - 30 July. Her return (she is the former breeding ♀ here) prompts me to wonder what's up with the 2 ub ♀♀. Maybe they originally kicked her out, but now that one of them is (apparently) gone, maybe she's back. In any case there is still 1 ub ♀ hanging around, but maybe not for much longer?

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Pipeline HNHR 17 January Group update This group is definet, and has been since about the end of June, just after the young fledged. However, Mark added acorns at the end of July and they returned for a week or so afterwards. Functionally, however, they were gone much earlier. 81182. Last seen 20 Feb., gone by 6 March, DA→28 Feb±1wk 05238, 81183, 41362, and babies 1316,1317, 1318. All abandoned ~30 June, but seen again 29 July following addition of acorns. See Stanback's notes for more details. 4 June *Group Update* 81317. Certainly here by 27 April. Apparently with an ub♀. ♀ub, also here 27 April

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Wave 5 HNHR 17 January Group update Now defunct, and probably has been since about the end of March. Last time birds were seen here was 19 March (Katy); two (99997 & 9998) were seen at a CV Grande power struggle near the end of March. Although birds can occasionally be seen up there, there has basically been no solid sign of life since April. 8636, Pub, 9997, 9998, all abandoned 30 March (± month) → Seen again at CV Grande 23 May 1700. Walked by here, seeing no sign of birds or stores.

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1987 Walter D Koening Melanerpes formicivorus Wolfpack HNNHR 17 January Group update j1277,1278, NSAB. 4 Juns ♂1179. Last seen 22 Sept, gone by 26 Sept. → DA 24 Sept. ♀1276. Last seen 26 Sept, gone by 30 Oct. → DA 13 Oct. ♂1174. Last seen 7 Dec, gone by 26 March, apparently well before, however, hence DA - 31 Dec ± 8-9 wks. ♀1175. Last seen at Wolfpack 26 Sept, at Bianca on 16 Nov, Seen 2 June back at Wolfpack. So, [illegible] left group ~ 21 Oct ± 3 wks, returned [illegible] (R1 birds here until then). → by 21 April (seen by Cindy.) presumably with a new β (cub). See Finch notes for info on ♀♀1176 and 1177. I am now assuming that they never (successfully) moved to Finch, although it looked like they had last summer.

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1987 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Road! HNHR 17 January Group update j1246, 1335, 1336, 8 1337, all NSAB 24 March 3994. Last seen 6 July, gone by [illegible] DA 25 July ± 1 wks Noir 91248. " " 26 Oct, " " 19 Jan, DA 7 Dec 1 m. 20 May 1200. Checked the Wolfpack hole: empty. 4 June *Group update* 8486. Last seen 10 Aug, gone by 9 Sept. → DA 25 Aug ±2w 9383. Last seen 9 Aug, gone by 9 Sept. → DA 25 Aug ±2w This 91248. At R1 today (Katy). Possibly not here all winter, but in any case, back now. With no breeders from last year and no new birds, The status of this group is clearly up in the air.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Road 3 HNHR 19 January Group update ♂ub, there 6 Sept, gone by 20 Oct (census) or maybe even 16 Sept (ambush, caught all but him!). DA→11 Sept. 81296. Last seen 19 Sept, gone by 20 Oct.; DA→3 Oct ± 2 wks. 20 May 1000. Watching. Bird in the hole over the road (I'm watching the tree, however). 1120.00 M / B(ik-BP(n)) #1011. Plus (I think), 2♀♀. Birds are incubating (I'm pretty sure). 2 June 1300. Checked the hole: empty. *Group Update* ♂1298. Last seen 24 Feb, gone (?) by 27 March → DA 13 March ind.→♀1205. Last seen 23 Dec '86, gone by 24 Feb, DA 23 Jan ± 1 mon below. (A new ♀ub here, we'll say on 1 April ± 1 month. 5 June 3 birds went into nest hole tonight, but ambush failed. 18 June 600. This time I got them all (3), in the old nest hole facing the road in the main trunk. However, contrary to expectation, the ♀ was banded; indeed, she was #1205. So the group returns to its former state!

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1987 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus School Hill HNHR 12 May 1730. Opened the new hole in the "traditional" tree: 3 eggs, not absolutely fresh (thus, clutch is probably complete). Also, just from listening, I'd say there are at least 3 birds here. 14 May 805. Watching territory. 835. Well, so far it looks like ①♀ wa2/DB #260, an ub♂, and at least one other bird, probably 2. Plus, there seem to be intruders up here as well; there are ≥2 birds hanging out in the trees above the enclosure that either don't belong here at all or are a splinter group. 850. Yes, we are talking ub♂(♂?) here! It's hard to tell, but I wouldn't be surprised if we were talking 5 birds here. 910. Other than the ♀, all I see are ub♂♂. I bet there are 3 or 4 of them. 915. Leaving I'd say some indiscriminate netting would be in order. 16 May 830. Still 4 eggs. By the way, from watching roosting, there are definitely 6 birds here! 19 May 600. Ambushing at the new hole on the other side of the limb from the nest hole, I caught 4 unbanded ♂♂ this morning! Assuming 1 more spending the night in the nest, this makes a group (unit) of 5 ♂♂ moving in here. 715. It turned out that there was a 5th unbanded ♂ by himself in the Blue Oak hole. I banded him as well (♂1382), but I wouldn't swear that he belongs in the group (the bird was molting for one thing). But who knows, the birds were roosting here 2 days ago, so why not? There very well may be 6 ♂♂ here, 5 of whom are now banded. ♂977 is almost certainly gone. These 4 are #1378-81 Note: numbers have been changed.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus School Hill HNHR 6 June *Group Update* 3977. Last seen 28 March (MKH), gone by 3 May, when Mark saw lots of "extra" birds here (who nested by 10 May). →DA. 15 Apr ± 2 weeks, probably forced out by the new 86 here. Add. Lots of new ♂♂, 6 of them, it would appear. (no doubt not all of them will stay!). All are now banded save 1 (who incubated at night). 8 June 445. Ambushed all 3 holes in the nest tree this morning: old nest hole: nobody New hole above prior hole: ♂1387 ♂1386 and ♂1385, now ♂1426 Note that This ♂ is (presumably) the nocturnal incubator who I missed earlier) New nest hole: ♂1387. I thought more birds roosted here (there were ≥5 last ago for sure), but this was all I ended up with. In any case, all should now be banded here. 24 June 1600. None in any holes. 3 August Katy saw an ♂8 (the 7th!) here on 31 July; perhaps there's yet another up there! I'm adding him along with the others for now.

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1987 Walker D Coenig Melanerpes formicivorus School Hill West HNTIR 17 January Group update I think the former birds abandoned this g territory late last winter (eg. March '86). None were seen again except for 9975, who was seen at the Lambert power struggle on 28 Feb '86. So 9ub, 6530, 9975, ?974, & ?1041 all abandoned March ± 1 month. (Note that they had acorns here on 9 Feb.) 11 May 1845. Nest here is in a huge knothole; 6 babies have hatched recently. 14 May 1000. Finally sawed open the hole: 3 babies, eyes just opening (≈9 do). Band on ~28 May. 16 May 800. Watching nest; ambush set up. 900. 8 banked (?); 9ub tried and missed her. 1030. Well, that was my big chance for the day, leaving. 22 May 1310. Still 3 babies; watching again. 1415.(1)♀ Maure/Lanen ♂Metal/Maure-?! feets. (R leg certain, L leg boy H) ②♂ Yellow/M ③♂ Or/M I don't think this is the same as 8#2. ④♂ Maure/M ! ⑤♀ub! Caught her! #1389. ① is 91374. 23 May 1050. Watching (left side of hole). 1120. 969 here, chased away by someone. And again, chased off by 91389. 1140.♂ 8or / 8m-DBaw Maybes 8#1-or/WD-DBaw but I doubt it. 1240. Don't ask me where they're getting them, but the birds are definitely feeding acorns here (last 3 feedings by 91389/91374)

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1987 Walter D Goenig Melanerpes fomcicivorus School Hill West HNHR (23 May) 1230. Leaving. I've only seen one♂ here who is consistently ♂or/ ; only that one time could I see anything more. 1240. One more look: ♂ or/M . What about those "other"♂? No sign of Them today. As best I can tell, this ♂ must be ♂ or/M #908, a bird last seen as an adult at CV1 back in summer 1983. 29 May 1600. Banded the 3 babies ① ② ③ Bands LPink/902-43025 Brown-Laren/Laren-Brown LB/Yel Red-Blue/Orange Brown-Orange/902-43026 DB/Yel Wt (Wing) 89.0g (70mm) 81.0 (79) 82.2 (85) Length (tip) (Sheath 6") 52 (27) 49 (24) 60 (26) Culmen (tip-nostri) 21.1 (14.1) 19.2 (12.5) 20.1 (14.8) Bill width 7.8 8.3 7.5 Length Central R (Sheath) 40(22) 36(19) 41(22) 30 May 1430. Watching nest. ①♂LP-Red/ . Seen again; no sign of a 2nd band on The leg. This is not ♂Or/M (Who I believe is ♂908). Perhaps ♂Yel-DP/LP #1037? Also, the ♀M/MV-DA here. 1630. It is ♂Or-Red/ (no 2nd band); which means it could be ♂Or/M . No other ♂ seen here this F.M. What is going on here? Given what I saw of R legs earlier, I'd have to guess that this ♂ is ♂1037, and That he is teamed up here with ♂908. (The 3rd ♂ was probably in error, or a mixing of sexes/legs). 1700. Leaving. !♂came again, got a good look at both legs: he is ♂Or-Red/M ; I also am pretty sure that the M band # ends with a "2". He has lots of tail spots. The LR band is worn and could be just Or/, but I don't think so.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus School Hill West 31 May 1020. Watching & ready to catch the ♂ if I get a chance. 1330. Leaving. No chance to catch ♂, though I will try tonight. My current impression is that there is only 1 ♂ here, Who is ♂ or ♀? / M. I still don't know who this could be. There are 2 ♀♀, although only the previously banded one is feeding these days (I saw her once yesterday and once today). The ♂ could certainly be hP-led or something similar rather than Orange. 2000. Well, I caught the ♂ in the nesthole after dark: he's 8530, banded as an adult here in fall 1979, and last seen here prior to last spring! His bands were indeed almost indecipherably faded; he's now rebanded. He was released early on 1 June. 6 June *Group Update* 8530. Apparently left last spring (I never saw anyone here in spring '86) but back by fall, saw 0 Sept. ♀1374, ♀1389. Katy saw 2 unb ♀♀ here on 7 Jan '87. We caught ♀1374 on 11 Jan, ♀1389 on 22 May. Both were again here (presumably) since last fall. 24 June 1610. No sign of anyone in passing.

