Alaska species accounts, part 1, v4403

Cade, Tom J.

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Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

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T. Cade 1956-1959 Alaska Species Accounts (Part 1) Mammals Birds -(Gaviformes through Gruiformes)

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T. Cade 1956-1959 Alaska Species Accounts Mammals

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T. Code 1957 Masmota caligata 10 June - Cape Beaufort - One deer sitting on one of the long rocky outcrops just up the coast from Liz A.

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Cade 1956 Spermophiles undulatus 13 june Uniat, Alaska Several seen or heard on the ridge up to Uniat Mt. Bcswaas were numerous in the area. Once was on the road near the oil rig about 1/2 mile E of air strip. It was very curios about the wheel and came right up - ran all around the machine, climbed up on the tracks, and in- vestigated the bottom. When got out it was only mildly frightened, but finally scampered off.

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T. Code 1957 Spermophilus undulatus 27 June, Amist - caught a fine adult in one of the live traps set on the wood across from the 3 oil devices near T8. 29 June, Amist - caught another adult in a trap set on top of a rock outcrop above T10. 6 July Paint Dog - less common rather common on the upper bank along the south side of Hokolik R ca 1 mi above Logan. One individual seen & heard calling. 5 August Jago Lake Very common on all the ridges and dry areas of the bluikes. Also on banks along the river. Oligin myosarian ground seems optimal for this animal.

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T. Cade 1958 Spermophilus endemicus 27 June Coal Mine - Meade River Despite the good habitat conditions prevaling all over this country for ground squirrels and the frequent encounters of old lemmings, I saw only first animal today on the left limit of the river at our first stop about a mile and a half above the Coal Mine. 28 June Saw one girtwig on a high bank along the large lake near T 708. 0 June Several seen along the sandy bluffs fronting on the river below the millage. 9-17 July Umiat - none seen yet in areas where previously there has always been some. -25 July Colville River, from Dolanmagorik to Umiat - only three individuals seen or heard on this stretch where previously they have been seen commonly. August Franklin Bluffs - Sogavanihtok River - common all over the river terraces and on the bluffs. 17 August Obijilak River - seen common in the flood plain and on the old terraces. Occurs less commonly on the steep rocky spools of the valley. -22 August Jogo Lake - very abundant on thermovaries and in flood plain - more common even than last year - 1-8 corvete Jamesway - [illegible]

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T. Code 1958 Spermophilus euduleatus September Meade River - Coalmine - big adult was seen in the plunge creek along S shore of the large lake situated about 1 1/4 mi NW of village. Mew group there are also some around the village. 6 September Meade River - seen commonly in the high banked dune areas around lakes and along rivers. Much common- er now than in June, when few were seen.

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Cade 1959 Spermophilus andulatus 0-22 May Pitmegea River - squirrels in limited numbers have been seen on most of the local ridges, on gravel blocks along the river, and in gravelly areas at the mouth of the river. 27 May Pitmegea - seen every day in the favored localities - gravel banks along the river and ridge top tundra bennies. May Peters - Schrader - heard several times in rocky areas on the west side of lake opposite camp. June Schrader Lake - very common in the meadow areas behind Mac- Taraugh's cabin. 4 June Peters - Schrader - seen in all areas covered - not abundant. 24 June Unniat - none seen in any area where previously observed.

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1. Cade 1958 Dicrostonyx groenlandicus 30 June Coal Mine - Meade River Two adult males were caught today on T1 in tussock-lichen- dwarf shrub complex. This is our first contact with this species here this year. July A subadult or young adult Dicrostonyx was caught on T3 today. 8 July Uniat, Alaska - one adult caught on T3 today. Harold Griffin reported that on an overland trip from Uniat toward Chawell Lake he saw many lemmings running away from the moose on the long flat-topped ridges along the west side of the Chawell. He did not know what species, but the habitat sounds typical of Dicrostonyx rather than Lemmus. Also he saw about 10 ptarmigans in this area. The ridge traversed was about 20 miles long. The lemmings were common enough to catch the attention of several people in the moose off and on clearing the day. This was on 15 June. 1 September Barrow - an old nest with the fine feet of varying lemming was found in the area where Schulte's sample plots are located.

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F. Cole 1957 Lemmus trimicrusovatus 8 June - Baasen On the old birch ridge immediately S of the site, a lichen-grass-heath area - sparse vegetation, some frost boils - snow off but hanging on both sides. - In 500 paces along the exposed ground-areas in this place I saw only 1 doubtful fresh sign - a possible tunnel under the snow. Old sign everywhere - veg- tation cut down from last year - etc. On Central Marsh - where ca 10% of ground is exposed from snow - very wet and muddy all over - in 200 paces along the exposed ground - snow in two places I saw no fresh sign - but again much old sign. Half Moon - Three In a grass - Casey around with some flat- top polygons and low ericaceous stuff with fair drainage - dead stems 6-12 inches - wet ground in 400 paces got 14 fresh signs or recent winter activity - trail, wish fresh droppings or- winter nets etc. On higher ground near the river - Cassope, Lugos - Sedum - Carex mixed low meadows - 100 paces gives no fresh signs but hard ground to interpret. These signs may have been Microtus or Lemmus or both. May now our name view the traces that looked like Microtus

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Code 1957 & Lennues trinervosities 8 June - Cent. At the lake NE of Teshekpuk - on high center polygons - Ericophorum tundra-beath- lichen - dwarf shrub complex - excellent ground cover - snow off. Considerable caribou disturbance - panned lichens etc. 500 geese goose 10 fresh reges - holes in thawed dirt, fresh droppings, nests trail etc. But this may not be a fair index because of good vegetation that obscures regen. The vegetation & topography looked good for both Dicercotont and Lennues. Their type of ground is very extensive between Beltett and Dees Inlet, and I believe it may have been a substantial residue of last year's peak population. On such ground, the animals move not only sufficient food but excellent cover even with the snow gone. 10 June - Beaufort area - None seen in the little while we were on the ground at Agiak and north of the Pitmegea, but mulevoisite regen was seen at both places. Of the two places, the Pitmegea seemed to have more recent regen but this based out only little examination of the ground. Henry found some old owl pellets at the Pitmegea that had recent time remains.

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T. Code 1937 Lemnaceae trinervisovatus 10 June - Wainwright, Alaska Soon after we got into the village, none of the kids brought in 3 cans full of live lemmings. They bought 21 of them for the lab at 50¢ each. The rest were in too poor a condition to keep. Earlier Mr. Cowanfield had sent back to Barrow a second batch of 200 dead ones. 11 June - Set out the transects this morning and looked over the general area. Saw half a dozen animals running through tunnel or along some crops. All the high geared - high centric polygons with terraces - is entirely covered by new crop and freshly dug tunnels in the dirt. There is a good deal of willow matting in their vegetation, and the new crop and tunnels are frequently cut through around patches of willow brush. The vegetation - grass and rushes - in the troughs of the polygons is measured down just as at Barrow; after a high, the vegetation or higher grazing - Eriophorum turfs, even willow, shi-ches etc. - is closely cropped in many places, but good regeneration seems to be starting. These animals give the impression that they comprise a comfortable population that will be able to continue increasing through their summer and reach a peak next

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T. Cole 1957 Lemming twinning 10 June - cent. Spring. Predation does look like it will be less this year, and these animals have much better cover, anyway, than a comparable population at Barrow would have at a similar stage of phenology. The larger and earlier growing reason at their weight also favors the lemmings because of its effect on vegetative regeneration. The virtual lack of owls and the moderate numbers of jaegers present - even if they preyed well, would have little effect on the lemming population. 12 June. Caught 2 mares by scent and saw a couple of others while surveying transects. Dug out some of the tunnels & holes in the trow. Six inches is as deep as they go, and most of the holes are less than 18 inches long. But there are lots of them in the largest areas of high-e polygones. Never in troughs. From the looks of the ground, old clefting, etc., the animals must have been common in the dry troughs during winter, and when the melt off came, they had to move up on higher ground. So the high cuttiss are more supporting a population that was occupying a considerably larger total area. This may

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Cable 1957 Lemmus tunicatus 12 June account for part of the present abundance of these animals on high ground and the cause with which the kids are able to catch them. Later some lemmings should move back into the troughs and marshes. At Barrow Lemmings seem to do the same kind of movement to high ground out of the marshes, but there it must be on a larger scale because the marshes are more extensive, the high ground more restricted than at Wainwright. The ratio of high ground to spring inundated ground must be an important 'limiting' factor on the maximum spring numbers of a lemming population. Where there is little high ground, there is less food accessible; a larger number of animals is exposed per unit area to predation by owl and weasel. 15 June, Barrow, Alaska In a 1 1/4 hours walk around the car circle S. of ARL, I saw one lemming, which ran into a deep burrow and could not be unearthed. This animal was seen on the high center polygon-peat blister area - at its S. edge adjacent to a ridge- groves marsh. One - possibly two - recent winter

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Code 1957 Lemmus trimucronatus 13 June - east rests were also found in troughs between the high centers. 15 July Point Lay. Lemming sign is not numerous or even common in this area, as we had been led to believe from Max's earlier observations at the village. Apparently there may have been a local abundance around the village itself on the spit when he was there- such a local concentration around villages is not unusual. I have noticed in the past - but the tundra on the main land side is generally rather poor in microtine sign. The Eskimos (Warren) say both lemmings occur here, and I suspect also some of the other microtines, as the rivers provide a diversity of habitats. I have seen ground suitable for M. mairii and C. subtilis. I would estimate the microtine population in general here to be at a "moderately low" level but not at a "low low." No nesting jaegers were seen today, nor do the Eskimos or light workers know any. No owls were seen.

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Cable 1957 Lemmus trimucronatus 15 July Point Lay Warren and his wife said the last time there were lots of voles here was 4-5 years ago, when they were caught in late winter spring for traps. There were lots of "mice" that year too. During 2 hours of travel over tundra in weasel this afternoon not one microtus was seen. No evidence of recent "high" activity either as at Barrow for instance. The general terrain and vegetation here is close to that at Warrenweight and is much more complex than the Barrow site area. Along the river there are some knee-high stands of willows. The jaegers seen in this area seem to be more closely associated with the rivers and not primarily with the tundra community.

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Lemmus trimucronatus 1-23 July Barter Island- Max Brewster was at Barter Island on these drop, and together with Col. Walter A. Wood, was able to make some observations on the tundra. During an 2 hours walking over the tundra they saw 4. Lemmings - all juveniles. One jaeger and one Short-eared Owl were also seen. According to men at the decline site there have been few erobs and jaegers around all summer, but last year they said there was a very large concentration of S meory Orob. They did not, however, any anything about breeding, but the corcentration of orob was definite. During the summer - not a fad or winter phenomenon. 30 July Pitt Point None were seen alive on the tundra during these drop. One adult O was found at an overlook and 2 were trapped on the transects, indicating that the population has dropped drastically since Maxer was here. Old remains and winter nests were found every where - look out

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Lerinus trinacroratus 7. Code 1957 20-30 July Pitt Point. In the middle of Warren's lake where 60% of ground is bare Although the vegetation has been pretty well clipped - especially apparent during the writer in the marshy areas where reeds there are great drifts of dead cuttings - the general condition of the vegetation is far from being "mowed down" as it appears at Bassaw after a "high, and off hand" would say on a quiet please there is as much vegetation at Pitt Point right now as there is at Bassaw one year after the decline. There is perhaps slightly more high ground in proportion to marsh area at Pitt Point than at Bassaw, but otherwise the two areas are similar. It is my feeling that the decline in Daubigny between the end of June and the middle of July was due primarily to predation by the heavy concentration of owls and fleas in the area - and especially because of the continual owl activity - did not become of vegetative exhaustion.

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T. Cade 1957 Lemurss - behavior notes 15 June, Barrow, Alaska 1730 - Observed large adult ? asleep on top of grass. He woke up and rolled over on his back and began grooming his genital area with tongue and teeth. While doing so he ejected a fecal pellet, which he took immediately from his anus in his teeth and chewed it up and apparently ate it. He consumed 4 pellets in this fashion in quick succession, actually removing them from his anus with his teeth. Then he resumed the grooming of his ventes. In a few seconds, he erected his penis and licked the head of it with his tongue and appeared to work it over lightly with her teeth. This may have been some kind of auto-erotic behavior but as it was preceded and succeeded by grooming, it probably should be closed with that activity. He continued for some time grooming her whole body, gradually working cephalad. The whole activity lasted about 5 minutes.

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Lemmus - behavior notes 15 June, Barrow, Alaska We now have 6 live animals in the lab. I show 3 subadults, 1872 77, together in a terrarium 12 x 24 x 14 high with grass and rod. They have been together since 9 June. After a few hours of initial fighting at each other - no more fights occurred - they have settled down and are living peacefully together. Several times I have seen two of them playing with each other standing up on hindfeet and boxing with forelegs, but this appears to be play more than serious fighting. There is a sharp alarm squeak for new meeting initial encounters or when suddenly approached by one another, and there is a soft kind of chitter - almost conversational in sound - which I think is used only by the 77 in his approaches to the 77. So far I have not observed copulation, but yesterday, one of the 77 had a little blood around their vagina. Yesterday I put an adult 7 and 87 together in the same size terrarium - also with grass and rod. The 87 has tried several times to approach 7, but she gives the sharp squeak and fights him off with her forefeet. I have not seen teeth

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Cedar 1957 Lemmes - behavior notes 15 june - cont used. 8 has tried shitting to her but with no effect. 16g weighed 91 gms aptitude - the 68+, but she appears to be dominant. 8 nearly always nurses or retreats when 4 squeets. She may be pregnant, a few more days should give the answer. It is quite tame and will crawl out. Sheard placed in cage and ant sets arm and shoulder. 4 is shy and never into hole where touched or is picked up. 8 can jump up at catch hold of rim of tervavein if she is on rod & nickles below rim. Other- wise she does not try. Two other mixed neeb adult 777 are together in another tervavein. They have a wheel, which the larger sized all the time. They leave quays (yet no rod). They show very together since yesterday, and still show not settled down - they squeet and jump back at each close encounter. I hope been feeding a lot of Arctoqrites - leaves and roots - just beginning to queen. They like it very much. They also eat lettuce, corn, carrot, apple, tomato, and out meal.

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Code 1958 Lemmus trimucronatus 20 June Barrow and environs No one in our party this year has yet seen a live lemming or any fresh lemming sign. A few have been brought in from the village. Yet late fall and winter cuttings are locally evident every- where and become extensive in some of the marshy areas. The amount of cutting clearly indicates that there was a moderate sized population here last fall - larger than could have been expected from the late catches on our traplids. Either the major reproductive effort occurred after we left last year, or else the animals moved in from elsewhere. At any rate, there are two enigmas represented by the present ground conditions: (1) how did so many animals get into the Barrow area after August last year, and (2) what killed them all off? In the habitats that were occupied - marshes, lake edges, troughs of polygonal ground - the vegetation over wide areas was completely cut down, but the higher ground has been little touched - as in the case in a high year. It does not seem likely that the animals ran out of food. There was a remarkable thaw-freeze

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Lemmus trimucronatus 8-20 June Barrow sequence at Barrow, as well as at Wain- wright, about the middle of October. This was accompanied by heavy rains for a period of about 1 week, according to Pete Squalek, and this unusual weather may have been responsible for a major kill among the lemmings. We do not yet know over what area this October thaw and rain occurred - we hope to get weather records from all the devolice sites - but it may have been quite extensive and may have equalized lemming popu- lations at a low density virtually all over the Arctic Slope. On the flight with Maher and Shyniks on 18 June, heavily grazed vegetation with lemming runways in the cuttings was common all the way along the cost from Scott Point into Barrow. Maher found evidence of lemmings along the blaves in some shrubbery during the winter, but not as much as right around Barrow. Another interesting point is that a large percent of the winter nests have the remains of dead lemmings in them. In some cases there are whole carcasses, but

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J. Cade 1958 Lemmus trimucronatus 24 June Barrow—summary of field trip about winter nests, dead animals, and weasel utilization: (1) area of ca 300 yds near T9 2/10 Nests without remains or dead = 41 Nests with chewed up remains = 28, of which 1 held 7 animals, 4 held 2, and 1 held 3 animals (judged by exoskeleton) Nests with weasel scat nearby = 12 Nests with whole animals = 4, 2SA♂, 2SA♀ (2) Anotephila area back of ABL = 200 yds Nests without remains or dead = 23 Nests with chewed up remains = 6, of which one held 2 animals. (3) Area of 400 yd yard between beach ridge and airstrip Nests without remains or dead = 20 Nests with chewed up remains = 6, of which 2 contained 2 animals Nests with weasel scat nearby = 5 (4) area of 200 yds in center of Central Marsh Nests without remains or dead = 10 Nests with chewed up remains = 0 Nests with whole dead = 2, both SA♀ (5) South end of Central Marsh, 200 yds. Nests without remains or dead = 25 Nests with chewed up remains = 11

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T. Cade 1958 Lemmus trimucronatus 24 June - nest data count Nests with weasel scats nearby = 10 Nests with whole dead = 1, 9SA (6) intermediate ground between marsh and ridge south of Curval Marsh - 300 99. yds Nests without remains or dead = 10 Nests with chewed up remains = 7, of which one contained 2 animals Nests with weasel scats nearby = 2 Nests with whole dead = 3, 2 9SA, 187SA (7) another intermediate area S of Curval Marsh, 108 sq. yds of Pupontai Nests without remains or dead = 19 Nests with chewed up remains = 6 Nest with weasel scats nearby = 2 Total nests = 223 Numbers with chewed remains = 64 Number with whole dead = 10 Note: all the intact dead animals were found in the center of the nest in a half curled posture, head tucked down under fore legs. All were sitting upright and all had blood stains around the nose and mouth, as though internal bleeding had occurred. All were in advanced stages of decay.

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Lemmus trimucronatus 24 June - nest data cont. In the case of the nests where chewed up remains were found, usually some trace of hair or skin or an occasional jaw, cranium or leg was noticeable from the outside. When the nests were opened up, the nest chamber was usually lined with a matting of hair and skin, as though the weasel had used the remains to insulate the lemming nest for its own use. In a few instances it appeared that the weasel had established itself in a particular nest for some time, dragging additional lemmings up to that nest from adjacent ground, as in the case of the nest with seven crania. The crania were typically chewed out in the back in characteristic mustelid fashion. Large lemming nests more frequently contained remains or dead lemmings than did the small cup-shaped nests. Weasel scats were located from 6 to 24 miles away from the nests and were never found inside the nests. Weasel scats were never found around a nest which did not contain the chewed remains of lemmings. Some of the lemming remains

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Lemmus trimucronatus 24 June - cont the edges of marshes or flats that flank along banks. The drainages running into Central Marsh show this heavy use for instance. Most of the higher ground, especially the ridges, have hardly been touched. River and stream courses and the bank-marsh type interflow are natural travel ways that one might expect moving lemmings to be channeled through. It is also interesting to note that the Eshino observations of lemmings along the Minare refer specifically to the river valley and not to the timber adjacent thereto. June Barrow to Melode River - very little lemming sign was seen east of Barrow. In the vicinity of Shell Cliff we flew at 100 ft for 5 minutes and during that time I saw only two local areas of heavily grazed ground - otherwise the vegetation on both the tundra ground and in marshes and around the edges of lakes was standing upright in good density. From Shell Cliff to the Coal Mine we flew at 700 ft. From that altitude I saw no areas of upturned cutting such as

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7. Cade 1958 Lemmus trimicroratus 5-26 June Coal Mine - Meade River is evident around Barrow from the air. There is very little fresh microtine sign around the area covered by our trapsets. Of 8 winter nests which I have found, 3 contained the chewed exp. remains of Lemmus. One held 3 skulls. These nests were all located either in the troughs of polygonal gravel or along the banks of streams at the interface between the willow zone and the zone of grass and ridge meant to the north. Some of the nests may have been 2 years old. In an area ca 1/2 mi S of camp I found a low mound on a gentle slope plunging down into meadow ground. The mound was about 3 sq. yards in area and was vegetated predominantly with Poa. Two winter nests were in this area, and all the growth from last year had been cut. There were fresh looking rem wrap and 2 fresh-looking holes. The surrounding gravel on the slope was a knoll of "barnes" with lichens and Corisope as dominants - with a scattering of sedges and forbs. 27 June Coal Mine - Meade River - an area of extensive lemming cutting (winter) with a good number

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1. Code 1958 Lemnus trinucleovatus 7 June cant of nests was found today across the never just above (away from the never) the railway zone in which T6 is located. This quadrat is characterized by scattered low willows 6" to 12" high with a thick stand of quars, Carex and Eriophorum growing around and under the willows. There is little tussock formation and few poly- gons. The ground is moderately well drained. Very few forbs present and very few shrubs as heaths. Ground slopes gently toward river and covers ranges from 25 to 100 yds wide between the higher willow zone and the flatter flow layer polygon and lake area to the uphill side of it. In this area all growing ridges and quars, show brown-tipped cuttings and cut blades, are thick all over the ground. Old neverwops are numerous, also white verts are fairly common. I looked over about 200 to 300 sq yards this evening—saw not one freshly cut blade. The following winter nests were found: 15 nests without bluebirds, 1 with chevied sep bluebirds, and 1 nest with chevied sep Micovitis rhodae. (Brock found a nest on the willow zone with rhodae of 3 Micovitis). No nests of

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7. Code 1958 Lemmus trimucronatus 27 June - cont.- any predator have been found. Will look over this area again tomorrow. It is the heaviest used and most extensively used area so far found at this station. Except for the fact that summer growth is more advanced, the degree of cutting is quite comparable to the most heavily cut areas around Barrow. Again it is worth noting that this area follows along a river. The zone appears to be extensive along the right limit of the river across from the Coal Mine - perhaps 2-3 miles long. There is no habitat at Barrow exactly comparable to this ground because of the heavy advent of dwarf willows with the groves and ridges. It is closest perhaps to the intermediate areas above the low marshes and below the ridges. June - This evening I found a nest on the side of a man-made pile of peat adjacent to hedge-grass marsh which had an adult death Lemming inside. The carcass was quite maggoty but still showed the semi- curved posture and blood-stained nose typical of the dead animals found at Barrow. 29 June Examined the ground across the river from the village again today. The heavily cut

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Lemnus trimmeratus 9 June cut- area covers about 10 acres, but there are locally heavy-used areas all along that side of the river above the willow zone or what might be called the first terrace. Even higher up in the high cutter polygon terrace height twelve there are local areas that show much cutting including heavy cutting at the base and edges of Eriophorum turrocks. 30 June - Examined ground around T 304 today and on down river from there. Locally heavy sign of winter activity in all low areas - very little on ridges or high banks of river. Twenty-eight winter nights from this area Breakdown as follows: 25 were empty, 2 level developed remains, one of which held remains of 2 animals, and one nest had a whole dead lynx lying inside. This animal was weasels, a subadult in semi-curved posture and blood-stained nose. A spine with jaws and part of affindeglov skeleton was found hanging on a willow branch ca 2 ft off the ground. There was suggestion that it might have been

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Lemmus trimicrusastes 30 June cout left there by a shrike. Also possibly deposited there as drift by high water from the river. Willows was on lower side of the bank in an area that had been incendiated earlier, but shin was very firmly attached to willow branch- not spiked but wedged into fork of branch. Mlede River to Bawaw - on blight line flight, the sign of lemming activity of lemmings became evident about 10 minutes away from Bawaw (ca. 15mi.) and became even more conspicuous 5 minutes before landing. Again the largest amount of cutting was noted along the edges of marshes, like lusins, and along the banks of streams. July 6 July Bawaw, Alaska The marshy and intermediate ground throughout the Yath area shows about the same degree of winter cutting as to the areas previously described around Central Marsh. Winter nests with the remains of lemming pale also encountered. 7 July Bawaw to South Bawaw Three. On this transect winter cutting and winter nests were observed locally all along the road. However,

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Lemmus trimucronatus 7 July -cont- the heavy winter cutting typical of the Barrow previous peltws out about 3 miles south of the gas well. From there on cuttings and nests to are quite local in individual marshes - mostly the intermediate ones in terms of wetness - the Carex aquatilis and Scirpus stands. At S. Bar-3 I examined 19 winter nests, one of which had some left of Lemming how in it. No other species were found. 23 July Colquille River - at Double Knife block Bluff - an adult Lemming was seen winding along the base of the bluff and into some low alder-willow brush. A number of fresh cascanes were found at raeagh-edged hawk nest (see under the account of Buteo lagopus for 22-25 July). September Arneat - Carex, the dog, caught a subadult on the up land brackish heath tundra just below T3. I took it away from their environment and put it in my coat pocket, but later it escaped as I was walking back to camp.

