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Colymbus holboellii. I889, Lake Umbagog. October I9. Off B Brook Cove. Just after breakfast we discovered a flock of six Old Squaws in the lake off B Brook Cove. Concealing the bows of our boat, we started after them when Jim spied another flock of eight light-colored birds within a few hundred yards. We paddled up to these at once. Through my glass I could see that they were Grebes and that one was unmistakably a Horned Grebe. The others looked no larger and although they appeared brown in color. We were now within 30 yds. and concluded when we were within thirty yards eluding that they were all Horned Grebes, I raised my head and began to talk to Jim. Hitherto all the birds in the flock had been floating idly on the calm water or pluming themselves. But the moment I showed myself At once up went seven long necks and to my surprise I saw that recognized their owners as Red-necked Grebes. It was too late for a bunch shot as they at once scattered and began to swim. The next instant they flew when I brought down birds knocked over one with each barrel, getting both after several more shots in the water. They made short dives and showed the whole of this neck as well as the head and neck whenever as they came to the surface. October 24. Lake Umbagog. Early this morning we noticed Sunday Cove. Thence to Sunday Cove. As we neared it I discovered off the entrance to Sunday Cove turned out nine large birds swimming well out in deep water. They proved to taking advantage of the strong light east by the rising sun be Red-necked Grebes. We took the dazzling path of the sun on the we put the boat in its shinning pathway) Of course at dropped their view whenever they flashed in our direction yet gave us no trouble smooth water and paddled towards them. One left the others and to meet swam straight for us, coming within 25 yards when I shot it. The others scattered and dove, not one flying. They proved nearly as and resourceful agile divers as Loons and after chasing several of them we had to
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Colymbus holboellii. 1889, October 24. (2) Lake Umbagog. Sunday Cove. What was evidently a hopeless attempt to learn anything from it: broke give up. We were approaching the flock I saw a trout that must have weighed fully eight pounds lean clear of the water within twenty yards of us. It came out broadside to us and I distinctly saw its red spots and broad square tail. 1890, October 13. Lake Umbagog. Tyler Cove. We also saw two Horned Grebes and what I took to be a Red-necked Grebe. The latter was very noisy, calling kr-r-uck, kr-ar-r-r, krur, almost like a Raven (This cry is diagnostic and characteristic of Holboell's Grebe, as I learned by late experi- onee.W.B., 1907). 1893, October 8. Lake Umbagog. Pine Point. after dark this At frequent intervals during the evening and, at times, thus quite regularly, every half minute or so, a strange sound came to remembered to have our ears from the lake, a sound which none of us had ever heard before. To be more accurate there were two sounds which, although radically different, evidently proceeded from the same source for one invariably accompanied or rather preceded the other. The first was a peculiar pulsating whistle, hollow in tone and closely simi- lar to the sound made by the wings of the Golden-eye. This was immediately followed by a strident crar-ar-r-r-r which was usually repeated two or three times. It was always preceded by and some- times alternated with the whistle. Both sounds were loud enough to be easily heard at the distance of a mile or more. They came from
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Columbus holboellii. 1893, Lake Umbagog. October 8. Pine Point. (2) must have been species of the middle of the lake and were distinctly made by some water fowl. Once, the bird - whatever it was - flew up and down the lake, giving its strange cries repeatedly, as it passed our camp. Will Sargent thought that the whistle, as well as the crar-ar-r-r-r, was of vocal origin, and I had the same impression. October 9. Lake Umbagog. Pine Point. this morning Soon after breakfast, we heard the same mysterious cries two which noted last night. They came from the direction of B Point in its water hornet, of which floated a large bird which was too far away to be made out distinctly, even with the aid of the glass, but which Jim Ber-Assures me that it had seen me shot nier, who came up on the steamer a little later, told me was a Red-necked Grebe. He knows this species perfectly well, for I have shot several specimens when with him. He says the steamer ran past it within good affording him a short gun-shot range and he had a perfectly good view of it. He also assures me that it was the only water bird of any kind which they saw above the Narrows and the lake was as smooth as glass at the time. I now recollect hearing the crar-ar-r-r-r- cry in October than to Holboell's Grebe, 1890, and then attributing it to the Red-necked Grebe. While the perhaps it leaves evidence in the present case is not, of course, conclusive I have (with in my mind doubt) that the Grebe was the author of these cries. above described must have been a Holboell's Grebe. 6