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1987 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Black Oak HNHR January 9 September 830. Counted stores: Main area: 1092 Side area: 512 1604 They are storing in the bark of one of the side trees (the one with the roost hole facing SOBO) for the first time (that I know of). 17 January Group update j1210, 1345. N5AB. 1 March 950 Watching Birds still sepsucking. 1010. ①♂ DB-DB/M #1213. ②♀ Yel/R-W(w) #1190. ③♀ DB-W(w) #1211. ④♂ Rd-B/M #1209. ⑤♀ Mauve/ R5-BIL/M #1346. ⑥♀ DB/WA-DB #1212. 1040. ⑦♂ Bk/Or-Yel #426. ⑧♀ DB-LB/M #1007. ⑨? LP/Red #744. 1100. ⑩♂ Red-WH/WH- #1006. ⑪♂ Mauve/Yel #1009. ⑫♀ M/Da-LP #1004 1230. Leaving. Birds are sepsucking, flycatching, and eating stored acorns; they may be eating catkins as well. I saw all 12 birds ≥2 times, so I doubt there are I missed anyone (although it is possible). ♀1189 is certainly gone, at any rate. The birds to have a fair number of stores left. *Group Update* ♀1189. Here for the '86 breeding season (last seen 28 April), gone by 11 Nov, →DA 31 July ± 3 months. There should be only 1 breeding ♀ here now. 24 March *Group update* ♂1214, ♂1343, ♀1344. All seen 10 Nov '86, gone by 1 March →DA 5 Jan ± 2 M.

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1987 Walter Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus SOBO HNHR 9 January 900. Counted stores: 895. (I'd guess that I'm missing several hundred here by not going below the tree. The granary is pretty full.) 17 January Group Update Katy Delete: 81037. Last seen 3 Dec. '85, Not seen since so presumably gone by 31 March, DA = 31 Jan ± 2 mo. 81038. Last seen 31 March '86 (Katy), gone by 16 Nov for sure, and so DA 24 July ± 3 mo.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Arnold 1 HNHR 17 January Group update No. → 6100. last seen 16 June, gone by 16 Sept, DA → 31 July ± 1 mo (see 6 June) → j1321. NSAB. 29 March 81020,1021, both last seen 4 Nov, gone by 10 March → DA 7 Jan± 2m. 61320. Last seen 18 Sept, gone by 4 Nov, DA → 11 Oct ± 1 m. 80 replaced by (See 6 June) { 8924 and 8926, moved here (???) between 4 Nov and 10 March '87, → (? ? ?) but activity there on 1 March suggests it was then that They moved. 6 June * Group update * Although 8924 was seen here at the 1 March power struggle (by Kati), The entire affair appears to have been a red herring, and 8100 is still here. 3 August After looking this over, especially the fact that Kady claims to have seen 8924 here several times in June, I looked at the records and am quite certain it's 8762 instead, whose bands fit the bill as well as being an Al nestling (from '82, but still...) So, I'm returning this bird as of 1 March. 7 August 1430. Aftermath of power struggle here, which Ron noted a couple of days ago (yesterday?). Birds are scattered around over at Big Tree and up by Keep Out, as well as here. Occasional outbursts of Waking, but not lots of activity or much chasing. Most activity at the moment is up at Big Tree area: ① 07 BIK/DB ② 8 Yel:/LG ③ 4 Yel/DG-Yel ④ D5-B-4PA (???) /M ⑤ D5-DB-Yellow / LB

Birds seen in Big Tree area 7 Aug 1500 ① Bik/DB ♂1016 (Keep Out) ② ?yel?/LG ♂1127 (" " ) ③ ?yel/Da-yel ♀1319 (A1) ④ LB-LSN(?)/M ♂1221 (Keep Out) ⑥ ♀wn/LP ♀505 (A1) Pretty much generalized power struggle activity here, although relatively quiet. About 10 birds up in this area, of and on.

1987 WalterD Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus KeepOut HNHR 17 January Group update Still no known replacement for ♀739, so last seen 10 June, gone by 2 Oct., prob. dis. ♂1016, ♂1127, both last seen 31 March, gone by the breeding season (nut feeding) 2 May; DA→15Apr.±2wks. 18 January ♂1016 is still here (à la census of MKH today). And so is ♂1127, who is, by the way, a ♂! 24 March j1218, 1331→NSAB. No, see below {♀739. Last seen 10 June, gone by 2 Oct.→DA 6 Aug±2m. Currently no breeding ♀ here! 6 June *Group update* ♀739. Is here after all.

1987 Ronald L. Grinnell Balanosphyra formicivora. Hastings Reservation, Monterey Co., CA 4 Aug After delightful breakfast with Jean Linsdale, I walked up Haystack Hill in search of the elusive Acorn Woodpecker. at Hay Blom I saw several (5-6) woodpeckers at a great distance, all too far away to be identified by color-band combinations. At Low Hay, 5 birds actively flycatching around the secondary roost holes SE of the granary. All split as I tried to approach, but I did see J1427 M/LBlue Continuing south along Haystack Ridge, I found 4 birds harvesting and eating green acorns from oaks near the artificial granary set up by Susan Hannon (near bluebird boxes 206 and 207). This assemblage included 2 unbanded males, plus 2 Gate birds; ♂1313 Lbn-Brn/White and ♀1315 mauve/Red-Or(civ). It didn't appear that the formation of a new group here was imminent, but it might be something the young upstarts (Koenig, Sta-back, Hooge, etc.) would want to keep an eye on. 6 Aug Rode the new 4-wheeled field vehicle up to the Arnold Place (quite exciting! I wish Annie would have been here to enjoy it as well), arriving at 0600 PST, I was greeted by considerable wak[ing], chasing, etc. from Arnold I. After watching for 3 hours, I finally managed to figure out what was going on: ① The commotion seemed to be the tail end of a power struggle which has resulted in

1987 Ronald L. Grinell 2 Balanophyra formicivora Hastings Reservation (6 Aug) a complete turnover of the Arnold I birds. ② A larger group of males from UA2 has taken over the A1 granary. This included (minimally) ①1140, ①1222, ①1225, and ①1027. All 4 of these birds were seen well and repeatedly in the A1 granary, waking, chasing intruders, etc. Three other UA2 birds were also seen briefly, This could have been Juv.1402 of A1 * ①1340 Blk-Whit(n)/M, ①102b Lgreen/LPink, and Juvenile (①?) 1380 M /Blk-Lpink/Black /Red-DBlue. ③ With the UA2 a group of 3 ② from Keep Out: ②1220, ②1330, ②1332. All 3 seen well and repeatedly in the A1 granary. ④ ①100 (sob!) appears to be gone. No sign of him at A1 or anywhere in the vicinity. ②505 wht/CPak however, still lives. She was hanging out well North of the A1 granary (downhill side of Big Tree) with Juv 1402 DBlue-Manue /Black Blk-Whit(n)/M. No evidence of any other A1 birds around, although a ① without bands was hanging out with ②505 and J1402. Apparently, ②505 was evicted by the AO ② after the death of ①100 and the ensuing power struggle. No idea what has become of ②568 + 1319 and Juvs. 1400 +1401.

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1987 WelterD Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Lambert HNHR 17 January Group update j1310. [illegible]. Last seen 27 July, gone by 17 Oct, DA 3 Sept. ±1 mo. δ1019. Last seen 3 April, gone by 11 April, DA 7 Apr. δ1020. This bird was at Lambert until 11 April, [illegible] was pretty much gone [illegible] and then was seen at A1 on 18 Sept and 4 Nov. (He was seen at Lambert on 29 Oct). He may be back here, but we will return him to A1 as of 30 June ± 2 mon. (see Katy's notes) δ1021. Was here through 5 March, then returned to A1 by 16 May, where he's stayed so far. → Returned 10 April ± 1 month.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Fanny Arnold HNHR 9 January 1000. Counted stores: 233. Not doing so well here - there is a fair amount of space unused. Group update $1098. Last seen 27 July, gone by 20 sept. DA → 23 Aug ± 1mo.

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1987 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Upper Arnold Z HNHR 9 January 1000. Counted stores: Nest tree: 1275 } "2"n tree: 2557 } 3832. No problems here! 17 January Group update j1224, 1341, 1342, all NSAB. [illegible] last seen 7 May, [illegible] 27 March 930. Watching. There are definitely acorns remaining here. 945.①♂ DB-Lg/M #1225. ②♂ M/wh-DB #1222. 1000.③♀ LG-LB/LG-LB? (not seen well). ④♀ R-Or(w)/DB #1226. 1020.③♂ LG-DG/LG-LB #1140. Sap sucking, ⑥? Yel/M #681. 1030.③♂ LG/LP — seen well (bamb look new). 1115.④♂ DB/M ? — seen pretty well. ④♂ BK-WK(W)/M #1340. ④♀ R-WX/W/LB #1225 — seen again, better, #1026 DB-LG/M ④♀ LG/wh? × M/LP-LB? #1027 — again *⑩♂ DG?/DB ? #1027* 1220. Leaving. Lots of birds here, but I sort of have to conclude that ♀1117 is gone and that there is currently no breeding ♀ here. There are lots of ♂, inc. 3 that have apparently been (mistakenly) deleted from the field list. *Group update* ♂8? 1026 & 1027 both fledged in 1985 and disappeared prior to being sexed. I'm changing both of them to "moved" in August, and will add them both back ("returned") as of 1 February, ± 2 months. 16 April Ambushes last night netted only 1 bird: #632, which finally would appear to solve the mystery about who the breeding ♀ here is! (This bird disappeared from here during winter 85-86.

