Cynomys field notes, v1407

Koford, Carl B.

Unknown

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

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KOFORD, CARL DECEMBER 1954-DECEMBER Prairie Dog Ecology Project UTAH-WYOMING-COLORADO-S. DAKOTA- KANSAS- December 1954- December 1955 CATALOGUE NOS. 1769-1770 JOURNAL SPECIES ACCOUNT Cynomys ludovicianus

Cyclophorus lubriciculus Species Account Journal Catalogue Nos. 1783-1790 December 1924 - December 1925 Kansas: ITAH-WYOMING-COLORADO-2 DRAINAGE Plains Dog Economy Project DECEMBER 1924 - DECEMBER 1925 KOFORD, C. A.

KOFORD, CARL Prairie Dog Ecology Project UTAH - WYOMING - COLORADO S. DAKOTA - KANSAS DECEMBER 1954 - DECEMBER 1955 CATALOGUE NOS. 1769-1770 JOURNAL SPECIES ACCOUNT Cynomys ludovicianus

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Koford 1955 Specimen Catalog Feb.15 Ft. Collins, Larmer Co., Colo. 5000 ft. * sktl. * 17690 7 Cynomys ludovicianus 377-89-65-16. 912 gms. Fat. Stom. empty. Trapped. Oct.15 8 1/2 mi. N. 1 1/2 mi. W. of Waverly, Larmer Co., Colo. * 1770007 Onychomys leucogaster 144-40-19-16. 30 gms. mod. fat. Tertiarling. Stom. full; 90% wheat plates, 10% remat. in stands. lunch. One flat shot grass plain near Cynomys leucogaster (Atayley) herd At Rematodae stomach (saved). * Duplication in nos.

Koford 1954 Prairie Dog Ecology Project Journal T August 12, 1954 Berkeley to Salt Lake City, Utah At request of Mr. Fairfield Osborn, President of N.Y. Zoological Society, I am traveling to Moore, Wyoming, where he is temporarily staying, to talk with him about the objectives and extent of a project to study the prairie dog in association with Kansas University. At 6:25 p.m., I departed from Oakland Airport on U.A.L. plane, for Salt Lake City. Flight path passed over Donner Pass, Donner Lake, in Calif. Arrived S.L.C. airport, about 3 mi. from city, at 9:30 p.m. Stayed at Newbarns Hotel. August 13, 1954. Friday. Overcast, with a few drops of rain at 6:30 a.m. To airport to leave on Western A.L. (for Jackson via Idaho Falls) at 7:10 a.m. Plane stopped at Pocatello, a rather flat dry grass region, then at Idaho Falls—the latter green with many wheat farms. Then by another plane to Jackson, Wyo., flying low over the rugged Teton Range. A little dirty snow remained. I was met at airport by Osborn and his wife. We did various errands in Jackson and had cocktails and lunch there. Osborn is trying to organize a project for me that is not just a study of prairie dogs and which is not necessarily connected with Kansas Univ. The money should be spent for conservation of wildlife. Osborn himself is keen for ecological projects. He has a personal strong interest in prairie dogs from boyhood experience. He would like to see a study made that could be ammunition to use against killing of animals

W C Danst 500 Cedar St. Douglas, Wyo. Sent info on Wind Cave R.d. + b.f. / to R H Pough, Jan 26, 1959 George Barnes, F & W Sine, Custer, Located b.f. - 5 caps in p d lane on McLeod, S.D. - to Wind Cave Barnes Dad sent others m slide Red Lader Manut. Denn Danis ne fruits.-

Koford Journal August 13, 1954 Jackson, Wyoming (rods especially) by control agencies. The project should involve the plains and not just one species. Wish that would tie in with that of Helmut Buedner (now making a survey of bighorn population) would be best. (Osborn does not like to kill anything. He hates sheep, likes bats.) The work would have to be written up in appetizing form that could be easily understood by N.Y. Zool. Soc. members. (Mrs. Osborn energetic and will preserver for her estimated age. Mr. an ardent fisherman. We fish in the Snake this of evening. They have a cabin near Moore (on Snake R.). Tomorrow we will go to the bird station at Moran.) I was put up in a log cabin at Moore. Partly overcast, windy, a cloude over there today. Fished with Osborn in evening. We took 5 cutthroat on flies, largest 17" (by Osborn). Full moon. Dinner & much talk with Osborn. He is very likable, friendly, & unassuming for a wealthy & rather famous man. Osborn had a copy of a letter that was sent by W.C. Barnst (500 Odin St., Douglas, Wyo.) (recently photograph- ing for Disney film I believe) to Richard Pough (Amer. Muse.) regarding prairie dogs in Weird Cove National Park, South Dakota (Black Hills). Apparently prairie dogs were being poisoned, a going to be, in the parks. Barnst also said the thought was that Cynopsis was eating veg- etation that should be utilized by the antelope & bison. Barnst said in most areas of park the vegetation was best on areas where there were prairie dogs. Five

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Koford 1954 Journal August 13, 1954 Moose, Wyoming Black footed ferrets had been trapped near Midland, S.D., with help of George Barnes, F+W Service, Curtis, & taken to Wind Cave. One (?) died + 2 (?) escaped in parks. The idea was to introduce natural predator control of the prairie dogs. Barnes also said to have seen 5 ferrets near S. border of Bad Lands Nat'l Monument, S.D. Jim Simon (I met his wife - Oslon likes him much - headquarters in S.D. City) known of the Wind Cave situation. Oslon is going to visit Wind Cave on way back to N.Y. August 14, 1954 Moose & Moran, Wyoming. With Mr. & Mrs. (Margaret) Oslon I went to the biological lab of N.Y. Zool. Doc. Helmut Buechner, now working on a survey of bighorn populations & range conditions also there. And, Mr. O'Lehaneley (sp.? -), supervisor of Teton Nat'l Park, his assistant, another park (?) man named Kreen, Reed Fantini, ecologist of Laramie & Univ. of Wyoming, & Margaret Altman, studying behavior of elk in the laboratory region. Oslon & I talked over our idea & we had some discussion. It was agreed that a study of prairie dogs (and other range rodents) in relation to predators (coyotes, ferrets, etc.) and to range conditions (overgrazing) and grazing animals (donkey and bison, antelope) would be worthwhile. Fantini was very interested & appeared to be very capable himself, with a good knowledge of range problems. He was sure that Univ. of Wyoming would cooperate strongly. We also felt that Colorado A&M (Ft. Collins, where Paul Baldwin is Director) and Montana

Roford 1954 Journal August 14, 1954 Moose, Wyoming Chris (Miranda) would be willing to help. Fantini told of an experiment station in Colorado where deer, under fence in different concentrations, are kept, in order to measure the relative effects or range. He said another large area in W. Cob. has been voluntarily closed by ranchers (owners) to protect coyotes. These areas would provide good experimental setups for study. My problem now is to define the objective of the study and get preliminary lineup of collaborators & specific problems. Olson wants results that will lead to positive concrete action. I mentioned the Sierra Club interest in a prairie national park - Olson thought this would be a wonderful practical application of results. Plans Mirrie was to have gone to Brooks Range, Alaska, to recommend an arctic wilderness area. Mirrie got TB, now spread to meningitis, & may recover slowly, but his Alaska work halted, of course. Fantini is starting an ecological survey of Swan Lake, Teton area, because soon it is going to be used as a dump for processed sewage and conditions will surely change rapidly. Olson has hobby of keeping pet birds, especially rare ones (a Chinese bulbul, for example), & breeding fancy pheasants. He is also involved in N.Y. Zoo, & raising money for it. Fantini & Clarke of Louis, Neva, apparently are committed to pass on projects for the Jackson Hole Biol. Lab. Fished Duvall in morning. Tish 2 cutthroat, to 13." Dinner with Olson and Mr. & Mrs. Fabian (spell?) from Salt Lake City. F. is lawyer for the Mann station [illegible]

Koford 1954 Journal August 15, 1954 To San Francisco, Calif. Osborn took me to Jackson airport. Rough bouncy flight with 3 stops en route to S.L. City. Then I took 12:40 plane for S.F. Clean day & good flying visibility. Sue & kids met me at S.F. (4 p.m.) & returned home to Berkeley. December 2-10, 1954. To Ft. Collins, Colorado. Departed Berkeley afternoon Dec. 2. Drove via Bakersfield, Walker Pass, Death Valley, Boulder City, Kingman (Ariz.), Grand Canyon, Cannon, Kayenta, Bluffa (SE Utah), Monticello, Cortez (SW Colo.), Mora Verde, Red Parks, Durango, Wolf Creek Pass, Kenoza Pass, to Denver, then Ft. Collins, arriving afternoon Dec. 9. Stayed with Paul Baldwin & family. December 11. With Baldwin looked over Colo. A&M College libraries and facilities. Met Olson, head of Zool. Dept., & other members that dept. Hanson from Utah, a mammalogist interested in Otteras, teaching here this year. Visited a Cynocephalus ludovicianus colony near base of Spring Canyon dam with Baldwin. December 13. Monday. Left barn at 6:37 Smith yesterday. Raymond Today visited Front & Range Experiment Station. Mr. Bucci offered Elbert much cooperation as a desk for work. Mr. Reid, range mgr., spent most time with me. Veta Schiffer of Fish & Wildlife Don Service is here working on rodent problems, especially on Black Mesa (SE of Grand Junction). Mr. Henry of Rye Mgt. Dept. of college very interested in my work. He offered use of experimental range area west of college on College lands. FT The F.R.Cp. Sta. See on

Roford 1954 Journal December 13, 1954 Ft. Collins, Colorado. experimental range N. of Nunn where I can probably work too. A map shown to me by Harry showed that be nearly all of Wild Co. (4 pts. adjacent) was in a comparatively dry area, rainfall 13-15," & apparently thin center of livestock rather than wheat region. December 14, 1954. Visited College Landsmen of Ft.C., whose old Cynomye town. Read thesis by Dana on cottontail- prairie dog relationships [Sent by Lee Goggin]. December 15, 1954. Talked with G.E.Klippel, in charge of Central Plains Range Experiment Station (near Nunn). Have been provided working space in Forst. Rge. Exp. Sta., Forestry Bldg., Colo. A.+M. Started reading King's thesis on Wild Cave Prairie Dogs. Meeting of Rod & Gun Club in Cue. Met James Cole, Prof. Wagon, & many other there. December 17, 1954. With Lemony Crawford visited a Cynomye Eudoricius town on a "game preserve" about 2 miles east of Wellington. This 80 acres a demonstration area of local sportsmen. They put out much cover (Bramble, stumps, wire) & feed, & topped carrion (shunker & lousecote monthly) there, & had introduced quail (scaled?). December 18, 1954. Took a trip about 30 miles beyond to west thru Masonville & up Buckhorn Canyon. Rod sicy at higher levels (8000') in sheds. Saw a prairie dog burrow (C. sp.?) at about 7000 ft. (no dogs). December 19, 1954. Comparatively warm but windy. With family visited "game preserve" near Wellington and photoged Prairie dogs.

Koford 7 Journal December 23, 1954 To Rocky Mtn. Nat'l Park, Colo. Clear sunny day. Drove 50+ mi. to R.M. Nat'Park to visit James Cole, regional naturalist. He loaned to me re- ports & maps concerning C.L. towns at Wind Cave & other areas under N.P.D. control. Much ice in Big Thompson River. At foot of Hidden Valley the birds fed shrikes, grey jays, and Clarke nutcrackers, all of which fairly tame. December 28, 1954 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colorado. With Mr. E. C. Klipple of the Agricultural Research Service, USDA, visited the Central Plains Experimental Range. Saw the jackrabbit (Klipple says both black & white-tail- ed present), rattlesnake, a dead golden eagle (probably shot), and 1-25 bison (bogopin probably). Only about 1" snow here though about 6" in Ft. Collins (due Dec. 26+27). The station in gently rolling country. Some striples in pastures but mostly grama-buffalo grass. Various degrees use as various pastures for 15 yrs. 60-90 head/section considered heavy stocking (overgrazing), 20-30 head considered light. Klipple had worked here, on & off, for 20 years. Now he was in charge of the range. A small house suitable for stays here was available. Weather data kept too. A favorable site for wildlife studies. Returned to Ft. Collins. The experimental range was 37 miles from Colo. A+M Collye - 3 1/2 mi. E. & 9 mi. N. of Nunn (wheat farming town). Range about 4 X 6 miles max. dimensions. Klipple showed me small Cynomya solay in section 22.

Koford 1954 1955 Journal December 29, 1954 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colorado. Finished reading & abstracting King's prairie dog thesis on microfilm. Visited Dr. Harrington, topmanit in botany, Mason, supervisor of Roosevelt Nat'l Forest, and office of "county agent." About 38° today, overcast afternoon & threatening to snow. December 30, 1954. About noon visited prairie dog colony near Spring Canyon Dam and saw Cynomys L. out the ground snow covered. About 3" snow thin. Horsetooth Reservoir half frozen over. January 2, 1955. Sunny & about 40°F. today. In mid-afternoon visited prairie dog colony and viewed Tundra & burrower. Most snowfall in Ft. Collins not melted in sunnier areas, persisting in shade. January 3. Talked with J.L. Ritzner, soils man at F+R Exp., Sta. about soils of rodents. Clear sunny day. Copied Cynomys data from maps but by B.C. Kipple ("Beke"). Visited Wellington Cynomys colony with V.B. Schaeffer. Saw one golden eagle; 2 hawks perched but none in flight (still air; smoke layers). January 4, 1955. With B.C. Kipple attended annual meeting of Crow Valley Livestock Assn. on the land utilization project (headquarters Briggsdale). This year grazing on goat land will be light (half no. animals of a few years ago) because of low rainfall in 1954 & little growth. Last year 45 days of grazing on old growth; this has been grazed off now so must wait

Koford 1955 Journal January 4, 1955 N.E. Ft. Collins, Colorado. for now. On Central Plains Cpp. Range, lowest recorded snowfall (about 5"). No livestock will be put on until about May 15. Meeting was of about 60 men, about 45 being members of association. I met many landowners that had owned to have, Cynomys californicus on their lands. January 5, 1955 Library works in Forestry Library. Broadland succession in True Prairie (tall grass) has been worked out by Weaver (and others) of Univ. Nebraska. Snow last night, about 5" or wet, + a little fall in forenoon. January 6, 1955. Near 0° F. last night. Snow light & cold now. Visited a Cynomys colony & found tracks showing a few out but not traveling far. Max. temp. in shade < 30° F. Arrange for purchase of Chev. pickups, January 7, 1955. Near 0° F. last night. Sunny & clear but cold & calm today. Not now Chevrolet pickups for main prairie dog work. January 8, 1955. Second presentation from Zoology Dept., Colo. A & M, & wide. Visited prairie dog colony late afternoon. Still no more activity above ground. Cold but only slightly overcast today. January 9. With family visited Hidden Valley in Rocky Mtn. National Park. Only about 6" snow at 9:00! January 10. Arranged to buy pickup truck in Ft. Collins. Much ado about licensing Colo. operator's license, etc. Visited Central Plains Cpp. Range with Kleppel & Schiffer. January 11. Last truck & put field dept. in order. Borrowed equipment from Forestry Dept. via Prof. Wager, & Coop. Wildlife Unit via Yeager.

Koford 1955 Journal January 12, 1955 W. Weld Co., Colorado. Clear & sunny but cold. About 3" snow still on ground in Ft. Collins. I drove east to Ault, N. to Pierce & Nunn, then to Central Plains Cpp. Range. Spent afternoon on Cynanpe colony there. Saw at least 5 golden eagle & 2 Butto lagopus. Saw eagle eating white-tailed jackrabbit. Max. temp., about 35°F. Some roads at Cpp. range had to be detoured because of snow (6" in roadbed). Otocoris in flocks to 50+ & common. Stenella nigrita common at roadside. Saw 1 sparrow hawk (or pigeon h.? ) and one Falco mexicanus (Mr. Ault). Sunset 4:35 p.m. Saw 2 Lepus californicus about 5 p.m., among stripely lumber. Apparently white-tailed lepus on open ground mostly. Veg- etaion on range very short mostly 1" or less but yucca, stripely, Chrysothamnus, & Opuntia, scattered. At 4:30 p.m. about 3 mi. S. of Rockport I saw 21 Antilocapra near road (highway 85). Stayed at C.P.E.R. for night. January 13, 1955. Clear, cold night. -16°C, minimum. Heard a honndowl (Bubo) last evening. At 7:30 a.m. I saw a group of 4 coyotes (Canis latrans) about 300 yds. N. of C.P.E.R. buildings. I spent morning search- ing for Cynanpe colony on section 16 a 17, R 65 W, but found it not. Saw Lepus californicus & L. townsendi, Aquila, Butto lagopus, Otocoris. About 55°F., at mid- day, little wind. Visited Mr. [illegible] & then his Cynanpe colony. Drove to Ft. Collins via Russell & Pierce. January 15, 1955 To Lovamie, Wyoming, & return Drove via Owl Canyon to Lovamie to visit Red W. Fanta

Koford 1955 Journal January 15, 1955 Laramie, Wyoming. [illegible], of zoology dept. Met Fantini at Univ. Wyo. & late at home & talked about plans & procedures for my Cynomy study. The Snowy Range about 40mi. W. of Laramie seems to have much snow on it. Windy in Laramie (7150' elev.). Much sheep grazing in this region of Wyoming, according to R.W.F. Dicht, Head of U.S.F.S. stated here & might be of some help to me, said F. Nolf overcoat in afternoon. #Drove to Cheyenne, quickly getting into pinyon & Ponderosa pine upon ascending the range east of Laramie. Shortly before reaching Cheyenne for W., wonderful view of vast plains of short grass in that area & to E. & S. Cheyenne fairly large, dirty, & bustling. Quarter of Warren Livestock Co. which patrols much land in Wyo. & Colo. prairie dog county. Continued on to Ft. Collins in evening. Saw 2 jadelallite near road (highway 87) at night. Still about 3" snow on ground in Cheyenne area but none in town of Laramie (15000 population). January 17, 1955. Ft. Collins, Colo. Snow in night & a little today (2" total). Office works, January 18, 1955 Weld Co., Colo. Drove to Briggsdale & talked with W. Williamson, U.S.F.S; about Cynomy colonies. Then talked with Mr. Jenkins, postmaster & crop-duster (flier) of Briggsdale, & with Willard Frank, long resident of that town. Then Drove to Bovver, about 8mi. E. to see Pawnee Buttes from top (sandstone outcrop 200±' high), then to C.P.E.R. Saw 12± Butis lagopus; 1 Falco