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Colymbus holbølli. 1897 Lake Umbagog. may 21 (3) in full moulting plumage, . 21 Two in full moulting plumage & apparently molting birds near the middle of the Sweet Cove a little about the northwest end of Great Island. At a distance they looked like Grebeanders floating equally high on the water and carrying their necks stiffly crest but as I got nearer they flattened or perhaps practically submerged their bodies swimming very fast down wind & directly away from me. When I came within 100 yards they took to diving. Up to this time they had kept close together in fact touching one another - but they now became separated. One after three or four dives turned sharply about, stretched up its long, slender neck and took wing rising (against the wind) with apparent ease, passing me within 60 a 70 yds flying swiftly & very like a Loon, its neck extended in front, its legs & feet stretched out straight behind, after giving two yards or more directly to windward it adjusted & presently began calling most curiously loud, harsh voice not unlike that of an excited & angry Crow; car-r-r-r, car-r-r-r, car-r-r-r (three or four repetitions given rather slowly & deliberately). Meanwhile I had drawn its mate close. whether I was pressing too hard but every time the heard the other call she answered in similar tones but usually in a more croaked or gasping voice & then the settled besides the car-r-r-r a low explosive huff any like that of a Gullwind. Both birds when diving remained under water an unusually long time (much longer than can most water fowl) but they seldom covered a distance of more than 50 or 60 yds. & they did not once double on each try to pass one under water. When they came to the surface to dive before they sometimes showed only
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Columbus auritus. Podiceps cornutus v Taken on Richardson lo. Mr. Mrs. Bartlett of "Poplar Tavern", Newry, has a mounted Horned Grebe which she tells me was shot at the head of Richardson Lake last Spring. As it is in the gray winter plumage I think she must be wrong about the date though the locality is doubtless reliable. Mr. Jenkins, a gentleman from New York, has also shown me a Horned Grebe which he shot on Umbazookas in Sept. /882. Oct. 15. A flock of eight on Umbazookas (see another care on the head and wing configuration of these and I agree with him that they are Podiceps auritus. If they were common here I should have noticed them long ago. They are very small and slender. The feet are placed well back on the body. They are black above and white below, with a long, pointed bill and yellow eyes. The legs are short and yellowish-green. Their call is a low, guttural sound. They are found in lakes and ponds, where they dive for fish. They are migratory birds, wintering in warmer countries. They are excellent swimmers and divers, but poor flyers. They build their nests on the water, made of weeds and grasses. The eggs are white or greenish-white. The young are covered with down when they hatch. They feed on fish, insects, and crustaceans. They are solitary birds, except during the breeding season. They are protected by law in many countries. They are important for the ecosystem, as they help control fish populations. They are also popular among birdwatchers. Richardson Lake, Maine Spring 1907 1882
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Gavia imber. Columbus torquatus, 1873. Maine (Lake Umbagog). Aug. 27. While coming down the Lake after dark heard the mournful cries of many loons. Sept. 15. Shot an adult female in perfect plumage. She weighed eleven pounds and two ounces. Although a bullet from my .44 caliber rifle passed directly through the middle of her neck, shattering most of the vertebrae and cutting the jugular vein, she dove twice afterwards and swam for a long distance under water; in fact I had to shoot her again with shot, before she could be captured. 