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1985-1987 Melanerpes fuscicollis ♀♀ Saga at UAZ 1985 Feb. - Philip - Power struggle Sounds, saw ♀ 632, 778, 780 Noted that ♀ 632 red bands very faded Wait - No birds good stozos April - Walt - ♀ or-wh/or-wh (632) ♀ 4-LB/LG (916) INTRUDERS: 2♀♀ UB, ♀ DB-WH(N)/DB? (used tape) 1May - Nest, speculation about 2♀♀ laying (walt) → 3July - ♀ red-wh/ ? M/red-wht (Mway) ♀ 632 Noted: First bird to show up was not 916, very emphatic; ♀ H pink? mag. - It blue / it green " / M indistinct sightings in June October - Kady ♀ white/M (1028) VV ♀ org-yellow/or-yel (632) √ December - 5 tries, some ultapes, saw only 07. 1986 January - No birds, noise in canyon. Feb. - Up at Lambert P.S., ♀♀ 916, 1028 March ♀ 1028 At Lamb. (April ♀ 916, ♀ 1028 at Lamb, (07, ub) ♀ red / white √ NOTE: This is not ♀ 632; maybe ♀ 1117 from LAZ.

provisional approval A note that a turnover here could explain the out-of-place birds Mark has been here. 20 Sept. ♀, ♂ ♀ red-yel (N)/D blue (left leg) (1226)✓ Saw 07 1140, 1222 4 Nov. saw 07 1222, 1225 07 Dgreen / Dgreen M17 15 Nov. 07 1222 28 Nov. 07 1222, 1225, 1681, ♀ 1340, 1226, a lot of noise of P.S. type; ♀ yell/green yel / green Note watched, 1986, Sue April 23 - 07 68 (only) 26 - 07 681, 07 1140, 07 77? 27 - 07 681, 07 1140, [illegible], 07 77 note change from ♀ 432 to ♀ 117 May 7 - 07 681, ♀ 117, 07 77 Saw a fair amount 1987

1987 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes famicivorus Upper Arnold 2 (16 April) At that time she was a breeder! This also calls into question the status of ♂♀1026 & 1027, who are her sons, and who also returned here this winter!) 745. I'm currently mist-netting; hoping, I guess, to get ♀1140. (They have a nest here, and I'm trying to do exp. #2 here). In any case, ♀1117 is clearly gone, (last seen 7 May '80, gone by 900. I just got amazingly lucky and caught ♀1140, as desired! 920. Watching. (1)♂DB-IG/M #1225. (2)♀DP/M ?? (???) ?Who is this bird? (3)♂Mu/wn #1222! (4)♀BP-wh/BP-wh #???. (5)♂DB-LG(M)/M #1340 (6)♀BP-wh/BP-wh #632. But this is (7)♀Yel-IG/M ?(Bands are old), ♀916? I bet it is. Laubert Bird!! 1030. Over at the nest, nobody seems to be here. Is everything OK? Someone better watch here later today, I think. This group needs serious reorganization. First off, *Group Updates ♀1117. Last seen 7 May 1986, gone by 20 Sept (?) →D.A. 14 July ± 2 months ♀632. Returned! Here by ~15 March (don't really know when). 1455. ♂ in hole. No problem? Cindy watching, as am I. Both trying to confirm presence of ♂681. 19 April 1100. ♂1140 was released back into the group today. Hence, this bird (unfortunately of uncertain status) was gone from 16-19 April (3 days).

♀632, ♀1117 ♀632 Red-White / Red-White M 1 Red-White ♀1117 Red / LPink Orange / LPink The history here is a bit murky (see p. 2a); as far as I can tell, ♀632 was definitely here through October 198 Most likely, she disappeared late in the winter (e.g. ~March '86). In April 1986, ♀1117 appears to have moved in; this was consistent with ♂1140 (her son) being conspicuous at the nest at several of the watches. The ♀ was conspicuous at the nest in May; following this no one saw any ♀ here until I caught ♀632 here. Assuming the above is more or less correct, the status of the birds here now is questionable. ♂681 is a breeder. ♂1140, however, is the son of ♀632 and thus is (presumably) either still or once again a helper. The 1st yr ♂, however, may or may not be "breeders", depending on if ♀1117 was really their mother. (This includes ♂1222, ♂1225, and ♂1340.) 6 June I have now decided that, the evidence for ♀1117 having ever been here being so poor, and, given that it just doesn't make sense, I now believe that ♀1117 was misidentified, and that ♀632 was here all along.

1987 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes fomcivorus Lower Arnold 2 HNHR 9 January 945. Counted stores: Burned tree 1281 ? 1697. Back area: 416 These guys are doing very well. The burned tree has lots of new holes, and is quite full. 17 January Group update [illegible] j1235. NSAB. 28 January 12S. Watching. Cool, cloudy out. Zilch. ? There are birds and stores here. 24 March *Group update* Nothing today after all! 16 April 1500. Checked The hole, but nothing yet (I don't think; it's actually pretty deep and I couldn't quite reach the bottom). 23 May 1520. Opened new hole (2nd nest: 1st fell, see MTS notes): it has 4 incubated eggs. 6 June *Group update* ♀1b. Not seen since 17 May, when she fed at The nest. Gone by 18 Sept (Katy). ♀1b. Did not feed at the nest on 17 May '86; Katy just saw one near The nest. I will assume she was an intruder and that she never was a group member. ♀1207. Last seen 1 Oct '80 (Ambushed), gone by 15 Nov, →DA 22 Oct ± 3 wks. 31238. Ditto. 3 August ♀1208. Found dead, stuck in a hole, on 21 June (see MTS notes), had been dead for some time. Had been seen feeding on 30 May → Died ~ 3 June ± 1 wk. Apparently not replaced yet.

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1982 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Bianca HNHR 9 January 930. Counted stores: 276. Tree is not very full. There are no acorns over in the old area, however. 17 January Group update J 1231, 1233 → NSAB 28 January 1000. Watching with Janis, Lots of acorns still here. 1100. Nothing. Moved. Birds are up in the forest by Black Oak. A Garrick! Something up, maybe? ①♂ da/wn #1180. ②♀ LB / Red #1060. 1125. Birds keep flying off toward UA2.? Bird over in the old (fallen) granary, ♂ Red/Blue ? (?1232?). 1200. Birds moved; all cloudy and quiet. Leaving. Not sure what's happening here. 1300. Back up at The forest area in a blind. 1330. Back at The granary ③♂ Red-DB/DB-Red #1232. 1 March 1245. Up at The top of the field (by Black Oak) is ♂ Red-DB/DB-Red #1232. I only count 215 acorns in the granary here. 24 March *Group update* 97 1058, 1059. Last seen 27 July, gone by 29 Oct, → DA 11 Sept ± 1 month. 6 June

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Chongo HNHR 27 March 1230. Checked the low nest hole in the Blue Oak - it looks perfect, with nice dry wood chips on the bottom and everything. These birds, whoever they are, have lots of acorns remaining. 30 March Jane, censusing up here, actually saw some birds! These included a NOBAF, 8'1110, and 8'1265 (The latter an '86 baby not seen since banding). There are lots of acorns here, so it's nice that a group has finally surfaced. 6 April 830. No sign of anyone in any holes here, despite lots of acorns. Both holes in the granary look very nice. 12 April Watched roosting here and saw a bird, but I have no idea where he/she went! 24 April 1300. Bird in hole in old Buckeye hole across from Chongo! Could this be it? Bird flew back toward Chongo... 1500. Opened hole. Zilch! But in good shape. 30 April 1100. Bird in hole: 1 egg! Fresh, marked by me. Great! Xhow the only real problem: is this really Chongo's nest, or is it Buckeye's 2nd nest? 9 May 1100. Checked nest: 5 eggs. Bird in hole. When birds flush from here they fly off up the canyon, not over toward Buckeye. Hence I don't think they're Buckeye birds. But it's still not clear that they're Chongo birds either... 24 May Bad news - it isn't their nest after all. Instead, Chongo had a nest elsewhere and was already fledged young. 13 June *Group Update*

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes fomiticivorus Chongo (13 June) #1265. Possibly here all along; became a breeder When #872 was replaced by #899 in March 1987 He also may have left and then returned when he could inherit. 1900. After finding a hole in a dead live oak that had 4+ birds in it last evening about roosting time, I returned planning an ambush, only to be foiled by the existence of a nest - presumably their 2nd (they still have lots of acorns here). It had 4 babies ~5 days old + 1 unhatched egg, small but developed (possibly died pipping). Thus, the apparent clutch size for the 2nd nest here is 5. Now watching roosting. #2000. At least 3 fledglings here for sure; may be roosting in a tree up above the granary. 18 June 1215. Watching nest; set up for ambush. 1315. Got an ub ♀! Now #1606. Bird is molting! 1330. Leaving. 1 a day is probably a good pace. 19 June 1600. Back for a 2nd round. 1700. Giving up for now. (ub ♀ came, but I missed here) 1315. Back again. 1400. Got her! Now #1607. Put back in the hole.... 22 June 1130. Babies still here and alive and screaming! 26 June 1400. Banded the 2 remaining babies here; not very old yet! Now #1617-1618. This Live Oak where the nest is is an ant tree, by the way. Not a particularly bad one, but one nonetheless.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Backeye HNHR 12 March *Group Update* 91351. Last seen [illegible] '87, [illegible] seen reported seen by Connie on 10 Nov but her notes suggest she actually saw 81395 instead. Before that, this bird was last seen By [illegible], [illegible] on 5 July 1987 (not sure by whom). First not seen by Maria Farrara on 30 Aug.'87 →D.A. 2 Aug. ± 1 month. 5663. Back again! Seen by Connie on 7 March '88! 13 June *Group Update* 81397. Moved to Buckeye Annex. Was seen here by Connie on 7 March, had a nest at Buck Annex by 24 April (note that he budded off and returned to Buckeye off and on all spring.) So→Moved about 1 April ± 2 weeks. 88|398 1399. Both last seen 6 Jan 1988, gone by 7 March →D.A. 6 Feb. ± 1 month. 5663. We will assume he's a breeder! 23 July 81397. Returned home as a helper following his own nest failure about 1 June. 88|398,1399. Returned home between 13 June and 10 July → Returned 27 June ± 2 wks.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Buckeye Annex HNHR 24 May For prior nesting record of this new group, which has annexed the northern section of Buckeye, see Chango. It turns out that it is a new group composed of a Buckeye ♂ and an unbanded ♀, previously seen over at Buckeye. In any case, they now have babies and (at 1540) I'm set up to try and catch the ♀ at the nest. 25 May 1105. Up here trying again for the ♀. 1125. ♂B1K/Or-L6 #1397? came to hole, didn't feed. 1230. Got her! Now #1572. I guess; it certainly doesn't fit anyone else! 13 June Group Update* ♂1397. Founded group (with ♂6 ♀ now ♀1572) about 1 April. Both birds may still be here, although following the failure of the nest here ♂1397 started feeding at Buckeye. 23 July *Group Update* ♂1397 left (returned home) about 1 June.