Koford Journal January 18, 1955 Weld G. Colo. medriann, 4 Sylhilogus, 3 Lepus lamondi, 8 Lepus Californian, 1 Aquila chrysaetor, many Atoresis + Stiernus vulgaris (30+ at Briggadale), Mrs. Franks & wife said that, camped with 20 yrs. ago, now very few Coyumps but many badger, about same no. eagles, bawler, 4 pronghorns, many cottontails, mule deer (unlavourous 20 yrs. ago), few coyote. Jackrabbits have revived last few years. Many shunkes now. / Jenkins brown county well & can fly me to set up maps to view a photo Coyumps towns. / Saw about 65 Antilocapra near C.P.E.R. / Williamson says that this are more like relic grass areas in old sheep dipping enclosures 4in cemetery at Blijo (SE of Brown). Camped at C.P.E.R. Set 4 snowtraps near barn. January 19, 1955. Temp. -16½°C. last night. No catch in traps; Dipodops probably hibernating. Less more-like tracker or snow (Old snow; the storm of Jan. 17 a.m. did not reach here.) I talked briefly with Mr. Range, then for 2 hours each with A. Deputin & C. Ann of Rockport about Coyumps & other animals. Near Rockport old Vaquero of Indian, from 4 tribes of long ago, said Deputin, who had been in this area 46 years. Formerly left fyles, he said. He thought ferrets in holes in sandy ground, where kang- arosato. He had seen weasels here - turn white wint. Shunks now a pest. Many badgers now. Deer first seen about 1928 (O. lemnaine); now not uncommon on plains. Occasional fall blizzards live with snow that closes main roads for days. Blizzards in 1913,

Roford 13 Journal January 19, 1955 Weld Co., Colorado 1920, 1935, 1949-50 (Jan.1). On May 1, 1929, much snow & extreme cold. There, occasionally very severe, (one winter) very early, or very late winter as storms. In general winter not so cold as many years ago and planting season later. Visited C.C. Acos, another old resident of region. He had heavily overgrazed ½ section (?) ½ mile N. Rodhepat on W aide road. Many L. tamarandi, Sylviolaque audubani, Cyprynpe (lunorus). Acos kept about 12 deer on his place. Mustacked, no teeth, a good talker, but friendly; as reliable observer fair—at least no tell-tale. Duperat said formerly much more brush in this country. High or your head to S. of C.P.E.R. area. He claimed to have seen ferrets in past; Willard Franks too (but F. rather unreliable I think). I drove to Jim Lawrence place SW of C.P.E.R. & looked at pasture with Cyprynpe lunaorum. Saw 2 L. tamarandi at once there. In Ft. Collins talked with Norton Minin, predator & rodent control man, in evening. He said that a former antelope refuge north of Waverly showed optimum land use. Bears had been problem last year, probably an account of shortage food in wild. Another trapper, Bleeson, working in northern part of county, said to have taken more than 100 Lynx; rufus that area. Sheepmen especially strong for coyote control, Minin said. January 29, 1955 Ft. Collins, Colo. Office work. Linnard pickup truck in Colo. Visited C. Till in Game & Fish Dept. office (Colorado Bldg.). January 23, 1955. Air Office work. Ovacoat. Visited Cyprynpe town near Fossil Creek in afternoon.

Koford 14 Journal January 24, 1955 Larimer Co, Colorado. Office work in morning. Light snow last night. Visited Cynomya towns near Wellingtons. Saw: 1 Cercus, 1 Agnula, 1 Butio lagopus, many Otocin. Drove snow to Owl Creek back to Ft. Collins. January 25. Partly overcast; warm in afternoon (40°?) 4mo winds. Worked in Red Library morning. In afternoon visited Cynomya colony near town & saw some out. Snow melted much. January 26,1955. NE Larimer Co. I drove from Ft. C. toward Laramie & investigated gongy colony 3 mi. WSW of Steamboat Rock. Talked with M.Ferree (owner), & Lloyd Halston of Red Top Station about Cynomya. Shot 3 Cynomya for examination & saw more than 20 out. Partly overcast, about 35°F. max. temp. & moderate breeze. Returned to Ft. Collins for the night. Examined 3 carcasses Cynomya. January 27,1955. Ft. Collins, Colorado. Examined droppings, coyote scat, hair, at Cob.ATM. January 28, 1955 Nr. Loveland, Larimer Co, Colo. Visited 2 Cynomya colonies near Loveland. Saw Cynomya out. Saw: Cercus ludovicianus but no eagles or Butios. Saw cottontails but no Lepus. Saw several lodge digging. Nearly clear today but cold moderate breeze in afternoon. Guy Jordan ranch 6 mi. SW of Loveland good place for general rodent trapping. January 29 NW weld Co., Colo. With family drove N. on highway 95, then E. to Carr's Rock- pat. Briefly visited Acorn's Basin ranch, then to C.P.E.R. Looked over two old Cynomya colonies in vicinity & another

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Koford 15 Journal January 29,1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Larimer Gy, Colo. mean Prince. Returned to Ft. Collins. Half overcast + moderate wind. About 40° F. max temp. I saw at least 3 eagles, 2 Buteo lagopus, 1 Cirrus ludovicus in CPER area. January 30,1955 Spent most of day near Cyprange colony near town with line tape out. Saw up to 14 Cypranges at one but trapped none. 5/10 to all overcast, calm, temp. to about 45°F. (est.). January 31,1955. Departed Ft. Collins 8 a.m. with Vieta Schaffer (Fish & Wildlife Service) and Ralph Kell (USFS Denver). Drove via Cheyenne, Torrington, Lusk, Hot Springs, to Wind Cave Natural Parks. Talked this with Sept. Carl Semingern about mammal problems. Drove on to Custer & spent night there. On road from Cheyenne to Lusk we saw about 4 dead Buteo ( ferrugineus ?), 1 Mephitis, 50+ Lynx. Overcast but not freezing. Little snow on ground at Wind Cave Ph. Semingern told us that elk herds had been reduced to 81, buffalos to 350?, last year. Some fences had been re- moved so animals can wander about. Near road behind Cave Park mostly rolling prairie bordered by short yellow poles. Feb. 1, 1955, Nr. Custer, S. Dakota Interviewed George Barnes, trapper, concerning Cypranges. Spent afternoon with a U.S.F.S. group touring Black Hills. They have a beam problem as many beavers, which destroy aspen (sage paper birch & pine). Many beams topped out by Game & Fish Dept. men, but apparently not enough to keep dam damage. Another

Koford Journal February 1, 1955 Black Hills, S. Dakota problem is that of Mt. boots. There are about 300 now, having built up from small introduction, but no provision for harvesting them, & some pressure for new introductions. Summer grazing is another problem, there not living enough for the livestock that is wintered on ranches out of the Black Wells national forest. Porcupine damages heavy. One man told of a party killing 62 in one night. Thinning seemed to increase porcupine damages. Compared to yellow pine in Calif, the reproduction here excellent, young trees growing healthy like lodgepole pines in west, mature trees not large (10" very big). Jack Kern, Forest Supervisor, was especially friendly & interested in my work. February 2, 1955. Custer, S. Dakota Interviewed Archie Namer, trapper. Then with Vic Schaffer went to Wind Cave Nat'l Park headquarters. With ranger Suter visited several prairie dog towns in afternoon. New snow lightly covering ground. Schaffer left for Ft.C. February 3, 1955 Wind Cave National Park Went out with park rangers to shoot a bull bison for Indians from Scottsbluff. Snowed about 4" last night & still snowing. A bison was wounded 4:30. Ranger Suter & I trailed it for about an hour. When we gave up we were lost in snowstorm. After much wondering around we walked back to head- quarters, arriving about 5 p.m. It snowed all day, but not cold. Snow at headquarters about 10" deep - dry & light. On our hike Suter & I saw several prairie dogs,

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Koford 17 Journal February 3, 1955. Wind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dakota several elk, many bison, 4 a herd of 20+ pronghorns, but no rabbits, prairie dogs, or other large mammals (one coyote track). Cleared in night. February 4, 1955. Nearly clean but some fog clouds. I did office work at headquarters. Saw 3 mule deer out wind (Both white-tailed & mule deer in Black Hills). Spent on low near Cebolo Cyprinus tarns near roads. Moderate wind; snow blew. February 5, 1955. Nearly clean, mod wind. Drove Cyprinus out. Collected 10+ for examination. Searched for common tracks or C.e. tarns. About 4 p.m. departed Wind Cave N.P. and drove via Hot Springs, Lusk, Cheyenne, to Ft. Collins. February 7, 1955. Ft. Collins, Larimer Co., Colo. Flu & cold developed so taking it easy. Met Hopwood of Colo. A & M, Zoo. Dept., started on project to study repro- cycle of Cyprinus. Visited Dr. List, Entomology Dept., car- rying harvestman ants. February 8, 1955. Unusually warm — about 55°F. estimated — so much snow melted. Feb. 9 Overcast afternoon. Strong wind. But not cold. Had long talk with Dave Crowle, F&W L. trapper, of Brush. February 11, 1955. About 3" snow night of 10–11 9–10. Cold at night (10°F. est.). Partly overcast yesterday. Clear today & about 38°F. max. Spent midday inspecting snow tracks of Cyprinus by setting traps, photographing.

Koford 18 Journal February 12, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Overcast, calm, cold (20°F. at 9 a.m.). Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony turni + Loveland (Gary Jordan) colony of Cynomyx mice. No Cynomyx taken but 2 steel traps left out for them. Warm suns in afternoon. Mice trichromosum (Peromyscus maniculatus) seen several places in Colo. colony. February 13, 1955. Larimer Co., Colo. Temps. to perhaps 55° during day; clear calm. Much snow melting. Visited traps for Cynomyx at 2 localities but none taken. Took up Loveland traps. Set 4 new ms. Ft. Collins 20-8 steel trap out for Cynomyx mice. Left 1-8×8' live trap out near active burrows. Saw Lewis woodpecker (2) today, also limit. Butto loggers fairly common. February 14, 1955. Office work. Overcast morning, clear late after- noon, with temps. to 50°F. Set 2 more Cynomyx traps so 10 out. No catch. February 15, 1955. Half overcast, increasingly cloudy. About 40°F. max. Drove to Cynomyx colony near the Fords. Shot 3, lost 3 wounded, 4 saw many. One taken in steel trap near Ft. Collins. Feb. 16, 1955. Examined carcasses. Trapped 2 more Cynomyx near town. Clear warm day. Feb. 17, 1955. Denver, Colo. Drove to Denver. Visited Penfold of Syrah Walter League & Fish & Wildlife Lab, now at Federal Center. Returned to Ft. Collins. Half overcast but fairly warm (60°-7°) today.

Koford 1955 Journal February 18, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Snowing all day. 10°-20° F. Snow about 5" deep. Feb. 19 Overcast, Snowed lightly. Cold. Feb. 20. Nearly clear but cold wind. Snow windpecked. Feb. 21 Cold wind & 1/5 overcast (cirrus). Below freezing all day. Visited Spring Canyon Dam. Cynomyz colony twice. Feb. 22. Clear a.m., overcast p.m. Cool but sunny until 2 p.m. Trapped 1 Cynomyz ludovicianus. Reset some of 10 traps out & put out 4 additional. Claimed trapped one. Feb. 23. Lightly snowing but occas. sunshine and temperature to 30° C. Visited Cynomyz colony. Trooper of one. Feb. 24. Clear, calm, but cold, & 2" snow on ground, 6° F. at 8 a.m. Visited Cynomyz colony & watched from 8:45—noon. Fairly sun tocks ward at this colony. February 25. Watched Cynomyz colony 9:30-11:30. Trapped 0712. Thin clouds; sunny & warm for season. Much melting of snow. Claimed 0712. February 26. Status overcast & temp. about freezing. Shot visit to same Cynomyz colony. February 27. Status cloudy; hoar frost; a few snowflakes. Cleared up noon & then warm (46° F.). Visited Cynomyz col- ony & took 0713 from trap. February 28, 1955. Office work. Clear & warm wind in after- noon. Traps held 4 Cynomyz including large #2. Set 2 additional traps. Claimed specimens. March, 1955 Larimer & Weld Cos., Colo. Drove to Wellington & photographed Cynomyz. 50° F. at to-

Roford 1955 20 Journal March 1, 1955 weld & Larimer Co., Colo. day & strong w. wind. Visited Cyprynpe colony at CPERand. found much activity there. Trope near Ft. Collins held 3 Cyprynpe. Examined there. Much snow-melting today. I saw 2 [illegible] near Wellington but no Butis during day. March 2. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Clean a.m., overcast p.m., but warm (50-58°F). Took 3 Cy- nome [illegible] in steel traps (07 2 3, 99 21+22) and examined these. Paul Baldwir, a student, Joe Hopwood, are helping me with examination of carcasses for reproductive info. March 3. Clean in morning, then half overcast, + other warm (50°+). Visited Cyprynpe ghost town in foot Buckhorn Canyon. Ran trap line Spring Canyon Dam 11:30; at 4 p.m. covered traps up (20 not available to Cyprynpe). Caught 224. Visited Dean Worsner, Range Mgt. dept., Colo. A & M. March 4, 1955 N. Larimer Co., Colo. With Paul Baldwir, Richard Hanson, Joe Hopwood, drove N. to Antelope Refuge & near Wyoming line. Visited two Cyprynpe traps. Saw 3 Butis (Logopus or ferrug.) on Ackerman Ranch at once, 3 Odocoileus, 8 Antilocapra, 5+ Aquila. About 5 traps between Ft. Collins & Waverly. Visited Rudy Ackerman Briefly & Clarence Mirmo ranch. March 5, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. About 2" snow last nights, about 12°F. min. temp. Wolfen- cast. Lab & library work. Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. March 6 N. Larimer Co., Colo. Visited Tony Panner Roman ranch 3 mi. W. of Norfolk. Some many large old Cyprynpe mounds. Many Pogonorynmys mounds too. Saw 2 Aquila. Visited Bold Eagle nests. Saw

Koford 1955 21 Journal March 6, 1955. N. Larimer Co., Colo. two Bubo virginianus flush from some small hole in cliff. Many stiles & Cercopspus leaves in it & a few casts but no eggs). Shot 2 prairie dogs & saw others near homin's house. Horned lark common. Found 1 grasshopper out & saw 1 [illegible]. Geyser March 4 Baldwin took a Mt. bluebird in N. Larimer Co. in plains, it had grasshopper & several other insects inside. Nolofvent co-. [illegible] but probably about 40°F. midday. Many Nestora nests in conglomerate cliffs. Apparently there note had chewed bark from Cercopspus (much growing on steep banks below cliffs) & cut branches to 1/2" diam. Eagles had how many dry old Quercus slumps in [illegible]. Many rattler, lizards near old nests. // At Wellington I heard local men telling each other that they had used an especially great amt. of coal & wood for heating this winter. March 7, 1955 Nw Ft. Collins, Colo. Visited local Cypromys Lick, salvery about 8 a.m., office work, Then talked with George Pars, rancher, & worked at mapping one Cypromys salvery. Clear, calm & warm today - most plant out this year. I saw lice to Cecinid beetle & a true bug & some digtina. // Note: Slopes measured to now with clinometer were in degrees, not 70. March 8, 1955 Nw Weld Co., Colo. Visited Cypromys calvery near Wellington, then Doc. 72 calvery near C.P.E.R. Set 15 live traps at both. Many Cypromys out. Probably warmest day of the year. Cirio stictus partial over- cast. Strong dust raising W. wind in late afternoon. I saw two Circus at Wellington area & another, Dr all saw 3 Buteos & 2 aquiles during day. Many sparrows of different kinds at Wellington preserve. Horned lark not common bird on plains.

Koford 1955 Journal March 9, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. No catch in live traps in Dec. 22 Cyprys colony. I watched there ar boury then visited 2 pairs and out colonies, returned to Dec. 22, closed traps, & returned to Ft. Collins. Today saw near CPER two Aguila, two Cercus, 2 Bato logopus a ferrugine, 1 Falco mexicanus. Picked up 3 carnivore droppings, on colony for search for Cyprys remains. Increasing cloudiness during day but fairly warm (16°F. at 11a.m.) & very dry. Strong wind in late afternoon. March 10, 1955 N. Ft. Collins, Colo. Air east & windy in morning. Very strong wind, about 50 mph, in afternoon, but clearly. In evening reset traps at Spring Canyon Dam colony. Found 29, 30, or 31 in traps, my covering saw ship's bor- ing blam off. March 11, 1955. Examined specimens. Caught 2 additional Cyprys in steel traps & examined them. Clean + 50 ft today but strong wind March 12, 1955 Steel Traps held 2 Cyprys ludovicianus. Visited colony near Wellington in afternoon. Many the spawn- vers and female red-winged blackbirds there; also 3 Cercus, 1 Corvus brachy.- Wanda Mod., wind, few clouds, warm. March 13, 1955. NW Weld Co., Colo. Visited Cyprys colony at C.P.E.R. & started mapping. Saw 2 Aguila, 2 Bato logopus a ferrugine in vicinity. Nafflovent and. Bryce, compacted warm. Dry farmed wheat fields near Nunn + some positive near Ft. Collins now show greenish aspect due to new growth. Insects now fairly common. March 14, 1955 N. Ft. Collins, Colo. Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony & took 29 Cyprys lud. in traps.

Koford 1955 23 Journal March 14, 1955 N. Ft. Collins, Colo. Examined specimens. Clear in morning but overcast, cold, & light snow in afternoon. Light Cogswellia shoots to 1" above ground now. March 15, 1955. Light fall of wet snow all day, little calm. Result of storm was 7" snow, = 10" water, this area; most water of any storm this season. March 16, 1955. Overcast most of day but nearly clear 11-1 p. m. & weak melting of snow. Searched for Cynomya tricolor, stalked and burned ours, photographed tricolor in snow. March 17, 1955 Clear morning but overcast & light snow afternoon. Visited Wellington Cynomya colony & Spring Canyon Dam colony. March 18, 1955 N. Larimer & NW Weld Co., Colo. Visited colony 9 mi. N. Wovely & shot 5 Cynomya ludoviciana. Shot are in separate colony. Set 15 live traps at CPER colony & observed briefly thus. Returned to Ft. Collins, checked traps at Spring Canyon Dam & sunset there. Warm clear day & weak calm. March 19, 1955 Ft. Collins & CPER, Weld Co., Examined specimens until noon. In afternoon checked & shot traps at CPER Cynomya colony. Baldwin collected 3 juniors & a tire sparrow at CPER. Saw Falco sparverius, Buteo jugger, many Otoconia. At nest came on 4 Lepus townsendi together, March 20, 1955 Snow last night & lightly all day, rather (7½" total in storm, at Ft. C.) Wet, to about 3" deep. Examined caracaras & loras. March 21, 1955 To Denver, Colo. -6°F. min. at night Clear but cold (4°F. at 8 a.m. in Ft. C.). Drove to Boulder & talked with Norgs Rodecki & Paul Mosler, getting most information from Mr. [illegible]. Then drove to Denver & stayed at motel west of city.