1874. Aug 18. Fired twenty-five shots at a Loon which was swimming in the Lake near the Outlet. He rather seemed to enjoy the fun, paying little attention to the bullets other than to rise and flap his wings when one came very near him. I saw another in Leonard's Pond; being cornered by my boat it dove and passed beneath it into the river, marking its course by the line of air bubbles which came to the surface. " 22. Killed an adult bird in Leonard's Pond. At the first shot my rifle ball passed through his throat severing the tongue at its base. He dove and tried to pass me but was obliged to come up within a few yards when I put another ball through the back of his head killing him instantly. He was a beautiful bird as he lay dead on the surface of the water among the green lily-pads; his glossy back frosted with air bubbles. Sept. 3. Coming down the Lake on a steamer during a gale of wind I noticed that nearly every Loon that we overtook instead of diving, flew; all cleared the surface with apparent ease. 1879. May 23. One rose near my boat with a large fish held cross-ways in his bill, its bright scales gleaming in the sunlight. It seemed to give him much trouble before he succeeded in swallowing it. During this process which occupied several minutes he seemed to be at times in real suffering struggling on the surface and apparently trying in vain to dive
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Gavia imber. Maine (Lake Umbagog). 1879. June 15. Alva Coolidge who has found a number of their nests tells me that Loon's eggs are rarely laid in this region before the middle of June and often not till July. He once, however, found a single egg June 1. There is usually no nest whatever the eggs being simply laid on the bare ground from one to five rods from the water's edge. He has found only one nest in his whole experience; this was a bulky affair mainly composed of grass. No one here has ever seen more than two eggs in a set. The third if surprised on the nest flops clumsily, but with remarkable speed, over the ground to the water's edge; (June 15) it is totally unable to rise in the air from the ground. The majority of the nests are found on islands but an occasional pair of birds will select some remote projecting point. 1880. May 16. One of its notes, a cry of two syllables, sounds like the wind wailing through the rigging of a ship. June 19. Alva Coolidge showed me several spots where he had found Loon's nests. They were among scattering boulders at high water mark on islands. He once found a nest (in the "Pong in the River"), to reach which the Loon had to climb a high bank over some large boulders. Where the shores are earthy or muddy the birds wear a smooth path to the water's edge. They not infrequently breed on floating islands. The eggs are usually laid on the bare earth in a hollow scraped out by the bird, which, however, sometimes builds a large bulky nest. 1881. May 10. A Loon in grey immature plumage with white throat and breast swimming on the flooded meadow near the house. " 20. Several pairs of the Lake. 1882. Oct. 9-22 A few seen.
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Garcia imber. Lake Umbagog, Maine. Urinator imber 1882 August 29* 30* 31* September 2* 3* 4* 6* 9* 15* 18² 2¹ 28² October 3'. 4³ (1ad) 1895. September 1 ad juv 4* 6(2ad juv) 8* 9* 10* 11* " 12* 13② 14② 15③ grad 19* 20* 21* 22* 23² 24* 25*² Sept. 6. At 9 a. m. The bark below I enveloped in a deep fog heard a low, hollow, monosyllabic cry a sort ofhoot a towing sound like that made by blowing into a flask bottle inverted empty half worn out or so. It was a strange sound to hear with Bagshot & me. We peered out into the fog & found two birds, one adult the other a "gray" brown of each sex. One of them was making the cry. Lake Umbagog. 1896. Urinator imber P. near Pine Point May 15¹ Bargeet 17*do 2² ad C'vor. 22*½ off Wetherill At. " 24* P. 25* P. 29* 30* gray June 1- 2* 3* 4* 5* " 14* backside. MEASUREMENTS. Columbus torquatus BILIA CATL.NO. COL.W.R, SEX. LOCALITY. DATE. LENG. EX. WING. TAIL. TAR. TOE. MID Culmen from Base Culmen from base Feathers from Nostril to Gape Nostril. Depth of Bill at Nostril. REMARKS. --- juv Bar Harbor, Me. Nov 27, 1884. June-13.62 dec- 13.12 2.55 3.11 4.03 2.60 2.75 2.01 .79 Of % S. Bowler for idem. 8398 ♀ ad Boston, Mass. Feb. 14, " 13.50 13.25 3.10 4.27 3.53 2.85 2.25 .85 Winter plumage. 9860 ♀ ad Babrador. May 27 " 13.50 13.30 2.45* 3.41 4.34 3.85* 3.13 2.33 .87 Breeding n 8133 ♂ juv S. Umbagog, Me. Oct 28, 1883 13. 12.75 2.60 3.42 4.23 3.70 2.96 2.20 .80 Fall " 4123 ♀ ad " " Aug. 22, 1874 15.25* /5² 3.55* 3.77 4.40 4.30 3.53 2.70 1.05 Breeding v 4125 ♀ " Concord, Mass Apr.9, 1875 13.50 13. 2.50 3.40 4.08 3.90 3.05* 2.32 .85 Wintery n 4124 ♀ " S. Umbagog, Me. Sept.15, 1873 15.75* /5² 3.38 4.55 3.80 3.36 2.45 1.05 Breeding n 25