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Code 1958 Lemmus trimucronatus September Barrow - 1/4 mi S of gas well While the LVT was being gotten out of the ditch, I spent some 45 minutes looking over the ground for fresh lemming signs. I walked 1060 paces slowly examining the ground closely as I marked each pace. About 3/4 of this distance was walked in high cutto patterned ground, much riddled with old excavations, and the other 1/4 in wet meadow of Cambrian terminology, with some vole nests scattered about. At each pace some old sign was evident - lemming, voleway or shuffling but I did not find a single fresh shuffling or a recently used voleway or leeway. In talking with Bob Ferguske about conditions last winter, I learned that he saw lots of sign of lemming activity around the Rec Station after the tundra-ridge sequence in October. This is in the area where I found so many vole nests and so much recent sign. He did say, however, that in late December of each January there was one period

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Lemmus trimucronatus 3 Sept -cont- A sudden sharp decline in temperature - into the -40° F region. This coupled with a very thin snow cover may have been the factor that caused the high mortality that was evident from spring conditions. September Barrow-Dwara R-Plant Boy Three ground checks were made for lemming sign. #1. At a point near the 1966 duck camp site on the Dwara R - actually at the sand dunes down river from the camp site (see 1966 notes). In 2070 paces, covering a lake margin, river bank and large center marsh with dwarf shrub. (myriades worth) on the views of the polygons, I saw no fresh sign of lemming (looked for pellets, fresh runways, fresh burrows). Old sign good everywhere - runways, holes, dried cuttings drifted up in piles, winter nests - some of which had chewed-up remnants, and pellets. #2 - point on the Dwara ca 30 mi.

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Cade 1958 Lemmus trimucronatus Sept - cont - above site #1. 1360 paces in high center tussock-dwarf shrub heath complex gave no flesh sign. Again old sign was abundant - some weighty nests were found in the troughs of the high center ground #3. - at a lake margin about 5 miles in land from the SW corner of Pseud Boy. 1975 paces in high center tussock-dwarf shrub- heath habitat gave up fresh sign. Old sign was less abundant here than at the previous two stations.

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1. Code 1959 Lemmus trimucronatus 15 May Barrow, Alaska Several people have mentioned seeing two or three lemmings dead in camp but other than that there are no reports. The Eskimos have seen none. Three scrapes were made with a D-8 cut in Central Marsh to see whether or not lemmings could be turned up. One scrape of 212 paces gave no lemming and no sign, another of 275 paces gave same results, a third of 300 paces gave 3 locations of sign - one with a nest with a lemming in the snow, one location with droppings on the snow and remains of a nest, and one area with cuttings under the snow. 16 May Barrow to Qaanaq - 75 miles by wheel gave no lemming signs and no surface sign - tracks, holes in snow, etc.

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Code 1959 Lemmus trimucronatus May 5-15 Upper Colville between Etisjuk and Colam nagovish. Throughout this area in the rolling hills adjacent to the river valley, wherever we looked there was abundant lem- ming and mole vole. In local areas of a few hundred square yards the cutting of turnocks was quite as extensive as that observed earlier along the Pitmegele River. The presence of short-eared owls, occasional marsh harriers, and long-tailed and parasitic jaegers correlate with the ground indications of substantial, but not weak "high" numbers of rodents. Judging by the kills found in boar-legged hawks, peregrine falcon, and peregrine mists - that two species chiefly involved are L. trimucronatus and M. olerosopus. It may be significant that fresh killed lemmings have been found at the awls of both species of falcon. The peregrine, in particular, would not be likely to pick up lay- newp, unless they were especially common and conspicuous. Sign in the flood plain was not so noticeable.

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Cade 1959 Lemmus thimincvovates 20 June Middle Cohills - between Oolamwagouik and Chisat. Mouse sign became noticeably less conspicuous, below the mouth of the Killik River - just as it did last year. Roughleg were not occupying as many cliffs as in 1956 & 1957, but gyrfalcons along this stretch were slightly taking quite a few short-eared owls - but the latter may have been gotten from distant locales. July - 5 Aug Lower Cohills - below Chisat - no- where along the lower Cohills main the delta beyond mouth of Killik River was sign of hunting noticeable. The roughleg rests on the lower river had very few migratory warblers - mostly levels and gravelly shrubland - and productivity seemed to be low - many of the nests contained only one or two young.

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Cade 1956 Microtus miurus 17 June Unicat, Alaska On 15 June noted some stacks of dry (last year's) willow leaves at the bases of 2 ft willows on a heath-shrub area immediately west of ARL hut. The ground in this area has very conspicuous and numerous mouse cop. Set 12 traps by 4 of these leaf stacks. Tochto honeysettled 4 animals - all M. miurus. The rod underneath these stacks is packed with mouse droppings. Occasional droppings are found everywhere along the runways, but there are definite, conspicuous spots along the runways where pellets accumulate in an area of 4-6 sq. inches. There may be several hundred pellets in reach a pile - I have not counted any yet. 21 July It is conspicuous after completing trapping on T9 (the above area) and T10 that this mouse is closely associated with stands of lupine, which it apparently eats, as I have found cut leaves in the mouths of trapped animals. Again and again the good trapping stations, where several animals are caught at one stake, or these lines are in patches of almost even lupine. Lupines are very abundant and lush here this year. Do not remember it in so conspicuous in 1952. Shantz also remarked about its growth here.

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Code 1957 Micrortus micinus July 1, Ynict- today on the slope by Redbill, I dug out a burrow system. It was in the shape of a cross with the long axis running down hill there: ↑ up the long axis tunnel was 2-4 inches below the surface; also the short cross tunnel. The next chamber- was ca. 10 inches deep and contained a rest of fine grasses-almost cleft with a few ptarmigan feathers. There was also the dried skin and parts of skeleton of a M. micinus, adult, in there. The long axis was ca. 2 1/2 feet with entrances at both ends. The short side branch was c. 10 inches and the tunnel to the next chamber was about a foot. The next cham- ber itself was roughly globular and about 6 inches in diameter. It was completely filled up by the nesting material. The tunnel was in what Teelwos calls the "Arctic Breeze rail."

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Cade 758 Microtus miinus August - Summary of occurrence at Ob filak Lake - also other microturics. M. miinus is the dominant microturic at this locality. It apparently has occurred at reached high densities on the fans and steep slopes of the sides of the wally. Microturic sign - runworm and holes, presumably of M. miinus - are conspicuous all the way to 6,000 feet. M. miinus appears to be absent from the intermediate zone from the base of the fans to the river Terrace. This ground is typically damp to wet with mostly a dwarf shrub- heath-lighers-Eriophyllum complex directed by microturic damages of willows, redges & quanes. In this area- especially along the lush drainages - Lemmyns and M. oecosomus occur sparse. On the flood plain and on the old river terrace - especially along the banks of old stream meanders - M. miinus again reaches a high density, but perhaps not so high up on the slopes, and the flood plain habitats may serve mainly as spill- over areas for surplus animals forced out of the slope - fan terrace. Impaces

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1. Crele 1959 Microtus minutus 31 May Peters-Schroeder & freshly Killed found being in wellaway by shrubs on west side opposite lake. By areas on slopes and fans where ground is exposed there is very little evidence of fresh wolf activity. Dawelev this hard rocky ground does not shed more signs. Dobrly has observed no microtus activity either. 2 June Peters-Schroeder L - one seen running among some rocks on an ellewed fan in Whistler Creek and an old pile of willow leaves was found. June Peters-Schroeder L - [illegible] found being up by shrubs on W. side of Peters. Peters-Schroeder L - on Carnivore Creek - one seen to run into a hole under a rock. June Peters-Schroeder L - one seen running along a bank in floodplain of Carnivore. 5 June Peters-Schroeder L - appears to be the commont microtus present in the area- numbers seem substantial but not as high as on the Okjilak last year in late summer.

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I. Cade 1958 Microlus oceconicus 19 August - Summary of occurrence in the Okfilek area I am more and more convinced that this species is mainly a dweller in lush reed- groves - willow complexes along the edge of small streams, slope drainages and around the margin of lakes. All the trapped date at this station support their point of view. In addition, I found heavy microlusine activity (sign) along the fresh drains which come down the swell of the valley between the alluvial fans. T2 cuts across such drains, but a transect paralleling one of the drains should have little sign. At this reason fresh diggings are the most conspicuous sign (also trace of M. microwes). These diggings are in the sides of drainage ditches, banks, at the foot of benches or in peat mounds, and they are quite conspicuous because the newly excavated peat and dirt is spread out as a kind of apronment in front of the hole. Such material is often reworked right into the burrow system. In one such area I set 8 traps in a space of 50 square feet. In two days, 6 Mo were taken in these traps. Along this drain a tran- sect probably would have yielded between 20 & 30 Mo, mostly juveniles & debile adults.

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Code 1958 Microtus oecanomus 22 August - 1800 - Jogod Lake Set out 20 traps in an area of about 300 square feet - 20 x 60 ft. at the outlet end of the little lake on the mossy area above Jogod Lake. outlet lake trap area The vegetation is wet to damp sedge-grass dwarf willow along margin of lake and along stream outlet, bordered by an area of upland rocky dwarf shrub-heat with a bank 3-4 ft. high between the two habitat types. Very frequent lemmings and fresh new weas in this area. 2 August 1000 - Caught 4 M. oecanomus, specimen members 274, 275, 276, 277, 1 August 1000 - caught one mouse, No 278. 5 August 1000 - no catch - traps removed. Total catch of 20 traps for 3 "nights" equals 5 for 300 square feet. This was one of the shrewiest used looking local areas that I have seen in the Jogs area.

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Cade 1958 5 August Jugo Lake - summary of occurrence - also other micovtines compared. Again at this station M. oecanomus appears to occur only in tightly localized population units widely dispersed from one another. The habitat is wet sedge- groves - willows swales or hillside meadows or similar habitat along hillside damage swop or in wet meadows of the river terraces, but in all these areas -including the large terrace meadows above and below Jugo Lake, the areas of frequent fresh sign are limited - usually not more than 400-1000 square feet in area. Large continuous densities do not seem to be present. The sector of T2 from stake 4.0 to 7.2 represents one such local "hot" area. So also does the sector of T3 from stake 2.8 to 6.8. (See trenched data). The dry rock shrub - dwarf shrub - heath habitat was again this year virtually devoid of micovtine rodents. The quernel along T4, I am now convinced, is situated too far out at the margin of a drainage symbol of redge zone plants. It is too close to the upland heath type vegetation. Had it been placed 20 yds closer to the drainage

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7. Code 1958 5 August cont- way where the ridges and grasses are more lush and continuous it probably would have yielded a catch similar to T2 & T3. Lemmus appears to occupy the same ground exactly but in limited numbers, M. minutus has not been taken at this station. Suitable alderical low type habitat does not occur in this valley until one goes about 3-4 miles upstream. There is flood plain habitat that looks suitable - ground such as that along T1 - but there is no sign of microtine activity in the flood plain until one reaches a point about 2 miles above Jugo Lake, where I saw some digging and fresh trails along a bank between the flood plain and the river terrace. This sign was probably made by M. minutus. Ondysavum (legume) is again prevalent on the flood plain areas here as on the Okfilek, so there should be sufficient food for populations of M. minutus, at the Jugo Lake sector of the valley. Willow cover is not so good as at Okfilek. No sign of Ondysavum this year on any ground.

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Code 1958 Minutes oeconomus 6 August Jogolahe Set 10 traps in the small sedge- greens marsh on the river tevage at the end of T2 - between the flood plain of the river and the muskine on the east side of Jogolahe. In this area (trapping area only) of 200 square feet fresh diggings and reburied one common. Many of the diggings are holes which were started and extend 2-3 inches into the ground and then apparently abandoned. This is frequently the case in such areas. Traps set out at 1800. August Jogolahe - 1000 - The 10 traps yielded 2 juveniles or SA My oeconomus - both females, one of which has a vaginal plug.

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Code 1957 Alopes lagopus 16 June - Between Beaufort and Grey Point Bay One near sitting out on the tundra inland 1-2 miles from coast at 2002, 27 July Pitt Point At 1950 a fox was seen traveling over the tundra between the two woods and in the general area of Owlnest #6. It was being harassed by a pair of jaegers. As it ran along, the jaegers flew in behind the fox and appeared actually to strike the fox in the rump with beaks. This caused the fox to jump up and twist around in the air. Then another jaeger would attack in the rear from the other direction. At least two different pairs of jaegers entered into this attack as the fox progressed. It was constantly harassed as long as it remained in my sight, some 15 min., and had no chance to do anything but run and dodge the jaegers. 29 July At the "freak" in the cleft of the drained lake south of the site, some fresh fox dens were found and also a great accumulation of caribou scats, caribou hair & bones etc.

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Cade 1958 Alopes lagopus 18 June east of Barrow One was seen sitting out on tussock timber just a few miles west of Teshekpuk Lake. Very few were reported along the coast during the winter. None taken at Barrow and very few at Wainwright. Maher has precise figures. 20 June Barrow - at 1905 Brock and I saw a fox digging on the timber near T9. When it dug up it stopped and moved off-not too fast-westward along Fresh Lake. 22 June Barrow - a phalapope which had been caught in a trap on T6 appeared to have been eaten by a fox. No scat was found, but feathers were strewn over the ground in an area of two-three square yards-no body material or other parts were left-just feathers. This is the typical appearance of a fox kill. 3 June Barrow - at 1306 I saw one loafing along in south part of Cutwal Marsh. He gave a little woup, stopped and rolled on his back for a few seconds, saw a little feather and then rolled again. He was about half way into summer pelage. I stopped at one of the spots where he had been rolling and found tufts of white hair over about a

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Cade 1958 Alopecy logopus 23 June - cont. a square yard of ground. Photo taken. At 1930 Brock and I saw a different individual between T9010 e T122. He was hunting in a polygon area- quarterming back and forth, stopping now and again to investigate something. He covered a lot of ground systematically and quickly. For a while we watched in the weasel from about 100 yds. We saw him stop and eat something. I lined him up with a post on the horizon and drove straight for the spot. He finished eating and moved off unconcerned before we arrived, but a little searching in the area revealed a freshly broken and eaten shoveldril egg, still lying in the scoop. A pair of excited turnstones were flying about us, and since the nest was on a site typical of that used by turnstones, we are sure it was their nest which the fox molested. This fox was nearly all white yet with just lots of few shedding on his right haunch.

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1. Cade 1958 Canis lupus 8 July Unimet, Alaska Harold Griffin informed me today that he and Carl Boesk shot 43 wolves from a plane working out of Unimet, from 15 February to 15 April. The area covered was mainly the Colville valley from Unimet upstream, along the Killik and across the base of the mountains to the Dravoik River and also out onto the coastal plain fronting the northern foothills. About 20 of the animals came from the general locality of Kinnupa Lakes, where wolves were concentrated. In all 300 wolves were taken by 18 planes operating out of Unimet or Anaktuvuk during this period. The total area covered by these operations extended east and west from Liberator Lake to Schwader Lake and north from the Brooks Range to the Fish Camp in the Meade River country. About 200 of these animals were taken in the area bounded by the Colville River, Eltuvik River, and the Anaktuvuk River, again the area where most of the wolves were concentrated. In all this activity no one has yet seen evidence of a

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Code 1958 Canis lupus 3 July - cart - moose-hill. More than half the animals taken by Griffin were yawling wolves. Fourteen of the 43 were black. Around the first of April on the upper Chandlers just above the forks, Griffin made the following observation while he was on the ground. A herd of about 30 caribou were traversing along a flat ridge in single file. Suddenly a wolf emerged from some brush about 10 feet from the lead animal, a few yards, and appeared to grab the caribou by his snout. Then the wolf seemed to swing backward between the forelegs of the caribou, binding the head and neck of the caribou down and between her fore- legs. In the next instant the caribou was flipped over on its back. It lay still after that. When the carcass was examined it was Then another wolf appeared and joined the first animal. They began feeding immediately. When the carcass was examined about 30 minutes later, the wolves were gone-probably having been scared off by the plane. The carcass had been opened up on one side of the rib cage in the area of the This observation was made 8x500 miles with

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1. Code 1958 Caris lupus 8 July - cont- lump, and part of the lump had been eaten. Griffin says that this is the typical method of entry, and that the wolves usually eat only parts of the viscera-especially the lump's liver. The whole cut out of the rib cage is just large enough for entry of the head. The wolves do not return to their kills, but move on with the caribou. In the instance referred to above, there were conspicuous declarations on the nose of the caribou but up other marks indicating that the animal had been attacked elsewhere. In falling it apparently broke its neck. Of some hundred kills which Griffin has seen, there has never been any indication that the caribou was caught by ham-striking as is commonly thought. Typically, after the wolves leave the hill, wolves move in first and eat the viscera so that all that is left in the body cavity is the contents of stomach, Caecum etc.-in a pile by itself. Also, they seem partial to the head region, Laterig eyes, tongue and portions of the neck. The head is frequently detached and carried or dragged away from the carcass - detached at circulation atlas & condyles

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Caris Lupus 8 July - cont- in some cases more than a quarter of mile, In one instance the head could definitely been carried in the mouth, eye sockets chipped. In my case has a skull been found broke open or chewed out. After the wolves come the fates and vawens - sometimes together but more often the vawen comes lost. The foxes eat the flesh and the vawens pick up the remains. A wolf skull thus leaves a whole complex of Caris- vawens animals and will usually remain on the ground about a week before it has been picked clean. In hunting by plane the wolves are often chased long distances. Yearlings are easier to shoot than old wolves. The yearlings usually run a field of the plane and then clear off to one side where they are easy shot. Adults, however, keep a blood, stop and rest, double back under the plane, and keep up such an erratic course that it is difficult to get in a good shot. In one case an adult male was chased from known points on the map. Ikevan continually without stopping for 30

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T. Cade Canis lupus miles for about 1 hour. When finally shot, he was still running strong. When examined this animal's posterior was covered with serine and excrete, apparently avoided dewing the view. This occurred near Fish Creek, and the wolf ran south toward the hills. The wolves will usually keep running straight ahead of the plane, as long as it stays in a position helping him. But if the plane overtakes and passes them, then it will no longer run a straight course, after that it begins zig-zagging, stopping few feet and then moving away as the plane approaches, suddenly doubling back, etc. In the yearling sample of 14 animals the sex ratio was 2 & 1 to male. Colville River - wolf tracks were seen at every station between Oolumagu- wide and Uniat - some quite fresh. 25 July

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1. Code 1956 Vulpes 13 June Unisat, Alaska A cross-fur was seen loping along over the solidifite area below Unisat Mt. It moved on cleaver the ridge, cart went, and as it approached the circuit of rough legrest, one of the birds tooped at it several times, and it disappeared in some brush. 29 July - Adult 1 caught in trap at the Unisat dump. Another adult was seen at the dump in the evening. One (cross-fur) was attracted to the quiveret, apparently by the gyrfalcons. The fox tried to slip up on two that were on the ground, but they saw it, and flew up, gawking. Jack H. then stooped by low over the fox's head. It was very curious about the whole affair and reluctant to leave, even when I walked out towards it. I finally sent a shot over its head with .22, and it scampered off.