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1988 Welter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Plague HNTIR 18 January *Group update* δ1404. Last seen (Starback) on 28 August '87, gone by 22 Oct '87 (Connie) → Disappeared abt 25 Sept ± 1 Month. 9 April 710. Watching with the ambusher set up, trying to catch δ521 or δ721. 807. δ1442 went in, finally. 940. Still in. I have to go for now and try again later. 1330. Back watching. Bird was in the hole. Net up in Plague tree also. 1530. Giving up. Put up a tennis-ball ambush (very inconspicuous) and left. 10 April 1000. Back again to try. (or "back to try again", as the case may be). 1020. δ left; δ973 went in. Just a matter of time.. 1125. Too hot here in sun. Will try again (yet again) later. 1600. And again, I'm back. 1700. Got δ521! Weight 91gm! He's mine. 13 April 1700. Let him go! Bird in hole: 5 eggs (I marked the 5th). Everything looks fine; now watching. (Bird with green dots on his forehead.) Seen incubating: δ973; δ721; δ1441 [δDB/δ1k-wnt]; δ1403(sure) 11955. Someone zipped right in, apparently for the night. No sign of δ521 at The nest this evening. 14 April 538. I get to begin the Marathon watches here on this rainy (!) morning, going until 900. 830. The helper δδ (1403, 1441, 1442) sure seen to be doing a

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1988 WalteD Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Plague HNHR (14 April) relatively large proportion of incubation here! Also, I've seen no sign at all of 81443, who's probably gone. * → Judy reports 8521 having been in the hole for ~5 min later today! Otherwise, people have seen him, but not go in, the hole. 15 April (200. My turn to watch. Again, people report having seen him go to, but not in, The hole. 1226. 8521 came, stuck his head in several times; left 4% enter- 1315. Checked hole: still 5 eggs. Measured #5: 25.0 × 18.8 mm. 1424. Same as at 1226. 16 April 910. Back again. 8512 still wasn't gone in again except for the one time on 14 April. * → 1043-1046. 8521 came, entered, spent most of the 3 minutes he was inside poking his head in and out. 8521 did not look out during this time, she was presumably on the eggs. 8521 then left at 1046. 17 April 1215. Well, bad news. Yesterday afternoon 8521 started going into the nest, and eventually tossed 2 eggs. Watches were continued this morning, by which time the babies had hatched. 8521 was seen going in, I think, by Jane K., but nothing of interest was noted. Just now Judy finished her watch and I checked the nest, finding 2 babies and no eggs. So what happened to the 5th egg? In any case, it appears to be a repeat of last year: 8521 again tossed 2 eggs right at hatching — then but did not destroy the nest (although the disappearance of the 5th baby/egg does raise the possibility that he still might do so).

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1988 (Walter) Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Plague (17 April) My guess is that he probably did toss a 3rd egg, but who knows? Unfortunately we don't know exactly when the eggs hatched, which might help. At least there is some nest remaining, and Staubek will check it again later today. 24 May Note that there appears to be no sign of 8721B, and in fact there hasn't been [illegible] for quite some time. So may have 8521 tossed eggs even though he was the only breeding 8 in the group! Oops - maybe not. I have my field list marked as having seen him on (13 April). Guess I'll have to look and go through everyone's records. 13 June *Group Update* 8721. last seen for sure on 1 Feb., not seen by Connie on 29 Feb. There is some possibility this bird was still here in April, as I thought I saw him (with no supporting evidence) on the 13th, and Jane reported seeing him on the 17th. But he was, in fact, conspicuously scarce during our vigil here. I assumed he was here because things went fine after I removed 8521 (including roosting). But in fact I don't think he was! Until we hear something definitive from Jane, I will have him disappear in Feb -> 15 Feb ± 2 wks. Note that this would mean there was only 1 breeding 8 (521) here for my "control"! 91493. Last seen 16 Jan, gone by 1 Feb -> D.A., 24 Jan ± 1 wk.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Y HNHR 16 January *Group update* ♂1428. Found dead (very fresh) by Jim Griffin on 26 Dec.'87 town by The Pump (!) No obvious cause of death; bar weather was stormy, however. ♀1350. Has moved to Knol Set group. ☐ Has been seen there regularly by Connie and also seen there by Stanback as early as 18 Sept. The group only formed here about 2 August, so we'll just have ♀1350 be one of the founders. 12 March *Group update* ♀1450. Banded 19 Nov.87, last seen by Connie 23 Nov.'87, First not seen 3 Dec.'87 → D.A. 28 Nov.'87.

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1988 Welter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Knell Set HNHR 16 January *Group update* This group assumed to have been founded ~2 Aug. '87. $1350 made one of the founders. 28 January 2000. Ambushing at the Gate Field ravine hole (opened Y nest-hole on side of School Hill) we caught 6 birds This evening, including $1303, $1301, $1350, one of the other bandet $$$, and 2 unbanded $$$, now $1460 & 1461. That should pretty well take care of the group, I would hope! 30 January *Group update* Add the 2 ub $$$, now #1460 and 1461. We will assume that they have also been here since August (as ub), but it's entirely possible that they got added later on (although at least one was there in November). 12 March Connie says, maybe an ub $ here!? 20 April 1030. Opened new hole in Sycamore: in good shape, but empty. 1 May 1030. Bird in hole (?) in dead trunk? 1145. Oui! 9 eggs! (The one I marked #9 has a small dent in it; all are fresh.) 5 May 1530. Well! Something neat happened here but we don't know what. It seemed strange that I wouldn't see a bird in the hole here when I'd pass. I finally checked it and there are only 4 eggs left, cold and, presumably, abandoned. (The dented #9 was not one of them.) 9 May $1461 up on School Hill; see School Hill notes. 13 June *Group Update* $1444. Last seen @ [illegible] by Connie on 11 Nov. '87, [illegible].

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Pump HNHR 16 January *Group update* Birds have been here since at least 29 Sept (MTS). I'll have the group founded on 0 Sept. ± 1 month. There are at least 3 birds, 286 and 17, all unbanded, and very possibly a 2nd ub ♀ also. 12 March *Group Update* 55289. Now appears that only a pair remains here. This bird last seen 6 Feb., gone by 23 Feb. → DA 15 Feb ± 1 wk. 13 June No evidence of birds here for some time (since late April anyway). Probably defunct. 23 July Birds here abandoned ~1 April ± 2 wks. No sign of a group here now.

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes fomcicivorus Refute ! HNHR 12 March *Group update* No sign of birds here, and there hasn't been any for some time. Both Abandoned ~ 31 Oct ± 2 months. 1 May There is a nest in The Central Canyon which may be refute !, or Pump, or a new group altogether! 13 June Well, the group is new (Central Canyon) but I'm going to assume that it consists of the 2 birds we'd assumed were "Refute !" birds!

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus 1500 HNHR 16 January *Group Update* ♀1329 is back! Seen here beginning on 11.15.87 (Gonnie). Apparently not there 17 Sept (MTS), although Cindy saw this bird visiting here on 29 March '87 and we had few census in between, so she may have been here earlier. → Returned 16 Oct ± 1 month. 6 April 900. Checked the main hole: empty. No sign of birds in any other holes either. 7 April 710. Watching hole from blind. None inside. 730. Someone is giving an occasional Garnick from the 2° granary. 740. ♂ Yel-Gm #297 now karit-ing in 2° granary. 744. Now he's Garnicking softly. Why? 748. Still (gently) garnicking; he even drilled briefly once! 752. ♂ M / ♀1329. 756. ♂ just flew to other side of road. Going to check; nothing happening here. 800. Found it! It's right above the road, in a very rotten limb. 1030. Climbed to the hole, which is about 2' deep. I cut the entire top off to see what was in it: nothing yet. But what a hole! It's tempting to knock the whole thing down. 13 June *Group Update* ♀1274. Last seen 10 Feb, gone by 3 March → DA 24 Feb ± 2 wks

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1988 Walter D. Keenig Melanerpes fomcicivorus 1800 HNHR 6 April 915. Noone in any holes here. 12 April 1450. 9 in traditional nest hole. 13 June *Group update* 81438. # last seen 4 March, gone by the nesting attempt on or about 25 April (when they hatched). → D.A 30 March ± 2 wks. 91456. Caught and banded on 22 Jan. but never seen again; gone by 29 Jan. → D.A. 25 Jan.

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1988 Walford Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Horsetail HNHR 30 March There is a group here, apparently an unbanded pair. They even have at least a few acorns stored up in the granary. Tonight we ambushed at a new hole in the (artificial) granary which has been under construction at least the last several days and caught an NBA 3, now 31469. Given the presence of an ub pair here last fall, I guess we have to assume these to be the same birds, and that they've been around - maintaining a low profile - all winter. My own guess is that these are the 2 ub birds Connie kept seeing down by the gate, assuming they were Gate birds.

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1988 Walter D Koening Melanerpes formicivorus Hay-Blom HNHR 16 January *Group update* 81084. Last seen 27 May '87 by Cindy, gone by 11 November. Mark possibly saw this bird on 1 Oct. So, we'll have him Dig. abt 20 Oct ± 3 wks. 8 February *Group update* 81084. Still there after all! 23 July Missed the nest here; adding 2 ub jurs (but they may have more).

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes fomcicivarus Lower Haystack HNHR 7 April 1315. 4 eggs in hole, Ambush set up at (alternate) roost hole. (These birds are due to hatch the 14th) 8 April 600. Much to my chagrin, an ambush at a new hole over above the forest netted 2 birds: ♀1266 and the helper ♂1427! Unless someone else emerges, this means I'll have to come back and ambush at the nest to try and get a ♂. 820. In blind, with an ambusher set up at The hole (still 4 eggs) 1100. Nobody came! These birds are wary, apparently. I moved the ambusher to the other side of the hole (where it's less obvious) but left it set up. Hopefully I'll get a chance to try again later today. 1600. Back up to try again. 1645. The birds are around - what's wrong with them? I finally moved the blind further up the hill. But this doesn't make sense... 1720. ♂81km#1046 up in the tree (not the nest tree). 1740. Still 4 (cold) eggs in the hole. I took the ambusher down and gave up. 9 April 1600. None in hole? Amazingly enough, I think it's possible they've abandoned the nest. Wierd - I didn't do that much here. Now watching. 1700. Wrong! ♂ in hole. Trades off with a ♀; I went up and set a tennis ball ambush. 1815. Still zilch. ♂m/wr-#1146 in upper tree. 10 April 500. Finally! I ambushed at the nest after 2 birds went in last night. Climbing up in The dark, I took the one up by The entrance, who turned out to be ♂1155, and left the one

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1988 Weller D Foering Melanerpes formicivorus Lower Haystack HNHR (10 April) Who was on the eggs (ID unknown). I then kept the plug in for 10 minutes before pulling it. At that point the 2nd bird flew out immediately, but it was still dark so I retreated before anyone noticed me. So-I now have 81155 (wt 78g) who I'll hold on to at least until tomorrow afternoon. Furthermore, unless the 2nd bird was so freaked out by his "near miss" that he won't go back, there should be no problem with the remaining birds. 11 April 1830. Let 81155 go: I had him for 37.5 hrs. Hopefully things are OK up here, but: there was noone in the hole and there are only 3 eggs left in the nest! (Note, however, that I last checked The eggs on 8 April, so there's been plenty of time, even before I ccaught the bird, for something to happen. (Maybe I broke one when some DAP fell down the hole?) 1900. Someone roosted in The nest! We're all set! 12 April 600. Beginning our 3-day Marathon watch. 612. 8 left; 81266 took over. 635. 81146 enters. 740. Checked nest: 3 eggs. * 918. ! 81155 came with little ceremony and spent 8 minutes in the nest, being relieved by 81146. He did not toss an egg. This one could be easy. 945. Checked nest: everything's just fine. For the rest of the day: Jane R. didn't see 81155; Jane K. saw him but he didn't go in the hole, and Judy saw him