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1893-94 Maine Dec-Jan S. Umbagog - A singular story attaches to a specimen of Brunwich's Murre which I have just added to my collection as well as to the S. Umbagog list. Soren Sargent and Steve Morse were on their way from Upton to Middle Dam one day last January when they came upon some odd tracks in the snow in dense spruce woods about 50 rods from the shore of B. Pond. There was a deep furrow with the impression of wings on each side. At first they thought that a boy had borne a Partridge along that way but on following the track a few yards beyond the point where it crossed the path they came upon this Murre lying helpless in the snow but alive and apparently uninjured. The snow was three feet deep at the time and B. Pond as well as Umbagog covered with ice two feet in thickness. Soren killed the bird and it was afterwards mounted by the West Bethel Taxidermist (N.H. Murray). Steve had never seen any bird like this before but about a month or six weeks previous Soren while trapping at B. Pond shot one which he is here was exactly like it and which was also mounted & is now at Middle Dam. The pond was open at the time and the bird was swimming in the water. Soren fired double shots at it with his rifle but although the bullets struck all around it it did not appear to hurt them in the least. He then paddled his boat to within two or twelve feet & put a bullet through its head. The pond was calm & he is sure that there were no other water fowl in it at the time. 52
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Barus a. smithsonianus. L.P. = Leonard's Pond * = clear - clear - clear day. 1897. Lake Umbagog. May 17' 18 (2 ad 2 in) 20 (3) " 21' ad 22 (2 ad) 23 'x 24 'x 25 = 26 (3) one 27 one ad 28 do 29 ad 30 ? J s. 28 (2 ad in) 29 'ad Black ld. 30 z ds. 31 ' ad Leonard's " Pond. June 2 'P (2 ad in) 5 'P in 6 'P in 7 'P in 9 (3) Punched on Eagle " one clear from 10 a.m. 10' ad 11 (2 ad) 12 'ad . Neon ballanide " Great Island Head of Sault. " " " June 1 Two or three birds have spent most of both yesterday and to-day flying about Leonard's Pond. About half-an-hour before sunset this evening I found them perched in a large dead pine two fairly adult birds sitting side by side on one branch, an immature bird came down on another branch. I huddled almost under them before they would take wing. As it was cloudy at the time. I have little doubt but that they had gone to roost for the night. " 7 Mathews found the shells of a Herring Gull's egg on the ledge or container to Sandy Cove, No signs of nest. These shells looked as if the egg had been cracked this spring. " 9 The Herring Gulls have left out of Leonard's Pond by late boat. We came back in and left it with our horse boat at 10 a. M. to-day three of them alighted on the upper branches of the Eagle tree, a tall dead pine. " 10 Watched on this evening fishing near Great Island. The water was perfectly calm save in several spots a yard or two square where schools of small fish were swimming ruffling the surface as if a breeze had struck it. The Gull would make for one of these spots flying rapidly a yard or two above the surface. On reaching the ruffled place he would plunge clumsily into the water sometimes thrusting his head & neck under but never his body. Scores of fish would fleeing into the air around him but to far as we could see he did not succeed in catching one. 67
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Sterna paradisaea. Lake Umbagog, Maine. Sterna macrur 1574 Thu 17 mm - 15 shot / May 18 1881 morn 19 20 23 Sterna macrura. 1879 Maine Lake Umbagog). June 17. One coursing up and down over the reach of Lake near the house all the afternoon. " 18. Shot an adult male in fine plumage. It was apparently not incubating. 1881. May 18. Saw four in the middle of the Lake near the Outlet. " 20. Four flying near the Outlet, cruising about in their characteristic way, gradually working up to the northern end of the Lake, then turning and hunting back again until lost in the distance beyond Metalluc's Island. In an hour or two they would return. And I have no doubt they went the whole length of the lake. I saw them sweep down to the surface dozens of times but they never caught anything nor indeed ever touched the water. Judging from the emaciated condition of one shot yesterday on Richardson Lake, and another killed to-day by one of the river drivers (who knocked him off a boom of logs with his pick pole) I have no doubt that they would have evidently starved as the pickerel have fairly exterminated all the small fishes that used to swarm in this Lake. The snowy plumage of these beautiful birds showed to great advantage against the background of dark ever-green woods, and we could follow their white forms long after they had lost shape in the distance or catch a quick gleam as they turned in their course. The one shot on Richardson Lake was accompanied by two others. " 23. Shot two males on the Lake near the Outlet; one sitting on a snag, the other on the end of a floating root. Both were extremely emaciated. The stomach of one was filled with Golooptera (many of large size) but showed no traces of fish. The throat and gullet of the other was crammed with small black wasps; there were several more wasps of the same species, a few beetles, and an unidentifiable remains of a small fish in the stomach. Those birds are undoubtedly the survivors of the flock of four seen Saturday: like the females killed at that time they showed no indications of the approach of the breeding season.