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T. Cade 1958 Vulpes fulva 2 July Colbrille River-just above Oolamnagoruck While we were investigating the roughleg nest on the bluff on the right limit just above the Oolamnagoruck we heard a fox bark several times on a gravel bar at the base of the bluff. As we were returning to the boat, we saw it running along a bar at the edge of a dense stand of willow brush. The fox was within 60 yds several times, and the fox did not appear frightened by us. Several times it stopped to look at us. It was a typical red with very shaggy coat. 4 July Colbrille River-below mouth of Killeek- At 2210 we saw a fox sitting on a gravel bar at the edge of the river. It allowed us to boat right up by it without it showing any alarm-just out looking at us. We got within 25 yards, and the fox was collected with a shotgun. Another typical red in heavy molt-adult 87. Skull and as pelvis ranged. 3 Sept Meads River Coalmine. Men saw a fox on the high bank of the river between ARL wagon and the coalmine.

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T. Cade 1959 Vulpes fulva 4 June Unicat - Den with whelps (blewed inside but not seen) is located on the slope immediately below the cend of T10. The den consisted of a net-work of openings (4 all together) - enlarged from old ground acquipped cleggrip at the base of a weakly out crop on a steep brawsky slope. Both adults seen - one is wed and one is a ewess. Both retreated silently when I approached.

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Cale 1958 Lynx canadensis March, 1958- Colville River While wolf hunting from a small plane Harold Griffin saw one lynx in the moose yarding area across the river from Unistat. Another individual was here on the Colville Bar, near the mouth of Killek River.

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7. Cade 1958 Gulo lucus 3 August Okfilak River On the fan on which the shucks's nest was found by Sable and Centforn- ca 1 1/2 miles above Contact Creek, an adult wolverine was seen loping along up the creek toward the high mountains. We were about 300 yds away, and the animal now did see us. As he ran along, she flushed up a ptarmigan which flew away down the slope. No other wolverine has been seen by any of the patrols in this area this summer.

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Gulo luscus 2 June Peters-Schroder L - one was seen loping along on the ice next to shores on the west side of Peters. It ran up out the lower part of the I was in, stopped by a large rock, watched briefly at the box, squatted and either deflected or swivelled on both and then travelled on south along the lake and out of sight.

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Code 1958 Lutra canadensis about first of March, 1958 - Colville River, below Uniat During the wolf hunting season, Harold Curiffin and Carl Bolse saw one other two others sliding on snow banks along the river. When first seen the animal was sliding down a gentle slope and went into an open lead in the river. They banked the plane and turned in time to see the other climb back up on the bank. When it saw the plane, it jumped back into the river. The locality was just below the coal seam across the river from Uniat. Lutra canadensis is now Lontra canadensis per Wilson + Nadu 2nd Ed.

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T. Cade 1958 Mustela erminea 17 August Okpilak Lake - A subadult individual was seen on an outcrop of belvork granitite at the east end of the lake. My eyas falcons were perched in the area, and apparently their presence and screaming aroused his curiosity, because he kept running in and out of holes under the rocks on which they were sitting, looking at them - affraying within 2-3 feet and then quickly scattering away. It came also within 2-3 feet of Bill Malcon and me. I placed a dead bird at the entrance of a hole - holding onto it with one hand. He came up almost at once and took the bird. Then I put another decoy intending to try to catch him in my other gloved hand. He came up to take the bird, I made a grab - good by hand on him momentarily, but then squirmeled loose. He stayed under the rocks, then hissing at us. Presently we heard him chewing on the first bird. 22 August Jago Lake - A weasel has come in and occupied the ground squirrel burrows under and around the family camp. Seen off and on all day long. 25 August Jago Lake - Finally shot the weasel today. He

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7, Cade 1958 Mustela nixosa 24 June Barrow, Alaska While Pete Sovalik, Brock and I were locating plots for Schuety near T9E10, Pete saw a weasel run into a hole in some peat clumps which had been dug up along an old pipe line. The animal soon reappeared at the entrance to watch us, and by digging out the burrow and chasing him across the tundra a warp, we were able to catch him. Pee is now in a terrarium in our lab. The animal is an adult male in full summer pelage. Seems to be quite calm in captivity. Weasel sign - scats and eaten remains of lemmings in nets (see under Lemmuses) - are extensive all over the tundra around Barrow. They have been found around transects 1, 2 on gasoline ridge, around G6E also on ridge ground, and around 9E10 on interweldite ground. Also all over Central Marsh, in the can area back of QBL and south of Central Marsh within 1 mile of the geyser well, which is as far out as I have investigated. More weasels were seen by us last summer, although

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1. Cade 1958 Mustela vixosa 24 June - cont Pete Sovalik found a family of weasels near the village last July. Mr. Brewer says no one reported seeing weasels all last winter; yet they must have been present in some numbers. Again the date suggest that the weasel population moved into the Bawaw area from somewhere rather than having been produced locally from a small reservoir of breeders. If the lemmings themselves were moving into the Bawaw area last fall, perhaps the weasels followed them. July Bawaw- Our captive weasel has had a live white quail caged with him for 3 days. So far the weasel has shown little interest in the quail and certainly no inclination to kill it. There has been plenty of dead food available in the cage at all times. When a dead lemur is placed in the terrarium, the weasel immediately drops it into his nest. He consumes it there later working the feathers, wings etc. into the nesting material. This would seem to support our view that this

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Mustela viscosa 6 July - wild release, when it takes over a lemming nest, forces the weasels to add to the nest. The captured behaviour also indicates that the wild animals may indeed drag dead lemmings into their nests themselves. So there is less prevalence that the lemming remains found in nests were, in fact, from animals which froze to death in the first instance. Some of these may have been killed by weasel depredation and then taken back into the lemming nest for consumption. Even so, I still hold that the available information, taken as a whole, indicates that most of the mortality resulted from freezing or other exposure and that the mean utilization by the weasels was a secondary result of this heavy, accidental mortality.

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Code 1957 Usaus 10 June - Beaufort area One was seen along a lagoon on the coast just north of Agriik at 1822. Another was seen sitting on a creek bank a few miles in land along a drainages S. of Fig A at 1908. It ran down into some willows as we circled around over it. 1 July Oolamnogenik River - two were seen from the air.

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7. Code 1958 Ursus horribilis (richardsonii) 20 July Uniat This evening while going to a pond just back of the heavy duty shed To get some water, Harold Griffin suddenly encountered a yowling, which emerged from some tall weeds beside the wood to the old-farmutter shock and ran at him. Griffin climbed up a tree by shed, and the bear ran on into some elder brush and disappeared. We could not locate it afterward, but the dog set up a fearful howl when we took her into the area. 2 July Colville River- just above Oolawagaputk - One seen swimming across the river below the Falcon bluff- adult + July Colville River- ca 20 miles above Uniat- an adult was seen walking over a gravel bar along the river. As the boat approached, it stood upon hind legs and looked at us. It did not run away until I shouted at it from about 75 yards away. 5 July Colville River- at the Coelslaw bluff, just above Uniat.- while we were resting on top of the bluff, we saw an adult bear wading out from the left limit of the river. Then it stood up in the river

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1. Cade 1958 25 July Ursus richardsonii cont on its hind legs in water about chest high to the bear. It faced the left limit and barked several times. At first we could not see what it was up to. Then I saw two small cubs on a gravel bar at the edge of the river. The sow was apparently trying them to follow her across the river. At first they ran up and down the edge of the river. She kept barking off and on, and in about half a minute the cubs waded into the river and headed toward the sow. Then she swam or wet out deep water in the main current, turned so that her head was up stream, and then she twirled water until the cubs caught up with her. They continued swimming across in front of her while she left headed up river and drifting with the current, which was strong at this point on the river. As they neared the right limit, one of the cubs seemed to stir, at any rate the sow grabbed it up in her mouth and pulled it into her shoulders, where the cub climbed up on her back and rode the rest of the way across. At the same time the other cub fell in behind the sow

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Cade 1956 Alces gigas [illegible] 23 July - Savionik River Ca 2200 Krovanda and I saw two large antlered (???) moose traversing the river bottom just above the fork of the river. We watched them off and on for half an hour. They were moving along the gravel bars upstream, investigation of the river bottom revealed much moose sign - tracks, droppings and extensive browse on the willows. I think this may be an eastern record for moose on the slope. There was evidence of a movement of caribou recently along the river too. 26 July - Savionik River About 0900 we saw a cow with twin calves on the western bank of the lake by which we are camped - ca 2000 ft off. Watched these binners off and on for half an hour. They were browsing in a stand of low willows growing along the bank. Core waded into lake up to her knees several times. I tried to walk up for a photo but could not get closer than about 400 yds. They moved off thru the willows toward the uplands west of the lake. Alces gigas is now Alces alces per Wilson- Ruder 2nd Ed.

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1. Code 1958 Alces gigas 11 July Uniat & Colville River During the wolf hunting season on one flight Harold Griffin counted 76 moose between Ocean Point and the Colville Bar. He was certain that he counted every animal. He thought about 30 animals yarded on the large island opposite Uniat Mountain during the winter. There is another yarding area at the Colville Bar. Also he says that the bulls in summer remain high up at the heads of the creeks. This may explain why I score only new cows and calves on my flights along the main river in the summer time. This evening Chester Lange saw a yawning along Seaber Creek just west of the runway. July Uniat - Colville River - While flying up to the landing above the Oolamogovik we saw a moose 32 minutes out of Uniat - at 0137. Later in the day at a point below the Oolamogovik we saw a bull swim across the river - at 2110.

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7. Code 1954 Rangifer 11 June Chuiat, Alaska One was seen between Chuiat Lake and the steep slope to the N about 2130. I approached within 200 yds in the wessel. It finally went up the hill. 13 June Six seen across the river from Chuiat Mt. 21 June Several seen moving on the high ground west of Chuiat Mt. 24 June Three seen by T5. One shot by Ben. 25 June Six seen on the road going up the side of Red Hill. 27 June 3 seen in river flat N of See Bee Cr. 7 July Two singles seen along the Chuiillo between the Killik and Chuiat. 14 July Single seen near T5. 26 August Bands of 15-30 moving through uplands N of Chuiat all the time

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1. Cole 1957 Rangifer arcticus 8 June - While flying between Barrow and Cape Belkett, I saw - in the Teshekpuk Lake area one group of 5, one group of 3 - all adults - and 1 cow with a calf. 10 June Animals seen on trip from Barrow to Beaufort and back to Wainwright Barrow to Wainwright never seen Wainwright to Beaufort - 1606-5, 1607-6, 1609-5, 1609-6, 1614-8, 1621-2, 1630-3, 1641-6, Total = 36 Beaufort to Pitmeyle and back to Beaufort - 1854-24, 1854-14, 1900-5, Total = 43 Beaufort to Wainwright - 1930-16, 1445- 9, 1959-1, 2000-10, 2000-20, 2004-4, 2010-6, 2014-5, 2020-3, 2024-18, 2026-3, 2037-1, Total = 116 Grand Total = 195 8-22 June Unist - none seen in these days. 1 July Colville River - one was seen just after taking off from Unist - on an island and one was seen along the Colomagait. 7-9 July Colville River None seen along the river during these days 15 July Wainwright - Point Lay - at 1020 while flying between these places, saw a long herd right on coast - ca 3,000 to 6,000.

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7. Coe 1457 Rangifer arcticus 15 July Point Lloy In the afternoon saw one buck between the lake and the river and at the east end of lake tano was a calf apparently with mother. Its right hind leg was injured. 16 July Point Pay - the buck seen again SE of the lake. 5 August Jogo River Between camp & point 1 1/2 mi upriver - a cow & calf were seen at widely spaced intervals. Around 1400 while glassing the horizon, I saw a large herd herd on the SW peak of Jog Mountain. The entire top of the peak was covered with moving animals. They were moving toward the SW slope toward the Jogo valley. Sable said there have been only a few individuals around all summer. August Jogo Lake At 1815 a group of 16 with 1 calf was seen ca 1 mi S of camp 7 August At 0830 10 with 1 calf walked right through camp. At 0905 38 were seen on east side of the river and at 0910 - some 2 mi.

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1. Code 1957 Plangifew aveticias 2 August Jago Lake north a large group estimated at 200 was seen. These animals were self moving south up the valley on the benchland. At 12/5 7 with 2 [illegible] calves were seen from Sot camp. ? August Jago Lake A female was seen in the brush by my mist-net at "Upper Lake." ? August Jago Lake A female - probably same as above wandered post camp in the early after- noon. 3 August Jago Lake One seen on east side of river body- first in 4 days. August Jago Lake Singles seen here and there on every day since last entry, but today many singles were about. They left coming by the Jamesway all day long - perhaps 20 in all - all singly.

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Code 1958 Rangifer arcticus 18 June East of Bassen On the flight with Maher and Shank, I saw a total of 14. Maher saw several others. On the return flight to Bassen I saw scattered small groups of 2 to 8 north of Uniat. 5 June Bassen to Meade River - group of 6 seen about 10 miles N. of the Meade River along our flight line from Skelle Cliff. Later in the day two calves and 2 yearlings came past our transect 728. One of the yearlings was shot by an Eskimo. 27 June One lone animal was seen on the left limit of the view about 5 mi. above Camp. Uniat (Colville River) 30 July Harold Griffin told me that during the wolf breeding season the largest concentration of Caribbean caribou is centered south of the Colville between the Ayuk- tiwaak River and the Puvunga Lakes. Later, The FWS people (Sig Olsson and Joe M. New) in early June found a spawning ground in the Liberator Lake region of the upper Colville. I have they estimated 60,000 calves, 40,000 calves and 20,000 bulls. They saw no wolves at this time, although . conditions were not good then for seeing

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T. Code 1958 Rangifer activities 22 July Colville River- Oolammagorik to Killik Bend While flying upriver we saw one near the mouth of the Killik River. At 0620 a yearling was seen just above mouth of Oolammagorik. Another was seen in the same vicinity at 0725. At 2010 a yearling was seen at a point a mile or so below the Oolammagorik. At 2320 near the Killik Bend a large white-necked bull was seen on a gravel bar. 23 July Colville River- Killik Bend to a point ca 20 miles below the Killik. 0045- a small caribou crossed the river by camp. 0930- another crossed the river by camp. 1530- just below the Killik another bull was seen. 1600- another caribou. 1715- two caribou seen. 1800- bull caribou 1925- another bull caribou July Colville River- from 20 mi below Killik to 15 mi above Unitat- 1400- one seen crossing the river 2126- a yearling or small cow seen 21H3- another caribou seen. 5 July Colville River- in to Unitat

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1. Cade 1958 Rangifer arcticus 25 July - out- 1515- one seen climbing up the high bluff on right limit (second above Uniat). 1555- one seen seen on gravel bar below the bluff. 1945- one white-necked bull on gavel bar just above Uniat-standing right where th bears come out of the river. August Barrow to Sagavanirktok - Franklin Bluffs- Ca 5 mi west of Franklin Bluffs - several small groups consisting of a total of about 75 animals were seen. Franklin Bluffs to Okpilak- total of 42 seen in groups of 2 to 26. 8 August Okpilak Lake - total of 4 individuals seen around the area of the lake on these days. August Jago Lake - one adult bull seen this morning in front of camp. First record for this locale. September Meade River - Coal Mire - a group of eleven was seen feeding around shore of lake ca 1 mi SW of the village. Appeared to be all cows or young bulls. September Meade River - Two seen 1 mi SW of village. One was shot by an Eskimo.

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P. Cade 1959 Rangifer arcticus 6 June Saddleworth River - scattered herds of mostly cows and calves, numbering 8-10 hundred all told were seen along the river from a point about 10 miles N of Schooley to the point where the river breaks out onto the costal plain. New seemed to be moving north along the river valley. 24 June Uniat - Plovera return by air - one seen in valley of Millik R. 8 June Uniat - have been asking the oil exploration teams flying about to keep a lookout for Division. Eastward there have been a few scattered small bands numbering a few hundred around Franklin Bluffs. A few days ago the cars saw a group of about 500 west of Moluck Lake. This group definitely appeared to be moving westward. Yesterday they reported seeing "thousands" in the La Frenne Hills 10 to 30 miles inland from Cape Lesterne. The animals in that area were mostly cows and calves and they did not appear to be moving. Many were seen lying down on snow banks.

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Ovis dalli 31 May Peters-Schwader Lakes - group of 9 seen on lower slopes 1/4 mile south of camp. 1 June Peters-Schwader Lakes - Harry shot a ram on the west ewe pen were the's morning. I approached within 50 yds of a ewe and yearling above camp near the shrub next. June Peters-Schwader L - groups of 2, 10, and 3 seen on the walls of Whistler Creek 3 June Peters L. - 9 on the fan back camp. 6 June Peters-Schwoe - a ewe and lamb seen along Carrivonne Creek. - 15 June Peters-Schwoe - few - one to ca, seen daily.

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T. Cade 1956-1959 Alaska Species Accounts (Part 1) Birds -(Gaviformes through Gruiformes)

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1. Cade 1957 Gavia stellata 28 July Pitt Point One seen in the evening flying over the "back-wash" area just westward of the site. 5 August Jago Lake Two were seen swimming in Jago Lake between 1700 and 1800. Very wary. They appeared to be well into winter plumage - only one showed a clear red-throat and they were quite gray generally. 6 August Jago Lake Pair of loons seen on and off the lake several times today 7 August One loon seen landing on the lake late in the evening. -10 Aug Jago Lake Pair seen at least once on the lake each of these days - mostly between 1800 and 2300. -12 Aug Jago Lake - seen both days on the lake - pair. 4 August Jago Lake - pair seen again on lake 10 August Jago Lake - loons not seen since above entry. 23 Aug Jago Lake - see account under section for this date. These two remained on the lake the rest of the day.

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7, Cade 1958 Bavia stellata 25 June Coal Mine-Meade River - two were seen in the river opposite the village when we first arrived. 26 June - One seen on a lake 1/4 mi S of the village. 30 June - One seen flying upriver about 2 mmi before the village. July Baweru - 3 seen this afternoon flying over tundra out from A.R.L. July Baweru - Two were seen flying near the gas well. 22-25 July Colville River - seen at frequent intervals between Oolammagurik and Uniat-usually at the mouth of tributary streams or where two or more channels come together. August Okpilak Lake - A loon came on to the lake at 1915. At the time there were two broods of scoup on the lake. The loon spent about 15 minutes flapping around above the water chasing the scoup, and making a lot of noise. The scoup did not leave the lake. 7 August Okpilak - loon seen or heard on the lake each evening, 15 August Okpilak Lake - two were heard on the lake in the late evening, and later they were seen flying over the little lake by the Okpilak.

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Cade 1958 Corvus stellata 19 August, Jugo Lake One was seen on the lake around 1200. One was again seen flying along the river at 1448. It set up through the gap out of which the Jugo Lake outlet flows down to the river and landed in the middle of the lake. 20 August, Jugo Lake At 2000 a loon was on the far end of the lake at the same time two screech owls came on the near end. Every time the screech owls went toward the middle of the lake, the loon started swimming out toward them, and they always turned back. 2 August Jugo Lake - Loon seen on the lake at 1835, 4 August Jugo Lake - Loon seen at close quarters on the lake - 16.30, Winter plumage better than half developed. 6 August Jugo Lake - Loon heard crying on the lake around 0600. September Meade River Coalmine - at 1740 a single adult flew over headed south.

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7, Cade 1969 Gavia stellata 28 May Pitmegea River - 8 individuals were seen in the lagoon at the mouth of the river, or out on the water which has overflowed onto the sea ice. 4 June Peters-Schwader Lakes - as we were returning from Schwader in the evening in the Barn barker, one was scared up off the stream between the two lakes. June Peters-Schwader - 3 again seen in the same place as last account. 13 June Peters-Schwader - two heard calling at mouth of Spanning Creek. 15 June Peters-Schwader - two seen with same creeps on the water way between the two lakes. 19 June Uniat - pair on lake on second steward's first month's airstrip. 20 June Uniat - pair on lake at foot of Red Ibiel.

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Code 1956 Gavia arctica 11 June Uniaot, Alaska Two flew off of western end of Chuiat Lake as I was approaching in wheel, and two more were in the far end when I arrived. They too flew off. 24 June One seen on a stretch of back-water on the Colville near the float-plane landing area. 12 July Two seen on a lake near T5. Very wary. 30 July One seen in the river below Uniaot Mt. early August Seen commonly on lakes around Uniaot. 17 August Three seen on a lake near T5.

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7. Cade 1957 Bovia avetica To Jene Two seen flying between Barrow and the Dvukar River. 7-9 July Colville River One or two seen along the river on each day. 15-16 July Point Lay One seen on the lake back of the site and renewal at different times flying along the Kotolik R. 27-30 July Pitt Point Several seen each day on lakes and along the river in vicinity of the site. An adult with downy young was harassed by jaegers on the river in afternoon of 29th - see account under S. pomarinus. August Jago Lake A fine bright plumaged adult spent most of the morning on Jago Lake, diving and calling. Around 1130, two well- throats landed on the lake and chased the larger species all about - flapping over the surface as jaegers do - until the arctic finally flew up and left. It took him three turns around the lake to get enough altitude to fly out of the basin.