Koford 24 Journal March 22, 1955 Denver, Colo. At Denver Record Lab of Ft. W. Dennis I worked on Stowick & sect examinations with help of Charles Sperry, & talked with Neff, Robinson, Spencer, & others. Then returned to Ft. Collins. March 23, 1955 Ft. Collins, Colo. about 1" snow on ground this morning but sky half clear. Snow melted during day. Visited V. Scheffer, & Mr. Gardner of U.S.F.S. March 25, 1955 About 3" of snow fell today. Cold last night (below 0) & cold all day (<20°F.) with light wind. Visited Cynanypa colony in afternoon. March 26, 1955 Warmer & much snow melting. office of Lab works, Visited local Cynanypa colony in afternoon. March 27, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. Clear & calm but cool. Visited CPER colony, stemmed tacks in snow, continued mapping. Mr. Ft. Collins, Colo. March 28, 1955. Mapped Spring Canyon Dam Cynanypa colony. Clear & cool in morning, overcast & warmer afternoon. March 29, 1955. Overcast but fairly warm; some sunshine. Walked on vegetation at Spring Canyon Dam colony with help of Robert Gardner of USFS. Laid out Parker transect & ran paired transect. Visited colony on Forest Creek 6 mi. SSW of Ft. Collins, 5 W¼ Sec. 3, let 9 stilt traps. March 30, 1955. Talked with John Ritzler, Dean Warner, Vri Scheffer, Took 3 Cynanypa from traps. Completed map 1 colony. Took 2 photos of colony. Cynanypa specimen. Jos. Hopwood, student at Colo. A & M, starting work on repro cycle of Cynanypa livid. March 31, 1955, at Spring Canyon Dam Cynanypa colony Stake #50 at 11 a.m., 45°, 52° at 5 p.m. Strong wind & overcast morning; clearing today - 2" high & less wind afternoon. Temp. Talbot 45°F. Saw Cogewellia in flower.

Koford 1955 25 Journal April 1, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Clear, mod. wind, temps. to over 60°F. At Spring Canyon Dam colony, I took up all traps. Visited another colony on Fossil Creek & set 7 traps. April 2, 1955. Warm but partly overcast, increasing air p.m. Spent midday at CPER, mopping Cyprinids colony. Wind about 30 mph from E., then at 3 p.m., but warm & entirely overcast. One falcon (Coquillie?) now slow surface near a few rotydldan showing near water, but no greenery visible in guild. In region many tomtars put ploughing, harrowing, planting with seed drills. April 3, 1955 Overcast. Strong winds. Storms in Wyoming reported, with over 1 ft. snow in Sheridan & in Salt Lake City, April 4, 1955 3, Wyoming. With Due started for Symposium on Dispersal Transmission in native mammals, to be given at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, by Univ., Utah and Army. Departed 10 a.m. from Ft. C. at Laramie. Visited briefly with Red Fautin. Traveled Highway 30 to W. via Medicine Bow, Rawlins, & Rock Springs, where we stayed. Strong wind, snowing, & poor driving conditions. April 5, 1955 NE Utah Fair weather. Drove to Ogden. Found Lincoln Ellis out. Continued on to Salt Lake City. In evening drove to Tooele, about 30 miles from Dugway, & stayed for night. April 6, 1955 Dugway, Utah. Listened to papers of symposium. Visited with C.R. Well, Henry Fitch, V.E. Shelford, H.L. Shantz, S. Flowers, & others. Same on April 7. April 8, 1955. Field trip in morning in desert flats where Atriplex, Sarcobatus, Nav 1 Aguila, 1 Falco mexicanus.

Koford 26 Journal April 8, 1955 NE utah Departed early p.m. & drove to Vernal, Utah, April 9, 1955 Drove via highway 46 to Craig, Steamboat Spring, Berthoud Pass, Balden, Boulder, Ft. Collins. Much snow in Berthoud area but disappeared rapidly a few thousand feet down, Very dry appearing in area of Balden. Arrived Ft.C. 9 p.m., April 10, 1955 Ft. Collins Co. C 70°+ F. max. Calm, warm, clear until mid-afternoon. Easter Sunday. April 11, 1955. Overcast in morning, snowed in afternoon. Hard wind with snow. Visited CPER with Klipple & borrowed fencing materials. April 12, 1955 Ft. Collins Co. About 4" wet snow on ground. Storm morning, cleared afternoon. Official work, April 13, 1955. E. Larimer & W. Weld Co., Colo. Visited Wellington colony, Spartyto C. now in Laramie thine, Cervus (at least 2(107) hunting this area. Saw 1 Cittellus 13-lineatus there. Richard Hannon said he saw some Wellington area April 3, & took 2 C.L. in steel traps 4" in line trap then today. || Fairly warm, slightly cloudy. Snow drifts common & much melting. Visited James Lawrence ranch. He had lost several calves in storm. || At Sn. 22 CPER colony I trapped 1 for steam. Set it up one explosion & laid out another. || Saw 2 eagle during day; one near for Lawrence place, one near Prange place. Returned to Ft. Collins, Met Gane & Fish man (Hanner who told me of Cypronyx team this region. N.E. Larimer Co., Colo. April 14, 1955. Warm & partly overcast. Strong wind in afternoon. Mopped at Wellington Cypronyx colony. Talked with Mr. Grasso of Wellington. April 15, 1955. Warm, dry, 7/10 overcast (saw). Visited Sec. 23 Cypronyx colony & set 12 steel traps. Took photographs. At April 16, 1955 5/10 to 8/10 overcast; cool until mid-afternoon. Took 4 Cypronyx in traps. Completed explosion on CPER Cypronyx colony.

Koford Journal April 16, 1955. NW Weld Co., Colo. Saw messages at Better. One apparent acceptor (5 mi. N. Wovely). Took one Ute in CPER, for. 22. Green grass in spots to 1 1/2" long leaves an CPER ranges. Bools noted when snow melted. Few small spots snow remain. F.T. Collins, Colo. April 17, 1955 Clear warm day. Office work. April 18, 1955. 7/10 cumulus. Visited 2 Cygnus colonies near F.T. Collins. Set 5 traps on one. Shot one Cygnus. Grass to 4" tall & several limbs fallen with leaves now in rolling range near town. Photographed range conditions & burn areas. April 19, 1955. Took an Cygnus at traps. Concert a very strong wind today - most of grass in some areas. Much blowing dust on plains. Office work April 20, 1955 Mapped Wellington Cygnus colony. Took one & Cygnus there. Set 10 live + 2 steel traps at CPER colony. Warm, partly overcast, mod. wind, very dry, color blue & Circular stones near Wellington. Several Epistyle new established in Cygnus colony near Wellington. Saw 4 cranes near Wellington. April 21, 1955 NE Larimer + NW Weld Co., Colo. With Victor Schiffer & John [illegible] visited 7 Cygnus colonies to survey soil factor in relation to distribution. During day saw 1 Faleromy- cianus near Nunn. Calm + cool, temperature, overcast in afternoon. Saw several Lopus tenuis, 4 an Otocoris apparently fighting in - jury. Fence half built next (of atonie?) 10 mi. N. Wovely. April 22, 1955 Mapped at CPER Cygnus colony. Then set 14 steel traps for Cygnus about 10 mi. N. Wovely. Partly overcast but warm. Saw probable Culex near Wovely, 4 morning in evening. Leaves near Cars. Attended Colo-Wyoming genetics seminar at Boulder,

Roford 28 Journal April 23, 1955 Larimer C, Colo. Very strong wind. Much blowing dust. Took 4 Cypryngs from steel traps. Office work. April 24, 1955. Visited colony near Loveland. Talked with James Cole at Estes Park. Cloudy but not cold. April 25, 1955 Partly cloudy, mod. wind, not cold. Took up, traps N. of Wondy, taking 2 aviculae, 4 shot 2 was in area. Nr. Ft. Collins Colo. April 26, 1955. Observed Cypryngs on wheat field. Shot two. Cyanid carcinoma to date. Saw 1 Butto Locule. April 27, 1955 Albany C, Wyoming. Visited Cypryngs Lawrence colony near Sheep Mtns., 20 mi. W. of Laramie, 4. Observed mounds thin with Victor Schaeffer and John Ritzner. Talked with Richard Heard, Wm. Laycock, and Alan Beetle, range men of Univ. Wyoming at Laramie. Windy 4 overnight. Light snow near Sheep Mtns. April 28, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins Colo. Dweltight Cypryngs in wheat field. Shot 3. Set 7 steel traps in wheat field. Cyanid carcinoma. Very windy morning, clear 6 o'clock, April 29, 1955 Took 2 Cypryngs in steel traps. Spent midday mapping at CPER. Windy, overcast, but warm. Much dust in air. I saw a Raptor musculetus at CPER, near fence in open range. Near Nunn saw 2 apparent Sturnia hawks. Lecocerium flowering on near Ft. Collins. Ft. Collins & Greeley, Colo. April 30, 1955. Shot 2 Cypryngs 07:07 near Ft. Collins. Took a baby Bromypnum marcellitus in live traps set by Chrysotomus buck in Cypryngs colony area. Spent midday at Greeley, at Colorado-Wyoming Acad. Sci. meeting. Checked 3 steel traps evening; no catch.

Koford 29 Journal May 1, 1955 Trapped (0783) Shot two Cypmup near Ft. Collins, took up traps in wheat field. Examined specimens. Farmer 6, 6lo. May 2, 1955, Took up traps & reset 4 near county dumps. Drove To Ackerman's about 10 mi. N. Ft. Collins, set 14 steel traps in Ace. 10. Shot 0784 (Cypmup) there. Set 2 lim traps & 2 snare near Atiplier in same area. Windy & concert; wind very strong in mid-afternoon. Checked 4 local traps; none opening by 5:30 p.m. May 3, 1955 4 local traps held; Syllisoguena c1. lost. Spent afternoon in conference on pocket gopher project with V. Schaffer, Elbert Reid, Paul Hickey, Marvin Hoon, & C. Terrell. C.B. Sigalites for appropriated $50 for gopher research. Fish & Wildlife may also get funds. || Partly overcast but very windy. Dr. afternoon checked 14 traps 4 mi. N. of Waverly & took 11 Cypmup for them. Reset traps. Saw one Phrynomus-thin. Yesterday Otoria next door (incomplete app. 27) had 2 eggs. May 4, 1955 Trapped near Ft. Collins held no Cypmup. Set 6 in same colony. || Visited Cypmup colony 9 mi. N. Waverly & took up 14 traps, taking 0799, in some traps where one ( ) taken yesterday. Three other spring. I shot two others (0798, #97), at about 70 yds. range. Some large mounds had on surface several small burrows a digging, or by Dipodamph. I saw no Citellus in area. Many more tracks north of burrow. At least 15 apparently body dry burrows found (how long ago? - perhaps last fall). Several burrows in or next to ant mounds. One angled under mound that still had active group of ants. Several caves of area Pseudoschistostoma (especially lower flat terrain sites), Muhlenbergia, Bouteloua gracilis, with much Atiplier grass.

Koford 30 Journal May 4, 1955 Lavimer G., Colo. Several banded larks on colony, but no other birds seen. Near Ft. Collins I saw an Cathartes aura. Collected specimens. Somewhat wet day; 1 Dysopodius rufilatus & traps set for them near atrium. May 5, 1955. Six Traps near Ft. Collins held one Cynomyzus. Mopped at CPER colony & shot a g. thaw. Warm & calm today but overcast. Saw 1 Uta at CPER. May 6, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Strong winds & partly overcast. Ronald Smith visited from Boulder (grad student) & I showed him local Cynomyzus study areas. In afternoon toured local colonies with C.H. Wasser, range man of Colo. A & M. Trapped 1 Cynomyzus, shot another. Took a Syllebogue in one trap (testis 30mm. long). Strong wind all day. May 7, 1955. Local traps held 0 Cynomyzus. Partly overcast. taken, May 8, 1955. Local traps held 1 Cynomyzus. Collected specimens, to date. Overcast with short light shower. May 9, 1955. Took 2 Cynomyzus from traps & shot 3. Overcast with light rain in late afternoon. Examined specimens. May 10, 1955. Took up traps. Shot 2 Cynomyzus. Watched colony near Wellington in afternoon. May 11, 1955. Watched Wellington colony. Shot one Cynomyzus. Clear but 25 mph wind. May 12, 1955. Partly overcast little wind. Office work. Lavimer & Weld. Co., Colo. May 13, 1955. Visited Wellington Cynomyzus colony & saw one group juveniles out. Two apparent Buteo ferrugineus & 2 Marsh Hawks there, latter hunting over cattle area. At CPER colony put in 4 marked stolier. Shot one Cynomyzus for examination. Set live traps. Saw 1 Cratoleus in Cynomyzus burrow (first seen this season). Overcast.

Koford 31 Journal May 19, 1955 Weld G, Colo. Watched Cyprin at CPER in morning. Many bark luntings in flocks on range & perched on fence, ?74 g.g. I also saw a few single McCown's longhoppers. When descending to glide, glide down with wings held – and tail spread. Saw a mountain plower walking new work near CPER, & have seen one in area on previous occasions. Two Swainson (?) hawks about 2 mi. W. of Niem, when seen before; a g nest (of these?) in cottonwood nearby. Saw a boly Phrynosoma douglasii on Jan. 22, & a Citellus 13-linister near Cyprin colony. Calm & overcast morning; stay with dusty afternoon. Visited Aen ranch near Rockport & collected Cyprin. Buds now forming on Opuntia leaves. May 15, 1955. Ft. Collins, Colo. Clear, but very stray wind. Probably 40-50 mph. on plains. Weld G, Colo. May 16, 1955. 5/10 overcast morning. Visited CPER colony in after- noon. McCown's longhopper, nitin, plower, bark luntings, found larvae seen there. Swainson hawk 3 mi. W of Niem have half built nest in wilted cottonwood tree. Costa below nest hole for mouse lovers, grasshopper parts. At Aen ranch shot 2 Cyprin. Rain in late afternoon. Cold evening. Larimer G, Colo. May 17, 1955. Visited 3 local Cyprin colonies to look for young. Put up explosion in Wellington pressure colony, May 18, 1955. To Hot Springs, S. Dakota. Departed 9 a.m. & drove from Ft. Collins via Cheyenne & Torrington, Wyo., to Hot Springs, S. Dakota, arriving about 6 p.m. Compared to plains of N. Colo., Wyo. & S. Dak., group liead Torrington, grass had mixed-prairie appearance. I saw 2 Swainson hawks along the way. Spent evening talking with James Cole, Biologist of N.P.S.,

Roford 1955 32 Journal May 18, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota, At Wind Cave National Park, Dept. Denninger told me that it had not snowed since my visit in Feb., about an inch of rain fell Feb. May 16. May 19, 1955. Spent day with James Cole viewing Cypraeus tams in park. Saw a group young ant. Vegetation well developed & grew so that areas denuded by C.L. conspicuous. Saw no bunks or predators all day, the Cole saw 1 badger yesterday. May 20, 1955. To Medora, N. Dakota. Cole & I drove via Newcastle & Sundance, Wyo., to Devils Tower Monument. Visited Cypraeus town there. Then on edge of Black Hills 400 on Belle Fourche River in ponderosa pine zone. Cattle parks in surrounding zone. Drove then to Belle Fourche & N. to Bannan & Bellefield, then to headquarters of Theodore Roosevelt Nat'l Monument. Little wildlife seen on occasion of Lepus a Citellus seen until near Bannan, then many Lepus & pheasants by road. Dark hunting seen from time to time. We talked with Supt. & Mr. Brooker, & stayed for the night. May 21, 1955 Theo. Roosevelt N.P., Medora, S. Dak. with ranger Bob Mory, Cole & I visited several Cypraeus colonies. In afternoon ran range Francete with Loren Potter & students. Dinner with Chester Brooks & family. Warm & rather humid, Mosquitoes At a nuisance. Saw an eaglet in nest. Saw two half grown Bubo virginianus in nest. Black widow spider in Cypraeus burrow. May 22, 1955. All warm & cool. Light rain most of day. Visited Cypraeus colonies. Saw pair pigeon hawks that apparently had nest in an old Picea nest. Crows & Picea seen. Marsh Lavandron. Saw 15+ sharp-tailed grouse in thick wheatgrass area during day. Saw white-tailed deer, antelope, in park.

Koford 33 Journal May 23, 1955 Medora, S. Dakota. Overcast, but clearing p.m. With Jim Cole visited Cyprys Towns in TRNMP. Shot 6 for examination. Saw a nest of long-eared Cric with two large half-dowm young. Nest on stick nest 12' above ground in Bofeldin grove in bottom. Two adults present. One sometimes perch- ed on ground & seemed to feign injury. Near Government Creek saw a Bob-Mary found Stone [illegible] next with young. May 24, 1955. Rain started early morning & continued intermittently all day. Examined carcasses. To Wind Cave N.P., to Hot Springs, S. Dakota May 25, 1955. Rain again. I drove S. via Spearfish & Deadwood, to Custer & Wind Cave N.P. Overcast & sprinkling all day, May 26, 1955. To Ft. Collins, Colo. More rain & overcast. Drove via Lusk & Torrington to Ft. Collins May 27, 28 - strong winds at Ft. Collins. Office work. May 29, 1955. Visited Spring Canyon Cyprys town. Counted logs, Noted vegetation, burrows. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. May 30, 1955. Counted Cyprys & new litter jives, in towns near Ft. Collins, Saw Swainson Hawk, Turkey multine. 30 mph wind in afternoon May 31, 1955. Counted Cyprys in towns near Ft. Collins. Shot 107. June 1, 1955, Nr. Wellington, Colo. Made counts litter at Wellington Cyprys colony. Trapped two ad. [illegible] & a jiv. (kept as pet, #1). 30mph wind. Thunderstorm p.m. June 2, 1955. Nod cold. Stayed home at Ft. Collins. In after- noon thunderstorm with hail hail, many stones size of walnut. Nail ripped many green leaves from trees, which littered streets. In soft ground hole hail made holes an Irish sleep. June 3, 1955. Half overcast, 20mph wind. Counted Cyprys at local colony.