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Merganser americanus. L. Umbagog, Maine. Mergus mer. americanus. - Common, breeding. June, 1872. Mergus mer. americanus. - Aug. 1; Sept. 13, 18 1873. Mergans ann. Sept. 16 / May 18 and Oct. 18 Mergus americanus Oct. 16- 18- 20- 21- 23- 25- 27- 30- 31st 1884 Mergus americanus - 1885. Oct. 10- 12- 15- 16- 17- 19- 20- 22- 23- 24- 26- Mergus americanus Oct. 17- / 18- 25- 1886 Mergus amer | Sept 25- 26- 29 30 1887. Mergus ann. Sept. 7 15 clarks . 11- 17- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 24- 30 1885 Oct. 2- 5- 6- 8- 9- 10- Mergus amer Sept. 18- 20- 24 1889 Oct. 2- 3- 8- 10- 11- 18- 19- 20- 21- 22- 23 24- 25- 89 Mergus ann. Lake Umbagog, Maine. 1890. Oct. 1 (Bruner) 6- 7- 8- 10- 13- 14- 15- 16- 21- 22- 24- 25- 26- 27- Lake Umbagog, Me. Sept. & Oct. 1893. Mergus americanus Sept. 25- 28- 30- 23 Oct. 1 15- 28- 29 7- 8- 10- 11- 40- 12- 13- 14- Lake Umbagog, Maine. 1896. Mergus americanus May 22 & May 24 do. 25 Monday 31 Run Pt. Lake Umbagog, Maine. Merganser americanus. 1894 August 29 September 2- 5- 7- 9- 10- 11- 12- 15- 16- 17- 16- 20- 22- 25- 26- 27- 30- October 2- 4- 5 Mr. Allen who has charge of Errol dam tells me that about 30 Sheldrake pass regularly the entire winter here. They have three haunts Mollidgurn Falls, the rapids just below Errol Dam, and Rapid River. They fly back & forth between those points. Of late they have been much shot at during the winter but few if any have been killed as rifles are generally used. These are the only ducks that Allen ever sees in winter.
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Mergus americanus. 1873. Maino (Lake Umbagog). Aug. 1. Five young birds about half grown were shot in the Tyler Cove. Sept. 10. George Hayward, one of the trappers, tells me that Sheldrake regularly winter here in small numbers, fishing rapids where the water does not freeze. 1876. June 8. A pair flying about the stubs near the mouth of Ra- pid River. 1879. June 6. George Hayward tells me that this species sits very closely. He once saw a female enter a hole in a tall dead stub. As the tree could not be safely climbed he cut it down. The incessant blows of the axe did not start the bird and it was not until the stub came crash- ing down that she came out. She was in so me way injured by the fall and he caught her. " 15. Sheldrake, Alva Coolidge tells me that he has found the eggs of this Duck in a cavity which descends ten feet from the entrance hole. 1880. May 20. A beautiful adult male flying over B Meadows. Sept. 16. A large flock in the Androscoggin near Leonard's Pond, splashing about in the water and chasing one anoth- er. My guide drove them past me. They came very swift- ly, flying before the north-west wind. I dropped two, one of which dove and did not again appear; the other started for river for the Lake, running on the surface as they do when moulting and going at a tremendous pace; it was absolutely useless to chase him. 1881. May 19. An adult male given me in the flesh. Trides dark but reddish-baael; dull black along the ridge of culmen, dull red on its sides, tarsi and toes dull coral-red; webs brownish-orange; breast and under-parts beautiful rich salmon when freshly killed, fading rapidly after- wards. Alva tells me that the plumage of the male Sheldrake fades as soon as the eggs are laid; he does not consider the present specimen nearly as handsome as they are early in the season.