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7. Cade 1958 Gavia arctica 25 June Coal Mine-Mead River- A pair was seen on the large lake near T728. 26 June Coal Mine, Meade River- a pair seen on a lake ca 1 mi SW of the village. Another flew over the ARL warrigun at 2000, 27 June - One seen on the river a mile or so above camp. 30 June - One seen on a lake about 2 miles down river from the village. I made it drive several times before it finally flew off. Each time, just as it was diving it made a sound very much like the bark of a sealion - one single bark and then down. July Barrow to South Barrow Three- a total of 4 pairs was seen on large lakes. One of these, ca 1/4 mile S of South Bar-3 had a nest. The nest was on a mound of moss about 2 feet in diameter and just above the surface of the lake - near the center. Lake about 60 x 100 yards. We chose out on a tongue of land adjacent to the position of the nest, but could not see into it to count the eggs. One loon, 9?, we- waited near the nest, swimming about in a semi-submerged position.

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T. Cade 1958 Bovis arctica 12 July Unniot, Alaska Chester shot at an adult on a lake by T5, but he missed the bird. 14 July Unniot - an adult and two small dozonies we saw seen on a large lake SW of Unniot Lake in the late evening. All three were shot for specimens, but the adult dived and was lost. The dozonies were retrieved. Later a second adult presumably the 07, was seen on this lake. The lake has no island or exposed nests mounds surrounded by water; hence the nest must have been on the edge of the lake. September M esde River - Coalmine - 7 adults were seen together on large lake ca 3/4 X 1/2 mile in area 1 mi SW of village. At least 2 pairs were represented in this group. The present was a pair of yellow bells. September M esde River - Coalmine - a pair was seen on a lake ca 1/2 x 1/4 mi and 1/4 mi S. of the large lake 1 mi NW of the village. September Mesde River Coalmine - 3 were seen in the river just below the village at 1800, and later three were seen flying up river past the village. Others heard calling thru the clog. Sept M esde River - see general account

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7. Code 1958 Bovia arctica September Mlede River Coahumie - at 1450 five adults were seen on a lake 1 mi' south of the village. When the yellow hills flew over later, I heard there loons make a lot of "quacking" noise. September Mlede River. Coahumie - two adults seen on a lake ca 3/4 mi' N of the village by the transects on the river terrace. Others were before flying over the village. Original movement of loons during the last week has been definitely southward.

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1. Code 1959 Boreia arctica 25 May Pitmegea River We flew up river by Camp wound 1900, then turned around and flew back down river toward the ocean. 19 June Unniat - pair seen on a small lake on upper terrace N of the airstrip - near Sea Bee Creek. 20 June Unniat - pair seen with some ducks on a lake below Red Hill. 21-28 June Unniat - seen several times on lakes of the upper terrace near Unniat.

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T. Cade 1958 Bovis adamsii 21 June Barrow - While out with Brock, Maher and the others, I saw one of these loons fly over, heading in an easterly direction. September Meade River - Coalmine - a pair seen on a lake about 1 mile SW of village. Lake is 3 1/4 x 1 1/2 miles in area, and there were also 7 Arctic loons present at the same time. The yellow collies kept to themselves at one end of the lake, while the Arctic's were together in center of lake. 3 September Meade River - Coalmine - a pair was seen at the NW end of the large lake ca 1 mi NW of the village - at 1305. At 1405 a pair was seen flying north toward the same lake, about 1/4 mi to the south of it. September Meade River - Coalmine - at 1730 a group of 7 flew over heading south - all adults - yellow bills seen.

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T. Code 1959 Gavia adamsii 26 June Unniat - one seen flying low over the river at the mouth of Sea Bee Cv. 1-6 August Colville - Rishakwovak into delta - up on more seen every day along this stretch of river. At Ocean Point a group of 8 adults was observed to congregate, at first there were 2 above on the river. Then others began to pass by - singles - at 1-2 minute intervals. Each one wheeled over the first first and then came in for a landing reprieve from the group. Then shifted down ca 100 yds to join the group.

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T. Cade 1957 Anser albifrons 1 June One seen flying low over the Tindera ca 1/4 mile west of the village. 5 June Several seen between Barrow and the Drave and along the Drave. Of some 60 birds taken by the duck hunters on the Drave - the majority were white-fronts. 8 June - Several flocks seen between Barrow and Halkett. 10 June A member of groups 2-3-4 seen while flying from Barrow to Beeford and return to Weinamright

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T. Cade 1958 Answer allifrons 18 June east of Barraw Seen frequently on the flight with Mahw and 5 hawks - in pairs and groups of 3 to 4 - scattered generally over the area we covered but perhaps commonest along the coast. 25 June - Barraw - Meade River - two to three pairs seen while we were flying to Meade River. 27 June Coal Mine - Meade River - two seen flying across the river about 4 mi. above camp. 3 Sept Meade River - Calmenio - five adults were seen flying over the W end of the large lake 1 mi NW of the village.

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1. Code 1959 Anser albifrons 20 May Pitmegea River - 3 snow geese flying around the mouth of the river as we were leveling. Singles and a pair were seen later passing by camp. 21 May Pitmegea - heard several times around camp. 22 May Pitmegea - two geese flying in advanced flock of 18-20 snow geese. - headed north. 23 May Pitmegea - two pairs seen in the area around camp. 24 May Pitmegea - group of six geese flying downwind between the gap cliff and camp.

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T. Cade 1958 25 July Philacte canagica Colville River - ca 10 miles above Unicat A single bird in adult plumage was seen with a flock of about 10 flightless Canada geese. The Emperor Could fly but was reluctant to do so, perhaps because there was a strong wind and rain was falling. Nevertheless, I could not get close enough for a shot, but the bird was clearly seen from about 40 yards. There is no previous record of this goose for the river. Philacte canagica is now Chen canagica per AOU 1998

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1. Cade 1954 Chen hyperboea 20 May Pitmugea River - three were seen flying up the river past camp in the late evening. 21 May Pitmugea - 3 seen sitting at mouth of creek on left limit of river about half a mile above camp in late afternoon. 22 May Pitmugea River - flock of 18-20 rpm flying over the river across the left end of the study area, headed towards the north - around 1200. 23 May Pitmugea River - Flock of 20 seen flying over river by camp around noon and two flocks of about 10 each were seen up river in the afternoon. 26 May Pitmugea - flock of 25 seen on the flats across the river from the gyptoleum cliff. A small group of about 12 was seen on the flats across the river from camp. 27 May Pitmugea - one flock of 38 seen on upland timber along the cost before mouth of river ca 1 mi. Two flocks of about 20 each on the thilva across the river from camp.

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1. Code 1956 Branta canadensis 13 June Unist, Alaska Two seen on a gravel bar below Unist Mt and others heard dacoon wiver. One seen flying late in evening near Unist Lake. Two flew over Tc to about 2100. 14 June 18 June Two seen flying over Unist Lake about 2300. 21 June Seen or heard near Unist Lake on each day. 24 June One seen on the wood near Sea Bee Cv - west end of air strip. 26 June Two seen on the wood in semaphore In the late evening six were seen together on a lake in the same area as above. 30 July Twenty-five-thirty flightless adults were seen on the gravel bars of the big island below Unist. When pursued, they escaped into dense brush. 1 August Six flightless young seen with adult on a small lake of the same island.

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T. Code 1957 Branta canadensis 21 June, Uniat, Alaska Two were seen in the afternoon at a small lake near or between T5 and T7. They were near a mixed group of waterfowl. 24 June - One seen by a paved to the east of T5 near the road by the gravel pits. 30 June - None seen along the entire extent of the bluff area around Uniat Mt, where they were nesting in 1952. 7-9 July Colville River Seen frequently in flocks of 3 or 4 up to as many as 24 on gravel bars, banks and bluffs along the River. Two were flushed off of nets on bluffs as we passed by in the boat, but not nets were found while we were on the ground at any of the cliffs. 27 July Pitt Point A flock of 20 odd birds were seen around a small lake. 5 of the site as we were making our approach to land.

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Cade 1958 Branta canadensis 22 July Colville River - above Killik None seen between Oolamnaganek and Killik Rivers. 3 July Colville - below mouth of Killik 1600 - flock of about 20 molting adults seen in the river and running over grovel bars. 1630 - flock of 12 more molting adults 1815 - flock of 9 1845 " 7 1905 " 12 2100 " 13 24 July Colville River - from ca 25 mi above Uniat 2130 - flock of 12 molting adults 25 July Colville River - from ca 15 mi above Uniat 1200 - flock of 15 molting adults 1430 - " " 10 1430 " " 15 " " card 7 cleaving young with 2 adults. These groups of geese were encountered usually along islands with extensive grovel bars with brush in the interior and usually where two or more channels of the river were running close together. When closely chased in the water they dive and may stay submerged for about 1 minute. They will dive repeatedly when pursued by a boat with motor.

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T. Code 1958 Branta Canadensis September Uniqiat - several seem about a lake near the installation as we were landing on the field. September Uniqiat - heard honking in an area SW of the airstrip. September Uniqiat - geese again heard in this area. Chester saw some near T5.

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1. Code 1959 Brenta Canadensis 21 May Pitmegea River - three nelve seen sitting on a mud bar in some willows ca 2-3 ft hiegh on the right limit at a point belas the zip-view end of the long ridge above camp. 4 May. Pitmegea - flock of six seen between camp and mouth of river. 19 June Unniat - 3 seen flying over Sea- Bee at the east ford. Three seen again in the late evening over the upper tenware near the gravel fill an alligator wood. -28 June Unniat - few nely just about each day around lakes or along thaver- 2-3 at a time.

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Branta nigricans 5 June Several seen along the Grave, and the duck hunters we met had shot several. 8 June A good number in flock seen on the coast N of Teshekpuk Lake. 10 June Seen commonly in flocks of 6-12 between Warmwright and B beachfront along the coast 27 July Pitt Point - A flock of some 30 birds were seen around a lake westward of the site as we were making our approach to land. 28 July Pitt Point - A destroyed nest was found 20 yds from owl nest #1. Broken egg shells were all around and the nesting material had been torn aside and strewn around. At the owl nest, the wings and pectoral grindles and legs of 2 adult brant were also found. Bill Slean, the Slatkin Chief, said that earlier he had found some 10-12 brant nests on the "island area" around the site (see Maher's map). He also noted that the brant frequently nested close to owl nests. There were many other brant near the old village

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I. Cote 1957 Branta nigricans 28 July Pitt Point west of the site. Apparently there was a 100% failure of this nesting attempt by the Brent. This may have resulted because of the early seasonal decline of the lemming population and the consequent predation by seals and jaegers. Why Brent "visit" or nesting new cools is a question that begs for an answer. 29 July Pitt Point A flock of some 60-65 were seen on one of the lake-like areas of the view SW of the 'water' lake.

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1. Cade 1958 Branta nigricans 18 June east of Barrow A flock of 15 or so was seen in the delta country of Smith Bay. Branta nigricans is now Branta bernicla jn Apr 1998

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1. Cade 1958 Olor columbianus 18 June - east of Barrow a total of 3, a pair and one single, was seen while flying with Maker and Shanks. The pair was in the delta at Smith Bay and the other was back of POWA in the owl area. 25 June - Coal Mine, Meade River - one was seen flying over the village around 1900, while we were walking back from T728. 1 July Unmist (Wolf Button Lake) - Pete M. Weick reported seeing a pair of breeding swans on Wolf Button Lake in the vicinity of 39°49'N and 148°57'W. long, He also said there were 7 or 8 swans of POWD on the coast west of Barter Island. August ca 5 mi [illegible] west of Franklin Bluffs, Sagavanirktok River - two adults, while seen on a lake while we were flying in to land at the Saga camp. Olor columbianus is now Cygnus columbianus pu Apr 1998

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7. Code 1958 Anas platyrynchus 9 July Unmiat, Alaska Griffin saw a hen with 5 downy about 10 days ago. Shewas on the long pond at the SE corner of the airstrip. Earlier he had seen a pair of mallards in this area several times earlier. 2 July Unmiat - a hen with 4 feathered but flightless young was seen on a pond just south of the main Unmiat camp - along the road going out to the old transmitter shack. 13 July Unmiat - another hen with a brood of dorothy chicks (4), smaller than those seen yesterday, was reported by Rodke and Wilkey, who walked out along the telephone line to the radio station west of the main installation. 14 July Unmiat - a hen was seen in an inundated gravel pit along the SW side of the airstrip.

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T. Code 1959 Anas platyrhynchos 24 May Pitmegea River - three birds flew by camp today - reported by Mahew - not seen by me. 29 May Cafe Bearfoot - a drake was seen with the waterfowl-shovelbird concentration at the site. 31 May Peters - Schwader Lakes - Bobby tells me he has seen a drake several times in the open water area between the lakes. 1 June Peters - Schwader Lakes - one drake was seen in company of 3 pintails and some scaups. 4 June Peters - Schwader L. - not seen today in the area previously noted. 6 June Peters - Schwader L - a wige was seen on Carnivore Creek valley in the pond in the center of Round Meadow. Perhaps the same one referred to above, as it has not been seen in the former locality lately. July Uniat, Alaska 3 birds flew off a pond on the south side of the runway.

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T. Cade 1959 Spatula clypeata 29 May Pitwegea - a [illegible] flew up from the backwater by the blow behind the tent when the plane came in. Cope Breakfast - a [illegible] was seen with the concentration of birds at the clewline site. 21 June Unmist - a bright plumaged drake was seen with pin tails on a pond along alligator weed just above the creek outs the upper terace. 23 June Unmist - a pair was seen to fly across the east end of the air strip and land on a pond close to the north edge of the strip. 24 June Unmist - drake seen sitting at edge of pond on 11 miles of runway. Spatula clypeata is now Anas clypeata pil AON 1998

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T. Cade 1956 Anas acuta 11 June Uniat, Alaska A pair seen on a melt water pond west of Uniat about 0300. A single 87 was also seen flying in the area. At least four, appeared to be a pair, seen in melt water pond or 5 mile of airstrip about 1945. Several seen in the vicinity of Uniat Lake. 12 June A flock of 25 was seen flying near "Bee's Lake" at the base of the hill with the red spot. Several others were seen around water in the river bottom. 13 June Several pairs seen about ponds in the river bottom. 14 June A pair seen on a little lake just south of west end of airstrip. 21 June Some seen each day since above. 24-25 June Two drakes seen on a lake near the west evening of Sea Bee 6. 28 June Two drakes again in same place.

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7. Code 1957 Anas acuta 4 June Two drakes and a hen were seen in a melt water pool just back of Trainwright. 5 June Quite a few seen in pairs and groups of 6-7 along the trail to the Beaver and along the Dam. 8 June - pair seen at Half Moon Three. 11 June Pair seen near T4 12 June " " " - several other individual seen in other localities 18-21 June Scattered pairs seen around lakes on the series terraces. About half a dozen pairs in these pools. Group of 5 seen on a lake between T6 & T7 with other ducks. 25 June A drake with 3 hens seen on the pond at the upper end of T6 along the airstrip. 7-9 July, Colville River A few seen along the river but not common. 5-16 July Point Lay Three individuals seen on these days - waterfowl decidedly rare in the area not much in the way of ponds around. 29 July Pitt Point Seen very commonly in flocks of 10-30 all along the river. Several hundred birds in all.

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T. Cade 1958 Anas acuta 18 June - east of Barraw Seen frequently in pairs and groups of 2 drakes and then on the flight with Mahew and Shanks. 19 June Barraw - In the area where we were working on the transects, Brock and I saw one group of 5 with 3 ?7?7? and 2 ?,? and another group of about 12 with males and females. In addition, several other pairs were seen. This species seems rather more common than last year, 20-22 June Barraw - seen daily in small groups and in pairs. 23 June Flock of 12 seen with Still's sedge on a lake at southwest corner of Central Marsh. Others in pairs. 5-26 June Coal Mine-Mead River - several females seen within half mile radius of the village - no drakes present. In evening of 25th - ca 60 yds down river from stake 0.0 of T6 in the willows just on the bank of river across from the village, I flushed a hen off a nest of 8 eggs. The nest was in a slight depression under a willow about 2 feet high - in a dense stand whose average height is also about 2 feet. Nest lined with thick layer of vertical feathers from the duck.

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7. Cade 1958 Anas acuta 26 June Coal Mine, Meade River Several hens seen scattered about and one pair present on lake "H" mi. S of ARL Warrenigan. 7 June A ? seen on a pond near T324 in the river bottom. 0 June - two hens seen together on a lake near T324 in the early afternoon, and around 2:30, I flushed it hens out of the creek bottom near the level of the airstrip as I was walking out to T1. 7 July Bagoaw to South Barrow 3 - several flocks seen as single hens (see general account). A male with fresh wing feathers but otherwise in heavy eclipse molt was found dead at south end of J. Knowebe Lake. It wore a 58 series band, which May Brewer will turn into FWS. 7 July Christ - 1 bal. briffin reported having seen a ? with a flood of 7 downies about 4 days ago. I saw a hen on a lake near the runway in the late evening. 6 July Christ - a ? wood seen on a lake near the Range Station. 18 July Christ - Candy, the Brown Shepherd, caught one of two ducklings in a pond by the runway. The bird weighed ca 400 gms. No

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T. Code 1958 Anas acuta 18 July - primaries were growing out yet, but scapulars were coming in and tail feathers were c. 30 mm long. Also in the evening Chester saw a hen in a ditch near the power plant with 10 small downies. 20 July Throat - while taking up traps on T4 I saw a duck apparently floating dead on the water of a meadow ditch, I walked up to it and was just reaching down to pick it up, when the duck suddenly raised its head up out of the water, spreaded and flew away. It was a hen. Apparently she had had her head under the water dabbling as I approached, and did not see me coming. September Meade River - Coalmine. Three adults seen flying over lake ca 1 mi SW of village. Others were heard caching in adjacent lakes. September Meade River Coalmine - three were seen on a mud flat along the river above the village with 5 old squaws.

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1. Cade 1959 Anas acuta 20 May Pitmegea River - at mouth of river - a flock of 7878. Later a pair flew past camp. 21 May Pitmegea - a number of levels - possibly 20 - congregated in the area at mouth of river. Several others seen at points up river above camp. 22 May Pitmegea - flock of a dozen seen below camp. 23 May Pitmegea - six or eight flocks of from 6 to 20 levels seen behind the day. Preponderance of males, but some "fawns" seen within the flocks. 24 May Pitmegea - flocks seen around camp all day. 25 May Pitmegea - flocks and pairs seen at various graveters on the tundra le May Pitmegea - pairs seen stationed out across little puddles all over the tundra between camp and the gym falcon cliff. 7 May Pitmegea - Pairs sat stationed out on tundra back of camp. One peculiar bit of behavior observed near the coast this afternoon. Three birds appeared over the horizon

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T. Code 1959 27 May Aries acuta cant flying to round the mouth of the river rather high in the air- ca 200-300 feet. Two were drakes and one a hen. The hen kept up a constant squeaking as she flew. She was followed closer in flight by one drake, the drake seeming to mimic her movements almost exactly, a little to one side and behind her. The other drake trailed a few feet behind these two. Just before they passed over me, another drake suddenly arose from the top of a cargo ship's mast and flew almost straight up to join the flight of the three passing over. As the group passed on toward the lagoon, another and then another drake suddenly rose straight off the ground to join the flying level. It was impressed by how vertically they could rise without circling. The six birds then willed around in the air over the lagoon, the ducks squeaking incessantly all the while. Two more birds (drakes?) got up from the lagoon

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F. Cade 1959 Anas acuta 27 May cont and joined the flight, so that there were finally 8 loons mulling in the air, one of which was a hen as nearly as I could see. Finally they broke up into two groups of 4 each and landed on the mud flats near the logoon at the mouth of the river. 29 May Cafe Beaumont - about 50 were seen in the melted area near between the air strip and the site. Waterfowl and shore birds were concentrated here apparently because it was the only open water around - the cold north wind freezing frozen cover the melt water ponds cover large, tweets of time Peter-Schwader Lakes - Nobby tells me there are Gorks frequenting the open water between the two lakes, June Peter-Schwader Lakes - 3 ducks were seen along the snow-banked stream between the two lakes. 4 June Peter-Schwader L. - two ducks seen on stream between two lakes both morning and evening.

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T. Code 1959 Annes acuta 8 June Peters-Schwader Lakes - on a large exposed sandy flat between the two lakes there was a group of 26 birds, 18 drakes and 8 hens. No display or sexual activity was seen. 19 June Uinta - a hen was flushed out of some 3 ft willows along a drain just back of camp. Another was flushed from margin of small pond on upper terrace. 20 June Uinta - 3 drakes on a lake on upper terrace below Red Hill. 21 June Uinta - about 5 drakes and 2 hens seen on a pond along alligator wood. 28 June Uinta - seen just about every day single hens or groups of 2,3-5 drakes- no pairs.