Koford 34 Journal June 4, 1955 Ft. Collins, Colorado. Rain started early morning & continued most of day. June 5, 1955 With Joe Hepwood visited Cyprypus colony and fox den. Found dark spanour with 4 eggs on ground under edge brush or slope shallow grey draw June 6, 1955 To Boulder, Colo. Drove to Boulder. Visited C.R. Kalmbach. Worked in Library. June 7, 1955 Larimer & Weld Co., Colo. Counted Cyprypus at Wellington preserve & CPER colony, Saw Keen spanour at CPER, & one Mountain Plover. Clean & warm morning, 9/10 cumulo stratus by 5 p.m. Ft. Collins, Colo. June 8, 1955 Light rain in morning & totally overcast, Office work, June 9, 1955 1/2 cumulus, strong wind (30 mph) at Ft. Collins. June 10, 1955 Overcast, strong wind, light rain. Drove with family via Cheyenne to Hot Springs, S.D. Deleten. June 11, 1955 Still overcast, raining lightly. Explored pools in Wind Cave Nat'l Park, then drove via Custer State Park to Rapid City. June 12, 1955 Saturday. Visited Leslie Allis of SCS, arranged for assistance in range analysis. Then drove via Deadwood to Devil's Tower, Wyoming, to work on Cyprypus town. June 13, 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyoming, Made afternoon survey Cyprypus town & went over N.P.S. files here. Overcast but no rain, clearing in late afternoon. June 14, 1955 Started mapping outline Cyprypus town. Took 12 photos of Cyprypus. Visited briefly with SCS man Dickson from Haskell. Over- cast early morning, clearing midday, overcast p.m. Mozquilter both- persons in afternoon. June 14, 1955 Photographed Cyprypus. Completed map colony. Went

Ko ford 35 Journal June 14, 1955 Devil's Tower, NE Wyoming over colony with George A. DeBraam, S.C.S., Hulett, Wyo. Clean & sunny a.m., clouding p.m. Windy evening. Robin, grey jay, grey-headed junco, flicker, red-headed woodpecker, 4 other birds seen. Probable Falco not very or young. at 3, side base town. To nr. Deadwood, S.Dak: June 15, 1955 5/10 overcast, warm, calm, at 8 a.m. Put up enclosure. Collected plants on Cyprinus ponds, Epimedium vegetation & photod: Thunderstorm noon, very heavy rain mid-afternoon. We departed & drove toward Wind Cave N.P. Stopped S. of Deadwood. June 16, 1955 To Wind Cave N.Park, S.Dak, Drove to Wind Cave, Spent afternoon going over Keen Cyprinus area & orienting myself. Heavy thunderstorm & hail in evening the warm in day. Found eagle nest with nearly grown eaglet in Shirttail Canyon, Found opposit Marmota sheld this canyon, Saw at least 3 live & 2 dead marmota on road between Deadwood & Neff City. June 17, 1955. Rain in morning. Visited Shirttail colony p.m. Saw 2 coyotes on Cyprinus town, Heard young Pica in nest, Clearing evening. June 18, 1955, Clean 8 a.m. but clouding hips. tt with Lee Albee of S.C.S. visited Cyprinus town for preliminary survey. Rain in afternoon. Saw 2 coyotes in Shirttail Canyon & heard at least 3 in evening. June 19, 1955. Counted Cyprinus on Shirttail town. Clean day with dry wind from W. Heard coyotes. Found 3 fairly well feathered Pica in nest in Robin-like Pin tree. Saw many mourning doves, flicker, robin, & one thrush with speckled breast. Saw a falcon pursue a plow (not kill) then several deer, unsuccessful. Saw a boulder in Cyprinus town. Clear sun: canyon. In clear warm daylight I saw a night hawk apparently feeding in air, in Shirttail

Koford 36 Journal June 20, 1955 Wind Gve Not / Park S. Dak. Clean, dry, & at midday windy. Counted Cyprys. Tropics sparring two two. Visited vicinity eagle nest. Photographed. Saw 2 lodgers. Near cliff of eagle nest many violet-green swallowes & white-throated swifts. June 21, 1955 Made counts Cyprymps. Visited some other colonies in park & staked out census areas. Thunderstorm in afternoon with rain + some hail. June 22, 1955 To Ft. Collins, Colo. Drove via Torrington to Ft. Collins. On way to lunch, musttell Melilotus in yellow flower along roadbanks. Stripe counts now busted out & conspicuous along right of way. June 23, 1955. Office work. Warm day. Thunderstorms p.m. June 24, 1955. Made counts & ground surveys some local colonies. Found nest of mourning dove on ground near shrub a baby killdeer Two young caused with feathers. June 25, 1955. Continued counts & inspection local colonies. Warm day, overcast. Rain evening. NW Weld Co., Colo. June 26, 1955. Visited CPER Cyprymps colony. Counted dogs, inspected town, staked new burnows. Warm, overcast with sprinkle in mid-afternoon. Saw 2 Swainson hawks near Well- ington. Nest near Nunn shows no recent activity, last piece of eggshell on ground below. 30 mph wind on plains late afternoon. June 27, 1955. Warm, partly overcast, calm. Bickler & Bout- alone now new heads a sedatele; Agropyron smithii rarely does heads now. Sphaeralcea & Opuntia in full bloom. Office work. In late afternoon visited baby field colony S. of Ft. Collins June 28, 1955 To Fraser, Colo. Departed Ft. Collins 7 a.m. with Victor Scheffler, Fd wildlife Service, & drove to Denver. Talked with Robinson, Welch & visitor David E.

Koford 37 Journal June 28, 1955 To Fraser, Colorado Davis. Then we drove on to Fraser, where there is a USFS Experimental Forest. Looked at meadows along Louise Creek, observing Thom- aype sign & looking for study areas. This area a spruce forest, with some areas lodgepole pine, & fine streams running through it. Good qhp for biological studies with USFS cooperators. Stayed overnight at Fraser. We found two juncos nests there are ground at foot low shrubbery, each had 4 eggs, apparently fresh. Canada jay seen, rascal-looked (?) thrush heard. Fraser generally has lowest winter temperature recorded in Colorado. June 29, 1955 To Mr. Grand Junction, Colo. With Scheffer continued on to Grand Junction, then visited apprxi- mately range area in Badger Draw, about 22 mi. W., 4-13 N. of G.J., Colorado. Saw there many Cynampus ludovicianum, a few cottontails, on sandy loam soils in open shadescule (with other shrub) community, sandstone. Camped at Colo. Nat'l Monument, where many high red bluffs cliffs, similar to those at Capitol Reef, SE Utah. White-throated swifts skip over these. Juniper-pinyon area. To Black Mesa, SW Colorado. June 30, 1955 We drove on to Maitland & talked with rodent control men, then on to Black Mesa & we went over a project in rodent study area where range experiments were already in progress. Spruce-pine forest with Thulex-form will open grasslands, July 1, 1955. We drove down to Gunnison, then east over Monarch Pass, then N. to Trout Creek Pass & camped. Ponderosa pine there in open stand at about 9000 ft., & every day. Many open Thrombype holes, perhaps used now by small Cetillers. With 3 live traps I took 2 Perampseus monaculatus in an hour, 2 more by morning, so numerous. Dry bottle-gas

Koford 38 Journal July 2, 1955 To Ft. Collins, Colo. Visited Fairplay & Nartzel, South Park, & made inquiries about Cypripedium history. Some many Cypripedium elegans here. Very dry shot spars, much of it Bartelona grandis. One man of 30 years residence said strange was drydriest he had ever seen now. July unusually wettest month of growing season, however. He said he had heard that C. elegans formerly not present but had gradually invaded sun (foothill pass) long ago (30yrs.+?). Well kept ranches (cattle, sheep, hay) in S. Park, probably because of proximity to Denver. Drew on to Ft. Collins. Not thin & mother behind thin, overcast in late afternoon. July 3, 1955 Ft. Collins, Colo. Clear, warm. Office jobs. Overcast & thunder afternoon. July 4, 1955 Wellington, Colo. Spent morning at Wellington colonies. Hot, calm, clear, clouding in afternoon. Sultry in Ft. Collins. Ft. Collins, Colo July 5, 1955 Correspondence & office work. Overcast p.m. July 6, 1955. N. of Waverly, Colo. Spent morning at Cypripedium colony N. of Waverly. Clouding up by noon, hot & sultry. N. Ft. Collins, Colo. July 7, 1955. Clear, warm; cloudy p.m. Count & inspection on Cypripedium colony in morning. N. Ft. Collins, Colo. July 8, 1955 Clear morning, cloudy mid-afternoon, warm. Count & inspection 2 colonies near town. Larimer Co., Colo. July 9, 1955. Partly overcast a.m., cloud by noon, warm. With Don Harvey of Colo. A&M. Visited 3 Cypripedium colonies. 11 mi. N. Wellington County Draw 2 small Phrynosoma. To Wind Cave N.P., S. Dak. July 10, 1955 Drew to Wind Cave. Windy & warm. Dress drying now in SE Wyoming, Brown already dry.

Koford Journal July 11, 1955 wind (Cave N.P.), S. Dak. Observed prairie dogs & colony Shirttail Canyon. Rain on & off in afternoon, & thundershstorm. Les Allie 5 C's, arrived to help me. Brown, dry, now in prominent pattern in green grasses in the July 12, 1955 Sprinkles during nights. Visceral, fair breeze, warm day. With Les Allie visited several Cypripedium towns in park, especially looking for range vegetation effects. Saw a flock of 305 mourning doves in Highland Creek area. Between Nat Springs & Wind Cave, about 6 p.m., saw about 20 night hawks. Coyote heard every night in Shirttail Canyon, & antelope seen every day. July 13, 1955 With Les Allie studied vegetation on Cypripedium town in Shirttail Canyon. Luttop Warm, mod. breeze, 3/10 sun. clouds. July 14, 1955 Continued vegetation study. Completed two line transects. Visited other C.L. towns in park. To Devil's Tower, Wyoming July 15, 1955 With Allie drove to Devil's Tower, arriving 10 a.m. Look- ed over town & identified plants. Clear hot day. July 16, 1955 Identified plants. Allie left for Rapid City. Took photos & soil. notes. Hot clear day, light breeze. July 17, 1955 Counted prairie dogs, took photos, made step- point range analysis 1 area. Hot clear day. Departed 2:30 p.m. & drove via Newcastle to Ft. Collins, Colo. July 18, 1955 Correspondence & office work. Not day. July 19, 1955 Spent most of day at Cypripedium colony at CPER. Saw a Butte with white tail, white near each wrist on upper surface wings, nearly all white below over Dec. 22 (PER). Rocky Mtn. Nat'l Park, Colo. July 20, 1955 Visited R.M. Nat'l Parks. Drove to Fall River Pass, then to Bear Lake. Walked to Dream Lake. There saw a martin,& nearly several rothe tame marmots. Chickarees, golden mantled

Roford 40 Journal July 29,1955 Rocky Mtn. Nat'l Park, Col. Citellus, Cuttamus, Richardson Citellus all present & rather tame in field. Tame Clark marten workers near Bear Lake. (PER Weld Co. Colo.) July 21,1955 Spent most of day mapping and examining Cypr maps colony at Sec. 22, (PER. Overcast with thunder afternoon.) July 22,1955 Pt. Collins, Colo. Office work all day on maps, transits, collections. July 23,1955 To Wind Cave N.P., S. Dak. Departed Ft. Collins about 7 a.m. Drove to Briggsdale & visited Woody Williamian. Then on to Sterling, Bridgeport (Nebraska), & Hot Spring, S. Dak. (about 330 miles). Rain for 2 hrs. afternoon. Heavy overcast Hot Springs; Drove to Custer & visited trapper George Barnes. Some sprinkles at night. || Between Sterling (Colo.) & Dollar (Nel.), I saw 7 Citellus 13-lineatus. A freshly dead Mustela frenata on highway near New Raymer. Several young pheasants seen at edge road or dead on road. A dead badger on road near Sidney, & an other about 20 mi. N. || Sterling area about 3900 ft., guns & stamp compound to Weld Co. plains, & much cultivation in area. W. Neb. too much cultivated, grain & corn. Rolling, not flat, plains. Some (15% est.) cattle range in Neb. along route I took (Nel. #19). Near Chadron a State Park with a five thousand acre ponderosa pine in hills. Near full moon but overcast night. Coyote chorus in Shirtail Can, July 24,1955 Overcast a.m., clear & 15 mph wind (S) by noon. Work ed at counting & mapping on Cypranga town Shirtail Canyon. July 25,1955 Clear early, overcast by noon, rain afternoon, evening. Counteda mapped at Shirtail Cyprange Town. Spent afternoon with George Barnes & Harold Hatcher, Ft. Col. Service, visiting & penning a Cyprange Town. A few crow in Shirtail C., but magpies now rare.

Koford Journal July 26,1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota Rain on & off early a.m. 9/10 cu.-strs. clouds 7 a.m., colour, warm. Cleared. Many grasshoppers now. Mapped & censused vegetation in Shirttail Canyon. July 27,1955. Overcast morning, but in permanent shelter on transects & parts of King's grid in Shirttail Canyon. Talked with Roger Jones who had been here same time as King. Drove to Rapid City, Wall, then Badlands Nat'l Monument (Cedar Pass area). Badlands are eroded hills often sharply topped, of grey clay with reddish strata. Saw two black-headed gulls near Wall; outrightkawk. One bat seen Grove in evening. Warm & rather humid evening. Country Rapid City to Wall gently rolling with corn or other grain or field, but much in short mid-grass pasture. Badlands, N.M., SW S.Dakota July 28,1955 Many owl calls ("* * *") heard at night near Cedar Pass Lodge. 6 a.m. warm, still, 1/10 cirrus clouds. Talked with Dept. Ritter. Drove on to Midland to see fernet habitat. Then back to Philip's & talked with Zimmerman, of S.C.S., & with Don Thompson. Returned to Wind Cave N.P. Many dead Otterus 13 - liniate in road; 7 dead; 1 alive between Philip & Midland. I also saw 2 badgers d.o.n. in Pennington Co. Heavy thunderstorm. July 29,1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dak. 6 a.m. warm, 1/10 cirrus, colour. Counted Cyprinops & inspected vegetation on various C.L. turns in park. Saw 5 elk in velvet, heard bell bison roar, about 4 crews still in Shirttail Canyon. Saw one Otterus 13 - liniate in park. About 6:30 p.m. a gp. of 12 Clark's nutcrackers flew over, calling. In Shirttail, coyote chorus of 4 at night, 4 Bubo heard. July 30,1955. Clear, warm. Suspected Bison Flats Cyprinops town, then departed for F.T. Collins'. Grain now ripe & being harvested between Cheyenne & Torrington. In Cheyenne region, grass shot and lawn-like or pastures, lush green. Saw 1 Buteo lineatus; 2 dark Tuberis on road. Photod 4 splendid pairs of Cyprinops town near Middle Creek Junction.

Koford Journal August 3, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Accompanied 2 Game & Fish Dept. men on antilope count plane flight in NE Larimer Co. Counted bucks, does, fawns. I photograph- ed prairie dog towns from plane. Half overcast, calm, warm, muggy; August 9, 1955 Weld Co., Colo. Visited Wellington Cynomyx colony & spent several hours at CPER colony. Lark buntings now in flocks of 40+. Saw 1 False measurer at CPER; 1 Ortalura in burrow. Overcast, windy. Rain in evening at Ft. Collins. CPER, Weld Co., Colo. August 5, 1955 9/10 overcast, warm, humid. Much water on roads & ground CPE Range. Saw first pair, Sprestyto Today, at CPER. Saw 1 ferrugineous rough-legged hawk. Spent day at CPER colony, mapping & inspecting vegetation; August 8, 1955 G.E. Klysjel said that about 20% vegetation is all ground usually supports this climate (e.g., ft. density method). Many forbs this year or dry last year so grass competition reduced. Much grass, including Buchloe, Bout. grass, bluebells, some sage this year. Visited CPER personnel, then deer 22 colony. at 6 P.M., no sign activity when 07130 shot dropped walked on transect. No rain today, but last night, & much last 2 days. August 9, 1955 Mapping, inspection, counting at CPER. Rather clear air, 15 mph, 1/10 cumulus clouds. Nr. Wellington, Colo. August 11, 1955 Visited Wellington Cynomyx colony. Counted prairie dogs, inspected vegetation. Many biting flies some areas of Kochia. Increasing cloudiness during days but no rain. Warm & humid. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. August 12, 1955 Vegetation analysis, counts, inspection of Spring Canyon prairie dog colony. NE Larimer Co., Colo. August 13, 1955 Inspected two colonies, especially vegetation, on Red Ackerman ranch 10 mi. N. Wacalay. Clear morning; 5/10 cloudy p.m.