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Lower Haastack HUNTER (12 April) enter the hole once for ~30 seconds. Thus, we have 2 visits by him today. Looks good! We may even be able to quit continuous watching after tomorrow. 13 April *-> 620. Starting the day's watches. It's foggy out! 621. 8(1155 in hole - looking out!. He looks out for ~4 min and then leaves (nothing in bill) at 625. 643. 81266, 81146 also incubating. 743. 81427 in tree. 750. Wow. It's really raining out there. 915. Morgan taking over. Checked nest: 3 eggs. 15 April The bird (8(1155) was going in regularly yesterday; see Judy's watches for details. Judy also says she saw him go in once on the evening of the 13th. 23 July *Group Update* 81427. Fed some here, but now at Blentwo. Probably moved ~11 June during a power struggle there.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Central Canyon HNHR 1 May This group was discovered a week or so ago when Mark and Shorty saw a bird going in a hole in the dead Valley Oak up the Central Canyon. Sure enough, they had babies (3), about 12 days old today. Other important features: The birds are unbanded, hence not laguna, and they have some acorns stored in the bank of the tree, hence they've been there all winter (!) In any case, this evening I went and caught a ♀ at the nest, so now someone here, at least, is banded. Watching a bit, they (2 only) seem to fly up over to the Hastings side of Blonkoll, hence they don't appear to be Refule 1 birds either. Amazing! 7 May Tried to catch the ♂ for about an hour this afternoon, but only the ♀ I caught on the 1st fed. However, she'd fly off a couple of times to the 2nd canyon, so it's possible that these may be birds we originally (= last fall) called Refule 1 birds after all. 8 May 1030. Set up to try for the ♂ again. 1230. The ♂ (I think only 1) came several times, but the birds don't tend to go in anymore, or they stay only a very short time. I'll try ambushing in the morning. 9 May 500. Got him! He's now ♂1523. I also banded the babies as #1524-1526, and then put them all back in the hole (blocking it up for 5 min) before releasing The ♂. Most likely, this is everyone in this group (it's just a pair). 13 June *Group update* I'm going to assume that the putative "Refule 1" birds were this

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus 2 Central Canyon HNHR (13 June) group all winter (They have some stores and must have been here!)

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1988 Walfor D Keenig Melanerpes farnicivorus Blomone HNHR 16 January *Group update* According to Mark's notes (27 sept.'87) we probably missed a late nest here (seems odd and unlikely, but it does explain the unbandd bird[s] here).. In any case, the ub ♀ that is now here (#5291) will be assumed to have originated in this way. There may also be an ub ♂ here too.. 26 January 800. 2 ambushes here last night and this morning netted 6 birds (!); in the low, opened hole toward Far Knoll we got 2 ub ♀♀ (1 1st yr, 1 adult I think) and ♂1063 (?) from Dark Hollow, and here in the granary 1 ub ♀, ♂1167 and ♀1325. Wow. 30 January *Group Update* (on the heels of The 26 Jan. ambushes) ①♂1063. Formerly of Dark Hollow, left there in March or April 1987. Wait! Here's my hypothesis: There are 2 groups here. One, ♂ consisting of ♂1167, ♀1325, and the juv. ♀ (now 1459) is Blomone (these are the birds caught in the granary). However! I don't think we missed a nest here. The second, which we will call Laguna, formed during the power struggle on 24 Sept., consists of ♂1063 and 2 ♀♀, now #1457 and 1458. Now-about that juv. ♀ at Blomone. Mark saw There was a nest abandoned here on 25 June. On 27 June Mark saw an extra bird here. On 3 July he saw a juv. on Blomone Knoll. On 17 Aug. he saw a 3rd bird, "chased a little." On 31 Aug. he sees a NOBA juv. here, heading toward OK Corral. Finally a power struggle on 24 Sept.; lots of ub birds. On 27 Sept. Birds

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes famicicirous Blomone (30 January) seen with an ub jw. who was molting. It sounds to me like this baby came and joined them; I don't know how we could have missed her otherwise unless we missed an early nest here (April?). Seems unlikely. On the other hand, I don't quite know why they'd accept a strange jw. Maybe she's from 1800? (and thus related to 91325?). 25 April 930. Cleared out several Starling nests here. Also, some indication that these birds have the laguna area again. See laguna notes. 13 June *Group Update* With 8 eggs in a nest here, we will let 91459 be a Greeder. By the way, our current best guess is that 91459 is a sibling of 91325, both from 1800; presumably from the nest we missed.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Laguna Concejo HNHR 30 January Just decided that there's a new group here in proximity to Blomone, based on the 25-26 Jan. ambush (see Blomone notes). This group consists of B1063 and 2 ♀♀ (now 1457 and 1458), and I presume it formed during The 24 Sept. 1987 power struggle (maybe this caused the cower struggle?). 25 April 9:30. 2 birds up at Far Knoll (along with a Lewis Woodpecker!) flew back to Blomone when flushed. Does this mean this group is defunct? No nest found yet... and it sounded as though the birds were greeted when they arrived... 24 May Mark found the nest here-they moved over by the road and have it in the Blue Oak, very close to Blomone's nest and gravany.

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1988 Welford Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blontwo HNHR 27 January 730. A morning ambush in the high hole here (unopened) yielded only 8'1054. He went off and greeted one other bird when I released him; I think there are only 2 birds here. 1 May 1045. 2 birds in hole! Could be the nest. (Hole is higher one in the non-granary Valley Oak toward the Pond from the granary). 12 May 1630. Bird in hole again, finally. 14 May Opened the hole: zero. 16 July 620. At least 3 birds in the granary here. Maybe from some other group? 23 July *Group update* New 8 (8'427) here as of 11 June power struggle!

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blonthree HNHR 16 January *Group update* 81262. Last seen 22 Sept (Mark), gone by 21 Oct. (Connie). -> DA. 8 Oct ± 2 wks. ♀1119. Won the 26 Aug. power struggle, but then seems to have been gone already by 10 Oct. (Mark's notes) DA -> 18 Sept. ± 3 wks. She's been replaced by an unb. ♀. 2 February 2000. An ambush tonight in the large Blue Oak near the path ½-way to Blontwo yielded 2♂(!): 8989 and his father (not seen for well over a year), 8769. But still no ♀! 11 March 2000. Another ambush in one of the trees between the above Blue Oak and the granary netted the same 2 birds: 8769 and 8989! Piss me off! 12 March *Group update* 8769. Returned. Caught 2 Feb and 11 March; Connie saw 3 birds (2♂) as early as 21 Oct '87! ☺☺☺ Better yet: Stanback saw a bird, almost certainly this ♂, on 26 Aug '87! Hence, we'll have this bird return ~ 1 Aug. 1987. It seems unlikely he was here much earlier. 25 April 1500. Opened the new hole in the Bend tree ( ) near the granary: nothing yet, but it's in good shape. 29 April 1020. Birds still working on the hole, which is still empty. 1 May 1100. Bird in hole, but still no eggs. 4 May 1830. Still empty, but they're still working on it! 8 May 1300. Still empty! Hope they aren't pulling a fast one on us! 10 May Watched roosting tonight. I have no idea where they went, but there were definitely still 3 birds, and they all went together, wherever it was!

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Blountree HNEUR 12 May 1640. Still zilch in the hole. 18 May 1045. Finally! Bird in hole! 4 eggs, fresh! I'd seen 2 birds roost here last night, so I could probably nab a ♂ on the nest here. 19 May 1900. Still 4 eggs. 1940. I think only 1 bird roosted in the nest, but a 2nd was quite interested and entered several times before flying off. 20 May 530. Both ♂♀ were in the hole; ♂769 down on the eggs and ♀989 up off them. I took them both back to bleed, then returned ♀989 to the hole where I plugged him in for 10 minutes before I opened it and left. ♂769 is now temporarily removed. Both ♂♀ had nice brood patches. (Bird released) 22 May Mark S. checked the nest (4 eggs) and released ♂769 at 1500 after marking his head with red dots (He was held for 2 nights & a total of 58 hrs). 23 May Checked the nest at 1800 - still 4 eggs, and a bird in the hole, so all looks OK. 24 May Started continuous watching at 730 with Jane Kidd. I'm now here 1030-1330. So far no sign of ♂769 at nest. 1115. ♀989 here to incubate. 1157. Left. 1211. ♀NOBA enters. 1212. ♂989 comes, ♀NOBA leaves, ♂ enters. 1309. ♂ leaves. 1320. ♂989 enters. 1332. Jane K. back to take over. Well, there ended up being some interesting action this evening during Judy's watch (see her notes for details). ♂769 came on twice, entering the hole for several minutes both times. The first time nothing odd happened, but the

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes fomcicivorus Blondtiree HNHR (24 May) second time he ended up whizzing out of the hole-possibly with something (he was not seen well) apparently chased by the ♀! Later he came again but was kept from the hole by the ♀, suggesting the possibility that he'd been bad. So, tomorrow I'll check, but in any case it's of interest to note 1) how active 8989 is, with 8769 "out of the picture", and 2) how disruptive of the social fabric of the group pulling 8769 out for only 2 days has been. 25 May Again a day of complete watches, starting ~5. 915. Checked the hole: still 4 eggs! 26 May 1140. Still 4 eggs and bird incubating. Halilula! 27 May 930. Still 4 eggs, not hatched yet. 2 June Mark's findings while I was gone: 28 May 830. Bird in hole. No sounds from nest. 30 May 900. Checked hole. 1 egg missing. Remaining 3 cold, bent in one of them. Also 3 tail feathers in hole.! 12 July 1120. Checked new nest (set up blind): only 1 baby left. (banded Blue). 13 July 700. Waiting with ambush set up for ♀. (Baby is still there.) 755. ① 8989 fed (acorn bits). 845. ♀ in vicinity; no sign of 8769 so far, however. 900. Guess I have to quit for now. 15 July 1830. Trying again; baby is still alive. 1846. 8989 fed. 16 July 630. Back again for more. 710. 8989 and FNOBA in granary. 830. Finally checked nest: The baby was, as feared, dead. Leaving. No sign of 8769!!

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Prairie Home Field H NHR 23 April Found a hole in a big Nelly Oak fairly far up the draw with youngish babies. Hole needs to be opened, but can be climbed to pretty easily. 1 May 1345. Opened the nest (Which is an ant tree, but not a bad one), finding 4 babies, at least 20-22 days old - they're ready to band! 4 May 1700. Banded the 4 babies, who are well over 20 days old, big and healthy! (#1505-1508). These birds have lots of stored acorns remaining, by the way. 12 June 1030. Walked up here for the 1st time since May finding a bird in the hole along with 3 hatchlings and 2 opaque, unhatched eegs. So, hatching date is today, clutch size was 5, and the FED was ~29 May. They should be banded on or about 3 July.