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T. Code 1956 Anas carolinense 11 June Unicat, Alaska One duck was seen flying near USGS but about 1600, and a pair was seen later in the evening by the air strip. 18 June A duck seen alighting on a small pond by the road near T8 about 2000. 21 June Two ducks were seen along Sea Bee Creek where the road crosses at east end of airstrip. A hen was flushed from a puddle in a brushy area along E bank of the creek in some area. 22-25 June A pair seen each day on the same small pond by the road going up to Red Hill. Male is courting. Very tame - I watch from 20-25 yds in color. It always goes ahead of duck. 14 July A small duckling believed to be this species was caught in mouse trap on T5 - unhooked - when released swam and died promptly. Also now a mated hen by a small pond near the west evening of Sea Bee Creek. 19 July A pair seen on a small lake about 1/2 mile east of east end of runway. No young seen Anas carolinensis is now Anas crecca pr Aou 1998

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Code 1957 Anas carolinensis 18-21 June, Unicat, Alaska Scattered pairs, about half a dozen, seen in three deep or lakes of the main terrace. 28 June throat - again seen on a pond near T8. .Anas carolinensis is now Anas crecca pm Aou 1998

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7. Cade 1958 Anas carolinensis 10 July Uniat, Alaska - Chester and I saw a ? with 10 darvories on a pond about 15x10 yards in area on the upper river Terrace by alligator wood. Several vegetation is weddewal grass, and grass-ledge shrub, with some wet dwarf shrub mixture. 11 July Uniat - same hen and brood seen on same pond today. September Uniat - one seen on a pond near Alligator Pool - in all brownish plumage. 16 Sept Uniat - one seen each day on the same pond. Looks to be a hen. Anas carolinensis is now Anas crecca pn Aou 1998

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7. Code 1959 Anas carolinensis 6 June Peters-Schroder Lakes - on the Carnivore Creek really - on the pond in the center of Round Meadow there were 5 teal with themselves. At first three got up - looked like 2 drakes and a hen; later a pair got up. I shot the hen but could not find her in the teal quars (Great Crestophila) growing out of the water. 14 June Peters-Schroder L - a single hen was seen at margin of a small pond at Phoebe Meadows. A pair of teal and 2 drakes on the Crestophila pond in center of Round Meadow. 21 June Uniatt - single hen seen on pond along alligator road. 22 June Uniatt - single hen seen on a pond near Uniatt Lake. 27 June Uniatt - pair seen on small pond by green pit along alligator road, Anas carolinensis is now Anas crecca per AOU 1998

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Cade 1956 Aythya marila 11 June Unisat, Alaska A group of 18 (all pairs, I think) was seen with 2 pairs of old squaws on a melt water pond along S neck of runway about 2000. A group of 20-30 ducks seen in district on east end of Unisat Lake was composed mostly of scoters. 13 June A pair was seen on a pond near the river east of Unisat. 14 June Four or five seen on the lake on north neck of east end airstrip near T6. 21 June Some seen on each day nine eleven-month on as near Unisat Lake. 24 June Two seen on lake near T7 19 July A brood of 5 and one of 6 seen with teens on Unisat Lake.

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T. Code 1937 Aythya marila ? 21 June, Urrist - Six seen with other water- fowl on a lake between T6 & T7 in the afternoon. 25 June, Urrist - two pairs seen with the pintails on the pond at upper end of T6. 7-9 July Colquillo River Several seen on the river - all diverts.

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1, Cade 1958 Aythya manila 4 August Okfilak Lake A female with a brood of 8 1/2 gossoon ducklings was seen on the little lake just SE of Okfilak. 5 August - Two hens each with a brood of 8 ducklings were seen on Okfilak Lake in the evening. At this time there were no ducks on the little lake, so one of the groups apparently had moved down the drain from little lake into OKfilak. These broods were harassed by a red-throated loon. 6 August - In the morning hens & were back on the little lake. In the evening two broods again on OKfilak. 7 August - Both broods on OKfilak all day. 8 August - hens 9! young seen on Okfilak this morning. One young from one brood must have swum to the other brood. 9 August Okfilak Lake - 0900 - female & brood of 9 on lake by camp. 17 August Okfilak - broods seen on each of these days on this lake. 18 August Okfilak - two broods seen again - one of 9+ hens & one of 6 or 8 - same as previous group of 8? - mortality? I shot one of the 9, nearly fully feathered on body

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Cobe 1955 Aythya manila 18 Aug Cant left head upper neck still downy. Tail about fully developed but new feathers still in sheathes only ca. 4 inches long. Specimen destroyed by geyser falcons before I could skin it. 19 August, Jago Lake 1645- two adult males in newly full winter plumage, were seen on the near edge of the lake. They landed near the float plane landing and then swam out toward the middle of the lake. 20 August, Jago Lake 2000 two drakes again on the lake. A loon was present at the same time. 7 August Okjilak Lake- two broods seen as we were taking off in the float plane.

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T. Cade 1959 Aythya manila 1 June Peters - Schweder Lakes - two pairs were seen on the stream between the two lakes. 1 June Peters - Schweder L. - on the stream between the two lakes - a hen was seen in the morning, scared up by the bombardier, and in the evening two chokes got up. 3 June Peters - Schweder L. - two pairs on the snow-banked stream between the two lakes. 11 June Peters - Schweder - pair seen on the coast around the little lake at NW corner of Peters. Acted as though settled there for breeding. 12 June Peters - Schweder L - pair seen on the flats by a puddle of unicycled reedg tindro - new to little lake where semypster - dog. They kept five linigree around the iteweha puddle. 15 June Peters - Schweder - 3 pairs seen on the water way between the two lakes. 20 June Unniat - 4 chwakes & 3 hens on a lake below Red Hill. 21-28 June Unniat - seen daily on lake of the upper terrace.

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Cadle 1957 Polysticta stellera 5 June One pair seen on the branch. The male was shot but fell into the river and drifted to the far side and could not be retrieved. 11 June A pair seen near Veinwright T3 - acted as though attached to a small pond near by 12 June Flank of six, 307,59, seen flying over twelve miles TH 29 July Pitt Point Just S of the air strip in the area of airstrip #4 a female with 4 downy young was found on a pond ca 10 x 20 feet in area. They were being harassed by jays when first seen (see account under S. pomarinus). F would not leave the pond even when I walked right up to edge. A sudden movement would cause the downy ones to go dive. They would break the surface and dive again, until exhausted. F kept up a constant quivering noise. Once or twice she too dove, but she never seemed ready to take flight. When I retreated a few yards, she came out and stood on a mound by the pond and seemed to be watching the jays which stayed

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T. Cade 1958 Polysticta stelleri 20 June Barrow - Brock and I saw a flock of about 25 - mostly in pairs just to the west of Central Marsh - near T122. When we flushed them, several of the pairs broke from the flock and flew in separate directions. In the evening we saw a group of 937 and 79 on a pond near where the larger group was seen earlier. 21 June - flock of 637 and 37 seen on a lake at the south end of Central Marsh around 1524. They were feeding by tipping up in the fashion of dabblers, 23 June - at 1600 7 pairs of Steller's were seen on a lake at SW end of Central Marsh. Birds were definitely keeping in distinct pairs. 6 July Barrow flock of 11 females and 1 male seen on the Salt Lagoon in the afternoon. 7 July Barrow to South Barrow 3 - in vicinity of E. shore of Skovourk a flock of 24 & 37 was seen.

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Coble 1957 Arctonetta fischeri 6 June Three or four pairs seen between Barrow and Wainwright. No flocks. 5 June Several birds seen in pairs along or near the Drave. Arctonetta fischeri is now Somateria fischeri per Nov 1998

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T. Cade 1958 Lampronetta fischeri 20 June - Barrow - In the morning Brock and I saw a pair nesting beside a small pond on the west side of Cuthol Marsh. May have been the same pair Brock saw several days ago. 7 July South Barrow - 3 - a ♀ was seen by a lake ca 1/4 mi S of the well Lampronetta fischeri is now Somateria fischeri pr. AOU 1998

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1. Code 1958 Somateria spectabilis 6 July Barrow, Alaska A male in immature plumage was seen on shore ice by the outlet to the lagoon at west side of the installation. 7 July Barrow to South Barrow-3- two females were seen by a pond between the latter station and the gas well. Two other unidentified Ploids in this general vicinity may have been this species also.

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T. Cade 1956 Melanitta perspicillata [illegible] (?) 11 June Unicat, Alaska About 2030, a pair of black ducks with white wing specula flew along the Colville about 1/2 mile below Bearpaw Creek. I believe it was this species. A pair was also seen over Unicat Lake about an hour later. White on wings very conspicuous on both Fe 7. 13 June A pair seen flying out over the reeds near mouth of Sea Bee Creek, late in evening. 17 June Pair seen on the lake at the end of TC by the air- strip.

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T. Cade 1958 Melanitta perspicillata 25 June Coal Mine - Meade River Alaska One of the Eskimos - Johnnie - showed up an adult male which he had shot three some days ago. It had been frozen for keeping.

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I. Cade 1956 Clangula hyemalis 11 June 1956 About 2000 two pair were seen with scoups in a melt water pool on S. side of river way. There was no courting behavior. 12 June a duake was seen with a group of N. phalacrocorax on a melt water lake at the west end of the air strip. 13 June one duake seen on a pond east of Unist. 18 June Three or four seen on Unist Lake in late evening. 21 June Seen each day on Unist Lake 24 June Pair seen on lake near T7 19 July A brood of 6 and then seen on Unist Lake

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T. Cade 1957 Clangula hyemalis 3 June John Campbell and I saw a flock of six fly over the beach ridge about- midway out to the Point around 2030. 5 June Several flocks seen along the margin of lakes between Bagoose and the Beaver and flying along the Beaver. Some of these flocks were up to 30 birds at 10. 13 June, Main night, Alcots - pair seen on pond near T3. 18-21 June, Unist - Seen rather commonly air pairs on lakes of the view terrace. Fewer five seen in a mixed group of waterfowl on a lake between T5 & T7 on 21st. 16 July Point Lay One seen on the large lake back of therite, 27-30 July Pitt Parent A few scattered pairs seen on ponds and along the river. Beet decidedly not common in this area. Aug (entry) Jago Lake Sable said he had seen a few pairs of these ducks earlier in the year on various lakes in the Jago valley. 19 August Jago Lake - one seen in the evening on "Upper Lake" It would not fly when I threw rocks at it - escaped by diving instead.

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T. Cade 1958 Clangula hyemalis 18 June - east of Barrow On the flight with Mahew and Shanks, several were seen on lakes, but not as common, it seems to me, as usual. 19 June Barrow - while setting out the traps lies we saw only two or three pairs. 20-22 June Barrow - one pair seen daily on a pond just in back of ARL on the road out to Evanslie's hut. 23 June - this duck seems to be down in numbers this year - at least relatively - it is less common than pintail and Steller's. Few scattered pairs seen in adjacent ground around Central Marsh. 5-26 June Coal Mine - Meade River - few pairs have been seen on lakes within half mile radius of the village - also flying along the river. A single drake seen on lake "Hmi" S of ARL swannigen. 28 June A male seen on a pond in the marsh adjacent to T2. 29 June Pair seen on a lake across the view from the village. 30 June - Three pairs seen on separate small lakes on our walk down river this afternoon,

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T. Code 1958 Clangula hyemalis 6 July Barrow Several pairs and one group of 6 and one of 3 seen on lakes and ponds in Voath area and around Culhol Marsh. 7 July Barrow to South Barrow-3- several seen (see general account), 15-16 July Umiat-three adults have been seen on Lake Umiat each evening. Uncommon in the area this year-no scoop seen yet. September Meade River - Coalmine - several slewed along the river between ARL spanigan and the Coalmine. 3 Sept Meade River Coalmine - a group of 13 was seen on a small lake 100x 300 yds near the large lake 1mi NW of village. September Meade River Coalmine - 5, 4 smaller than 6th, were seen swimming in the river just above the village. Later they were seen with 3 pintails on a mud bar 1 mi above the village.

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T. Code 1959 Clangula hyemalis 19 June Umikt, Alaska - two pairs seen on lakes of upper terrace north of the airstrip. 20 June Umikt - pair on lakes below Red Hill. 22 June Umikt - several pairs seen on lakes of the upper terrace. 3-28 June Umikt - seen or heard infrequently on lakes of the upper terrace - mostly around Red Hill.

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T. Cade 1958 Mergus serrator 27 June Cool Mine, Meade River, Alaska An adult male was seen flying over the river about a mile above the Coal Mine. 30 June One was seen swimming in the river near the old village site of Athanuk - adult male. September Meade River - see general account of this date.

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Code 1959 Circa cyaneus 23 May Pitmegea Rivier - a single adult 4 was seen flying across river from camp around noon. It made several passes at some long turns on the bank and then crossed over meight in front of me and continued on upstream. 26 May Pitmegea - an adult female was seen flying along the river by the gey falcon cliff. Probably the same bird referred to above. 28 May Pitmegea - an adult 4 seen flying over the coastal tewelve by the old cabin near the mouth of the river in the early evening. July Cohillle - several vengains focused at gey falcon caves but none seen flying anywhere in the region.

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7. Code 1956 Buteo lagopus 11 June Uniest, Alaska About 1600 west of camp near Sea Bee Cv. saw one, 9 by plunge, sitting on the ground, apparently eating. Presently it was disturbed by 2 woy tails, and it flew off to- ward the river with a strong tail wind. The woy tails followed it in the air. 12 June In early afternoon one was seen chasing and stooping at an eagle in the cule near the nest spot on the side of the hill. 13 June Three birds seen on the down river side of Uniest Mt. looked like 299 c 157. They were near a nesting site in 62 and probably 2 of these are nesting there again

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7. Cade 1956 Buteo lagopus See map for locations of nests Baxter Creek 30 June Battle B., ca 3/4 mi above mouth E. Klickitat Saw one on the bluffs just down from Gyr avies. It stooped at me once when I was on a pinnacle but I found no fresh nests, but there are 5 old ones in the area. 1 July A & new leaving a nest on a high outcrop above talies as we passed by. Too far away to investigate.- some cliff or above 2 July Two new by Klickitat on a bluff just above pere- guine avies #1. No nest seen but probably from activities of birds. Lower tributary 5 July Pair on cliff at mouth of Klickitat River with 4 small cleaving young - found by Klickitat 6 July Pair with peregrines on bluff 1 mile below gyr avies #2 Pair about 4 miles below the above pair Pair with peregrines ca. 5 miles above Coleville Pair nesting on bluff on left side of Coleville just above Klickitat - where peregrines nested in '52. 7 July Pair near gyr avies #3 - above Klickitat Pair or night just below camp #5 Pair at old gyr avies #2 3 young 2 wks old - Plumming in nest Pair at old gyr avies #3 Pair ca 1/2 mile below near new gyr avies #4. 8 July Pair with peregrines on the left side.

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Code 1956 Buteo lagopus 8 July Cleveille R - above Unicat. 3 more pairs on right side with periegories between last locality and Unicat. total pairs including Unicat Mt = 16 30 July Pair on Unicat Mt movement ca 200 yds up river from 1952 site. Nest on a sandstone outcrop ca 100 ft above river & 50 ft from top of a talus slope. Nest 10 ft above foot of outcrop. Two recently fledged young present. Collected all pellets and food items found around nest. 14 August One seen hunting in the area of T7

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Code 1957 Buteo lagopus 30 June, Umiat A pair was seen flying around in the vicinity of last year's nest on Umiat Mt, but this nest was empty. Nor indeed could we find an active nest anywhere along the bluff. The birds soared around up high and did not set in the least agitated by our presence. I think it is safe to say this pair is not breeding this year. Last year they produced 2 fledged young. 1 July Colville River - 3 were seen flying at intervals between Umiat and Colville Bar and 4 in the air along the Olaunagokik - these were seen from the plane. None were present at the bluffs or the copper Olaunagokik gyps aerie, where they were last year, or at Stawfish Bluff or at the Double Knife Ridge Bluff - all of which had nests last year. 7 July Colville River - more above Olaunagokik Nest #1 - Lower Hillik Bluff - inaccessible stick nest - 200 ft down below turf on a shale- muck talus and 100 ft above the river on top of a stack of shale. Both birds present, screaming & diving. 1 was flushed off nest when we arrived. About 1/4 mi up river from a Peregrine aerie with one added egg. NW facing

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T. Cade 1957 Buteo lagopus 8 July Colville River Nest #2 on first right hand bluff below Killik-wit gap-falcons ca 1/4 mi away. Nest ca 100 ft above river and 10 ft below bushy turf on a shale wall facing N. 3 young ca. 10 days old - pin feathers on wings showing. No remains of prey at nest. Nest #3 - on right hand cliff ca 1 mi below double Knife's edge (1956 gap cliff) pair nesting in same place as last year. Pairing when we arrived and both adults were on the nest. Nest 200 ft above river on a shale outcrop and 10 ft below turf, facing N.E. Cortuts not checked. 9 July , Colville River Nest #4 - left bank Bluff above Unicat - pair with nest on west slope ca 150 ft above the river - above a shale table; nest on brink of the creek. 3 young ca 1 week - no pin feathers showing - facing NW. Remains of 1 ground squirrel at nest. Lots of ground squirrels in the area. - nesting ca 1/4 mi from peregrines. Nest #5 - cliff on right second above Unicat - female on nest 2.00 ft from top of cliff and 100 ft above river. Cliff not climbed. Rough leg was attacked by peregrines, nesting near by.

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T. Code 1957 Buteo lagopus 9 July Colville River Nest #6 - on weight hard bluff just above Uniat - 200 yds from gyr ane - nest on talus muck in clump of green grass - ca 130 ft below upper brink of cut and 100 ft above river. 3 young ca 1 week old - pin feathers just showing. No remains /priz at nest. Only adult 7 seen.

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7, Code 1958 Buteo lagopus 9 July Uniqt, Alaska David Griffin has 3 dacory young a little more than 2 weeks old which he took from a nest on Christ Macmtani, 14 days ago. Two appear to be females, and 1 2 July Colville River-from above Oolammagovik to Killik Bad Nest #1: pair seen on right limit just above Oolammagovik. Nest on sandstone overcrop, 75 ft from bottom & 75 ft from top. Nest not examined at close quarters but looked into from a distance of 60 yds. 3 young which looked to be between 2-3 weeks old. Nest #2: pair on left limit just above Oolammagovik-nest 15 ft up on a wall of sandstone - 30 ft below brushy brink. 4 young about 3 weeks old- Primaries 6", tail 4". Both adults light phase. Food: following fresh prygm in nest- SA -> MB, SA -> Mo, Ad -> Lem, SA -> Lem, Ad -> Lem, SA -> Lem. Nest #3: first bluff on the right limit below Oolammagovik - pair both light phase. Nest 150 yds from psequies. Nest 30 ft up from river on wall of sandstone - 150 ft from talus top. 3 young- 1 flew out, two

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T. Code 1958 Buteo lagopus 22 July cont stayed in nest - one of these fully feathered, out with primaries 8" - brood about 5 weeks old. Food: fresh remains included: 1 Ad ♀ Lem (too nefs to get repro. data), 1 Ad ♂ Lem, 1 Ad ♂ Lem, 1 Ad ♂ Lem, 1 SA ♂ Lem, 1 SA ♂ Lem, 1 SA ♂ Lem, 1 SA ♀ Dii (3 emb 1/2 - ca 10mm) 1 SA ♂ Mo, 1 Ad ♂ Mo, 1 Ad ♂ Mo, awie #4: - left limit below Dolannagovib- just above last year's gyp nest - ca. 300 yds. - Pair light phase birds. Nest on sandstone wall 30 ft from top of bluff and 38 ft above a talus. 200 ft. above the river. One young ca 4 weeks old - primaries 6" - tail 3". Food: fresh remains in nest = 1 Ad ♂ Mo, 1 Juv B ♂ Mo, 1 Juv redpoll. Also there was one addled egg and the dem- caten remains of a young roughleg about 2 weeks old when it died. Awie #5: in the stick nest on the pinnacle of wreck exactly where gyps nested last year - 50 ft from top, 30 from bottom, and 200 above river. One young about 5 weeks old - primaries 8", tail 5". Food: fresh remains = 1 Ad ♀ Lem (sleet, 7 emb (3/4) 12mm) 3 July Colville River - from Wilkie Bend to point ca 1 mile below double Knife blade bluff.

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1. Cade 1958 Buteo lagopus 23 July Cont Aerie #6: pair of light phase birds on the lower Killek Bluff - Nest 10 ft below brink of alder brush slope, 4650 ft above top of a talus and 150 ft above the water. Four young - oldest with primaries 6" x tail 4-5" - youngest with primaries 5" x tail 3". No fresh kills in nest - pellets collected. Nest about 250 yds down river from puegvine. -by bluffs or right limit - first below Killek - a single adult was seen but no active nest could be found. Aerie #7: pair of light phase birds on the double Knife blade bluff - Nest on the upriver blade - 25 ft down from the crop-off at the end of the ridge, 150 ft sheds drop to the river below. Nest only about 30 yds from puegvine aerie. Two young about 3 weeks old. Numerous of fresh prey in the nests. On the series of small outcrops on the right limit below double-Knife, where rough-legged nested in '62-37, a single adult F was seen but no active nest present. 24 July Colville River - from 1 mi below Double K to ca 20 mi above Unicat.

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T. Cade 1958 Buteo lagopus 24 July cont On the inland outcrop on the weight limit where a pair of peregrines was seen, a voregh leg was heard calling. Nesting there not determined. 25 July Colville River - 20 mi above Unicat to Unicat Navarregh leg on the last Leigh bluff on the left limit before Unicat, where there were nests in 62, 66 0 57. - At the second above Unicat on the right limit, a single voregh leg was attacked by a single peregrine but there was no sign of an active nest. - At the last Leigh bluff on the right limit above Unicat a single adult varegh leg was seen but no active nest. clue#8 - At the coal seam bluff a pair of light phase birds was seen and there was a fresh stick nest with droppings around it, but the nest was not checked. Probably active. Counting the Unicat paw there were 9 pairs in the survey this year between Colomogranik and Unicat, with possibly a 10th pair on the inland outcrop. It is interesting, however, that fewer active nests were found

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T. Cade 1958 Buteo lagopus 15 July Cont before the Killik than above jet and that those nests above fell food move fresh food in the nests than did those below. It would appear that microtus populations were relatively dense in the country above the Killik and relatively sparse, as at Quaat, in the country before the Killik. August Franklin Bluffs-Sagavanish tok River With Novanda, I visited the local pair of rough legs, which are nesting on the rock side of a flat iron ridge about 1/4 mi from the camp. Pair of light phase birds. Met on a takes slope easily walked to, Every young about 5 weeks old, Longfew feathers seen in the nest. The shreds remains of a second decay - young were found at the bore of the nest. Also ground equivalents remain, Large numbers of pellets collected. September Unist, Alaska - one was seen soaring over the airstrip in the late afternoon - ca 100 ft up. It was moving slowly toward Red Hill.