Koford Journal August 16, 1955. CPER, Weld Co., Colo. (Cyprinus) at CPER colony counted doory repaired & marked stakes, set 5 traps. Saw 1 marsh hawk thru, 15+ ducks on temporary pond, 4 dark gray sandpipers with much white under tail. August 17, 1955 On pond 50 yds. o'n. 30+ ducks, 2 kinds sand- pipers, killdeer, avocets (s. edge see. 2 r). Traps (5) at CPER colony held 1 Sylvir. (07 700 gms), 1 Syllabique foot, 1 Apes- tyto. Left traps set. Worked on county marsh vegetation, near Lunawee. All clear 10 a.m., rain 1 p.m. at CPER. August 18, 1955. Clear morning, 1/2 cumulus p.m. at CPER laid out areas for sampling vegetation and counted Cypr- inus. Saw 2 Marsh hawks, 1 Butto nigra, + 12+ apparent Lewis- son hawks flying high, at Cyprinus colony, M. Jim Lawrence & D.C. Klipple agree that this year Cyprius more abundant than any year since 1940 (seen grass last year reduces competition for weeds & favors them). August 19, 1955 Overcast & hard rain at Ft. Collins. 6 p.m. visited CPER colony & started 2 men on vegetational survey. August 20, 1955 Nr Ft. Collins, Colo. Made counts & inspection vegetation 2 Cyprinus colonies. Clear a.m., overcast p.m., hot & humid. August 21, 1955 Continued surveys colony near town. First saw Cyprinus in milo field. Clear a.m., clouding p.m.; hot & humid. To Kansas August 22, 1955 Departed Ft. Collins 10 a.m. and drove via Ft. Morgan and Wray, Colo., To NW Kansas on way to Lawrence. No rain. Much cultivated area near Greeley and east to Brush, then mostly uncultivated range. Near Norton, Kansas, I saw one

Koford Journal August 22,1955 N. Kansas Cynomya Town. Stopped for night in. Beloit. Warm & humid. August 23,1955. Drove on to Lawrence and Natural History Museum of Kansas Univ. Visited Hall; Baker, Tordoff, and others. Visited nearby natural history reservation. Copied information from files. August 24,1955 To SW Kansas Drove to Plum Thicket Farm near Sharon, Barber Co., Kansas, where Ron Smith with working on prairie dogs, and inspected his study area. Met Floyd T. Amadon, owner, and Thomas (brother). Not today; 92° at 7 p.m. August 25,1955. Visited Cynomya colony. With Dr. Hall looked at ponds and pasture on Amadon's ranch. This ranch now not grazed, so grew tall & thick. Much tall Andropogon. Saw 3 turkey vultures, 2 Mississippikites. Dr. Hall departed for Lawrence. Not day but mod. SE breeze. I set 10 snap traps in area blind #2 of Cynomya. August 26,1955. Traps held 2 Cynomya manipulation; 1 Onychonyx lucagostris (discarded all). Inspect ant bait most traps. Trapped 2 Cynomya (139/140) for examination. Counted Cynomya. Visited Amadons. Visited Soil Cons. Office in Medicine Lodge. Not day; no clouds. August 27,1955. Took photographs & inspected offset of Cynomya or local colony (Nawhie's Ranch, 5 mi. N., 1 1/2 mi. E. of Sharon). Departed for Oklahoma 2 p.m. Drove S. Via Alva. Some large sand hills bare of vegetation on W. side in that region. Much naked ploughed ground now. Soil red. Mild about waters. I continue Oklahoma. August 28,1955. Longhorn cattle graze on blueston rolling plains. Shrubs. Large areas of oak to 12" diam., 20' tall. Crows & turkey vultures common. Mountain of rugged blocks reddish sandstone. 9/10 current

Koford Journal August 28, 1955 Wichita Mtns., Oklahoma and muggy today. Blue grama & buffal grass present here, fruit 2-3' tall Andropogons dominant. Many lakes, perhaps artificial, a refuge, & well trod by people (800 000/yr. soap manager). Talked with manager Ernest Bremwolt & toured prairie dog areas with him (see Cyprynus ludovicianus notes). Heavy grazing mescite mesquite trees here; gross decrease plum thickets. Rain about noon, almost all day. Drought of past 3 years (not this) killed many blackjack oaks. August 29, 1955. Hot & muggy but no rain. Photos & noted Cyprynus an official prairie dog town. Talked with Maroger Bremwolt and assistants. In evening & night much lightning & thunder. August 30, 1955 1.72" of rain last night. Partly overcast today. Cauted & cropped C.L. an official town. Visited a small Cyprynus town among mesquite trees near Sandakoma. Short visit to Baker Mtn. area. Saw wild turkey, elk, & white-tailed deer (many) an refuge. Turkey vulture common, but only one hawk seen (red-tail). Cooler today. August 31, 1955. Partly cloudy; but p.m. Spent day with Jean Matthews of Soil Cons. Service, Lawton, Okla., looking over Cyprynus accession refuge & mesquite area with C.L. near Cache, Wich. Mtns., Nat'l W.L. Refuge, Okla. September 1, 1955 Took photographs. Spent most of day with Arthur Halloran, biologist here. Set 5 still traps for Cyprynus, First all clear day since I arrived. Cut open a dead Castor canadensis & found 2 Peromyscus in stomach. September 2, 1955 Studied vegetation on Brazos Mtn. plot. Drive via Altus to Canadian, Texas, where several men working on a game management area. Mr. Canadian, Texas September 3, 1955 Looked over rodent study project and a Cyprynus tour or game management area among sandhills.

Koford 46 Journal September 3, 1955 Nr. Canadian, Texas Discussed methods & problems with Jack Soglie, Paul Lukens, Jack Parsons, & Mr. Jackson, all working for Game & Fish Comm. on area. Many Butte's line, & many Depidomya orii. Departed late p.m. September 4, 1955 To Ft. Collins, Colorado 20 to 30 mi. S. of Garden City, Kansas, I saw about 15 Swainson mills mouse hawks, many picked in ploughed flat fields. Much Haffii can grazing. Many died jackrabbits on road S. of Garden City. Idaho Sepia Lamar, Kit Carson, Atterbury, P.T. Lupton, to Ft. Collins, September 7, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Colo. Visited Wellington prairie and horse pasture colonies. Appar- ently several dogs Cypronya gave from part of former where population was most dense. Denver, Colo. September 12, 1955 Visited Ray Fugate and Leland Bocour at Predator & Rodent control office. Visited Wildlife Research Lab., esp- cially Spencer, Ward, Welch. Visited Niedrach & Bailey at Denver Natural History Museum. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. September 13, 1955 Mapped extension of Spring Canyon Dam prairie dog colony. Shot thunderstorm mid-afternoon. September 14, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. Inspection of colony & vegetation at CPER Dec. 22 Cypronya colony. Cleared that a.m.; breezed 1/2 overcast p.m. Saw 1 coyote, marsh hawks, 1 Crotalus, many banded lizards on colony area. September 15, 1955 Visited colonies at CPER, James Lawrence's McLutosh ranch. Saw occasional marsh hawk & a sprigginous rough-legged hawk. Cleaned Wolfenfost, not shot. September 16, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Office work. Clean day, not shot.

Koford 47 Journal September 19, 1955 N. Ft. Collins, Colo. Overcast. Some hard rain in late afternoon. Inspected three local colonies Cyprony. September 20, 1955. Rain & hail morning. Clearing & windy afternoon. Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. First arrow of fall in mountains. To Nebraska & S. Dakota. September 21, 1955 Clear cool day. Drove via Cheyenne to Scotts Bluff Nat'l Monument & looked over site former prairie dog town. Stopped at Torney Ranch (Warren Livestock Co.) for preliminary talk with foreman. Drove on to Hot Springs, S. Dakota. Storm & light rain evening. Rain for last 2 days thus. September 22, 1955 Mind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dak. Light rain & cold. Office unbuilt park headquarters. // Yesterday at Cheyenne, Wyo., in Wyo. State Museum, in State Office Bldg.; saw mounted whooping crane labeled "Killed by James Lilly, Nov. 1901." // Rain stopped. Clean & cold. Inspected Bison Flats town. September 23, 1955. Cold clear night. Attended station around approximately 10 a.m. Took photos & examined all of Shirttail Canyon dog town. September 24, 1955 To Medora, N. Dakota Drizzling rain at Weird Cave. I left & drove to Rapid City, where talked with Leo Alvey, S.C.B. (Snowing at Custer.) Then drove north to Jacobi Ranch near Breeze Licklow to investigate allbirds dog town (not seen this trip). Ralph Jacobi long sheep rancher there has much wildlife information. (Harding Co.). Then drove on to near Medora. Cold but dry night. Theo. Roos, NMP, N. Dak. September 25, 1955. Went into Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park, visited personnel, investigated some Cyprony colonies. Dry here this year (4th year of drought). [illegible].

Roford 48 Journal September 23, 1955 Theo. Rooser, N.M.P., N. Dak. Overcast, cold, [illegible] breeze. Drizzling rain afternoon. September 26, 1955. At Dickinson talked with 5 C.S. soil men. At TRNMP collected two Cynomys, visited town, saw 1 badger. Talked with Christa Brookes. Overcast, about 50°F., max. temp. Clearing in evening. September 27, 1955 Tash plotter, examined Cynomys colony, trapped 4 Cynomys & examined them, saw 3 golden eagles at once near Cynomys town. Photographed badger at mouth of burrow. Saw 3 blue racers & 3 chipmunk today. Gen- erally [illegible] & partly cloudy; nice full day. September 28, 1955 Clear early a.m., trapped 7 Cynomys, counted [illegible] them at same area. Saw 1 badger. Visited Brookes & Fitch of NPS staff. Yesterday I saw 3 Cutenias and 2 blue racers out on Park. Part at 9 a.m. departed & drove to Joslin ranch, near Lusk, W. Dak. Spent afternoon at Cynomys town doing many albino dogs. In right drove to Devil's Tower, Wyoming. Rain & lightning starting about 6 p.m., intermittent. Devil's Tower, NE Wyoming. September 29, 1955 Visited Cynomys town. Investigated vegeta- tion, burrows, population. Took photographs. Half a mount & cool - brown heat than at Lusk or Medra. In evening drove to: September 30, 1955. Wind Cave N.P., Hot Springs, S. Dak. Cool, clear, moderate wind. Trapped Cynomys in Shirttail Canyon. Made counts & examined vegetation at other colonies. October 1, 1955 Visited colony in Wind Cave N.P. in morning, Saw 1 badger. Drove with Torrington to Ft. Collins, Colo. (288 mi. from Wind Cave N.P.). Saw hawk eating Cynomys. Clear and cool.

Koford 49 Journal October 6, 1955 Larimer & Weld Co., Colo. Visited (PER colony). Set 10 steel traps. Set 6 at Lawrence ranch. Took 1 Cyprynge (2162) for exam. Shot swift at Wellington (Reserve) colony. Cold wind 1/2 overcast morning; clearing in afternoon. Saw lint 1 bomb - a marks bomb, October 5, 1955 To Boulder, Colo. Visited Dr. Rodech at Henderson Museum of Univ. Colo. Looked over Cyprynge & Muntla nigripes specimens. Talked with Dr. Paul Martin. Read these in library. Returned to Ft. C. October 7, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. Clear, warm. Front last night (first of fall). Took six traps. Caught 2 Sylvilagus, 6 Cyprynge. Saw a prairie falcon & an imm. golden eagle 1 mi from dog town. October 10, 1955 Larimer Co., Colo. Talked with Willard Graves, SCS, Ft. C.; received range information from him. Set 15 steel traps for Cyprynge in area 8 1/2 mi. N. of Waverly. Killed 33" Crotalus on dog town. Clear & calm today & warm. Talked with County Agent Don McMillen. October 11, 1955 Visited traps & set 2 more. Strong W. wind & partly overcast. October 12, 1955 Clear, cool, calm. Took up nearly all traps; set 3 more. Visited Cyprynge town near Dover, Colo. Larimer & Weld Co., Colo. October 13, 1955 With Willard Graves, range conservationist, SCS; visited Cyprynge town. Clear, calm, warm day. Visited Charles Terwilligin of Range Mgt. dept., Colo. A & M. October 14, 1955 In afternoon visited Sec. 10 colony, 9 mi. N. of Waverly; set 16 steel traps, 15 snap traps. Clear, calm, warm day.

Koford 50 Journal October 15, 1955 N. Larimer + NW Wald G, Glo. With Dr. Paul Moulton of Cal. Univ. + 3 students visited 3 Cyprin ge towns & searched for rattlesnakes, but found none. Clear warm, light breeze. Saw 1 Agkistrodon on Falco Medicus. October 16, 1955 Visited Sec. 10 colony 9 mi. N. Waukly 4 tools 1 Cyprin & 1 Tetrades from 15 steel traps set then. No catch in 15 snap traps set near C. D. hole (one tiny snap trap change yesterday). Took up traps. Set 3 near burn area in silty soil as low river. One Sylpholagus in steel trap at Cyprin burn. October 17, 1955 N. Larimer G, Glo. Visited steel traps at Sec. 10 & took all up. Tools: no Cyprin, 1 jaw. Sylpholagus (small). 3 snap traps held on Onychomys (discovered; see species notes). At Sec. 10 colony I shot 6 Cyprin for examination. NW Weld G, Glo. October 18, 1955 at C.C. area buffalo ranch 1 mi. N. of Fochpat I shot 6 Ortho Cyprin for examination. At CPER shot 2. Saw 2 eagles & 1 Catalina at CPER. Calm, warm, but prod. wind. NW weld G., Glo. October 19, 1955. Examined carcasses a.m. Dr. p.m. visited Terry Ranch near Wyoming line & viewed several Cyprin traps. Warm, high clouds, moderate breeze. Mr. F.T. Collins, Gla October 20, 1955. With Dr. Beidelmann & ecology class visited colony near town & dug burrows, surveyed mounds, amount soil in mounds, a relation to slope. Oil sprinkling except; sprinkling of rain in p.m. October 24, 1955. Depart → Boston Drove to Ft. Morgan from Ft. Collins & took train for Chicago on way to A.O.U. meetings in Boston. Region east of

Roford 51 Journal October 24, 1955 Weld a Morgan Coz, Colo. Briefly day appearing with many areas shot (Buffalo grass) gross, sandhills with antemina (filipolia?). October 25, 1955 To Boston, Mass. Took plane Chicago to Boston, Mass., to attend A.O.U. meetings. Also attended meetings Oct. 26, 27, 28 and talked about my prairie dog project with Victor Cahalan and others. October 29, 1955 To Bangor, Maine With Mr. & Mrs. Ralph Palmer drove to Brunswick, Maine. Later took train to Bangor. Bar Harbor, Me. October 30, 1955 Visited Dr. John King at Bar Harbor and talked about Cynops ludovicianus and his study at Wind Cave. King now works in Animal Behavior section of Ross B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory. October 31, 1955. Looked over King's notes + photos of prairie dogs. Visited laboratories. Returned in evening to Bangor & took train to Boston. November 1, 1955 To New York, N.Y. Took plane to N.Y. In afternoon talked with Fairfield Calhoun and Mr. Snyder at Conservation Foundation con- cerning prairie dog study & report. November 2, 1955. Spent most of the day at the N.Y. Zoological Park conferring with John Tee-Van, Lee Candell, and others concerning prairie dog project. November 3-4, 1955. To Washington, D.C. Train to Washington. Spent morning at mammal dept. of U.S. National Museum. Talked with Viola Schantz, Dove Johnson, Stanley Young. In afternoon [illegible]

Reford Journal! November 4, 1955 Washington, D.C. conferne with J. E. Brof, Dr. Carmichael, Dr. R. Kellogg, Mr. Keddy, concerning job as Resident Naturalist of Bero Colorado Island, Canal Zone. Plan at present is forms to start July 1 there, with housing at Balboa. Fitch, present manager, due to retire December 1956. November 5, 1955 Bus to Belvoir Laurel, Md., and spent half day at Patient refuge with Chandler Rabbins of F+W Service. Returned to Washington, D.C. November 6, 1955 Spent half day looking at spec- imens and files in National Museum. November 7, 1955 Bus to College Park, Md., to look at photo files of F+W Service (Rev. Gary Schmidt in charge). In afternoon talked with Ben Olson, Info. dir., Sail Conservation Service, & with Dr. Brah- am of S.C.S., at Washington, D.C. November 8, 1955 Spent morning at National Museum. In afternoon flew to Chicago & took train for Colo. November 9, 1955. Arrived Ft. Morgan by train & drove to Ft. Collins, Colo. November 10, 1955. About 4" wet snow on ground in town in morning. November 15, 1955 Snowing again this morning. Old snow in spots thin yesterday. Snowed on 12, 13. East- antly overcast & cold. Prairie dogs have been hit by wire. November 16, 1955 Below freezing all day & near 0°F. Last night. Brief visit to Cynomys colony in [illegible] tour; rabbit tracks coming, Cynomys rare. snow today.

Koford 53 Journal November 29, 1935. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. No Warm wind yesterday; cool but nearly clear today. Some sparse snow remain. Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony & counted 24 C.R. December 6, 1935 About 6" snow fell Dec. 2, Still mostly on ground. Below 0° night of Dec. 5. Today visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. No activity of Cynomyx there. |G.E. Klipple says that at CPER November weather was worst since 1946 - much wind. Many tumbleweeds on fences, snow weight & wind on them broke wires from many fences. He believes wind over 50 mph a few days each month in winter. December 9, 1935 Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony briefly. Very strong winds yesterday. Most ground snow covered still. More snow on December 14. December 14, 1935 Nr. Wellington, Colo. About 1" snow fell morning. Afternoon clear & very my hut cold. Visited Wellington prairie dog colony, Saw 2 Cynomyx out. Also saw 1 marsh bank and 1 fawning. Rough- log bank (perhaps 2) at Wellington, presser December 15, 1935 Clean hut cold. Visited Wellington colony & set 3 steel traps for Cynomyx seen out. Dow a Butto Lagspur on telephone pole there. A fresh casting below was of mouse hair & bones, probably Microtus. Also visited CPER colony. 2' deep drifts at fence line there. Many rabbit tracks & several Cynomyx out, the below freezing. Set 3 steel traps there. Picked up several eagle casts atop hill near colony & saw one eagle thin, another flying nearby.

Koford 54 Journal December 16, 1955 Larimer & Weld Cos. Colo. Clear & rather warm, but strong W. wind which melted much snow. Visited 2 Cypryns colonies but saw none. Saw 3 Buteo lagopus in drive of 60 miles (to CPER & return). Nr. Wellington, Colo. December 18, 1955 Picked up steel traps set for Cypryns. No catch. Cold and partly overcast today. December 20, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins Colo. Warm today & much melting of snow. At local colony I saw 12 Cypryns out feeding & set 10 steel traps at bur- ows. Lee Albee, SCS, Rapid City, S. Dakota, writes that they have had 6 or 7 weeks of winter & much snow there. December 21, 1955 Warm, calm, overcast; much melting of snow. Visited traps. Took one Cypryns. Set 4 additional traps, so 14 out. December 23, 1955 Again warm, calm, overcast. Visited traps & took 1 Cypryns (07191). Much melting of snow; ground muddy. December 24, 1955 Warm but mainly yesterday; calm & warm today - perhaps best weather since early November. Checked Cypryns traps & took 1 Sylpholagus. Visited Willing- ton preserve colony & photoged of bison. December 25, 1955 Checked local Cypryns traps; no catch. Warm, calm, partly overcast. December 26, 1955 Visited CPER colony & shot 3 Cypryns for examination. Took up all traps near Ft. Collins. Warm, calm, partly overcast. December 31, 1955 Departed Colo. to Calif. Weather remained fairly warm. Departed in a.m. & drove to Blumwood Springs runway back to MVZ at Berkeley, Calif.