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus CVGrande HNHR 16 January *Group update* 13 Sept. 8943. Not seen since [illegible] (Stamback), gone by 11 Oct. (MTS) → DA. 28 Sept ± 2 wks j1431. Last seen 7 July, gone by 24 August (MTS). →DA 31 July ± 3 wks. j1432, 1434. Both last seen 7 Aug (by Philip?). Gone by 24 August → DA 15 Aug ± 1 wks. 12 March δ1285, last seen 14 Dec.'87, gone by 16 Jan. → DA 31 Dec ± 2 wks δ♀1433. Same. (1433) 13 June *Group update* ♀ δ1433. Reincarnate: this bird is here. ♀1284. Last seen 20 Feb., gone by the 1st nest here at about 9 April. → DA. 17 March ± 3 weeks.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Murf HNHR 12 March *Camp Update* Connie reports a 2nd ♀ here, but not sure who she is or what's up. Well, we're pretty sure it's ♀1143, ♀1144's sister. She was first seen there by Connie on 10 Dec., and was seen on 11 March '88. She was not seen by Connie on 9 Oct or 18 Nov. → Moved here 29 Nov ± 2 wks. 5 April 1500. With 8 eggs, I'm trying to catch a ♀ here for a temporary removal. Ambusher is set up and I'm watching from the blind. 1630. Caught ♂967! Taking him home. 1900. Well, several ♂♂ came to the hole at dusk, and I even went in, but it would appear as though nobody stayed there. Hence, the nest goes empty tonight. I think this means that I will hold ♂967 1 more day - hopefully long enough for everyone here to realize he's gone, but with luck not so long that the nest fails - and let him go on in the afternoon of 7 April. 6 April 1245. None in the hole, but I climbed it and all 8 eggs are fine. They seemed warm, though not "freshly" warm as though someone had been in the hole up to a few minutes earlier. One of the 8 eggs is infertile, but the other 7 are opaque. Jane will watch roosting here tonight; the experiment continues as per the above plans. (♂967 is fine). 1450. Bird in hole! Birds are still incubating.

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1988 WelterD Koering 2 Melanerpes formicivorus Myrf HNHR (6 April) Good news! Jane reports that a bird spent the night in the nest this evening, after 2 birds (The remaining 38?) traded off several times. Thus, The nest is still going (the birds will compensate for the missing 8) and they (the birds) presumably have figured out that 8967 is gone. This sets us up nicely for his release tomorrow. 3 April 1600. Let 8967 go with red dots on his forehead and a green left wing patch! He was thus removed almost exactly 2 days. 1605. Bird in hole. Going to check it. 1610. Still 8 eggs. 8967 back in the area, karitining. Watching. 1620. Several birds in The area now. 1629. 8966 enters hole. 1900. Very little to-do over roosting - a 3 (not 8967) came, entered, and that was it. Query: why have I still not seen a 3 come to the nest? 8 April Jane watched ~530-900, followed by Judy 900-1200. Neither appear to have seen 8967 come to the nest. 1215. I'm now here until 1500. 1300. 81338 came and took over from 8966. 1415. Still these 2 38 trading off; no 88 at all. 1450. Going to check the nest. Jane R. watching from 1500 to 1800. 1500. Babies are hatching: 2 hatchlings, 6 eggs in nest. No sign of 8967 by evening.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus 3 Nurf HNHR 9 April Judy did the early watch. It's now 920 and I'm watching until 1200. 1008. Both ♀♀ finally came: ♀ BIK-WN/DK#1144 and a 2nd, presumably ♀1143. 1115. I'm not so sure: she looks ♀ ca-da/M? to me. Is this ♀1143 or someone else? I think it's someone else. * 1125. 8967 was here, a few branches away from the hole. 1130. ♀ wn/ : I Think she may be ♀ ca-da/(missing?) This is definitely not ♀1143, [Yes] 1200, Jane taking over, then Judy again to dusk. 1211. This time she looked ♀ ca-da/M. 10 April 1215. Taking over from Morgan. Nothing has happened yet, apparently. 1300. The mystery ♀ is missing a band on her left leg: ♀ ca-da . She also definitely has a M band on her right leg (but I'm not sure where or with what 3rd band). I'm going to "switch" ♀911 for ♀1143, who apparently was never here. Are 911 and 1144 unrelated? Apparently yes. 1445. This time I got it for sure: ♀ ca-da/M#911 1500. Jane K. doing the final watch. Mark is presumably coming over to weigh the babies. The mystery bird is almost certainly ♀911, a 1983 nestling from Blomtreee. Very strange! 12 April Mark reports having seen 8967 feeding at the nest! Whoopee! 26 May 1510. Set up at the 2nd nest, which I've just checked and where there are 8 eggs, to catch one of the ♀♀. 1730. I give up. ! Just as I said that, ♂1338 went in, so I guess I'll leave it and set an ambush at nesthole #1.

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1988 Welter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Murf HNEB 27 May 715. Back watching hole, with ambush set. ♂ in hole now. 812. 8966 came. 915. Giving up for now. So far only 8966 and ♂1338 have incubated. 1345. Back again. ♀ in hole. What the hell - here goes. 1400. Got her! Checked the nest: 8 eggs, 4 of which are big and long and 4 short and squat. When Steinback checked it earlier it was 3/3 - and the last 2 laid (not marked) were 1/1. Hence it would appear highly likely that the mix here is even between the ♀♀ at 4 eggs apiece. Now - speaking of the ♀, who I bled, etc, and stuck in the cage. She turns out to be 9648. 9648 is one of 3 ♀♀ that moved together to Blomone in spring 1981 (with 9649, 9650). Later 2 of these birds sort of wandered off, leaving one that Susan eventually shot (9649) for an experimental removal. In any case, 9650 was seen at Prairie Home Field in spring 1985 - the same year that 91144, the other ♀ here at Murf - was born. Hence it is likely that 9648 was at Murf that year also, and both (or rather all 3) were probably sisters from PHF. If this is true, then 9648 is presumably an older sibling of 91144, and I mean much older, since 9648 could not have been born later than 1980, and hence is at least 5 years older than 91144! Wow! She's now free, at least until Sunday.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Murf HNHR 28 May 830. Bird died overnight for no obvious reason. Damn. Experiment is obviously off. 15 June *Group update* ♀1143. Never here. ♀CAB [illegible]. Moved here 29 Nov. 1987, died (removed) 27 May 1988

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Mill HNHR 15 June *Group update* Only 1♂ here now. Second ub ♂ (5271) now gone. last seen 26 August 1987, gone by Oct. 9 (although Connie never really did a thorough watch). →DA 17 Sept. ±1m.

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formivorus CV#2 HNHR 12 March *Group update* jl439. last seen 14 Oct '87, gone by 14 Jan; ->DA 29 Nov. 1987 ± 1 month. 15 June 881372 and 81375. Both here 10 March, gone by 25 April ( more or less - Judy's watches). -> D.A. 3 April ± 3 wks 23 July *Group update* Lots of confusion here with another case of budding-> 81373 found CV annex. See Mark's notes for details. We missed a nest here. 881372 and 1375 are the 8♂ here at CV2. 81373 is up at CV annex with 2 ub 8♀ (founded about 1 Apr.)

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Dark Hollow HWH 16 January *Group update* $1062. Last seen 19 May (Katy?), gone by 3 November (Connie) -> DA 11 Aug ± 2 months. 1 March $1307. Has moved to group "Laguna." Was seen here as early as 26 Oct. 1987. Probably founded the group with everybody else on ~24 Sept. 6 April 1440. None in any holes that I could see.

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1988 Walter D. Pöenig Melanerpes formicivorus Westgate HNHRE 9 May 1700. Watching. Still no clue as to a nest here. But they definitely have stores. 1720. 5 birds here! ⚪♂️♀️♀️♀️♀️ #1312. 1750. ⚪♂️♂️♀️/Bik-w/n(n) #1106, came and fed in a hole in the sycamore. They apparently have young babies. The hole is not going to be easy! 10 May 1000. Climbed the hole (!) and opened the nest: There were & babies, eyes not quite open but fat - about 7-8 days old, I'd guess. However, 1 of them - one of the biggest ones, too- was dead, for no obvious reason as far as I could tell. Thus, there are 5 babies here, ready to be banded about 24 May. 13 May 830. Set ambush at nest; trying to catch an ub bird. 25 May 500. Successfully ambushed at the high, non-nest hole, nabbing ⚪1106, ⚪1313, and an ub ♀️, now ♀️1571. This presumably means that ⚪1312 was on the nest, and could mean that there's only 1 ♀️ here. At least now we can watch and find out! 26 May 1845. Banded and bled the 5 babies here, who are big and bright and cute as buttons! 3 July 1015. Climbed the same nest hole, where they have 6 normal and 1 runt egg, for a total set of 7. 28 July 1030. Banded the 3 babies here as #1662-64. There are acorns remaining as well here.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Gate HNHR 19 January Ambushed the lower dead limb in the sycamore this evening, nabbing an unbanded ♂ and ♀ (now #1453 and 1452, respectively). They were released early on 20 January. 6 April 1000. Opened a new hole they're building just up above the Sterling hole in the Sycamore. Not quite done with it yet. 20 April 930. 2 eggs, fresh, up in the high hole in the sycamore. 28 April 1130. 4 eggs. 15 June *Group Update* Neither of the ub birds (5278 or 5280) are here any more; in fact, I think they never were here at all - instead, these extra birds were probably Horsetail birds. So I'm deleting them altogether.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Pipeline HNHR 16 January *Group update* Sub (5276). Here on 7 Oct, gone by 26 Oct (Bonnie) → DA 16 Oct ± 1wk. (1987). 14 April 1200. Opened new hole lowish in the granary: 5 fresh eggs, marked.

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Warp 5 26 March 730. Ambushed this morning at the Black Oak, catching 2 birds, both ♀♀ and both unbandeD, who are now #1467-68. One, after I let her go and while I was up in The Tree waiting for the other, flew all the way over to a tree on the other side of Martin Road, on the side of School Hill, where she appeared to meet a 3rd bird. In any case, there is a group here! And they don't seem to be directly related to Wolfpack. Jane saw an u6♂ in the granary area while I was waiting for the 2nd ♀. 25 April 1430. Looked around for a nest here, but saw none in any holes. I think there's still a group here, but I'm not sure. 11 May 1000. Watching from blind. There are birds and at least a few stores here. 1010. No problem! ♀ looking out of the ambush hole in The Black oak. Looks like they're incubating over there. 3 June 430. Ambushed at the nest, where there are 20 day-old babies, catching only a ♀! Could be a first! Furthermore, she had begun her molt! 15 June *Group Update* This group was probably founded in August 1987, when Mark heard birds here. We'll assume there are 3 here (2♀♀ and 1♂), even though we don't really know what up with the 8(8).