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Merganser americanus. Maine (Lake Umbagog). 1881. May 19. Set A-11. Nest in hollow pine stub standing in the water. The hole descended about ten feet and the eggs, lying on cotton wood, were surrounded by the usual down. A new dam at the Outlet has brought the water of this Lake about three inches above its highest pre- vious level. The bird apparently did not calculate on this, for the nest was flooded and the eggs just covered with water; she was sitting on them, however, and the (May 19) water was warm. This nest had evidently been occupied in former years, for someone had chopped a hole in the side of the stub on a level with it and pinned a chip over the opening. By removing this chip my guide look- od directly in on the bird. She made a low growl- ing noise but refused to move till he poked her, when she scrambled up the hollow trunk and flew from the open top He shot her but she was so wet and dragged that he did not bring her in. He says her breast was bare in places and her plumage much worn. There was a pro- jecting knot in the stub about half way up which so nar- rowed the passage that the bird could hardly squeeze by, and this knot was covered with her feathers. The eggs all contained small embryos; they had remarkably thin shells for eggs of such large size much thinner than those of either the Whistler or Hooded Merganser. This nest was at the head of the Narrows on Richardson Lake. [2582]. 1882. Oct. 8-22 Hundreds around every rocky cove in the Lake. To- wards the close of my stay they were more abundant than any other Duck. 1883. Oct. 19. Saw about forty on the Lake.
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Merganser americanus. Shell Drake 1889 Maine. L. Umbagog. Much less numerous than usual, owing probably to the high stage of water which interfered seriously with their feeding grounds. Still a few were seen almost every day up to my departure. On Oct. 23d I saw a beautiful adult male apparently in perfect plumage in Leonard's Pond. In the same place on the same morning I tried to approach two which as I could see through my glass were sound asleep sitting on a lump of mud near the middle of this pond, but al- though my guide used his paddle so skillfully as not to make the least sound, they awoke and flew before we were within gun-shot. This Merganser is found on all the riv- ers and ponds about Umbagog, even on such small forest-en-circled pools as Bottle Brook pond where one was killed by Mr. Skillings this autumn. Mr. Noyes tells me that a few years since he shot a Shelldrake flying which had evident- ly come up the Androscoggin river from below Erroll Dam. While dying after being taken into the boat it vomited up a small pickerel which was still alive. He believes that it has been instrumental in introducing pickerel and oth- er fishes to ponds into which they could not have gained access by any other way. The Shelldrake about Umbagog are quite as shy as, if not shyer, than, the Black Ducks. afAf- ter they have once seen a man or a boat. But their sen- ces of both sight and hearing are dull and it is an easy matter to stalk them from the shore or to paddle within gun-shot by grassing or bushing a boat. They have one cur-ious habit which leads to the destruction of a great many individuals, namely, although they will invariably rise several gun-shots away and often half a mile ahead of an open boat, they do not seem to fear either boat or man when once they are fairly on wing, and it is a common occur- ce for a flock to pass within short range of an uncon-cealed boat in open water. 94
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merganser americanus. Lake Umbagog, Me. Sept. & Oct. 1893. Oct. 11 A large flock of Sheldrake at Moon Point. Counted 42 and there were eight or ten more. Some were swimming about & others sitting on the Rock. It is a curious fact that Sheldrakes in common with many other Ducks, are much less afraid of a sail boat than of a boat without a sail. These birds allowed me to sail within less than 100 yds. before throwing any alarm. I noticed that those on the beach stood much in the attitude of the tree Anatinae; & with bodies nearly horizontal. They also walked with the same slow, waddling gait. A Sheldrake on the water is a reddish-brown bird with his body deeply sunk back, and fine crest which is nearly always raised. The neck is usually held well up. All the large birds about the foothill are marked with Sheldrake scimitar which is fluid & chalky white & heads are a hatch as large as one hand. Lake Umbagog, Me. Sept. & Oct. 1893. Oct. 12 A flock of seven Sheldrakes in a rocky cove near camp. I watched them for half an hour or more as they swam about, fished, climbed on the rocks & perched their feathers & dove in the sun and repeatedly thrusting the water with their wings. I watched the last performance closely many times & satisfied myself that it was done partly in play & partly to wash out the filth which they drew carefully in the waters. Certainly they are not diving fish in them as a winter in N.E. S. has suggested. Sometimes the bird would merely beat the water violently with its wings thereby raising most of its body above the surface but often two birds would flap off over the surface one apparently pursuing the other each taking a succession of short dives & during the flapping periods raising its body out of water yet keeping horizontal with the surface.