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1. Code 1959 Buteo lagopus 20 May Pitmegea River - a very light headed and light-chested ? was seen sitting on a knoll on the ridge northeast of camp across the river. 21 May Pitmegea - another ? of some description was attacked briefly by a gyrfalcon as she flew flying across this ridge toward the mouth of the river. 22 May Pitmegea - two birds, a light one, and one darker, flew by camp at 1430, passed the mouth of the river and continued south along the coast. 23 May Pitmegea - four birds in ? plumage were seen soaring in a strong wind over the upper end of the long ridge on the right limit above camp. One had molted inner primaries (? th?). Three were very light, one was somewhat darker. 24 May Pitmegea - one was seen on the high ridge across the view from camp, one was seen at the gyrfalcon cliff, and one was seen over the long ridge across and above from camp.

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Buteo lagopus Cree Thompson - one was seen soaring over the central series of bluffs - high up toward the rim. Pitnugger - a pair was seen circling and descending over a steep weld and takes slope inland from the view ca 1 mile along the creek 1mri above camp. They acted as though located in the area but no nest proof evident in any of the likely places. Occasional steep banks in the area but no rock outcrops. Bird in 87 plunge scream. Peter-Schwader Lakes - on "Buteo" ca at a point ca 4 mi NW of Schwader t.- a pair was evident on the upper stretch of the bluffs where a pinegrove armil was located. No nest could be found but the cliffs were much ag- gitated by new pulkaws, and the 87 in particular sliced past peres several times within 20-38 yds. I was not at cleff when we arrived, and she stayed quite a ways out when she came in. Both birds revealed. About 25 pellets were collected from pickers. They are probably the "eagles" reported by Bill / Hambird last year. I halwotted over primaries

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T. Cade 1959 Buteo lagopus 2 July Unmist - pair on Unmist Mt - has nest downview from site of 1957 - 3 young about 1 week old. No remains of prey at the nest. July-August Colville - fog data on pairs observed from Esterhugh to Ocean Point req the section headed "Colville Raptor Census."

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1. Cade 1956 Aquila chrysaetos 11 June Uniat, Alaska 1700 One was seen soaring about 500 feet high over the barrows etc. 12 June. One was chased by a rough-leg near the red spot on the hill. Once when the hawk stooped, the eagle flipped up partly as though it started to present its talons, 14 June One was chased by a peregrine in the air over Sea Bee Cr where it breaks out of foot hills. 31 July One seen flying high over Uniat Mt. 1 August One seen flying over Uniat. The hawks attracted my attention to it.

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1. Code 1957 Aquila chrysaetos 19 June Unmit - one seen flying along the ridge near the oil develop going up stulam. Looked immature. 3 July Unmit - one seen flying in the vicinity of Red Hill. 8 July - Colville River at 1530 three adult eagles were seen perched on the left bank of the river near the carcass of a giant civilian that was lying partly submerged in the river. 5 Aug (entry) Jogo Lake Sable said he had seen one or five car 10-15 miles up river from the lake. 7 August Jogo Lake One was seen flying over the higher benches just west of the lake. It landed on a beaver on the second bench above the lake and sat there for some time giving and excellent view - adult in appearance. 3 August Jogo Lake One was seen soaring over Jog Mountain in the early morning, and Andy spotted another up with his plane as he flew over the second bench west of the lake. They have found a nest with one young on the OK pilot.

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Code 1958 Aquila chrysaetos 9 July Unicat, Alaska - one was seen soaring over the review in the general area of the coal seam or the opposite side from Unicat. 25 July Cohille River - ca 20 mi. above Unicat - a the small cliff on the left limit where the pair of Slevgiviers was seen attacking the goose, a large stick nest was found on an outcrop of sandstone. The nest was attainable from below without a rope. It was at least 1 year - possibly two years old. Inside the nest there was a lot of cavil you saw and frag- ments of shing, which suggests that the nest had been occupied by eagles. No eagles were seen on the review between Oolamagquik and Unicat - perhaps relatable to the scarcity of ground squirrels and ptarmigan. August Okpilak Lake - one seen soaring over the high bluffs on the right limit of the view about 2 mi. above camp. August Okpilak River - scattered remains of eagles - possibly two - eagles found in the flood plain near mouth of Contact Creek. Several wolf scats found in the area all contained caribou hair - but the scattering of the remains suggests that

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T. Code 1968 Aquila chrysaetos 9 August - cott- the bird had been eaten by some mammal. Probably the eagle was found closed. John Cantlon reported finding a dead eagle last year - perhaps the same one. I brought it had started to death. 18 August Okfilak - Jogo Rivers Just after taking off from Okfilak Lake an immature eagle flew under the airplane - ca 2000 ft below Okfilak Lake. Later on the Jogo, at 1845 one was seen flying along the river valley, just above camp. It was called to my attention, when my eyes falcon suddenly fixed her gaze in the distance and "triumphed down" her plunge while she was in the process of eating. September Meade River - MwL Salomons' uncle, David, said that yesterday he saw an eagle speeding at a Caribou carcass which he had shot on the Milukotook River. I be said it was so full, it could hardly fly off the ground.

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T. Coole 1959 Aquila chrysaetos 12 June Peters-Schroeder L.- one - immature by plumage- was seen flying slowly over the high pass on the west side of Peters. D & shifted over the wedge of Mary Range to the south 5 July Colville below Etivluk- immature eagle was chased a roughleg near latter's nesting site. 9 July Colville above Arvanna- eagle was chased by & peregrine inland and downriver into gyrfalcon territory; thugyr took over and stooped repeatedly at the eagle. 16 July Colville- at Phillike Bend- eagle was attacked by pair of rough legs and then, as it moved downriver, by a pair of peregrines. 31 July Colville below Sentinel Hill- eagle seen flying over a bow in midriver. A glaucous gull stooped at it several times. 2 August Colville- beyond Ocean Point- eagle was attacked by pair of parasitic jäegers.

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T. Coe 1956 Faleo columbarius 11 August-Urnest, Alaska One was seen flying in the area of T1. As it flew up the hill toward T2, it suddenly swooped to one side and struck into a flock of redpolls. It caught one near or on the ground, and started deflating it on the spot. I tried to get in for a shot, but it was shy and flew off covering it only before I was within 50 yds. It was an adult.

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Falco rusticolus #66K O. lammergeyeri R. 30 June Colville R., ca. 5 mi above mouth of [illegible] Flieshed a smallish dark grey falcon from the bluff on right side of river. where I received peregrine talons in '52. Collected a number of pellets. Looked for avie but saw none at that time. Later as we were setting up, creep a white-headed, white-necked juvenal tiwrel appeared, and soon after I saw a clemmy young on a ledge of the cliff. Cliff is sandstone outcrop ca 60 ft high on a slight talus overgrown with brush. Avie is near the top and faces NW - almost exact spot where peregrines nested in '52. Falcon is in molt - inner primaries gone. 1 July Climbed down to the avie. It consists of a shelf ca 24" wide by 18" deep - one straight wall of sandstone covered with red, green crustose lichens - about 20 ft from top to 40 from bottom. There were 3 eggs - about 2 weeks old - pin feathers on tail & wings about 1 inch out. Two were large - upper- shaps not a falcon - and one much smaller but not much younger - perhaps 2 clays. There were no remains of 2 longfress in nest - nothing else identifable. Took some pellets. The 2 large eggs were taken. The tiwrel at this avie is the lightest I've seen yet in Alaska. The pellets about various piches contained mostly ptarmigan feathers in white plumes. I must say the cliff looks awful.

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Falcon scoticolor Colomnogenik Kittlik River, ca 5 miles below mouth of Oligite- tributary - at head of 9 fores - wind worked sandstone and conglomerate protrusions jutting up as the ridge of a hill. An avie was located on one of the conglomerate "heads" about 200 ft up a slope above the river. The rock was ca 40 ft high. Avie was located ca 10 ft from top 30 ft from bottom in a wind-blown pocket. There were three well-feathered egasses ca 6 weeks old - all apparently twivels. We took the two largest ones. The avie faced ca SW. Another "head" had apparently been used the year before, as there were many old pellets & skeletons under it. Most of this material was ptarmigan. Under the present avie found a diced up carcass - almost untouched - of Lagopus mutus, A few ptarmigine remains were found and some wren feathers, which may not have been a kill. Saw out the twivel at a good distance away - flying. Focused this avie just by "inseight" - the ritecation looked right, and there it was above - Colwill River, ca 2 miles below mouth of Kittlik - avie found on night side on a high, long bluff of shale and creek. The avie was located about 120 ft from bottom of cliff and 20 ft from top, in a cleft of the

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Faleo vesticulus in old stick nest. 6 July rocks endure a slight overhang? There were three eggs about 5 weeks old - both same size - either large falcons or small falcons. I took one. No remains of prey, and young appeared not to have been very well fed. The one I took was very poor a light for its size. Never did see the adults at this aerie - spotted the young from the river. I may have nested this aerie in '62, as it is not in a conspicuous place. 7 July No gyps at 1962 aerie #2. Much of the cleft where the nest was in 1962 has fallen away and the whole appearance of the cleft has been changed a good deal. No gyps at 1962 aerie #3 at the bluff with the double ridge. The ledge where the aerie was in '62 had fresh droppings on it but no cleats. Columbia River ca 1/2 mile below above locality - aerie on right side of a small shale outcrop only 20 ft high up on a brush covered slope ca 100 ft above river. Aerie a large ledge 10 ft long 2 ft wide about 5 feet up from bottom of outcrop. Facing North. One of a series of outcrops upriver from a sizeable bluff on which rough lap were nesting. Many ptarmigan remains about the aerie. Both adults were

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1. Code 1957 Faleo vesticolles 1 July Colville River No evidence of guys was found on the ground at the upper alcie on the Oslanna- garik. There were some fairly recent droppings and some remains of waterfowl and shore birds - no fresh ptarmigan remains. Last year's nest contained a dead young still in the down - the little one we left there last year. No evidence of guys was found from the air, we circled over it twice, and I could see into all the path holes, of an active alcie at the Kill of Nine Heads No evidence of guys was found on the ground at [illegible] Bluff or the Double Knife Ridge Bluff - from the air no evidence was obtained for the other two sites on the Colville where they have nested in the past. 7 July Colville River Alcie #1 - at 1720 spotted very light breasted 7 flying over the first-high- cliff on left side of river below mouth of Oslannagazik. 4 with light gray back and dark cheeks - almost white below, 3 not seen. Nest in old stick nest of raven or rough leg hawk situated on a ledge of a sandstone pinnacle 150 ft ups from

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Faleo mesteicolas 7 July Colville R the rivers at top of a talus slope. Pnuiide itself ca 60 feet leigh and vert ledge 30 ft down from top and facing S.W. Ca 1/4 mile from pair of Peregines located on same series of outcrops. Nest contained one jin → about 6-7 weeks old and another → dead in the nest and partly eaten by the other. Appeared to be dead about 1 week. Remains of ca 6 ptasmiqare in nest and indeterminate numbers of pas- series - loregfaaws mostly, Young bird was taken. While I was at the peregrine area later on, the ♀ gyp, which did not leave the cliff as they usually do when disturbed but stayed within 1/4 mile, and the ♀ peregrine met in the air over the rivers to do battle. Apparently in disturbing the pereguries I caused them to fly too close in to the gyp's nest. I could hear her clicking very coarsely and deeply as she came in from the far reef of her area. The ♀ Peregrine tried to climb but the gyp came straight in to her and overshielded the peregurine with the greatest of care. The peregurine of course easily avoided

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Falcon rusticolus 7 July - Colville R. the gyp's feet. They both started at each other many times, each circling away towards her own nest after an encounter. It was beautiful to watch. There was no question that the gyp was faster than the peregrine and forcibly dominated the situation, although the peregrine did not retreat. Once they moved to each other feet locked together in the stealthy fashion of fighting raptors, and they fell ca 60-70 feet through the air before breaking apart. The gyp was on top and apparently she held the peregrine. This about 30 min. They quieted down and each bird went back into her own area. This is the first chance I have had to see an encounter between these two species near a gyp nest, and the difference in behavior of the gyp at her own nest is striking. When really pressed there can be no doubt that the gyp is the superior bird. In this I must now capitulate to Stevens and Melton, both of whom lose their views on observation of trained birds.

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Faleo vesticulus 8 July Colville River Deriv #2 - on first night hard bluff below mouth of Hillik R. - 7 exactly like one seen yesterday but perhaps larger was seen over the cliff at 1055. Bluff is off the main course of the river with a "slough" running back from the river beneath the bluff. Deriv situated on up river end of the series of shale outcrops ca 4-1/2 mi. from point of Rough legs on the lower end. Nest on a veered ledge with a large eroded opening leading into the bluff. Very wet and muddy inside. Two female birds ca 6-6 weeks old - very muddy on backs and with blood streaked all over heads. Looking at them through binoculars at a distance they looked well healed. Both didn't give plumage with blondish heads. Both apparently starved-recent remains of prey in nest, although when we first arrived we saw the 7 take a small bird - laughfowl? - to the shelf and give it to the young. She then left the area and did not return. Not seen. The young fed out of my hand while I was in the nest.

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Code 1957 False mustelidus 8 July Colville R. They were quite bold and not at all afraid. Both had cheezy eye lids as though they were sick or suffering from some difficiery disease. I took the largest of the two. In the nest were remains - wings and attached to sterna of 17 ptarmigan - cell bleached and clean except for metacarpals. One unidentified duck also. I was around nest about 15 min. when we first arrived - a little shy about leaving sheep with us around, No gyps seen at either of the 1962 sites or the new 1966 site. 9 July Colville R. Denis #3 at the last right-hand cliff above Uniat, where peregrines nested in 1962 & 1966, a large dark gray 7 was found with a nest on the upper rock of the cliff ca 200 yds. from rough ledge nest. This falcon remained in the air cocking around the nest all the time we were there but did not dive on us. Next on a small shale outcrop on a shale-muck talus ca 100 ft above the river and 150 feet below the upper

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Cable 1957 Falco tecticolus 9 July Colville R. Twy. Outcrop itself ca 15 feet high and nest ca 10 feet down on a ledge. One young ca 2 weeks old. Nest itself not investigated - observed from 30 yds. Prey remains could not be seen. Adult not seen. 15 July Point Lay By the shack at the lake back of the site a brownish grey gyp was seen flying low over the tundra. It was being chased by a long-tailed jaeger. Both birds disappeared over the tundra to the SW. 27 July Pitt Point In the afternoon, when I flushed the second brood of ptarmigan just S of the site, a gyp flew up from the bank of the drained lake and pursued one of the adults towards the rock site, but soon gave up and turned back, flying low over the tundra. It came past me within 60 yds. It landed on a bank 200 yds away, was harassed there by several jaegers, and then flew S with out of sight along the river. It appeared to be a F7 and was molting out of very worn jies, plumage into 1st adult stage.

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T. Code 1957 Falco pectriculus 29 July Pitt Point At the break in the dike at north end of the dwarfed lake, found some molted grey feathers and a few castings -in the area where parents were deported. 1 casting = 1 hen, 1 kargfew, 1 wed phalacrope, 1 casting = kargfew Aug (entry) Kupavik River - at White Hills Kovanda et al. found an aerie here and took still and moving pictures of the birds. There were a well-advanced young in the nest. (Quite a few ptarmigan in this area) Jogo River, ca 12 mi. below Jago Lake Cantlow and Billis found an aerie in this locality on 31 August. It held a single - well advanced fledgling. They got photos of the young bird and cliff. August A juvenile I was attracted to camp by my trawler, tiercel, Jago, and I shot her as she flew over. + August Jago Lake A dark juvenile male flew over camp around 7:00. At first thought it was Jago, who was but, but their head was darker and I could see it had no fesses.

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T. Code 1957 Falconusticules 24 August Jugo Lake A wild female—probably a five- mile as no molted flight feathers were evident—encountered my trained jester on "Lookout" Knoll ½ mile away from camp, and she apparently had him pinned down on the ground. I could not see too well, but he was screaming and they were both running around on the ground, and there was much flapping of wings. She was reluctant to leave when I returned, and she roared around near by giving an excellent view. Very dark bird dorsally and ventrally—almost black— no light flecks or edgings in feathers at all. 25 August Pitneega River (entry from Childs) About 2 mi above the camp there was a pair on a bluff. There was 1 young. It and an adult were collected by Childs.

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1. Cade 1957 Falco rusticolus - temp. data 21 july Baoaow Conditions: juv. → hooded and nitting on gloved fist, Full crop of food. In dimly lighted room - no air movement and ambient temp 4" out around level = 8.8-9.2°C. Air temp. gradually increased above 9°C as moved toward bird from c. 3" out. Measurements temp °C 1. Surface breast feathers below crop 14° 2. Against skin at same site 32.5° 3. Surface feathers at foot level 23° 4. Against belly skin same site 34° 5. Dorsal surface middle toe 32° 6. Surface of crop between nostrils 29° 7. Between thigh and body - c. 4" in 40.5° 8. Against skin at throat above crop 30.2° 9. Against skin at back of neck 36° 10. Surface of back of neck feathers 23.5 11. Between body & wing at shoulder level 40.5 12. Between ... " mid back level 34.8 13. Surface of feathers at mid back 14.0° Outricle with light breeze and temp at surface of belly feathers = 2-3°C 1. Against skin of belly at foot level 28.5° 2. Between thigh & body 4" in 40.5°

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T. Code 1957 Falco rusticolus - temp data 22 July Barrow In the lab - air temp = 21,3°C Start at 2035. Time Measurement Temp. Featherdepth 2111 Feather surface at throat 25.4 2111 Skin at throat 34.4 20 mm 2100 Feather surface below crop 24.8 - " Skin below crop 34.2 17 mm 2106 Feather surface of belly (footlevel) 24.2 " Skin of belly 36.8° 50 mm 2114 Between thighs & body 40.8° 55 mm 2115 Between wings & body (tail) 40.4° 2118 Feather surface back of neck 24.2° 2118 Skin at back of neck 34.2° 30 mm 2120 Feather surface mid scapular 23.2° 2120 Skin of mid scapular 34.4° 10 mm 2128 Feather surface of rump 24.5° 2128 Skin of rump 34.8° 15 mm 2117 dorsal surface mid toe 32.6 2130 air = 21,3° - bird paralysed throughout experiment - getting heavier towards end. 24 July Barrow ♀ shooled in lab - air temp = 19,6°C Time 1100. Temperatures of belly area: surface = 21.0°, 10 mm deep = 25°, 20 mm deep = 28°, 48 mm deep at skin surface = 37.0°C. Temp between thigh & body = 40.6°C, 55 mm deep.

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T. Cade 1958 Falco vestigiales 24 July Colville River - ca 20 min. above Chistat While we were at a peregrine aerie - on the right limit below the double-knife blade bluff - a large bluish gray falcon - larger than the 9 peregrines - which I thought must be a gyrfalcon - flew into the area from down river - apparently attracted by the diving and screaming of the peregrines. At once it attacked the 9 peregrines and bound to their legs. They fell fluttering through the air for several yards before breaking loose. This did not deter the peregrines, however, which in turn began stooping at the gyrfalcon. I took a long shot at the gyrfalcon but missed. Thereupon, this caused it to fly off down river with the peregrines in hot pursuit. The falcons stayed with them for about 2 minutes then returned. This was the only gyrfalcon seen on the trip between Colamreogazik and Chistat - a stretch where a total of 6 nesting sites is known. The correlation between nesting of gyrfalcons and numbers of ptarmigan is therefore perfectly confirmed by this year's situation.

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T. Code 1958 Falco rusticolus 3 August Okfjilak Lake At 0955 I looked up from camp toward the high outcrop of rugged quartzite about 1/4 mile south of the lake just in time to see a very light colored gyrfalcon fly off one of the pinnacles and work its way along the wall of the valley toward camp. It alighted on an outcrop about 200 yds away, and I watched it three 7x50 liners for several minutes. From that distance the bird appeared quite white but with definite dark markings on the feathers. Later, however, I found a molted tail feather, and it is a light whitish gray - not the pure white of the candicans type. At 1630 this bird, now recognized as a jeshin by its size, was seen flying around in the same area as this morning. It was being followed closely in the air by a food begging juvenile much larger than it and of the clark gray shade. Then a large adult 9 of the blue-gray type flew out from a high pinnacle and circled over the valley uttering hoarse, dog-like cacks. A little later in the day Bill Malcom saw the light jeshin carrying something in its talons.