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melamerpes formicivorus Wolfpack HNHR 16 January *Group update* Add an unbanded ♀ here who presumably moved here on 7 Oct with ♂(333) following the death of The breeding ♀. 12 March 81247. Last seen 23 Aug., gone by 6 Oct. →DA 17 Sept±3w. 14 April 1200. 6 eggs here, fresh (Mark opened new hole) 15 June *Group Update* 8995. Last seen 13 Jan, gone by 19 Feb. →D.A. 30 Jan ± 2wks (see Connie's notes)

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1988 Walther D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Road 1 HNHR 15 January 730. After a good rain last night most of our ambushes didn't work, but we did catch 1 ub 8", now #1452, up in the low hole high in the forest back behind (& above) The Black Oak nest tree (where birds also roosted). *Group update* Two new ub 9" and 2 ub 8" (1 now 81452), somewhere between now definitely here - did we miss a nest? I guess so (81452 certainly could have been a 1st yr bird). I will assume they all emerged (fledged) on 1 Oct. 1987? Well, Mark saw ub birds here in August, and there was some serious confusion here near the end of August. It looks like that a late spring nest (~15 July, say) was missed (see his 18 Aug notes) but it doesn't really seem like all were babies; in fact, there is no Breeder 8" here! So, we'll have to make up a compromise: 2 babies, now both 9", plus 2 new males, moved here ~15 Aug. 30 January 1500. Caught 8" 1452 again in the same hole (after opening it - he wouldn't come out this time). I didn't do anything to him except replace the M band, which was the wrong size. Upon release, he flew down to Road Warrior - perhaps he belongs there and not R1? 1 March *Group Update* 81452. Not a R1 bird. A San Sebastian bird. 4 March Ambush new holes in Sycamore and in a Valley Oak on the flats. Caught an ub 9" (now 1464) in the latter, 8804 and an ub 8" (now 1465) in the former.

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1988 Welter D Coenig 2 Melanerpes formicivorus Road J HNHR 12 March *Group update* ♀996. Last seen 3 Dec., gone by 13 Jan '88 -> DA 22 Dec.±2w 27 March 200V. A night ambush at the "new" hole at Finches old Sequoia nest tree yielded 1 bird: ♀1464. She managed to get her head caught between the hole and the ambusher (only the 2nd time I can remember that happening) but she was fine anyway. We let her go early on the 28th 15 June *Group update* ♀1248. Last seen 19 Feb, gone by 4 March (Connie) -> D.A 26 Feb. ±1 wk.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Road Warrior HNHR 13 May 1830. Spurred on by, gosh, I don't know what, I watched here yesterday, finding several nice holes. Later, at tusk, ≥2 birds roosted in one of them (conspicuously on the hill overlooking the gravany area, where there are stores remaining). This evening I opened it (it's a snag) and found 2 babies, eyes open, bushy-tailed, and ~15 days old. So no ambush, but it would be appropriate to catch some birds feeding at this long- neglected group. 14 May 1615. Set up to catch someone at the nest. 1200. No sign of a soul. Giving up for now. 1745. Tried again for an hour. Still nothing (but the babies are there!). 15 May 715. And again- 800. Checked the babies - They're fine! 915. Well, I sure don't understand it, but they've outlasted me again. Maybe I can try again in a couple of days. 945. ! Woke up to discover a feeding trip by an adult! But she didn't go all the way into the hole. 19 May 415. Ambush to get birds roosting failed, but I went ahead and banded the 2 babies as #1557-1558. 25 May 400. Finally succeeded in nabbing the bird on the nest, who turned out to be my old favorite #1452, the bird I cought up near here on 15 January. Babies are still fine.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Finch HNHR 16 January *Group update* This group currently defunct; Rl birds use this area as of ~6 Oct 1987 (may a bit earlier) [illegible] The current birds are all gone (81075, 2ub 88). *Q? Mark has 81334 resurrected here, but I can find no record (other than the computer file, which claims he was seen on 50ct 1987) that he was ever seen. I am returning this bird to his former state.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes famicivorus Macflat HNHR 21 January 1970. Caught 2 birds in an evening ambush in The Live Oak nest hole: ♂1073 and the unb♀, now ♀1454. 12 March *Group update* ♂1292. Apparently last seen 28 May '87, gone by ♂♀ Oct '87 (Connie) → D.A. 17 Aug. ± 2 months 15 June *Group update* ♀1451. Last seen 12 Feb, gone by 26 April → D.A. 13 March Ily.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes famicivorus R3 HNHR 16 January *Group update* ♂1297. I caught him here on 18 June, gone by 22 Sept, → DA 31 July ± 1 month. 23 July ♂1297 is back. In fact, given that Connie didn't watch here much, we'll assume he was here the whole time.

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1988 Walter D. P"oenig Melanerpes formicivorus School Hill HNHR 3 February 800. An ambush this morning at the Lower Big Blue Oak (old nut hole) yielded 5 birds: 81260, 81384, 81385, 81388, and 81426, but not the 6th 8!! 1055. Finally a 6th bird from the hole - but also banded! (81387) 12 March *Group Update* 81386. Last seen 11 November '87, gone by 1 Jan. '88 → D.A. 6 Dec. ± 3 wks. 15 March Ambushes this morning yielded a big Zippo'. Partially because I was too stoned to realize that (remember) that the 2 new holes in the traditional nest tree (one facing the forest, the other the enclosure) now connect, the bottom of the former having been hollowed out! Remember next time that you have to ambush both holes, Dr. Ozone! 6 April Lots of birds (7, to be exact) when I walked by. Five were in a nice pack, as though they were doing some serious mate-guarding. None in any holes, however. 11 April 930. All quiet; none in any holes. Looks very suspicious. 940. I found them over in the forest. At least they look as though they're still mate-guarding! 12 April 1400. Watched here for 20 min. or so. Definitely still mate- guarding, roaring all other. None in any holes, either. Looks like it will be a while yet! 20 April Watched here this evening, not finding anything of special note with respect to a nest. But - I did watch a bird apparently roost out by himself on a limb high up in the 1st enclosure tree. Of course, I can't → see back

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus School Hill HNHR (20 April) Be positive, but it was quite dark when I left (the stars - or rather star - since it was mostly overcast were out, along with a partial moon peeking through the clouds), and he, or she, didn't look like she/he was going anywhere. 24 April 1030. Sure looks like they're still mate-guarding up here. I watched for ~1 hr, seeing them show interest in a new hole low in tree 2. But otherwise, no sign of nesting yet, other than the pack of 5-6 ♂ following the ♀ around on ♂ fathers. 26 April 9 May no! → This is #1461 1030. Watching. Birds are still going around in a nice pack. ♂ or /or #1385, a tad off on the sidelines. In fact, this bird is over in the next tree from the pack, occasionally carricking! 1055. ♀ m#260. ♂ 1385 is very upset; kanit-cutting, garricking, etc. off by himself. Why has he been shunned? 1100. Wait a minute - now it looks like the ♂ or/or bird is a ♀ over there!! Who is this bird? This might make more sense if it's not ♂ 1385 after all! 1105. ♂ ia-yei/BIK #1387. ♂ ub, maybe hanging out in part with the mystery ♀? Well, maybe, but he apparently belongs here. Yes. It's definitely a ♀ over there - not ♂ 1385. Perhaps she's trying to entice away some (one?) of the hoard of ♂ trailing after #260? 1125. This mystery ♀ or/or is really trying to incite something here - she's garricking, drumming, etc. etc. But she's not being chased by the other birds, oddly enough. In fact (except a) she waka's when they all waka, and occasionally a ♂ will go

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1988 Walter Koenig 3 Melanerpes formicivorus School Hill HUNTER (9 May) over and say hello, or at least sit with her briefly. (So far only the NOBA♂ has done this for sure.) 1145. ♂DBlae #1388. Here's ♂or/or#1385 with the pack. 1200. The pack is still cohesive, and they are still checking out holes (they just went down to the one in the lower Blue Oak) But it doesn't really seem as though they've settled on one yet. Meanwhile, the mysterious ♂M? garricks on alone! ! Here's ♂♂wn-BP/wn-BP#1384. That's all the 85 except 81426, Who's probably here also... Here we go: The mystery bird is ♂1461, banded in January at Knoll. 12 May 19 May 1100. Checked holes: still zilch. 1015. Watching from blind. 1100. ♂wn-BP/♂#1384. Birds are still in a tight pack. 1105. ♂♂or/or#1385, ♂♀#260, checking out The holes in the traditional tree. 1130. Checked the holes over there: both in nice shape, but empty, 2 June 3 June 1800. Still no sign of anything. Time for another watch. 500. Watching from blind, such as it is. 520. Got it - ♂260, followed by a small heard of 88, just went into the traditional hole over in the Valley Oak on the side of the field. That's it, and she's probably laying eggs. 540. Well, they may be close, but the hole (and the one above it) are still empty. 7 June 900. Brief check here, including opening those 2 holes again, which are still empty (though they've been deepening the lower one), I'm definitely worrying about this group...

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes fornicivorus School Hill HNHR 10 June 1245. None in any holes, as usual. Watching for a Gt. 1410. 7 birds altogether; no sign of a nest! 20 June 930. Bird in traditional hole: Egg, finally! Fresh. 22 June 1745. Hole empty. Makes me wonder whether it's possible that the problem here is too many males after all (♂ egg tossing?). It looks now like they just aren't going to make it, despite having acorns remaining. 27 June 500. An ambush at the low hole in the Enclosure tree #4 (upper one) yield 6 birds - all ♂. They were ♂1385, ♂1387, ♂1388, ♂1426, and 2 ub ♂, now ♂1619 and ♂1620. God knows where yet another NOBA ♂ might have come from! *Group Update* I have to wonder about this 2nd NOBA ♂, who presumably makes 8 birds in the group (♂260 and 7 ♂), especially since I've counted 7 here several times. Hence, I'm going to have him move here as of June"0". 3 July 1045. None in any holes. 5 July 1845. " " " ". There are several hundred acorns remaining here, by the way.

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1988 Walter Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus School Hill West HNHR 11 April 910. 2 eggs, fresh, in 1987 hole (the big knot). 12 April 1430. 3 eggs. Maybe only 1♀ after all. 15 April 1630. 4 eggs. Yep. 1♀ (3 as before + 1 new egg). 24 April 1100. Still 4 eggs, all opaque and developed but not hatched. It just occurred to me to start keeping track of the fact that this is an ant tree. 26 April 830. 3 young hatchlings plus egg #4, developed but may not hatch, I guess. 28 April 945. 2 live babies, 1 dead baby, and egg #4, which died while trying to hatch (never quite made it out of the egg). 18 May 930. Came up to band the babies, but nest empty! Failed. Well, as a consolation, the granary does appear to be out of stores. 26 May 1215. None in any of the granary holes. 3 June 600. " " " " " " 10 June 1230. " " " " " " 18 June 2000. 2 birds roosted together in the low hole in the granary tonight. 27 June 430. 2 birds roosted last night, but ambush failed. 24 August 1800. A nest! In the 3rd unopened hole. Banded 1 baby, #1671, bright and cheery, and about 15 days old, I'd guess (but not overly fat). This means that the last egg date was somewhere about 30 July! They have a couple (only) fresh acorns stored here; thus, one might reasonably consider this a fall nest, I suppose.