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Cambridge, Mass. 2 1909, March 16. Indeed I doubt if ever before I have seen birds of any kind swim so swiftly. The combined movements of such a group were often too sudden and bewildering to be easily followed or interpreted. But the general plan of action seemed to consist of a sort of dress parade so ordered as to give the rival drakes an opportunity to display their respective charms of plumage and deportment to the best advantage and in direct yet not unfriendly competition with one another. Their evolutions were apparently for the most part, seemingly regulated by established system or custom and some of them were strikingly beautiful. Thus eight or nine drakes, strung out in single file but so close together that the bill of every one was almost at the tail of the next, would swim past a female at top speed and then turn instantly, each bird on its own axis, as if at some given signal, before starting back in reverse order, that is with the bird which had been the last now leading. I saw this done a dozen times or more the distance traversed in a straight line on the different occasions varying from ten to fifty yards. When a number of drakes started after a female that was swimming away from them they usually overtook her quickly and passed her in the manner which I have just described but sometimes the chase would continue for one or two hundred yards. When overtaken she usually stopped and seemed to watch the behaviour of Courtship Of Goeseandus. 110
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Cambridge, Mass. 1909, March 16. her admirers with some interest. During their evolutions one or another Courtship of the Gooseanders of them would occasionally thrust his head straight upward to the full length of the neck but this position was never maintained for more than a fraction of a second. The distance was too great for me to make out if the bill were opened or not. I saw no other unusual movements of the head and neck which, indeed, were carried much as on ordinary occasions or perhaps somewhat higher and more erect. But I did see, and very many times, jets of water or spray rise into the air at the rear of drakes which were passing in line before the females. These were similar in every respect to those when the Whistler drakes throw up when "bleating" but the jets produced by the Gooseanders rose to a the greater height and apparently were somewhat broader, also. I could see them distinctly without the aid of my glass at a distance of half a mile. That they are an essential part of the ceremonial of courtship and that the Goose- ers like the Whistlers throw them up with a simple vigorous kick of the foot or (feet) I have no doubt although I failed this morning to obtained direct evidenc earing on the latter point. After watching the Gooseanders about half an hour from Hemlock Point we walked around the pond to the western side. When we got there the birds had ceased courting and were scattered about singly or in pairs or in small groups. Many of them were evidently
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1880. Tophodytes cucullatus. Maine (Lake Umbagog). May 20. A pair on B Meadows. " 25. Set B-8. Some of the eggs incubated about threedays; the remainder fresh. Cavity in the top of a tall dead elm. The entrance, at a point where a limb had broken off, was not wider than a man's fist; the cavity, formed by decay, descended about three foot; the eggs were par- tially covered by the bird's down of which the nest was wholly composed. Their shells were so thick and hard that they were drilled only with great difficulty; yolk pale orange. We found this nest by seeing the female enter it. She came flying in from the lake and cir- cled about the tree several times, sailing with motion- less wings, then alighted on the edge of the hole and crawled in with some difficulty. No amount of pounding with an axe at the base of the tree sufficed to start her out, but when my guide began to climb it she at once emerged from the hole and disappeared. Later she returned and circled many times about the tree, but re- fused to enter the hole which we had chopped out. This nest was about thirty-five feet above the water; the stub, a very rotten one, stood with a few others in a cove on the lake shore near the Hayward farm. 7/8 (2534). June 11. A female with a brood of six young swimming in the grass near shore. As we approached, the mother flopped off heavily along the surface uttering her characteris- tic chink. The young, scattered in all directions, dived so adroitly that we could not catch any of them. They probably put up only the bill and that beneath some floating water plant, for each one that we pursued was soon lost sight of. " 24. Brood of seven young accompanied by the mother, near the mouth of Cambridge River. Six of the ducklings dove so adroitly that it was impossible to catch them, but the seventh had in some way broken one of its legs which had set in a stiff position impeding its movements so that it was easily secured. Sept. 3. Six in a close bunch hurling over the pond in the meadow from the direction of Cambridge River in the even- ing twilight. " 9. A flock in Leonard's Pond, and a single bird in the Androscoggin which dived exactly like a Grebe.