Species Account Cynomys ludovicianus

Chromis improvisus Species Account

Koford 1954 Cynomys ludovicianus December 10, 1954 Denver, Colorado. Talked with Robt. Niedrach, taxidermist of Denver Museum. He said no doubt Cynomys has disappeared because of poisoning in last 15 yrs. He knows of colony of about 20 near Denver. Formerly many in Weld Co. near Wyo.-Neb.-Colo. junction, Mr. Niedrach, & this might be best area to study. There has been an effort to set aside this region as a preserve. Dr. Wagner of Forestry Dept. has been active in this. Big cattle companies (especially Warren Co. of Cheyenne) oppose this. Some poisoning big reduction in eagles, ferrug. rough leg, prairie falcon, & some other raptors that nested in cliffs that region. Niedrach thinks few in Colo. 42 years (with Mum). Little fieldwork last 10 yrs. An enthusiastic & talkative. Reminded me of a tall Bert Harwell. Col. Wolff, the egg collector, has worked Niedrach area in past & could give info on raptor abundance years ago. Driving Denver to Ft. Collins via U.S. 87 highway, saw no active Cynomys sign but lumps in some fields that may be large recent old mounds of P. dogs. December 11. Mr. Fort Collins, Colo. Below foot of Spring Canyon Dam on land heavily used by cattle I saw many P.d. mounds & holes. Heard one & saw it on surface. Mound was fresh symmetrical proto, well dotted with indentations of apparent butting. There on (Sec. 33, SW 1/4) E. side road 200-400 yds. On W. uphill side road were old burrows in short grass pasture. Now appeared to have been used for months. Slight vegetation & this heavily grazed in area active burrows. Drove a football road

Koford 1954 Cynomy's ludovicianus December 11, 1954 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. south to Mr. Lowland, the 6th E., the N. to Bulet, 4 blocks to Ft. C. Saw no more recent wounds. Corn, wheat, & sugar beets grown extensively here. Hereford cattle & flock of sheep also plentiful. Dec. 13, 1954. Visited. Visited a portion at foot of hills west of Ft. C. (La Pote Ave; Mr. airport) with Don Harvey of Forestry Dept. He had known of a C.L. town there. This had been poisoned about 1948 by Maynard Cummings' men (M.C. now in Sacramento). No fresh burrows found though many wounds still present and holes open. These were on a gentle E. slope about 1/4 mile S. of a lake. Join - ?; the man locally in charge of the range, said that the area had been poisoned about 2 years ago. Heavy overgrazing here. Buffalos grass & blue gama common. December 16, 1954. Talked with Mr. Klipple, in Cheyenne Central Plains Exp. Sta., which is part of NE Cof. Lord Utilization Project, now. Hodgins, of project at Bridgeland. R.E. Williamson is ranger there. Klipple says there is a small C.L. colony on the experimental range & this have been others. Range use known there so may be good area for study. Klipple said that about 1918 he was stationed at Fort Hill, O'kla., & that there were many Cynomy's there. One colony near a firing range was a mile across. December 17. With Burney Crowford, game warden, visited (N 1/2 Sec. 35) on 80 acre game preserve near Wellington. This area

Koford 1954 Cynomys ludovicianus December 17, 1954 Mr. Wellington, Colorado. contained a colony of prairie dogs, perhaps 50 in number according to Crawford, that probably had never been poisoned. I saw at least 4 separate dogs out although the day was overcast and the wind strong (temp. 40°). One dog was tame tho it had never been handled. It walked up to Crawford who fed it corn. This one named "Charlie." Charlie walked about a well-fored burrow mound. Mound showed no recent construction. An animal seen 50 yds. from Charlie. Another dog was named "Good Eye." Crawford said that recently, he saw him go down a burrow carrying a mouthful of grass. Crawford had seen prairie dogs drink and was sure that they had wells down to water. He thought, from some digging experience, that the tunnels spiralled down. He had slept pets when a dog. The pup, with head upfat with body straightened upward, was a sign to others that everything was all right. Others did it after seeing it done. (I saw Charlie & an animal do it). A sharp chit-chit, a double note, was an alarm call that caused all to go underground. We thought that occasionally an old one was driven out of a colony as he had sometimes seen one wandering far from a colony. This colony apparently not poisoned because no one was interested. Rabbit brush common in area. That in colony kept clipped lawn. Not grazing here for 4-5 years, according to Crawford - but trampling by people & car tires. Colony on gentle W.-facing slope. Lower edge flat ground,

Koford 4. Cynomy s ludovicianus December 17, 1954 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colorado. merely in some seasons. Crawford to Hlippel of opinion, C.L. needed said that would not occur in - there not rarely. (also probably not rarely). // Dano there (see under Colo. A+M) Las map. // Cynomy s town near Ft. Collins. Some estimated since 1950. // This there showed many marc cottatails, on land with C.L. burrows than on near by areas having no C.L., presumably because burrows used for some. // December 18, 1954. Up Buckhorn Canyon, west of Ft. Collins, about a mile N.E. part of fork to Stone Prairie, I saw a Cynomy s (L.? ) town in moderate slope, 1/4 mile S. of 4 above road. Mounds large + high. Patter of snow. No C. seen but perhaps some present. This is highest colony (of C.L.? ) known to have persisted. December 19, 1954. Unusually warm for this season the windy. Visited the "game preserve" 80 miles N.W. Wellington. "Charlie" ever conspicuous + I saw 3 or 5 others, mostly smaller than Charlie. Photos Charlie. At my first approach he walked up to within about 3' of me. I did not feed him. Later he allowed approach no closer than about 8'. He paid no attention to corn thrown near him until some struck him, then ate (poor eyesight?). Charlie seem to go down at least 2 different burrows. The body straightening with bark not seen. When I was close Charlie gave me loud chip followed by chit-chit + slid down his burrow. He also made chips followed by "stomped rumbling" sounds

Cynomys ludovicianus December 19, 1954 Nr. Wellington, Colorado. while out of sight in burrows. One other carried a 4" long atypical? piece of sod & [illegible] (?) to a burrow mouth who aloned. One burrow on low side of colony was surrounded by 6" high growth of dry grass (mowing?). A ridge of loose dirt about 10' high at E. edge colony showed trails + some minor diggings. Fence at S. end separates preserve from heavily grazed pasture when there are many bur- rows. If both grazing increases C. l., one would expect colony to move S. onto grazed pasture. Human tampering, offering logs & placenta, I can tractor keep the preserve from being a proper enclosure to show effects removal grazing. Shovel of one of extra mounds indicates building when soil muddy - land + smooth texture. Surprise to me, few if any more C. l. out of burrows than on previous cold overcast & windy day. 11 Moggies, 4 porcouns, + 4 bunnets came in contact with C. l. at this preserve. December 28, 1954. Nr. Nunn Weld Co. Colorado. Visited Central Plains Experimental Range with Ls. C. Klipple, Agr. Research Service, USDA, the man in charge. This area had a small C. l. colony in a shallow draw near center of section 22. Klipple said it had expanded in past season. The whole area originally possessed + reforested when government took over land about 20 yrs. ago. Perhaps other small colonies known to range riders. Eagles thought said to be commonest here in winter, K. said. I saw 4 or 5 Bato (lagopus ?) and a dead eagle.

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus December 28/1954. Mr. Nunn, Colorado. Many jack & cottontail rabbit tracks in snow. Cottontails are numerous, tracks clearly showed. Brief examination discovered no C.L. out (30° temp. + visible 1" snow on ground). Bluffs to north similar to those near Brown, said Klipple. This might be our good area for study as range condition well known. No winter grazing here now although this is common practice in region. Cattle will be put on in May, when new growth sufficient. This range contains various grazing exclosures & a rabbit exclosure. At Ft. Collins talked with Dr. Love, in charge of Front Range Research Center. He said this was a colony (Gunnisoni) of prairie dogs on the Manitou experimental area near Colorado Springs. He thought there were probably a relationship between overgrazing and C.L. abundance. December 29, 1954. Ft. Collins, Colo. Visited Mason, supervisor of Roosevelt National Forest. He said that the [illegible] wounds that I saw in Buckhorn Canyon (Mr. cant. T 7N, R 71W) were invasive this year. He had shot C.L. Cynomys these on occasion. He had also shot navy, this year, near the Larannie River (in SE part T 11N, R 77W). There black-tailed, he said, & near 8000 ft. altitude. Mason said that the C.C. had poisoned much prairie dog area when in operation. Long ago, he said, one could see prairie dogs everywhere. He thought that near Pueblo used to

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus December 29, 1954 Ft. Collins, Colorado. We an especially great number. On one occasion in the Roosevelt N.F. they had planted grass seed on an experimental plot. Some animals ate the greenery. This proved to be prairie dog wolf, but whose came from unknown. I visited office of the County Agent, Donald Mc Mullen. He was out. Secretary told me that they sold strychnine poisoned oats there to farmers wanting to poison rodents. Other control work was under Mr. Roy Fugate, Field Wildlife Director, Denver. Norton Merin of Ft. Collins had some local catel wolf last year, on salary from county. December 30, 1954 at about noon I visited colony (SW ¼ Sec. 33) ½ mile SE of foot of Spring Canyon Dam. I saw two dogs out atop mound and investigated that area. Snow 2-3" deep, bright sunshine, + warm in sun. Air temp. probably < 40°F. Many rabbit trails in snow. Dog or coyote trots past burrows. Map of burrows near activity: M = mound C = crater H = hole 1 mm. = 1 yd. Fence ↑ West From C7, edge of dry pond with much Salsole pestifera 100 yds. NW.

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus December 30, 1954 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colorado, From C1, trodler out 5 yds. to 3 small spots of leopard soil having very short dry grass & fragments scattered suggesting eddy. 3 sets trodler C1 to C2. From C2, trodler 5 yds. S & return. Apparent middling jaw at exposed 4" high bare cut off shrub (Chrysothamnus?). Other woody stalks roughly cut off. Also from C2, 4 sets trodler halfway to M3, to an exposed tip of small boulder. One set fairly straight C2 to M3. One fairly straight C1 to M3. (One might have used 3 burrows). // low 4" deep snow, trodler alternate (wolf straddle-legged), thus: 0 0 0 0 8 0 2½" <8" -> About 3' east of M3 burrow, apparent gopher hole with fresh soil pushed out. No trodler M3 to fence. // C4 filled with snow; no trodler. M5 same - a wide old-appearing mound. Same at M6. C7 had many trodler, about 10 sets to H8, which had practically no mound, 4 same forby scratched soil at mouth H8. 5 yds. out to 6" drain. Bare soil & dry grass scratched up spot. H8 (C7 -> 2 yds. out. no bare ground. -> C9 snow filled, no trodler; 15 yds. NW, much traveled. Snow beaten down to loose soil. merely Xanthium (commune?) Bare spots showed many burrows [illegible] dug up. Many

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus December 30, 1954. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo., of these open on one side but not purely set in. Near our crater, trochu went to a piece of dry Salada (p. 1) About 200 yds. west of C7 on a 10% N. facing slope I found our crater (C10) with trochu going 3 yards out and back. 40 yds. NW of C10, nearest of a group of 3 lammers with trochu between, C13 O = -- 15yds. H12 → North There holes open. No signs eating. One troch showed jumping gait, apparently feet leading nearly together, jumps 18" long, with scrapes of feet converging (ordiving?) to troch; thus: ≥88 ≥88 → this way? {1<16"→?} Scratch Burns mound ridge clear of snow so conspicuous in all this area. At least 50 fair lammers present but none today appeared to have forlorn looks due to them. Trochra seen may have represented 3 individuals, 2 using 3 holes, 1 using 2. Little or no feeding. Some trochra rather aimless. Not follow same path twice, necessarily. This is very much overgrazed area with mostly bare ground. Same as visited Dec. 11 (but some active lammers not found).

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus January 2, 1954 December 30, 1954 Nr. Fb. Gillin’s, Colo. At about 3:30 p.m. I again visited the Spring Canyon Dam colony. The snow was now much more melted than 3 days ago & large patches ground bare. Many more prairie dog tracks than then. C10 had no tracks near it, but C13 and 13 others were connected by tracks. There 14 burrows north of fence and within an area of 90 X 50 yards. Some continuous tracks between burrows went fairly straight for 50 yards or more. At least 10 sets tracks connecting some burrows. Obviously many that had had no tracks Dec. 30 now had them. 16 new construction noted. C10, that had tracks Dec. 30, now had none. Wind apparently demolished tracks (including mine) of Dec. 30. Some tracks in groups of 4 saws—showing jumping locomotion, about 18" jumper (tip to tip). Some tracks out + back to same burrow, to 10 yds. out. No tracks connecting this western group with the eastern group. In that gp. only C7, H8, had tracks last time, but now C4 had 10+ sets tracks, M5 & M6 also had tracks, tracks to old crater near M5, 4 second sets tracks to— ward M3. M3 (1 track last time) had fresh scratching out of mud at mouth burrow. No new well-formed construction. At C1 about 5 sets tracks; C2, 10 sets. Last 2 days fairly warm (40°F.) & sunny and mounds entirely clear of snow. One digging about 4" into soil was seen (western gp.). None seen out (to 4:20 p.m.).

Roford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus January 2, 1959. Nw.Ft. Collins, Colorado. one spot trailer showed that green Opuntia (prickly pear) leaf had been chewed - 3" long chewed edge. Apparently there, considerable activity around Jan. 1 at 5000' elev., but not every day. January 3, 1954 Talked with John L. Pitzner, soils man of the Front Range Cyp. Station, concerning soil and rodents. He was very much interested in my problem. He could see no possible harmful effects and some possible good effects of rodent workings. The important soil features for which to look are texture, slope, and impermeable layers, such as hardpan, in his estimation. He would be interested in working on soil in Cal. colonies personally in the field as well as in his lab. (There are many excellent soil men at Cal. A & M, in S.C.S. and in Agronomy Dept.). || In afternoon drove with V.B. Scheffer to the prairie dog town near Wellington. Only a few patches of snow remained there. "Charlie" and at least 10 other C. L. seen. I took several plates of an immature that was even taller than Charlie. This one to whom corn that was thrown near him it could be approached to a distance of 10'. Shallow holes about 2" deep dug at many spots near burrows as if digging for some sort food (no remains found). While Vic was photo- graphing Charlie, who was "thin out of burrow," C. set up a series of balls, increasing in speed, each followed by an internal grunt. Many burrows, some showing many fresh tracks, up to 100 yds. W. of the

Koford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus January 3, 1955 Mr. Wellington, Colorado. 5. fence of the preserve. Ground there with almost no cover at all - bare soil. Apparently on heavily overgrazed pasture. Clear & sunny but fair breeze & lands now numbed if not under cover (40°F?). January 4, 1955. Weld Co., Colorado. "Woody" Williamson, project manager of Land Utilization project living headquarters Briggsdale, told me that the project family had a man who spent full time on rodent patrol. County agent has little to do with it. A F-4-WH many, Crush, working out of Brush, does work now. This was a large prairie dog town on land of Cyril Macchitok (a four section) that was poisoned last year. Ben Anderson, Mr. Sprange, & James Lawrence also have some prairie dogs. Harvey Polloch said he had one lone one, now somewhat of a pet, & he wouldn't trade it for a lot. Macchitok, Polloch, & Calder are the principal old-timers in the L.U. region. I met most of these men. They had no hard feelings about prairie dogs, principally because they were mostly gone through poisoning. A few were interested in them. Much worry about prospects of grass in 1955 as old growth used up in grazing in 1954 when rainfall law (= interim C.L.?). January 6, 1954. Mr. Ft. Collins, Colo. About 3:30 p.m. I visited Spring Canyon Dam colony where many tracks in snow Jan. 2. Cold about 4" light snow. This had fallen as wet snow night of Jan. 4-5. None fell after noon yesterday; over 24 hrs. ago. I went to both groups of mounds (p.13) (12B - list of 12C colonies 1936 on Antil Plains (Cp. Range)

Cynomys ludovicianus January 5, 1955 Weld Co., Colo. Copied location of prairie dog colonies shown on maps prepared of Central Plains Cpp. Range area in summer 1936. Land was classified as annual grass, grama-buffalo grass, Russian thistle, weeds, or cultivated. C.l. mostly in grass-buffalo, but Russian thistle where noted. T 9N, R 63W.: None 10 - 63 Sec 11, S edge of SW ¼. 14, N edge NW ¼. 30, extreme SW corner. 27, " SW corner (overlap Para. thistle) 34, extreme NW corner. 8 - 64 (inc.) 5, center N. ½. (only secs. 4-8 1819, included.) 9 - 64 16, SW corner & S edge SE ¼. 19, S edge SW ¼ & SE ¼ (in Perso. thistle) 20, N edge of NE ¼. 21, N edge NW ¼. Center NE ¼. 29, N edge NE ¼. 30, N edge NE ¼. 31, N edge NW ¼ 32, center SW ¼ 36, N. edge NE ¼ 10 - 64 13, N center of SE ¼. 11 - 64 (inc.) 28, center SW ¼. (only S.16-21, 26-30, 31-36 incl.) 8 - 65 (inc.) None (only strip of 2 eastern secs. arranged) 9 - 65 None (S. 27-34 omitted).

Cynomyx ludovicianus January 5, 1955 T R 10-65W Section 8, center SE ¼. (half in Reno. Thistle). 9, center SW corner (Reno. Thistle) 24, Sedge NW ¼ 11-65 (vic.) 27, center S ½. 5 acres surveyed). 11-66 (inc.) None (only sec. 36 surveyed). The plates with maps in ARS office of B.E. Klipple. Overall plot might show up relation to slope or drainage. Pairing has affected distribution.

Koford 13 Cynomys ludovicianus January 6, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colorado. found a four troche stop & mound of 3 only; there 3 was maked with atobar. Apparently C13, C7, and a small mound 30 yds. E. of Ms. Troche for large dog (Canis) visited several burrow mouths. No C.L. activity at many holes that had troche before. None connecting burrows on surface. January 8, 1955. At about 4 p.m. visited Spring Camp, Den colony. With exception, eaten burrow about 50 yds. NW of C13, no new prairie dog troche at burrow. Many more rabbit troche than Jan. 6. Cold & partly overcast today; probably < 30°F. all day. Apparently stay under- ground for at least 3 days when cold after snowstorm. [Weather remained cold; somewhat warm Jan. 11,12, but <40°F.] Paul Baldwin told me he saw large colony near U.P.R.R., near Cheyenne in late December. January 12, 1955. 8 mi. N. of Niwot, Weld Co., Colo. Visited colony that B.C. Klyeyle had showed me in Central Bair's Cyp. Range. Colony in NE¼ of SW¼ of Sec. 22, T10N, R. 66W. This ¼ section found a N+E only. Strikely runs thru it (NW to SE) and colony along slope N+S of streambed, which has flat bottom. I walked about to ascertain limits of colony and counted 76 burrows. Some doles filled so not open. Many open & possibly used by rabbits & C.L. No definite C.L. troche (Cold-35°F- & fair freeze). About 10 % ground bare, the rest variously covered with windblown snow. Many Lepus & apparent Sylvilagus tracks but no definite canawa troche.