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T. Code 1958 Falco rusticolus 3 August - cout The juvenile was following. It flew in close and took the prey in its feet from the parent fowl, left as the news- lew was being effected, the juvenile dropped the prey. Malcom examined it and found the back and third quarters of a ground squirrel. Later in the day he saw voles eating this piece of squirrel. Apparently the gyrs nested somewhere on the fogged rooftops of quartzite just north of the lake on the right limit of the river. The juvenile - a ?, apparently has just fledged. 4-8 August - The falcons have been seen or heard on each of these days. The juvenile now ranges about a mile out from the cliff and was even heard skulking across the river on the 6th, 7 August O'keefe Lake - one or more seen or heard on the hill nearly every day during this period. The light tiered flew over the tents on 17th to make pass at my eagles peregrines. 22 August Jugol Lake - while my eagles peregrine was flying to the sun, stooping back and forth, about 1800, a large, dark grey juvenile gyrfalcon suddenly appeared in the air above her. It

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T. Code 1958 Falco rusticolus 3 August - food The juvenile was following. It flew in close and took the prey in its feet from the parent bird, left as the turns- -her was being effected, the juvenile thooped the prey. Malcolm examined it and found the back and hindquarters of a ground squirrel. Later in the day he saw wolves eating this piece of squirrel. Apparently the gyps nested somewhere on the fogged rooftops of quantzito just north of the lake on the right limit of the view. The juvenile - a F, apparently has just fledged. 4-8 August - The falcons have been seen or heard on each of these days. The juvenile now ranges about a mile but from the cliff and was even heard skimming across the river on the 8th, 17 August Okefisk Lake - one or more seen or heard on the hill nearly every day during this period. The light itself flew over the stubs on 17th to make pass at my eyas peregrines. 22 August Jugal Lake - while my eyas peregrine was flying to the lure, stooping back and forth, about 1800, a large, dark gray juvenile gyrfalcon suddenly appeared in the air above her. It

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7. Cade 1958 Falco rusticolus 22 August - cont - hovered over her and me for several seconds and then flew to a nearby hillcock to sit. It came back over us several times - quite bold and showing no fear. She was obviously attracted by the actions of my sleean and possibly also by the swinging flues. She finally flew off and perched about a greater mile away. Later while my eyes was tithered to her perch in front of the Jamesvery, the gyv stooped over her once very close. She came in for a second stoop and I shot at her but missed. She then flew off and perched on a mooraine across the lake. September Meade River Coalmine - a juvenile male was seen at 10 45 flying around the air strip and over the millogs. It was accompanied by a milling flock of about 80 red polls which kept cycling depart above the falcon. Whenever he tried to rise above them the immediate flitted up higher. I be kept on dawn river and out of right. I be came within 20 yds of the warri gan over - close enough to me the gray colored flat and cue. September Meade R. - just 77 seen again at 1045 around ARL warri gan - red polls again flocking around him.

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T. Cade 1958 Falco rusticole September Uniat, Alaska A very large (?) dark individual— juvenile?—flew around the radio shack and out over the air field in the late morning. It appeared to be hunting and showed some interest in the movements of the dog around camp. It came in close—ca 30 yds—to the radio hut several times and once started to land on a nearby pole. It finally flew off leisurely toward Chyliat Mountain—alternately flapping and soaring like a butte.

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T. Cade 1959 Falcon rusticolus 21 May Pitnygea - one was seen to appear in the air on north side of the view and make a pass at a roughlegged hawk which revealed. The hawk continued forward the mouth of the view, but the falcon veered off and made a busy diagonal sweep below the brow of the spring on in the direction of the cliff where Childs found gaps building in '57 & '58. Size of the falcon relative to 4 rough-legs indicated it was a 3rd - darker grey in color. Later at a point up view, a falconous very at a distance up it swooped low over the cliff edge at a sitting short-eared owl. The owl flipped up and stuck out its feet so the falcon made its pass. 23 May Pitnygea - visited the area 2 miles up view on the right limit. It is very light bird - white on throat and upper breast, light grey on rest of ventre - very slight grey worn - somewhat darker - blue on rest of dorsal aspect - wings darker.

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T. Code 1959 23 May count- ♀ a heavily banded bird and ventro much darker than ♂ - generally slate grey all over with dark head and conspicuous facial streaks. The ♂ was sitting on brow of the cliff downstream from amid as we approached, flew off and left changing in the air ca 300 yds aft from foot of cliff. I did not flush off until I threw rope over the cliff. Nest situated on ledge under overhanging rock surface of 2 x 4 feet, sloping rather steeply downward, but there is an old stick nest at the lower end of the ledge which acts as a block that would keep eggs or young from falling out. Ledge at 5 ft below bottom of cliff and 46 feet above river on a sheer precipice of sandstone facing southeast. 2 S. Wafe in middle of ledge held 4 eggs, one much darker in color than other three. Took one egg for albumin sample but it proved to be

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T. Cade 1959 Falcon vesticules 23 May Cont addled with a pottler embryo about 5-7 mm long - conspicuous eye pigmented flat. A few pellets on the nesting ledge were collected. Meither fived uttered a sound the entire time we were at the clive. 26 May Pitruvega - returned to the crwic and took the other three eggs, All proved to be pottler any very little advanced in development. While I was at the crwic the trivial whineled once and stooped past the cliff twice. Iee also attached a group of mere gulls several times, stooping in among them but not laying a foot on any. The gulls splayed a lot but made no attempt to escape, except to dodge the closest pales. The next ledge can better be described as a shallow semicircle in surface area - 2½ feet wide at the widest point of the arc in the center with a diameter against two rocky the cliff of about 4 ft [illegible] [illegible] meet

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1. Cole 1959 Falcovesticulus 26 May cont. I picked up 120 odd pellets around the clevie. Most of these are from last year's feeding. Micro tines appear to occur frequently. While I was at the cliff, a wreath-legged thrush and a newish Parnin flew over, but neither was attacked by the falcon. The tiwrel is definitely the more bold and aggressive bird at this clevie. The falcon did not leave the eags this time until I was actually down on the rope and looking into the ledge. But once away, she stayed farther away than did the tiwrel. Fresh wing of L. mutus and old wing of C. [illegible] found at a plucking station near the clevie. Jul-Aug. Colrille R.- for data on pairs see from Etigluk to point before Uniat. See section headed "Colrille Raptor Caves".

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1. Code 1954 Falcon peregrinus 13 June Unicat, Alaska A 7 was first seen stooping low over Unicat Lake at a tree. She named. I followed her as she swung up and circled out over the river. There she was met by a tiercel. They went up to ca 1000 feet, and then I saw the tiercel stoop in a shallow dive at some shore- bird (pectoral melp. size). The prey was very manoeuvrable and avoided several stoops. The falcon entered in, and they stooped in steep dives from different directions but the prey eluded them, and they gave up. Presently they came back over the hill near the oil well, and the falcon alighted on a small out crop west of the well. The tiercel con- tinued to fly around above her. A falcon was seen on this out crop later in the evening too, ca 1800. May be an aerie. A pair was seen in the same vicinity as the wrecked legs on the east side of Unicat Mt. The 7 cocked and stayed close to a needleish out crop mid way between summit of Unicat Mt. and the east end of the line of ledges. Probably an aerie there. The wrecked leg seen in '52 was close to the east end. A pair peregrines was seen in exact same spot in '52 - probably the site where Price took his eggs. 14 June One chased an eagle 13th out crop near the well.

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T. Cade 1954 2 Falco peregrinus 18 June Unmist, Alaska I went up by the sandstone outcrops by the oil well, where peregrines came a few days ago. It was very quiet and no birds in evidence. I fired at .22 shot up cevros fears of most like by looking work. After several records, the falcon flew wildly out from another ledge closer to the well, and perched in a large willow tree near by on the slope. I walked up and examined all the likely places but could find no egg. The falcon allowed me to get within 50 yds before she flew off to another perch. She was not like bent to leave the area, but did not dive or scream at me. The talon was not around. 19 June 1100 - Falcon seen perched in the willow tree again. 28 June Checked this whole area very thoroughly for an awhile. Found none, indeed, did not even see the falcon this time.

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T. Cole Falee peregrines upper tufted Carter C. on Killik Dolanmogosit 2 July Ca 2 mi below [illegible] on Colville A dark old falcon flushed off a nest on a bluff ca 200 ft high - shale. Nest located might at top at edge of turf - scrape in dust, 2 eggs. Falcon very eager to sit. aerie #1 for obvious reason Aerie forces N. Tiiviel near by Web. No prey found. No nest recorded for these in '62 but falcon very quiet. 4 July A pair seen on a sandstone talus + cuterop about 3 mi above camp #4 on left side of river. Aerie not located but may have been in an old roughleg nest midway up on top of a column of sandstone. Falcon very alert & heavily barred vertically. Saw tiiviel fly in with a small bird in his beak. Falcon cocked, flew out to him's under, flipped over and took the bird from him in her beak. Never seen this method of transfer before. She flew over the roughleg nest, started to level, then spooled up & waved several times, and act of right. Tiiviel landed on the cliff. aerie #2 July - pair in above area also near this nesting 6 July #3 Pair seen with roughleg on a sandstone bluff on right side of river just below mouth of Otojibreak R. Bluff about 100 ft high. #4 Pair with rough leg on a bluff right side of river ca 1 mile below gyp aerie or shelf of 9 faces. #5 Pair with roughleg on bluff right side of river about 5 miles above Colville. Note the peregrine

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Cade 1956 Falcon peregrinus 6 July trivrel was stooping repeatedly at one of the roughlegs. It hit it several times despite its attempts to avoid the strike by flipping up on its back. The rough leg finally took shelter in some brush at the brink of the cliff. ± 6 A lone pair on the night of the Colwill on the first bluff below mouth of Kettle. Colour ragout ± 7 A pair was nesting on the same bluff as gyr amic #3, with roughlegs in between. The three nests were situated within a linear distance of less than 1 mile. Closest nesting of gyrs and peregrines I've seen. Roughleg in between may act as a buffer; 7 July Pair were located about 200 yds up from where the 2nd gyr amic of 1962 was located (the one in sticknest). Roughleg also nesting near this site but no gyrs seen. 8 July #9 Pair located about 300 yds above the cliff with the double ridge (3rd gyr amic, 1962). Roughlegs might above old gyr site. Many gyrs around the cliff. ±10 Pair on night about 1 mile below gyr amic #4. Seen attacking roughleg. ±11 Pair on the big bluff on the left side - lost left niche bluff before Christ Mt - with roughleg. Same as '62. ±12 Pair with roughlegs on the big bluff ca 10 miles above Christ on night.

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T. Cade 1956 Faleo peregrinus 8 July 413 Pair with voregh leap on weight on bluff just above Uniat - same as 'G2 114? One seen - falcon - with voregh leap on the outcroops on weight ca 1 mi below the bluff mentioned above. Same as 'G2 - probably an aerie here too. Total pairs including Uniat Mt = 14 or 15. - Pair on Uniat Mt show their aerie down views from the 1962 note - it is before down views from voreghly next ca 200 yds. Situated under a low outcrop of rock (ca 4 ft high) on a quarry little flat spot of the talus. Their site located between the upper outcrop of ravestones ca 60 ft high and the lower cal 100 ft high. One young tiercel ca 2 weeks old. Adult tiercel a small light-breasted bird. Falcon long with heavily barred dark breast. See the tiercel stoop out over the water and cover down over the water. A fish - probably gray ling - was jumping at surface. Falcon made two quick passes and on record caught fish in talons as it jumped out of water! Never heard of peregrine catching fish. No fish remains at aerie - only feathers of passerines.

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T. Cole 1957 Fales peveqinnes 8 June In talking with USGS year - ED Sable, I learned that in 1949 he saw 12 pairs of varegh legs on the copper half of the Kekpawut River, inland from Beaufort. He said there were at least that many Peregrines also - perhaps a few more. No gapes were seen. He seemed to know the dif- fence between the two. 10 June - An excellent breeding cliff was seen near the mouth of the Pitmegea River but no falcons were in evidence. 30 June, Unnut Mt. - pair in residence - appears to be same two as last year (large, dark ? - largish - long-winged?). The ledge is ca 180 yds downstream from last year's site. It is situated at the foot of the copper vein of sandstone outcrops, at the entraplace with the talus. It is thereabout 30 feet below the brink and ca 200 feet above the river. There was a single egg - apparently well-advanced toward hatching. While we were there both falcons attacked the group of vorens present on the bluff ca 150 yds up river. Several attacks were made at flying vorens, and one the ? clipped the wing of a voren as it flipped over. Also one of the young vorens was reluctant to fly from the cliff, but the

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1. Code 1957 Faleo peregrines 30 June-Urriot ♀ falcon once flew in very close along the face of the cliff and struck this vower as it was sitting, knocking it a couple of feet. The vower "froge" in some brush after this attack. Also while we were there, a strong Peregrine - I think - came over while the residents were engaged with the vowers. The resident → immediately went in pursuit and grappled the other's feet at least once, causing it to scream. He chased it down river ca ½ mile before turning back. The intruder went on down river. 1 July , Colville River - a ♀ was seen on Starfish Bluff. A pair was also seen flying over some bluffs on the lower Oolamnagorik. 7 July Colville River Aerie #1 - on first right hand bluff below mouth Oolamnagorik - cliffs above Oolamnagorik had no peregrines or vaugh legs - both in '62 - '61 in '56. Aerie in old vaugh leg nest at brink of cliff at edge of turf facing NW about 60 feet above the river! Lots of molting geese around. Falcon reluctant to leave nest. → not seen. Contained? 2 young ca 1 week

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T. Cade 1957 Faleo peregrinus 7 July Colville R. or less old. Peregrines here also in '66. Nest #2 - high long cliff on left side ca 4 mi below gap nest #1. ♀ present on nest, ♂ not seen. Nest on a ledge of sandstone outcrop ca 160 ft up an talus above river - ledge 20 ft above talus, 30 ft below top of outcrop, 100 ft below brink of upper talus. Ledge faces S. ♀ young 3-4 days old. See account under gap nest #1 for notes on fighting behavior. Nest #3 - Beaver Killik bluff - ♀ present, ♂ not seen. ♀ did not act too "possessive" of her area. A single added egg found in a sevafe in soil at break of turf in quarry area 200 ft above river on top of shale outcrop. Site faces W. 8 July Colville River - no peregrine or rough leg at gap - river nest, bluff - 36 Nest #4 - Double Knife edge Bluff on the up view Knife edge - nest on the "back" or "blade" of the ridge on bare ground in quarry area - ca 20 yds from the outer end of the ridge - in a sevafe in the soil - ca 200 ft above the river. ♂ & ♀ both present & aggressive. 3 young 3-4 days old.

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T. Code 1957 Fales peregrines 9 July Colville R. Denise #5 - at high cliff - last on left side before Unniat - pair very aggressive birds found ca 1/4 mi from roughlegs but could not locate Denise. Went down 3 different places, Actuquest almost certain, however, from behavior of adults. Denise #6 - a 2nd from last cliff on right before Unniat - pair of falcons seen - attacked the local roughlegs - → small and very aggressive - did not climb this cliff but certainly have active pair. Denise #7(?) - ? falcon seen on coal seam bluff opposite Unniat - a very warm 7 - looks like same one seen there in 1962 & 1956. No → seen. Cliff not climbed. Denise #8 = Unniat Mt peak. 31 July Jago River (Entry from Gent. Loro Bill's) Cautlow and Bill's found one advice on the river about 12 miles below Jago Lake on this date. There was one fledgling which was photographed. They thought the birds were vesticoles but the photo shows a 2-3 week old pulgrimes,

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T. Cade 1958 Falco peregrinus 17 June - N of San Francisco Just north of Vallejo, near two small reservoirs in the foothills, as pictured below, saw a fine looking cliff that might house Peregrines - cliff → 35 minutes out, just N of Clear Lake, there is a long line of sun rock on the crest of a ridge running east-west - also looks good for falcons. There is a dirt road running near it, 9 July Uniat, Alaska - Harold Griffin reports that there is again a pair of peregrines, nesting on the down river side of Uniat Mt. He did not visit the nest but both adults were vigorous in defense of their nest, 22 July Colville River - above Oolamniagarih to Killik Bend #1 pair - 7 to 9 present on the lower part (down river) of the bluff on the left limit just upriver from mouth of Oolamniagarih. One large addled egg found on a ledge 100 ft up on sandstone outcrop and about 100 ft from top. Dained by climbing up work foot. Food remains: 2 fox sparrow, 1 pintail, 1 tern, 1 Lemmies, 1 tree sparrow.

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T. Cade 1958 22 July - cont #1 aerie - The adult ♂ was collected. #2 aerie - pair present on the first bluff right limit below Dolamnaganik - nesting in rough-legged hawk nest (same site as last year). Nest 10 ft below brink, 20ft above top of a footing talus 2100 ft above the river. Two doronies, 7-2♀ about 2 weeks old - primaries tail showing through down. Adult ♂ was shot as he came in to the nest carrying a juvenile longspur in his talons. #3 aerie - an adult ♀ was seen on the lower part of the series of bluffs on the left limit in the town of the river below Dolamnaganik but no active aerie 2 no travel was seen. The ♀ showed interest in a recently vacated swan's nest, but there were no young in it. There was an active aerie here last year. 3 July Cohille River - Killik Bend to point ca 1 mi below double Knife Blade bluff - #4 aerie - lower Killik Bluff - at 1130 one of the Peregrines was heard screaming near steeping at the local pair of rough legs. One of them was forced down into brush

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T. Cade 1958 Falco peregrinus 23 July count on top of the bluff. Both adult peregrines present on the bluff but not vigorous in defense. No nest could be found. One ledge had a lot of fresh droppings on it but no indication that there had been a nest this year. #5 avie - double Knife blade bluff - adult 9 present about the upper Knife blade ridge but no tierel seen. Three clowries 2+ weeks old were found in a earth depression under dwarf willows on the top of the ridge about 20 yds from the drop off. 150 ft above river and ca 200 ft down the ridge from the bresky brink. This avie only 30 yds away from an active rough-legged hawk nest, situated over the side of the brink below the falcons. One fresh Lagopus lagopus whanies meat nest, avie #6 - right limit - first series below double Knife blade. Pair seen circling around one of the aut wops. 24 July Colville River - below double Knife to, past c a 20 mi above Uinta - avie #6 - at 0045 the adult peregrines were seen stooping at a small passerine

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1. Cade 1958 24 July Falc peregrinus cont over the river; I saw the tiercel deliver one close pass and the dicky fell into the river. Then the falcon came in low over the water making two passes and picking up the bird in her talons on the second try. Alvie on a small ledge on outcrop of sandstone just below brink of a brushy talus slope - quarry area around next ledge - accessible without rope, 200ft above river, ca 100 above coffee break where timber starts. 4 downies 2+ weeks old - primaries about 3" long. 4 e or present. While in the area a gyrf flew over and attacked the peregrines. (See under account of F. rusticolus) Later the → peregrine was collected, and two young were taken. Food remains: weakly identifiable items were wings of a black parantite jaeger, foot of a jackrabbit Lagopus sp., wing of northern phalarope and 5 wings of two sparrows. Alvie #7 - pair of adults were seen on the small outcrop on the left flank 6-7 miles above the last large bluff on the left. As we poised in the boat, we scaved up

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T. Code 1958 25 July Falcon pelegrines after a peregrine - fox sparrows? - which went into some willow brush growing on a steep slope just up river from the cliff. The falcon then began making a series of passes just over the top of the brush rock and forth, while the tiercel came out and waited on above her about 150 feet over the brush. They continued this tactic along the full length of the brushy slope (c.q. 1/4 mile). No bird got up. Then both birds zoomed up in strong wind and gradually drifted back to the cliff. No active nest could be found on the bluff and the falcons put up no defense as we were climbing about. Indeed, the tiercel left the area. #9 aerie: pair of adults seen on the last bluff on the left limit before Unrat. Nest on a ledge 30 ft below a brushy brink 20 ft up on a sandstone wall above a talus slope that drops 150 ft to the river. A freshly killed pectoral sandpiper was in the nest and a single downy 2+ weeks old - large f. The adult f was collected and the young

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T. Code 1958 25 July Falcon peregrinus cont. taken from the nest. #120 - at the second high bluff on the right above Uniat, an adult F. was found. She was hunting out from the bluff, and she also attacked a rough leg that flew into the area, but no active nest could be found. Avie #10: High bluff - first on right limit above Uniat - Paw on the down river side in an easily accessible location - small ledge on an outcrop midway on the bluff - outcrop ca 20 ft high - nest at top - 160 ft above river and about 100 feet below break of slope where timber breaks off. 3 downies, just 2 weeks old, youngest of the broods encountered on the river. The nest area had green grass growing around it. Avie #11 - at the coal seam bluff on the right just above Uniat a pair of peregrines was present. The female did not appear to be the brownish one of previous years. No nest was found and the adult were not vigorous in their defense of the area. Counting the Uniat pair, this makes

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T. Code 1968 25 July Fales pelegrines cont. a total of 12 pairs of peregrines resident between Dolomnngapok and Christ Mt- the largest number for any year. It is perhaps significant that this abundance has occurred in a non-breeding year for gypfalcons of the area. Yet of the 740 known nesting places of gypfalcons on this stretch of river, only two were occupied this year by peregrines! Of the twelve pairs resident - only 5 are known to have young in the nest - 2 were undetermined, 1 pair had an adelled egg, and 4 pairs were either unsuccessful in rearing young or did not breed. In addition to these birds, a single 9 was seen at a cliff which has always had a peregrine agree in the past - so there were possibly 13 nesting attempts on the river this year. Twelve pairs produced a total of 13 young to the age of 2-3 weeks - one brood of 1, one brood of 2, two broods of 3, and one brood of 4. 2 August Franklin Bluffs, Saguavinktok River With Kovanka, I visited the local aerie about half a mile from the Saga camp. The aerie is located on a gravel ridge - flattion-

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T. Code 1958 Falco peregrinus 2 August - cont about 100 ft above the river, alive right on the back of the flatiron and easily accessible. Two young about #3 weeks old - primaries of oldest = 7", tail 3". Both young appear to be females. Food venenum are mostly passerines - especially longspurs. No waterfowl venenum. One golden plover - few other shorebirds. Large number of pellets collected, several of which had mouse venenum in them. 8 August OKpilak - The two juveniles taken on the Colville in the last week of July are now exceeding their nesting alot and can flap up quite a perch 2 ft high. Toplay seen for the first time 'play-killing' and 'attacking' manipulate objects - clumps of twigs - willow twig etc. September Unist, Alaska - in the early afternoon at 1600 a juvenile 7 was seen flying over the rolling tundra behind Red Bell. It was giving the food begging scream. At 1715 a peregrine probably the same individual - was seen flying between T1 & T3 in an area where some ptarmigan had been seen a few minutes early. It was also screaming.