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Black Oak HNHR 12 March *Group update* Several birds to kill off: 5 Oct. (MTS) ♀1007. Last seen 2 July (Stanback?), gone by [illegible] (Cindy) → D.A. [illegible] 18 Aug. ± 1 month. ♀1346. last seen 1 March 1987. Gone by 26 June (MTS). → D.A. 30 April ± 2 month. ♂1408. Last seen 27 Nov. '87, gone by 22 Jan. → D.A. 25 Dec. ± 1 month. ♂1409. Last seen 7 July (Cindy), gone by 5 Oct. (MTS) → 20 Aug ± 1 month. 10 May ♀1212 seen at SOBO. See SOBO notes. Also at SOBO power struggle: ♀1211 and ♀1410. 16 June *Group update* ♂1209. Last seen 25 Feb, gone by 11 April (1st nest) → D.A. 19 March ± 3 wks. 23 July ♀1211, ♀1212, and ♀1410 moved to SOBO ~12 May.

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpus formicivorus SOBO HNHR 12 March *Group Update* 6639. Last seen 16 Nov. 1986! [illegible] This bird apparently returned, but just for a short time. We'll let him Disappear ~ 16 Dec. 1986 ± 1 month. 2 April 1700. Wandered around, finding nothing of note save a fair number of acorns and a (new?) hole just below where the limb broke in the Black Oak 2 years ago. None in it, but it's still about the only hole around that I've been able to find. 26 April 1600. Watched for sometime here, finding birds and some favorite trees, but uncovering no leads for possible nests. 10 May 1345. Watching. ①♂ DB-wh(n) / Red #736. 1400. ②♀ DB/Wh-DB ? 1212 Seen very well, and ③♀ Yellow/Orange #1039 (? probably). *The ♀ is surely ♀1212 from Black Oak * ④♂ub. ⑤♂m, 12 May 605. Came to look for a nest only to find *Power Struggle* activity! Now watching from blind. 610. Here's ①♀DB/Wh-DB #1212 from Black Oak. Several other banded ♀♀ here also. ②♂ R-LP/m #1039. ③♀ m/ Red/DB-wh(n) 1410? Legs switched? There are about 10 birds here. ④♀ DB-wh(n)/Dareen #1211 (Black Oak) ⑤♂ M/DB-wh(n)#736. Definitely a ♀ vacancy. Great! Looks like it will get filled by banded ♀♀ (from Black Oak!). ⑥♀ M/ B-W(n) #1410. A subordinate - got pecked by ♀1211 (I think) Meanwhile, ♂736 is on top of the granary drumming! 650. Already, except for an occasional chase, There are only 5-6 birds here (The 2 ♂♂ and 3-4 Black Oak ♀♀).

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus SOBO HNHR (12 May) 700. ♀1410 just got pecked by ♂1212. 712. Oops. ☺️♀NOBA still here; pecked ♀1410 also! 730. Well, this looks like it. The only additional possibility would seem to be ♀1004 from Black Oak, but I don't think she's here. In any case, the NOBA♀ is gone. The NOBA♂ is also clearly subordinate, now being pecked by one of The other ♂. 745. Relatively quiet. Leaving. 12 June 1545. Watching. All quiet. 17 June 1230. Watching from blind. There are very few, if any, acorns left here, by the way. 1345. Zilch. Zero. Nothing! Going home. Phoeby. (There was at least 1 bird here when I arrived.) 23 June 835. Watching from blind. 910. Somebody! ☺️♂/DB-W(m) #736. 1035. That's it. Where is everyone here?

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes famicivorus Arnold 1 HNHR 12 March *Group update* δ 1225. last seen 16 Sept (Stanback, I guess), gone by 8 Oct. (Connie). Dis.A6t → 27 Sept. ± 1 wk. 23 July δ 1222. last seen 8 Nov 1987, gone by 4 Feb. 1988 → D.A. 26 Dec. 1987 ± 1 month. 28 July 915. Banded the 2 babies here, #1660-1661. Lots of acorns remaining!

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Big Tree HNIHR 30 January *Group Update* Add 81236 as on 18 Jan. See LAZ notes. 16 June 991400, 1401. Last seen 28 Jan, gone by 24 Feb. (Connie) → D.A. 12 Fe6. ±2 wks. Add: 81234. Moved here, joining his brother 81236. First seen 29 March, not there 24 Fe6, Moved ~ 11 March ±2 wks.

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1988 Walter D Koenig Melanerpes fomiticivorus Keep Out H.N.H.R 6 February 730. Ambushes in 2 holes in the LiveOak yielded only 2 birds, 81127 and 81219. Maybe next time. 5 March Ambushed here tonight while Nick Davies was here and got lucky - one bird - the unbanded 9, now 91466 12 March *Group update* 8706. Last seen 30 Nov. (Connie), gone by 28 Jan -> D.A. 29 Dec?In 81383. Last seen 20 Oct (MTS), gone by 8 Nov. (CHA) -> D.A. 28 Oct ± 1 wk. 95282. Last seen 25 Aug, not seen by Stanback on 10 Oct. The records, however, have this bird showing up on 1 Aug. '87. Consequently, for lack of more definitive information, I'm going to simply kill her off entirely and assume she never was really part of the group. 27 May 1850. Rushed back up here after Stanback told me about the babies here and banded / 6 led them (all 3) 16 June Smellish power struggle here on 29 March (MTS). Old 99 gone, including the 1 I caught! *Group update* 8739. Last seen 28 Jan, presumably disappeared shortly before the 29 March power struggle, say 15 March. -> D.A. 25 March. 81381, 91466. Both now gone. Presumably these 99 all disappeared in March; again we'll say 15 March. 81016. Last seen 26 Feb, gone by 16 June -> D.A. 23 Apr. ± 1 M. 81219, 1221, 1127, 8 & 1382. Became freedent ~29 March. There are 2 new ub 99 here also.

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1988 Walder D. Koenig Melanerpes fomiceivorus Keep Out HNHR 19 August 730. A fabulous set of ambushes here: 9 birds (3 ub 3f) altogether from 2 holes. In the nest tree (the dying Live Oak): 81016 and 9ub=1669 (caught on the evening of 18 Aug; released 19 Aug). In the granary (the Valley Oak): 81221 81382 (captured 18 Aug PM) The hole in the granary was too deep to allow grabbing all the birds at night, so we had to let them come out in the morning. Quite a catch! 81127 8706 81219 9ub=1670 (captured 19 Aug AM) (same hole) *Group Update* 8706. Last hat been seen by Connie on 30 Nov. 1987 (and not very well then!); not a trace since. I think I will therefore assume that he really did leave, and return this summer (say 1 July). 81016. This bird was last seen on 26 Feb, and so I will hazard the guess that he was here all along. 3rd NOBA9 (= 9ub=1670). Apparently a 3rd 9 joined the group with 9ub5310 and 5311 back in late March.

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes furnicivorus Lambert HNHR 1 March *Group Update* Connie has seen #1378 and (amazingly) #1224 up here. (!) These are UAZ birds (or were.) 12 March #679. Last seen 16 June 1986! Was seen by Katz feeding at Arnold I. Gone by 29 Oct.'86, D.A → 22 Aug ± 2 months. #1309. Last seen 27 March, disappeared for the spring, most likely → D.A. 15 April '87 ± 2 wks #1311. About the same → D.A 15 Apr.'87 ± 2 wks 16 June #1378. Moved here from UAZ. Seen at UAZ on 15 Feb, at Lambert also on that day. Now at Lambert for their nest (since April) → Moved by ~15 March ± 1 month #1028. Last seen 8 Jan., gone by 15 Feb. (Connie) → D.A. 23 Jan. ± 2 wks.

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1988 Walter Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus Fanny Arnold HNHR 16 June *Survey Update* ♀1024. Last seen 8 Oct., gone by 14 Dec. → D.A. 11 Nov±1m ♀1249. Last seen 2 Feb., gone by 18 Apr. → D.A. 10 March ± 1 Month. ♀1250. Last seen 14 Dec., gone by 2 Feb. → D.A. 8 Jan. ± 3 wks.

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1988 Walter D. Koenig Melanerpes formicivorus UAZ HNHR 1 March *Group Update* On (5 Feb.) (4 Feb. (1224)) Connie reports that ♀1378 is here (and up at Lambert) and (more amazingly) ♀1224 (a 1986 NSA B bird!) up at Lambert. 12 March *Group update* Connie's had a hard time censusing here. First census on 20 Oct '87. Nonetheless, it would seem time to knock off ♀1226. Last seen 29 April '87, seems to have been gone by June or early July 1987 (see MTS notes for censuses). → D.A. 15 May ± 2 wks. 15 June ♀1378. Moved to Lambert ~15 March. See Lambert notes. ♀1224. Kind of an enigma here: Banded as a nestling in 1986, not seen again until up at Lambert on 5 Feb. 1988, and then vanished. Without a trace. We'll say "Left group about 5 Dec. ± 2 months." But in fact, as far as we know she left it long before this.

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1988 Walter D Poenig Melanerpes formicivorus LAZ HNHR 30 January *Group Update* 81236. Moved to Big Tree. Seen at LAZ by Connie on [illegible]. 14 December 1987 and 8 Jan. 1988. Seen at Big Tree on 8 Nov. 1987 and 28 Jan 1988. Obviously he's been thinking about it awhile, but we'll move him as of 18 Jan. 3 February An ambush in the burned Blue Oak tonight yielded 4 birds: 81117 (new), 8611, 8782, and 81234. 1 March *Group Update* 81117. Back here. Left back ~ Feb. 1986 (±2 months) Presumably returned sometime after the death of the breeding & here ~ June 1987. Hence, Returned 0 Oct 1987 ±3 month. ±Zuk's 12 March 81116. Last seen 14 Dec. (Connie), gone by 8 Jan, DA→25 Dec 81237. Last seen 7 May (Cyndy), [illegible] but also seen "Maybe" by Steinback on 5 Oct., gone by 14 Dec (Connie) →DA 9 Nov. ±1 month. 85250 (NoBA). Last seen 11 Sept '87, gone by 5 Oct →DA. 23 Sept.±1 wk. 16 June 81234. Moved to Big Tree ~11 March ±2 wks, see Big Tree notes. 8782. Last seen 24 Feb., gone by 39 March, →DA. 11 Mar±Zuk's 85250. An ub 8 is back here after having been gone all winter; we'll assume he's this bird. 17 June 1600. Watching nest; ambush set up for ub 8, if he comes! 1115. 8611 around, but no feedings yet! 1200. I give up. Zilch.

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