{ "text": "Koford\n\nCynomys ludovicianus\n\nJanuary 12,1955 \n8 mi. N. Wunn, Weld Co. Colo.\n(3 p.m.)\nI was on the ground 2 to 4 p.m., A golden eagle perched\non a small rockpile atop a knoll about 200 yds. N. of N.\nfence line. At sign site of perch I found 5 Lepus remains\nand about 6 casts (These can be analyzed for Cynomys\ncontent). Saw 2 eagles at same site at 1:30 p.m., 4 another\n1 mile distant eating a Lepus. Saw 2 Buteo lagopus in\narea. Many mounds of harvestmants in C.L. area.\nOne old ant mound at edge C.L. mound & another ant\nmound had apparent C.L. tunnel into it (C.L. eat out\ngrubbs or occasional?). The ants considered a range pest\nhere (studies being made at Colo. A&M.). C.L. colony\nextent approximately thus: \nPeagle perch hill\nFence\nx x x x x → E\nx (on CPER)\n↑ N\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Koford 15 Cynomys ludovicianus January 12, 1955 @ mi. N. Nunn, Weld Co., Colo., expedient. Several Aquila caria found there. January 13, 1955. Old burrows, or those of other rodents, may be enlarged & used by Lepus townsendi, judging from troth & droppings near low mounds & burrows. (I) I walked from Central Plains C.P.E.R. Range (C.P.E.R.) headquarters then sections 18+17 (R 65W) but saw no definite Cynomys sign. II Mr. Opps Range, who has ranch just N. of C.P.E.R., said one colony on his ranch remained last year but that there was another in section 33 (T 11N, R 65 W). I visited this. It was in a 4 section square pasture, there: [sketch: hills with colonys marked, road, and distances] Colony about 600 x 400 yds. Many old burrows. One showed recent work or use since last snow (Jan 5a.m.). Same on near level ground; most slopes about 5 to 4 prob. none over 10 %; Whole group N. SE side of low gentle ridge. About 3 miles to N. were bluffs & cliffs that should be good for hawk & eagle perches/ nests. I saw 1 Lepus townsendi on colony & shot it- it died in a burrow (old C. l. burrow?). This entire colony can be seen from hills near it. Good for study. Fairly good ground cover (buffalo grass mostly), not bare ground, & nothing over about 6" high. No shrubs. Good for study. Rocker to within about 200 yds. of road. Various sized & textured ground mixed in soil. /4.1 miles west of Pecos was a section (4) or 5 side road where many large mounds. This apparently

Koford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus January 13, 1955 Mr. Pierce, Weld Co., Colo. the very active colony that Lee Dans (Thiria, Colo. A.T.M.) need for conserving cottontail. I saw a cottontail & many rabbit tracks (nearly dark) in passing. January 15, 1955 Laramie, Wyoming Talked with Reed W. Fautri, Goal. Dept., Univ. of Wyoming & told him of my plans for study of Cynomys ecology. He seemed to think I was on the right track & offered to visit my study areas with me later in the years. He gave me assurance that I was in a good spot for study as predator & rodent control very rigorous in Wyoming because of pressure of sheepmen. In Wyo, only Cynomys leucurus in Laramie area, but probably C. ludovicianus near Cheyenne & eastern (Lovel) part Wyoming. No recent survey C. L. made in state previd so limited distrib. unknown. We thought temperature re- productive success in different sized colonies would be good angle. Relation with herbage, soil, & water (in soil) important. I was gratified to get assurance that I was working along a reasonable line. Really got no new ideas. January 18, 1955 (Weld Co.) Briggsdale, Colo. Jenkins, postmaster, has own planes. He sometimes sees C. L. towns from air. He told me of one 3 mi. W. 2 S. of Briggsdale (E. of Silver House) where he saw some last summer. J., seemed intelligent & interested in my work. Talked with W. E. Williamson, in charge of Land Utilization project. He had been here less than a year. He told me of approximate location of 3 C. L. towns, two prob-

Koford 17 Cynomys ludovicianus January 18, 1955 Briggsdale, Weld Co, Colo. ally poisoned last year. One at MacDutch place (T9N R64W) near Prairie View School, another near Hot (9-63, Dec. 30). / Dave Crooks of Brush (E. of Greeley) did control work (F. Wild- life Service). / Another town north of Stowdam (Dec. 24 in 9-57, or Dec. 25 in 8-57). Tann just below sedimentary outcrops. / Jenkin said much poisoning by W.P.A. (a some such) in Colo, Willard Franks, oil man, & wife (notici of Briggsdale.) Both have relatable, 20 yrs. ago, interviewed. Mrs. most observant & reliable; it appeared. Formerly C.L. everywhere including flat grounds. Persisted extensively. They rather liked C.L.'s & also hawks, eagles, coyotes. Said most people here now did not persecute eagles or coyotes. They told me of C.L. town of about 40 A. above (sometime) 80 A. lake about 2 mi E., 2 mi N., 1/4 mi. E. of Briggsdale on the Lin. White place. (I could not get to because of snow). He mentioned that formerly many in Cash (spelling) place on Craw Creek (to S.?). They commented on large number lodgers now, & jackrabbits. Number of eagles about same now as many years ago. Antilocapra perhaps more numerous now than many yrs. ago. / The area of towns known by William near Wild Horse Creek are in same area as 1936 towns in foot survey (by USFS & SCS). January 19, 1955. A letter from W.C. Barst, Douglas, Wyo., told of prairie dogs on ranch of Herman Werner, Rass, Wyo. Said sawing it from hunters' a poisoners. Mother - 15 mi. E. of Douglas on ranch of Henry Reese, Jr. - has one or more albino dogs.

Koford 18 Cynomys ludovicianus January 19, 1954 Weld Co., Colo. Least says he saw 4 alliine in one burrow. / Mr. Henry Range (ranch just N. of CPER), said colony as Sec. 33 was poisoned last fall (4 previously). Another old colony about 1 mile N. of houses (nr. fence & draw). An- other in Sec. 31 nr. windmill (no blades). Range seems little interested wildlife but tolerant of myr quentain. Visited Art T. DePater, rancher living 1/4 mile S. of Kof- port on E. side highway 85. He had lived in this region 46 yrs. About 1922 they had an assessment of 15$ per acre for poisoning operations. (No kit foxes seen since). As to movements C.l. colonies, he thought they went where the feed was good - sometimes in our direction, then back again toward old town. C.l. on slopes, not bottom or top of ridges, mainly. He thought they dug very deep - when digging for soil on burrow went down about 30 feet, in steps (could be other origin?). Formerly C.l. occurred nearly all ground. Gross no skates now than when he homesteaded here in 1911. (Then every other section open & everyone grazed on it; 2 to 4 families per section so grazing heavy). About 1920 land owners allowed to take additional whole section. 1911-12, grass very shot. Many badgers now; few hawks & eagles; few coyotes but coming back; jackrabbits increasing since (says ago). Art said C.l. liked for green feed. Tend to be low on slopes, in clay soils (not sandy). / H.C. Linn, Koford

Koford 19 Cynomis ludovicianus January 19, 1955 Rockport, Weld Co., Colo., told me of someone (friend?) seeing prairie dog running down road for from colony. He thought 10 or 2 may have came into his ranch last year from colony about 1/4 mile to N. (on Aear's place). / Visited C. C. Aear, old-timer living in shack 1 mi. N. of Rockport. He had about 40 A. colony near his shed; another 10 A. over hilltops to W. Some burrows across fence on property to S. He had poisoned most of colony last year (strychnine or oats) except for near house. Burrows looked unused by C. L., but many Sylvilagus of leporis towards N. / I found definite C. L. droppings on burrow 1/4 mile S. house (1954 use?). Still saw snow on ground & I searched for tracks. One group of 6 burrows NW of canal 100 yds., on 50-5° E. slope, were connected by tracks, & I saw one long one out on burrow, fleeting tail after. He went in when I approached to 150 yds. No call heard. Temp. about 35°F. (estimated) & cold breeze; partial cirrus overcast. Aear thought they hibernated. He liked cottontail & C. L. near house. (Most people I have talked to would like to see a few around). / The tracks showed that C. L. writes small spots when snow melts away from ground - only very short dry grass (1/4") or plant stubs available. (Aear did not mind topping or shaking away from burrow.). // At John Lawrence place near (S W of) C.P.E.R., I looked at colony on gentle slope, some flat, 1/4 mile NW of his house, between canals & creek bottom. Holes rather far apart, I thought. Little ground cover. This

Koford 20 Cynomys ludovicianus January 19, 1955 W. Weld Co., Colorado. Had been paired 3 or 4 times in past. Each time a few survived, it seemed, as yet had not eroded to W. of creeks bottom (dry now). Much snow but mounds clean. I saw Lepus townsendi but no trocha Cynomys. Bobore still present. Lawrence leaves 5 W. 1/4 of Sec. 22 when there is colony but he did not know about it. Land is turned over to association farmers. He was willing to let this go until I was finished with study. Dave Crowell of Brush apparently does all poisoning in Weld Co. (Fish & Wildlife Service). Cold wind by 4 p.m. near Nunn. / Acos said he had head of colony near Antelope Willaman Pierce (N.W. of?). / In the evening I talked with Norton Miner of Ft. Collins. He was Fish & Wildlife man who trapped predators & poisoned rodents for last 2 years. People wishing control notified Co. Agricultural Agent (Don Mc Millen) who notified Miner. Part of funds from S.C.S. W.J. Kremes (now lives Yr mi. N. of Ted's Place (9t mi. NW of Ft. Collins) has been leader in starting vigorous C.L. control in 1951. Robert preceded Miner as the pioneer. Miner gave me a list of people who had complained about C.L. 1953-54. He showed me on Larim Co. maps areas having dog towns in '54. Towns ranged from Longmont to Wyoming line. Largest colonies near road to Laramee between Deer Dief- man Butte & Virginia Dale. There about a section in area. Many or Warren Live Stock Co. land in NE corner of county. Colonies N. 4 mi E. side of reservoir 5 mi. NNW of Waverly. A good colony on E. side of ridge on E. side road

Koford 21 Cynomys ludovicianus January 19, 1955 Larimer Co., Colo. about 2 miles before road reaches The Forks. Prominent colony sec. 31, 5 mi. SW of Lake Loveland. Two (NW one not traced) 2 mi. SW of Lauter's Reservoir near Loveland. As to variety of said 4 maintain, some in fairly rocky ground where lobola [illegible] (last mentioned?). One in bottom slough (1 mi. NW of Boeschen Lake). In all Minin told me of about 30 towns of varying size, largest covering perhaps 1/4 acre. About half towns were obviously near a stream, lake, reservoir, a drainage ditch, indicating some competition with maintain (a certain stage in vegetation?). Minin also noted C. l. not on top of ridges. He said that many 1080 pawns on rolled oats, few C. l. die above grounds. With shooting too, few meet get down burrows. Impoisoning every burrow treated, yet, twelve days later, remaining C. l. all in one patrol colony (gathering together of scattered wide?). Some seem to scrape pawns usually. (Crowe has not longer experience so should know more about this). Mounds at Tony Ramon place especially large (2 mi. E. of Round Butte in T 11 N, R 68 W. Minin very cooperative & pleasant. He is wildlife student at Colo. A&M. He said he has seen no ferrets, not many C. l. holes that have been dug into by lodgers. / Deporter said they repair mounds some after road scraper scrapes it away. But he says they move out when land ploughed in area around, due to lack of food. / Minin said one colony near alfalfa. Cut crops in edge alfalfa but did not burrow in the alfalfa.

Koford 22 Gnomys ludovicianus January 20, 1955. Ft. Collins, Colo. Called on C. Till of Game & Fish Dept., this region (allow) to E. edge state). He friendly, intelligent, cooperative. (A Helmut Beechum student his assistant). He told me about colonies in N. part county, in Antelope Refuge (State; started 1922; no special management, just a closure on private & school lots) that Miner had already noted for me. But he also told me of locations eagle nests that area. He said he had looked in nests searching for antelope remains & had found prairie dog remains. Next near Tony Roman's had brought off 3 eagles one year. January 24, 1955. Larimer Co., Colo. Light snow last night. About 1 p.m. arrived at colony about 2 mi. E. Wellington. Searched for Cervus & Cygnus traders. Only C.L. trots at burrows where Schleffer & I photographed there several days ago. Trocha counted 3 burrows, about 10 lines of trocha connecting two about 20 yds. apart. Trocha probably made today. No Cervus traders found except one possible coyote. (Wind blows on trocha can so probably do not last well defined for more than a day in loose snow). Trocha showed that C.L. had apparently nibbled at bases of short Chrysanthemum. (one coccinellid beetle found there too). Apparently only occasional individuals out on cold January days (prob- ably not over 35° all day). No trocha in area inhabited by "Charlie." One Circus hudsonian seen nearby. // Drove to site of colony in Dec. 29, TION, R68W., 1/4 mi. NE of Bofelder Res. No. 1. This period, apparently off-

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus January 24,1955 Larimer C, Colo. actively by Norton Meier in 1953. Bently rolling grassland. No rock outcrops. Most burrows in one draw about 1/4 wide wide. Colony in secta about thus: [illegible] sand Dec.29 Many harvest ant (Pogonomyrmex?) mounds this pasture. Mounds about 3/4" high, dry. Ground hard. Soil of mounds with much gravel. Their gravelly soil covers circular area about 10' diameter, & has no apparent vegetation. Burrows here wide spaced - average about 50 yds. apart. Mounds only about 12" high (due cattle trampling?). Are sanddirt's favorable for mounds ants also favorable for C. L.? This property apparently that of Mr. Von Vihle of Ft. Collins. Max. slope with burrow about 10%. Down a flat but vast as slight slope. No brush or bunchgrass cover. Good area to study some physical en- vironment & burrow spacing. I Drew to vicinity of Fipple on U.P.R.R. To vicinity of reservoir on Dry Creek (Sec. 33, T7N, R. 69W. Deepwood (Meier) claims on Wedman land near this. I did not find them but rolling land along gulch appeared favorable. Grazing had apparently been favorable and drew to Owl County times to Ft. Collins without seeing more C. L. burrows. January 23,1955. Nr.Ft. Collins, Larimer C. Visited area of burrows in wide pounded draw some conta line between Secs. 3+4, T7N, R. 69W, just W., County dumps, & Land leased (?) by Ross of Ft.C. Many burrows in bottom + extending near foot of bordering slopes. On steeper inclines, soil thins & more a layer below. 2.3

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus January 23, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Larimer Co., I saw no fresh appearing burrows or C.L. troches. No brush, tall grass, boulders, or other cover. This drains into Fossil Creek. Her earthen den at S. end of draw. No coyote sign or badger sign. (One burrow at Well- sington of badger size but old). January 25, 1955 Partly overcast but no wind so rather warm in afternoon, at 3:30 p.m. I visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. (Sec. 33, T7N, R69W) and saw 3 prairie dogs out. Two at one burrow of E. group; one near N Wedge colony. Examination of snow revealed many troches, some having been made in on hard snow (barely sink in) 4 others on softened (sink deep). Spaces to 10 yds. apart between snow patches but great aspect about 9/10 snowy. Troches near some burrows S. of fence line where I had not seen them before. Apparently much activity on warmer days. No fresh construction apparent the melting snow just ground. Mounds of (many) rodent scratched appearance. Not obvious what eaten. Opened cockle burrs (Xanthium) near burrow, but burrs very com- mon that area. Weed burrow had obvious quantity of droppings scattered near it. Rootstocks of Buckwheat seemed to be eaten. No green food apparent. Probably could crop some line a warm day. I visited groups of mounds inside NW of this colony - Sec. 29, SE¼. There in wide rounded valley leading N. toward Divers Pass. I found no signs activity but did not visit northern half of colony. Soil had fine rocks & was dark in color with fine texture. Heavily grazed pasture. Some

Koford 25 Cynomys ludovicianus January 25, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Spermia close to burrows. One area apparently formerly part of colony had been ploughed. On black soil, a mound of red subsoil stood out strongly. Surface mounds looked crochded so apparently four rabbits. January 26, 1955. Talked with Milton "Pat" Ferree who lives 3 mi. NW of The Forbes (NW of Ft. Collins on road to Laramie). He had colony of about half a section, mostly in Sec. 1, T 10 N., R 71 W. He thought this colony an old one a spreading upthrust very drawn. He had possessed it with strychnine grain last year but without a good kill. Family lived in S. Col. Colorado (Kona & adj. co.) I said many Cynomys there but eliminated by 1080 poison (he talked as if he had personally used 1080 thus without Fish & Wildlife personnel). He + wife pleasant & friendly, the apparent- ly anti- S.C.S. I drove to the colony and saw C.L. out on mounds & running away in alarm. I saw up to 3 together at one burrow & as many as 5 set in one small group of burrows. I saw the first few upon arrival at 10:45 a.m. Only a few small patches snow left here. Some used burrow floors or lined with packed dirty snow. I set live traps baited with whole oats at 4 holes & steel traps at two when I saw C.L. go down burrow, (now captured by 2 p.m.). One pair alarmed by car so to top of burrow & one gave the straightening up display twice. Steel traps put inside burrow when 2 went down; but none caught. I watched one feed, pushing its nose under edge of "Lo Buckloe" loft (almost no stone left became close eating cabin) or grazing). Another

Koford 26 Cynomys ludovicianus January 26, 1955 pushed now under edge strictly near leaf. I found some fine green grass leaves under Opuntia leaves (Bautler?), there the only apparent greener. They scratch 4-5X with forepaw, ultimately, then feed at spot—evidently digging for food (about 1"). (Two shot had green fragments in mouth. Stomach contents one shot their stomach were green too). I shot 3 in all kept them for examination. These were about 2' from burrow when shot with .22 hornet; they did not move more than a few inches & were unable to make strong attempt to get to burrow. This town mostly in SE 1/4 of Sec. 1 (R. 71 W.), overlapping 100 yds. E. into Sec. 6. Downstream colony limited by very rocky ground (scattered junipers; some yellow pine; a shrubby Quercus (?), near & between rocks). Colony on gentle slope, up to about 15% slope, an open ground. Many close to numerous rock outcrops of 10-15' height. Burrows reach N. to 200 yds. from crest of hill; why not to crest? Crest rockier than lower down soil probably thinner. Grass cover the very base of shot grasses with considerable spaces (to 6") between tufts. At some sites ground cracked. Red soil for most part with moderate gravel mixed. To W. a lower broader crest; a few burrows to W. of this but apparently not active. To E. & W. ground apparently suitable for spread, especially to W. where occasional bare spots in grass. I saw no rabbit but 1 set tracks in snow that appear

Roford 27 Cynomy s ludovicianus January 26, 1955 NE Lanmer Co. Colo. to be cat (wild?). I found 1 coyote seat (sowed) near Lunaron. No obvious hawk or eagle perches on rocks (that is no discernment). Considerable amount Opuntia, this seen on mounds but apparently not eaten in spite scarcity greenery or foliage. (Grass under cotin leaves not available to cattle; same may be true of grass under bushes taken by C.L. - they remove bushes + expose grass). No evidence cutting oak shrubs near rocks. 35°. Took one photo from near centre Sec. 1 facing SE. Shooting sound apparently not major alarm. I shot one from car; walked to it & carried it to car; then saw another out + feeding (#2) only 100' distant. When #3 shot, another was half out of Lunaron near line of fire & towards me - it went no lower in hole! Lloyd Holstein, rancher & keeper of Red Top Station, told me of C.L. in vicinity. One group near line between Sec. 16 (owner Stark) & 21 (owner Ernest Roberts of Lunaron) bordering NE¼ of Sec. 21. A smalls These overlap into NW¼ Sec. 22. Another Group, smalls, on Sixmile Creek in SE corner Sec. 22 (owned Magwell). Some of these have been passed in part. One group to Lunaron has not spread in even years. (Lloyd will let me in to investigate these any time). On Holstein land in Sec. 9, 2 miles SSW of Steamboat Rocky a small group Lunaron first seen 1954 □ 3 Sec. 9. Holster thiner C.L. go migrate at least 4 or 5 miles to establish new

Koford Cynomy s ludovicianus January 26,1955 NE harimer 6., Colo. colonies. Holston family leased ranch in the "Roundside" area (to E., Mr. Boydldn Creek, near Rudy Schermeran). He said that C.l. not then remembered to be a pest. But many (75±) coyotes trapped there (he had sheep) by netrappcr. Holston said some coyotes (few) + few eagles in this (Red Top) area. Many eagles on Cox's Eagle Rock rancher (E. of Pochipat) Holston said. L.H. said he found some coyotes for rabbit control + liked to see + hear them. Mr. Stahl, who had land in Sec. 16, did not poison C.l., but liked to shoot them. L.H. look- ed on this as locks cooperation. It is general feeling here that concentrations of C.l. are nuclei for spread to other rancher (probably correct). || When the Laramie road (287) passes entrance to road W. to Holligan Beaver, C.l. burrows numerous on W. side of road (any on E. side ?) L.H. says no, altho he has seen them feeding along W. side road). There C.l. in NW corner Sec. 31 (CTON, R70W) + adjacent area to W.+NW according to Porter Miner. I saw burrows below a rock & earth dam (rowtis in rows); too cold to search further - no burrows near road appeared to be active. This was an F. A. Lewis land, now leased by a new man this area. 1 all 3 C.l. shot were gg with slight tooth wear, much fat, good coat showing no molt line, no repro. activity, stomachs + cecum well- filled. More gg out than 0789 ? Immune, was said shot? colonies. One flea collected from one. No parasites ecto. or endo., found.