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1. Cade 1959 Falco peregrinus 12 May Chena Bluffs, College, Alaska Pair of adults was seen flying around the bluffs below the old trading post. Fresh remains: ruffed grouse, 13 May Chena Bluffs - arrived the cliff for nesting. The small, low shelf ca 2 x 2 feet square & sloping out rather abruptly - used in 1951 was not occupied and showed no recent usage. The large shelf where numerous remains of previous were found in 1953 measures as follows: 10 ft across at the back and 4 ft wide at widest point - slope very gently outward - covered with chist chips 4-8" dia- metr down to dirt particles. One fresh peregrine in coope end of the upper end of shelf - places for 2053 other ravages on the ledge, ledge is 75 feet above river and 40 feet below the bluik - not accessible w/o rope, diagram of ledge at least 2 other 2 x 2 foot sites are available on the same cliff - no indication that eggs were present - falcons showed little concern over my presence on cliff.

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T. Code 1959 Faleo peregrinus 4 June Peters-Schweder Lakes - At a point on "Butte" ca. about 6 mi NW of Schweder L, in the upper edge of the foothills province, a ♀ with 4 eggs was found on a shale bluff, facing westw. A pair of roughlegs was also on the same series of bluffs about 300 yards upstream. The travel did not put in an appearance while we were there - for ca. 20 min. Avie observed by binoculars only. Avie site 50 ft up from river & 50 below bank on a pilepile of shale. Located on a mound of loose shale chips which had accumulated on a ledge of the bluff, from sliding above. Mound about 2 ft high and ca 4 ft diam at base. Flat surface on top where nest, located about 18" diameter (estimated from companion with length of bird when she was pushed on the nest). Site could easily be destroyed by further sliding from above but otherwise the location is invulnerable except by rope. Altitude from map with 100 ft contours appears to be about 2200 ft.

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T. Cado 1959 Falco peregrinus 2 July Uniat - pair on Uniat Mt - site about 30 yds upriver and a little below last year's site. Site at base of a small block of rock on a steeper slope - 100 ft from upper river 160 ft above river! Site is a scrape on flat surface with an area 2x2 feet - roughly square in shape. No overhanging rock - tall queen was growing on one side of site. [illegible] Fresh pantly eaten adult & Golden Plover on a ledge a few yards from nest. & 3 eggs present. July-August Colville R. - for data on pairs seen from Steiluck to Ocean Point see the section headed "Colville Raptor Census."

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Cade 1954 Logoprus logoprus 11 June Aniak, Alaska One new m. forty ARL leut at 0230 and a pair was seen west of there about 0300. Several 77 were seen in the afternoon. Courtship and territorial display is conspicuous. 12 June About 6-8 more seen on the riverics series blucker. More seen on the side of the hill, but probably are there, along the bushy creeks. Seem to be about the same number as in 52. 13 June Three or four 77 seen in the river bottom next to oil well. A nest with 7 eggs was found at the base of the hill just where Bearpaws Creek breaks out of the foot hills onto the upper river bunch. It was located in a depression on top of a conspicuous Euciphora hemmack by the side of old weasel trail, about 30-40 feet from the nearest riparian brush. They flew off under my feet and stayed about 30 yds out while I was at rest. Remains of ptarmigan are common all over, as usual. Several kills seen on Chukat Mt. 14 June Several local 77 heard calling in the late evening 21 June Several 77 and a few 99 seen on each day. 30 July -Several groups of 10-15 molting adults seen on the island before Aniak. Perhaps H. bobidin all?

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T. Cade 1957 Logopus Logopus 5 June Two males in breeding plumage were seen flying across the Drava, and four other males were found stationed about half a mile apart along the left bank. They were all displaying and keeping very close on to a restricted area of ground. This seems to be the northern limit of the summer range for the Barrow region, as none were seen away from the Drava. 8 June One ? in breeding plumage at the lake where we landed NE of Teckel Peak. 10 June Two males were seen on the tundra between Breakfast and Point Lay - inland, one at 1945 and one at 1952. 11 June Old droppings seen in the areas of T1, T2, T4. 17-21 June, Chuit, Alaska - None seen in vicinity of 3 miles around the installation. Pretty soap few came seen during the winters. 27 June Amiat - a single female was flushed along the road by T8 in the morning. She did not act like a breeding female. 30 June Amiat - flushed a cock and 2 ? ? on the bank along the road eight across from the beginning of T8. One of the ?s immediately went into strong distraction

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T. Code 1957 Lagopus lagopus 30 June, Unicat display and a nest was found at the base of a two foot high alder. It contained freshly hatched young - some still wet. There were 9 opened eggs and 7 young in and around the nest. Harold actually had his hand on the 7, she was as fearless. By giving a "squeak" I could call her right up within 2 feet of me. Took several pictures. At the base of the upriver slope leading to Unicat Mt., flushed another cock out of deep 4-5 foot alder brush. 1 July Unicat Colville R - saw none on our flight up and back from Oolanaugovik area. 7-9 July Colville River - Not one Lice ptarmigan was seen or heard along the river, whereas in 1952 and 1966 many were seen. 15-16 July Point Lay None seen at this locality but Warner M. said they occur and that he has seen broods take shelter under the modules at the site. 27 July Pitt Point. In the area of owl nest #4 an adult 57 and 2 adult 47 were in the company of 3 3/4 grown juveniles. When flushed one

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T. Cade 1957 Lagopus lagopus 27 July Pitt Point of the females geres a distracteur display; the other died out. A little farther on southwes stoward and next #3, a pair of adults and 3 half grown juveniles were flushed. The adults froze with the young and did not flush until I was on 3 feet from them. A gyrfalcon chased the female. 29 July Pitt Point Numerous rainto dropping seen all over the drained lake SE of site. Lag (entry) Rupapuk and Sagavagniiktok Rivers The Novaunda et al group saw quite a few along these rivers including nepts, broods, and flocks of adults in the willows on the gravel bars and islands. These observations were made in July. Thanks to Novaunda agreed that there were not as many ptarmigan on the Saga—as last year, More on the Rupapuk than on the Saga this year. Mleafe River (upper) — O'Sullivan said that in June ptarmigan were very common, faced 877— all over the area. Sago River— Sable and Caution

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T. Code 1957 Jogopus logopus 5 August Jogolake said they have seen some in bversly areas of the river bottom. Apparently not very common, as I saw none on my walks on this date. 8 August Jogolake refers to minutes Two adults in full summer dress were seen in these willows just below the upper lake where I have my mist net set. They were very "dame" and these may have been a brood around. In the afternoon twice flushed a ptarugian into my net, but it managed to get loose both times. Mesh too small to hold so large a bird. 7 August Jogolake refers to minutes Once was seen in deep willow brush at T.Z.-8.0. Like the other two which I have seen, it was reluctant to fly - no brood around- and when pursued it escaped by running. Only when very hard pressed do they fly - then for only a short distance - 30-40 yards. One apparently had only a few tail feathers and primaries may also have been missing - hence the reluctance to fly.

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I. Cade 1954 Lagopus lagopus 18 June SE of Barrow, Alaska On the flight with Maher and S. Thinks I saw a total of 4 males. These were all in an area south of Delwally Bay and west of the Kiffipuk River. Maher saw several others from his side of the plane. 5 June Coal Mine - Meade River - Two cocks were flushed in close proximity in a willow area along the stream that flows past the culloge. This was 4100 yds kept stream from end of airstrip. 27 June - one heard calling west of camp at 2330. 28 June - one flushed out of a patch of dwarf willow near T2. Adult ? 30 June - One seen between T1 & 2 in the late evening - same area where it has been seen before. 1 July I shot and winged the ? which has been seen regularly in the vicinity of the fork in the nearby stream, but unfortunately he came to ground on the opposite side of the creek and by the time I had gotten over to the area he had hidden in the dense dwarf willow brush and could not be found. 9 July Uniat, Alaska - I flushed a male on the ridge between Lower & Second Towers in dwarf shrub - near T5.

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Code 1958 Logopus logopus 9 July - cont. The same afternoon Don Cromley saw a brood of 3 flying young with 2 97 and a 60 in brushy area near the airstrip, 14 July Uniat - a single adult mole was flushed along the road to Old Uniat between the airstrip and the crossing of Ceebee Creek. 2-25 July Colville River - more seen between Colonmagovik and Uniat. 2 August [illegible] Franklin Bluff - Sogavaneviktok Rovanda reports that he has seen up of stannigan at their locality during his stay of several weeks. 3 August Okfjolk River - While the wolfewine was running up the alluvial fan at Contact Creek, it flushed a ptarmigan which appeared at the distance to be logopus. Several myties had just been seen close up, and this bird appeared larger and with more white showing on the lower half of body, 7 August Okfjolk River On contact creek at the point where it cuts into the angle of the valley, three ptarmigan birds were seen in the shade of a dozen over pines.

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T. Code 1958 7 August. Logopus logopus One of there appeared to be an adult male Logopus in spring breeding plumage. Each shell was characterized by complete detachment of all feathers except a few primaries - scattered out over ground a couple meters or so and by the lack of any legg venarins except fragments of wing bones and breast. Characteristic of fox kills. September Mlede River - Coal Mine - the venarins of an adult male was found near ARL wannigan - 100 yds S. The venarins consisted by only of plucked feathers - somewhat broken up (chevel?) and the guts, which were in a separate pile. Fox kill? The flight feathers were mostly still incompletely developed with soft, blood-filled grills. September Mlede River Coalmine - A flock of 8 adults was flushed on upland ground midway between village and the area of T708. White wings, tail, cheeks & neck - rest of body a tail in summer plumage. 8 September Mlede River - a flock of 22-23 adults - all believed to be males - was seen on the upland knoll immediately west of the airstrip. All in mottled plumage.

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I. Code 1958 Logopus logopus September Unniat - an adult > in mottled plumage was seen on the Twelve between T5 & Alligator Road. Three flitters who came in from Baxter Island reported seeing several large flocks about 100 miles west of the Colville - were seen in the environs of the Colville River; September Unniat - At 14.50 a flock of 5 adult males was flushed on the north facing slope between T3 & T1 beyond Red Hill. They were in mottled plumage - white wing, tail, neck & head - summer plumage still covering the rest. September Unniat - 4 adults were flushed out of the dense alder stand on the first floodplain in the vicinity of T8. September Unniat - 2 seen in the same area as above.

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Lagopus lagopus 1. Cade 1959 16 May Imave River At a point on the Coelmine trail, 15 miles N. of the Beaver, a single cock ptarmigan was seen. At the sand dune Ewa-across the river from the dunes - 3 mowt 8787 came in and some aggressive chasing was noted. Later at a point on the right limit near where the trail crosses into the river, Troop 8787 and 299 were seen. All of the males were in same stage of molt - the cuticle neck was in the broody plumage but, the head was mottled - still mostly white. The two 99 had mottled necks and heads. Tracks and wing marks of ptarmigan were seen in two places on the snow near the goose well south of Barrow the day before yesterday. 25 May Pitmegea River - two males and one female were seen along the creek which borrows the upper river end of this Stuck area. There were in an area where there were also rock ptarmigan Both cocks were displaying

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T. Code 1959 Logopus lagopus 25 May About with the ripping flight and glide and the cockle left their tones did not seem to be defended. There seemed to be some interaction going on between the willow and rock ptarmigan (3 or 4 of latter in the same area). Once when a willow ptarmigan flew and displayed at the end, a rock ptarmigan got up and flew towards the willow. Later, a rock ptarmigan flew to a conspicuous roof on the right limit of the creek - granite ridge - soon a willow ptarmigan flew down the creek and landed in display flight about 10 yds from that spot. The latter took off and flew over the ridge. 28 May Ptarmigan - two males were seen in the creek bottom ca 1 mile inland from the view. Again they were in close proximity to limitus and there appeared to be some display between the two forms.

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T. Code 1959 Logopus lagopus 19 June Unniat - nest with 10 egg on s facing slope east of Red bill and below T3. On mounded tussock heath ground with sparse stand of alders up to 3 feet high. Located in a depression under an alder brush 18" high - one egg cracked by weasel - emb bros well-developed eye (lews), limbs present as lews - 25 mm long. Mike Daniels reported finding a nest with 11 eggs a couple of days ago in a bushy area between, camp and the Colville R. No others have been seen. 22 June Unniat- eggs gone at the site reputedly above - no sign of shells or of ptar- does not seem likely that they could have hatched to down-predation? fat 4 June Unniat- Killek- Perryapa Lakes - on air scan up Colville valley, Killek valley across drainages of upper Oolamwagwich to Perryapa Lakes and return-not one single ptarmigan was seen. 26 June Unniat - adult 9 flushed off wood to old Unniat - near T8 in the alder zone of the lower terrace. May have had a brood.

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1. Code 1959 Lagopus lagopus July Oshille from Etivluk to Uniat - more seen along the river, although remains, some fresh, were found at gyrfalcon kills. 24 July Oshille below Avakktewuk - an adult ♂ and 9 young seen on a terrace on right limit of river. 9 distracted as though young were present. 1 August Oshille at Kishikavorah R. - juvenile ptarmigan found at peregrine aerial. 1 August Oshille above Ocean Point - flock of 16, including 6-8 juveniles seen brought back of peregrine cliff. Peregrine attacked when I flushed. juveniles down, but adult ♂ flushed out before the falcon several times, as if deliberately drawing the predator away from the young. 4 August Oshille below Itkilik - 2 adults and 9 flying juveniles seen in willows brush along side slough. 5 Aug Oshille below Itkilik - pair & seven young 7 Aug Uniat - pair of ptarmigan near T8 acted like a brood was present - also one male heard cackling in the area.

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Code 1956 Lagopus mutus 25 June Unniat, Alaska Two - a pair - seen on the ridge near T 3 North of Red Hill - altitude ca. 600 ft. 12 August - In the same area a 7 and 6 flying young were flushed - new stake 8.0 of T 3.

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T. Cade 1957 Lagopus mutus 21 June, Unist, Alaska An apparently single cock, very wary, was seen at the west end of T3 back of Red Hill in the late afternoon. He would flush at 40-60 yards. 22 June, Unist - male seen and shot in the same area this morning. In heavy molt on head, neck and upper breast and acupular region. A 4 was seen along T3 in the evening. Traveling between T3 and T7 ca 1/4 mid-noon hill from T3 on south facing slope, saw a nest with 7 eggs. One egg was broken- others not yet endangered. 4 flushed off just before tracks hit. She was very tame and gave broken wing get. Nest was lined with dry cotton edge stones. Situated at the base of a little alder brush ca 18 inches high on Eriophorum bryrock- beach - lichens tending. Nest about 6 inches inside diameter. Marked a near by alder bush with paper bag. Embryo in broken egg was developed to stage where feathers were visible on the main track ca 38 mm long.

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T. Code 1957 Logopus mutus 10 August Jugo Lake Collected an adult in dense willow brush along the river in the area of T2 where a ptarmigan was seen yesterday. Note: the accounts under Logopus logopus for 8-9 August should refer to this species. I am quite convinced that Logopus has not been seen at this locality. Now that I think back, the same is probably true of the Pitt Point records. The adults looked the same as these here and I remember wonder- [illegible] at the time why the male at Pitt Point had no chocolate-brown feathers. I have a photo of this bird which should prove the true identity. I simply was not expecting mutus on the coast. August Jugo Lake - around 2300 I saw two fly very fast over the river just east of the lake and down into the river bottom. They flew just off the ground. 15 August Jugo Lake One seen in rocks or 2nd brush above the lake a little [illegible] from camp.

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T. Code 1957 Lagopus mutus 16 August Jago Lake One seen by my mist-net at "Upper Lake." Very tame, as was the one yesterday. Could approach within 10 feet and even throw rocks without precipitating flight. Try to escape instead by running—but can fly when very hard pressed.

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T. Code 1958 Logopus mutica 3 August Okpilak River Near the mouth of Contact Creek sit the edge between high willow brush and dwarf shrub-beach complex of the alluvial fan, a 4 and over half grown juvenile were flushed. The female was collected, but the juvenile flew into a wet area of high grasses and willows and could not be found. A few minutes later two cocks were flushed along the edge of Contact Creek. One was shot, all were in full summer plumage. Sable coup that in his mapping effort in the high country between Okpilak and the Kula Kula River he has seen only two or three ptarmigan all summer, and Ralph Bennett has seen one. August , Jugo Lake at 1545 I flushed two adult ♂♂ on the rocky slopes above camp near the little lake. One was shot as specimen. At 2230 another adult was flushed on the mossyains immediately west of Jugo Lake and another was heard in the area. August Jugo Lake- an adult ♂ was shot along the willow lined stream 2½ mi

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Code 1958 Lagopus mutus 20 August cont- above camp. Two more adult ?7? seen on rocky moraine by the little lake-one shot. 2 August Jugo Lake- adult ?7? seen on the rock stripe by T6. My eyes falcon was flying in the area, and the ptarmigan refused to fly when I approached. It escaped by running in and among the rocks. 3 August Jugo Lake- four adult mules were flushed off the steep slope of the moraine on the east shore of Jugo Lake. 26 August Jugo Lake. Between 2100 & 2130 two groups of ptarmigan consisting of 4 & 5 birds were seen on barren type ground on the moraine end of the lake. When approached within 20 yds the birds flew up and away across the lake. Apparently they were shooting for the night on this ground. Being completely open ground they had no access to escape by flight in any direction.

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Cade 1959 Lagopus mutus 21 May Pitmegea River - Three [illegible] were seen on the first high ground north of the river and across from camp. One appeared to be acting territorial toward the other two. 22 May Pitmegea - one was heard but not seen on the ridge back of camp. 23 May Pitmegea - one [illegible] at base of the snow bank on the long ridge above camp on the vegetit limit. 24 May Pitmegea - 2 males flew across the river below camp. 25 May Pitmegea - about 5 males and one female - latter collected - were seen along the creek that comes in upriver from camp. See notes under L, lagopus. Two males were seen in display flights and the [illegible] shot by me was apparently mated to one of the 5 males as it one stayed in the area where she was shot. 27 May Pitmegea - heard on the ridge back of camp in the early morning flying across

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7. Code 1959 Logopous meters 28 May Pitmegea - a male, just beginning to molt on top of head and back of neck, was shot on the replands back of camp. Three other cocks were seen in the late evening along the creek cal mi inland from the view. 31 May Peters-Schwader - a male, just beginning molt on top of head, was seen an west side of lake at top of a fan in rocky area covered with tall willows. Bobby reports they are frequently letting patches where they are feeding heavily on last years crop of blue berries, ever berries and even berries. June Peters-Schwader Lakes - two males in white plumage were seen on the west side of Peters opposite camp - in the willow area next to the north from the one in which the ghoikes are resting. June Peters-Schwader Lakes - Total of 637 seen - all on the west side of Peters and high up on the fans and wings of valley. None seen in Whistler week. One per square mile would be a liberal estimate of density. Three Kills of white plumed birds were found.

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T. Coale 1959 Lagopus mutus 4 June Peters - Schroeder Lakes - on our walk down "Bites" Cir and return over high ridge, saw 4 ptarmigan kills (fun?). One of these was a ♀ in spring plunge. There was the usual scattered feathers over several sleeve feet, but no body or flaky plumage. There was a piled reserve and by this a single perfect egg. No nest. Apparently the egg was in the oviposition at the time of kill and was either lodged during the capture or simply fell out of accident when the bird was exsanguinated by the predator. Still fresh. Took the albumin for electrophoretic analysis by Spafford. A single pellet → flew over the ridge No ptarmigan lived on our return - the only live bird seen on the trip. Ptarmigan not abundant in this area. 6 June Peters - Schroeder - none seen along Carnivore Creek for 2/2 miles. 7 June Peters - Schroeder - 3 males seen on the west wall of Peters. Two observed from 10 yds - down summer feathers scattered through white all along head and neck.

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1. Code 1959 Logopus minutus 8 June Peters-Schroder L. - a pair was seen in well-developed tufted meadow tundra on the large fun SE side of Schroder. They did not act as though a nest was present, although I searched the ground where the F got up. In addition a 0 was seen high up on the same fan and a 0 was seen on a little ridge on the lower reach of Whistler Creek. All the males were malling on shrubs and slightly on rocks. 14 June - marinen on entire walk up and down Carrivane Creek. Dove Moore reported a nest with 7 eggs on valley side of Chamberlain Cr at about 3500 ft. on a shelf of many-dwarf shrub- heath tundra - nest was located at base of a shrub 8" high.

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T. Cade 1957 Oues canadensis 15 july Point Log On the north side of the Rokolik ca 1 mi above the lagoon a flock of 7 ewes was seen in the afternoon. 16 july Point Log On the north side of the Rokolik just opposite the site where they were seen yesterday, a flock of 10 was spotted. Very wary and flushed while I was better than 300 yds distant. They flew across the river, and later I saw 13 ewes grazing in a grassy meadow in that area.

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1. Code 1959 Gress canadensis 22 May Pitmegera River - Two groups of 5 and 14 were seen about 1200 flying north toward the study area - high up. Just before they reached the study area the two groups coalesced and the birds began milling about in the air. Finally, two birds broke from the congregation and began to milling separately. After 5 to 10 minutes all the birds began moving south again and disappeared over the horizon. It began to rain shortly after that. 25 May Pitmegera - Maker seen (on the bow back of the tent at breakfast time), and later in the afternoon we saw six flying SW over the re-land at twelve back of camp.

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