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Sphodytes cucullatus Lake Umbagog, Maine. 1889 Maine Oct. 9 S. Umbagop One in Bottle Brook Pond in company with a Golden-eye. It dives at frequent intervals in water about 2 ft. deep. As it went down it regularly throws its tail upward in a peculiar way very similar to the cormorant in which a neck not elevates its snuff just before it goes under. It dives very smoothly and silently never making the least splashing sound and agitating the surface very slightly. I shot it & found the stomach filled with the remains of the largest kind of water beetles. Food " 23 Saw eight in Bedwards Pond, four of them adult ♂♀ in d full full plumage. These were three in one flock with three plumage. brown birds and in another place a pair. The flock I watched for over an hour, they worked along the opposite side of the pond keeping close in shore & diving incessantly in shallow water. Although 200 yds. off & up wind (the Extraordinary wind was strong too) they seemed to hear the least noise plumage. that I made stretching up their necks & swimming out into the middle where they floated until I remained still for some time, then swam in shore again. Finally seeing that there was no hope of a shot I found myself a little & they were off at once. I think I have never seen any water fowl so shy & keen of hearing before. The slight rustling I made would never have attracted the attention of Black Ducks. The adult ♂♀ kept their crests closed all the time I watched them. They showed a patch of white on the back of the head & a white bar on the side of the breast but was not nearly as heavy as I expected. Evidently these Mouras are southern birds which have just arrived. The young birds that I have been shooting here has been tamer than Wood Ducks & not at all keen of hearing 123
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Bosphodytes cucullatus Lake Umbagog, Maine. 1889 Maine Oct. 24 S. Umbagog - A flock of six, bad. 38, just north of Rapid Ruin. Doubtless the same birds seen yesterday. Had a good chance to stalk them & got within 30 yds. but the bushes were so thick that I could see only one a fair drake. He heard me rustle a leaf and at once spread his crest to its fullest extend crest expanded and called out warningly koke, o-o-o-o-ve, the best Notes part of the cry a hard wooden rolling note very like the growling cry of the Peaked Frog. The next I saw of them they had flown out of range & soon after they flew. The sound I made would never have been noticed by by Black Ducks. Besides these I saw four other young dez at least brown birds. Three of the latter flew past us within good range as we were rowing on open water. Like Sheldrake they do not seem aware of the danger of flying past within range. They are the swiftest flyers of all the Ducks that visit Umbagog. They rise from the water with some difficulty the feet, & perhaps the abdomen, also, trailing on the surface for several yards leaving a slight "wake". When fairly under way they fly at a height of about 30 feet almost as this whip moving with great velocity as a Hummingbird. They always follow the channel of a stream or the open water of a lagoon as closely as possible preferring to go a great distance around when necessary rather than cut across through the woods. They usually feed in shallow ponds with muddy dry bottom, often very small ponds in deep woods. They rarely or never haunt rocky, gravelly or sandy shores like the Sheldrake and I think more slight or at least feed in swift water. They often feed in shallow water among grass. 124
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Lophodytes cucullatus. 1889, October 23. Lake Umbagog. Leonard's Pond. Crossed the island and found my birds, six Hooded Mer- gansers, three of them adult males in full plumage. It was some- time before I recognized them for their kept their crests closed. They followed the opposite shore diving incessantly. I watched them over an hour but they would not cross to my side. October 24. Lake Umbagog. Rapid River. A flock of six Hooded Mergansers, three of them adult males, doubtless the same birds seen in Leonard's Pond yesterday. Had a fine chance to stalk them by crossing a narrow neck of land, but just as I felt sure of them I heard one give a warning kok followed by a rolling k-r-r-r-r. I could see a superb old drake swimming within easy range, but the bushes in the way were so dense that I dared not risk a shot. A moment later I saw the flock out in the middle of the river with necks stretched up and soon after they flew and went out over the lake. Their powers of sight and hearing must be extraordinary. The drake I saw near me had his crest fully expanded. 1890, October 16. Lake Umbagog. Bottle Brook Pond. the gleam Near the end of the point I caught ^of a white breast on an old snag, and directing my glass to the spot made out four hooded Mergansers, sitting on a log sunning themselves. There was a good chance to stalk them under cover of the bushes but they must have heard me for when I got within shot of the log and peeped over the bank they were gone and I discovered them swimming up the middle of the pond toward's M.'s station. For a long time they cruised back and forth in the open water, diving a good deal for food. 125