Roford 29 Cynomys ludovicianus January 28, 1955 Mr. Loveland, Larmer, Co., Colo. Searched for a town of which N. Miner told me, about 1 mi. NW of Boederles Lake. Found large Cynomys (?) burrows but no C.L. Loose fine sifted dark soil there. Reached Lanny Jordan ranch in Dec. 31, 6 mi. SW of Loveland, about noon. Jordan, about 60, did not like C.L., bower, or coyotes. He still had two lumber C.L., the he had parisons them over as Miner had also. He said the C.L. were getting into his ploughed fields now. He had son who lived near school at county limits to S.; many C.L. thus, he said. People from town came out to shoot C.L. He readily gave me permission to shoot too. I visited but one group— about ¼ mile W. of his home; probably a SW ¼ of Sec. 31. Map: [illegible] To N., a ploughed field, appear out old burrows near S. edge (possibly other rodent burrows dug out by lodgers or rabbits). One field to S.W. of house— another to S. of actinii part. [illegible] colony were ploughed but dry. There had apparent C.L. burrows but none appeared typical—several had been bored out by lodgers; others probably opened and kept there by Sylvilagus. Holes 50yds. apart in loose ploughed ground. Near holes some shallow diggings as of C.L. looking for food. Probably much of blame of C.L. for burrowing in ploughed fields should go to rabbits who open up burrows—check this. Do C.L. open

Roford 30 Cynomys ludovicianus January 20,1955 Nr. Loveland, Larimer Co., Colo. burrows & live in the ploughed field? (also smaller burrow was or of beaump in ploughed ground). At about 12:30 I saw 11 C.l. out. Down stop mounds (2 rows), some foraging & running. The active part of colony in an open stand of Atriplex canescens. Bushes to 4' high. Some burrows against these bushes & bushes not cut down. Apparently no recent cattle grazing on this 40 as some grama stolth 12" tall. I took 2 photos this area. Some mounds large. About 5 of perhaps 50 had been dug into by badgers. Mound scattered & hole bore about 12" diameter. I found no badger scats. Two burrows went down alongside fenceposts so as to make post loose. Several were in the mounds (8-10" high, 1½' wide; covered with down local part of tough grasses, about 3" tall) that seem to form under wet conditions. Why in these mounds? At S. edge colony old burrows in area that had apparently been circulated for ground & burrow win salt crusts. It seems that C.l. get as close to water as possible without getting too close for burrows to be flooded! Check this. Advantage of wetness is green veg- etation. All around this part of town was a belt of 100 to 200 yards of inactive burrows (recent poison?). About 150 yds. to W. was unsettled but this stand of Bantelove grasses with old burrows near. 3/8 mile S. of colony & at 10' lower

Koford 31 Cynomys ludovicianus January 28, 1955 Nr. Loveland, Colorado Level was small lake surrounded by dikes as sometimes much larger. Saw one Cynomys ludovicianus + 2 Sylvilagus near the colony. In active part slope was about 2% to 5%; but in another part N. of dry canal some burrows were at top of a 30% slope as slope of 15% (some doubt if certainly C. L. burrows). Old burrows N. of active part, across dry canal, to W. of old buildings. I set 3 live traps near burrows when we went down but in one have got nothing (using collapsible 8" x 8" x 24" welded wire traps; Not! Live trap Co. Tamarack, Wisc. John King says there worked at Wind Cave). One dog let me walk up to a distance of 100' before going down hole. It gave rapid series chitter as I approached. I parked car 50 yds. from another. At freeze, dead & semicompletely visible to me over mounds tops, 4 remained almost motionless for about 20 min. until I walked toward it. After I set traps, I saw only 2 above ground (this not near where I had walked). I think that in winter they spend little time above ground & may stay down a long period, or the rest of the day, if alarmed. This colony deserves at least a day of work to study variety of mounds & burrow elements & relation to vegetation. I did not visit another, older, colony to north of this one (prob. also in Sec. 31, in NW ¼). // I drove then south to Carter Lake road & looked for C. L. in Delta 18+19, 2 mi. S W of Loveland-Lontrice Reservoir, where N. Merin had told me of C. L. The 3. ½ of Sec. 18 surfaced.

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus January 29, 1955. Nr. Loveland, Colorado. found about 30 burrows on W. side of a streambed. There formerly level grounds. Cover of Bouteloua gracilis (sparser between four inches to a foot) and much low Chypro- thamnus. Slight slope. Several burrows had been dug out by badgers. Paws appeared to be active - cobble surface mounds; no fresh droppings. I did not visit NE corner 28.19 where mice pained some. || The Jordan ranch showed extreme depletion of forage in area of C.L. burrows. No bedding at all for many years. The active colony way down had no grazing last year. || Some burrows at Jordan's contained mounds of loose shale flakes, about 3/16" thick & up to 1 1/4" long maximum; pure shale, no fine soil mixed. Some other mounds contained rocks up to half-foot size; apparently C.L. dug them up. January 29, 1955. NW Weld Co., Colo. Near Rockport on C.C. Aces Ranch I saw 2 out, about 100 yds. NW of corral, about 11 a.m. Overcast, mod. wind, & about 40°F. This area heavily overgrazed - only widely separated local parts Buchloë in most of area. I searched large town on Brange's Dec. 33 but saw no C.L. Some luck on Dec. 22 in C.P.E. R. This last appears to have been cleared out without knowledge of Jim Lawrence (lessee) or Klipple (by O'neill?). || I looked at burrows & mounds on S. side road 4 mi. W. of Pierce. Saw no C.L. a traler. Man living across road, 10 yr. resident, said this persisted 2 yrs. ago (53?) and no dogs left he thought. This land very heavily overgrazed. Soil silty & dark grey & with

Koford 33 Cynomys ludovicianus January 29, 1955 Weld Co., Colo. so little snow probably would blow readily. Colony on 5% slope of W. aspect, on both sides of draw-all irrigation ditch. (Belonged to Dr. Crum of veterinary school of Colo. A & M.). January 30, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Half overcast but windless. Went to Spring Canyon Dam colony. I saw at 10:30 a.m., 13 prairie dogs out on area of 300 x 100 yds. Most N. of E-W fence. I set 5 live traps near 4 burrows when I saw C.b. All set by 10:40 a.m. I walked away from them. Wolf an hour later about 4 had come out 200 yds. E. of where I set traps. At 11:10, 2 out about 50 yds. W. of where I set traps (in W. gp. holes). 11:20, 3 out to W. of traps, 4 about 4 out N. of fence in E. group, 2 out S. of fence in E. group; none out close to traps. Traps were set by burrows. Way of there? - 20 come out other holes or stay in? Probably stay in - only 2 out in trap region at 11:45. 6 out (4 N. of fence) in E. group at 11:45 - so not all out yet. Overcast 9/10. Magpie constantly heard in tree 1/4 mile from C.b. burrows. A Sylviolagus seemed on a mound 100 yds. from the C.b. One dog frayed at edge of flat that is sometime windblown, all near edge of dry pond. || Departed. Returned 1:45 p.m. when sky all overcast, but calm, not cold. No C.b. in traps, but 14 seen out at once - S.W. gp. SEGP. hill (2) [illegible] low (3) [illegible] x x x x x x x x x x ↓ slope (2) (possibly 3) (7) East group dry West group lake obs. from road.

old burrows. Corral slope SE E.g.p. SW Rocky Newton Wigp. pond bed bottom bed dam crest -101 hgt culvert dirt to spring Canyon Dam Ft. Collins

Koford Cynomyx ludovicianus January 39 1955 Na.Ft. Collins, Colo. C.L.s paid no atten. cars passing on highway 150 yds. distant. One on a mound since morning; I put traps there 2 p.m. & quickly left. The C.L. (as nearly other) ran 20 yds. toward me 4 down hole (not both down, hole). Shoe-I watched from distant point 200' above level colony 4 to W. about 2:20 at least 4 still out in E. group (had not been alarmed by my setting traps). Then in 10 yds. dean. me on park bed near edge. Two seen to go down same burrow. One seen to run about 60 yps. (from park bed) to go down burrow. An airplane passing 2000' overhead (noisy) seemed to cause some alarm (to far to hear calls). 2:45-2 2:45] flew out. F.t.e. saw 1 out in E. group (prototype). Calm but darkening. Light from north with 420 p. photo eff. meter. 2:55, 4 out in E. gp., 2 in S.W. g.p.; 6 total. None out in N.E. gp. Apparently some have re- tired for the day. Foraging day probably short in winter & perhaps dependent on weather. | This colony apparently remnant of larger that extends 500 ± yds. to S. of it. Park bottom has much vegetation, apparently different from higher ground. Another coper (= dump col.; some dogs) with definite colony of 40 Ariege deer 1/4 mile E. of this one in a creek draw. 3:25, 6 out in E. gp., 2 in S.W. g.p. None seen in N. center grp. since I arrived this morning tho I set no traps there 4 did not work through it. 3:45, two out in E. gp. One now alone by other. (one shed staked in snow). walked down burrow. Other followed down. One of S.W. g.p. out 3:45. Cimmer (cim.-tris.) concert, calm, 5½°C. Now only a few patches snow left. At 4:15 more out; ran at 4:30 when sky cleared our sun shut sun set in E. gp. I took up tapes. No wholecoat bait near holes taken. Apparently, trap presence keeps in burrows. I found an area of

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus January 30, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colorado. about 6 x 6 ft. covered with diggings, to about 3" deep, apparently to get at roots (one juicy root 3/4" diam. obviously eaten off). Around some mounds tracks cover ground in all directions for 5 days or more. Like badger bed thick with Xanthium bruns; at same site after about 10% have been opened (probably) by C.L. to get seeds. Tracks at top snow show wide-apart leg gait. 3" 0 00 → 00 0 0 → 1 4" | pads Cleat + pads too conspicuous in tracks atop hard snow. In soft snow where snow is 2"; tracks appeared 0 0 4" → (possibly double prints). 0 0 4" → 1 < 9 in. → January 31, 1955 Wind Cave Natl. Park S. Dakota, Driving from Ft. Collins to Lusk (Wyo.) saw best apparent C.L. country (most rolling, least broken) in Cheyenne region & N. to Mrs. Bean Mtn., || In Wind Cave Park we saw several C.L. out foraging on Buffalos Flats town or Highway. Supt. Armstrong friendly. He said they had poisoned prairie dogs near boundaries in accordance with Cole's recommendations. The team on SCS soil moisture site had been poisoned out & frame removed (so not exclusive now in parks), Grazing intensity much reduced by reduction of elk 4 years past (?) year, & more bison increased by removal fences. Poeture said to slow down until it's at a point outside parks. They had "rubbed out" two times with 1080 poisoned grain, he said. One area near border, they had given poison to rancher

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus January 31, 1955 wind Cave Nat'l Park S. Dakota ens + let them do it. He had no objection to C.L. in parks & found them as fine tourist sites (he was very proud of the inter- pretive prairie dog sign near Norfolk Dam town). This town now the largest one. There was no water in dam due to dry season last yr. He said that the S. Dakota legislature had sent a mem- orial to congress last (?) year requesting that all rodents be eradicated from National Parks lands in the state (this tied up with a Badlands boundary dispute, S. thought). Ferret- by range two escaped from Dennington's house (one later turns seen in Buffalo Flats town; Norfolk town who alone I could have got); one released in Shattail Canyon town). Cabela's had found releasing ferret line. Barnes of Custer (F.E.Wildlife) had caught the ferrets for release, taken near Midlands, S. Dakota. As to predator, E.S. said had seen coyotes recently. One man had re- ported 10 loggers near where elk pawed he thrown (last yr.). Wind Cave file as memo, dated Aug. 22, 1951, says that District can now authorize control native animals in parks, if surplus or damaging vegetation (Order No. 2 to 40, Sec. 14, June 11, 1951). In 1951, Aug., central authority near Badger. in Badlands N.M., but not yet in Wind Cave. Harvest ants (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis). Methods poisoning studied by Dept. of Entomology. Store up to a quart of seeds in nest (compete with Cynomys?). Number nests/A. series considerably. Does overgrazing favor establishment? Wrigled some mate & start new nests. In some areas Cynomys. Food for them? (ants, arachnids).

Koford 37 Cynomys ludovicianus Feb. 1, 1955 Custer, South Dakota Talked with Walter Hanson of U.S.F.S. who had done study on mt. goats in Black Hills. He told me of C.L. colonies near Pierre (on Missouri River). He also knew of some near Denver, in S.W. S.Dak., near Ellis Mtn. (old town too that area). In Custer area few left because of long poisoning. Local cattle men of F & W. Service were George Barnes and Archie Hower of Custer. The U.S.F.S. attitude toward C.L. seemed to lie to get rid of them. // I visited "Hart" Keldson, county agent, to find location of Barnes. Keldson knew little of rodent + pocket gopher. He received complaints + sent them to Barnes & Hower. Keldson thought pocket gophers an especially great problem now. // I found Barnes at his home W. of Custer near westrick. He was about to go out trapping, but took about an hour to talk to me. I think he was truthful tho not too observant. Barnes had worked in Nebraska panhandle & W. North Dakota for years. He said that all through White River drainage there had been many C.L. This in- cluded Pine Ridge Indian Res., where 40,000 A. poisoned are summer. One town 5,000 A. In W.P.A. days (30's) much poisoning a division some recreation. Indians objects to poisoning as they eat C.L. // Barnes sends reports central operator to officer at Mitchell, S. Dakota. He formerly made maps of towns known. These showed small town radiating out from large central town "like spokes on a wheel." Eastern boundary of C.L. range near Pierre, he thought. // In Weird Cave N.P., Shuttail town old & rotten seem to have ground, with few C.L., or oldest part in bottom. Buffalos Flats town started about 4 yrs. ago. // Old towns always re- invaded. Barnes does not think even move out completely from one colony - very old burnours them, for generations. Barnes

Roford 38 Cynomys ludovicianus Feb. 1, 1955 Custer, S. Dakota said abandoned ploughed ground seems to be preferred over native for burrows. Also line of old fence preferred (disturbed soil?). One preferred site was hardpan cortina flote. He knew of some in sandy bottom of Cheyenne River. In sand from mounds especially large. // Distant movement - colony started near Pringle, about 10 mi. from nearest town (in Wind Cave N.P.). Occasionally one seen out by self, perhaps in shallow temporary burrow. These always females (he thought pregnant). Bannen said. Largest forms over a section in size. Some Colony may start with a pair (as soon as he thought). Usually start in bottom with higher or wider drawn in time. They like buffalo glass ridger, he said (four or ridges in Colo.). // Prairie dogs very tame at Devil's Tower (one visit) but wild at Wind Cave. Bannen said never killed on road. Rattlesnakes sometimes lie in paths in grass. C.L. jump over. Snakes probably eat C.L. Usually snakes. Many snakes sometimes seen in C.L. burrow, dibernating (snakes go in in fall, Sept. ±). Main predator in eagle. B. never saw rattlesnake but saw where one caught; old timer. B. thought coyotes little effect because many coyotes in old days when many C.L. He said C.L. sometimes turn over rocks & set minute. He had also seen eat grasshoppers. B. said poison seldom gets all. After poisoned do not all gather on part town. Survivor very smart & hard to trap or poison in spite repeated parawings. B. had also used smoke leaves & exhaust fumes to kill C.L. Rarely are holes interconnected or shown by smoke. Brown fields in - wooded sanctuary, usually permanent burrow adjacent, shells

Koford 39 Cynomys ludovicianus Feb. 1, 1955 Custer, S. Dakota in grain. Cut down much. Sometimes antelope to subside burn our 100 yds. out in ploughed field when no way, Barnes thought no rodent presence to range here. He mentioned, how- ever, that C. l. in planted wheatgrass could keep clear only the area around burrows. May dig in shale, B. said. Feb. 2, 1955. Talked with Archie Howe, the fifth F.A.W. service trapper, who has been here since 1921. He seemed less observant but than Barnes's man liable to interpret say what he had heard C. l., but not talithaic or exagynetric. He thought Pine Ridge area or White River country had always had many C. l. Area from Ogallala (spill?) to Cheyenne River once covered with. He said in gumbos soil area more. When asked about sand, said not in. Migration—he said he ran over an about 5 miles from a known town (heard of one 2.5 mi. from a town). He told of one town about 50 yds. down, that seemed to get no larger (Pine Ridge area). Barnes had worked controlling rodents at that Indian Reservation, last 3 summers. Poisoning was paid for by ranchers for fruit treatment, at a rate of about 19¢/A. Retreatment paid for by county, along one road C. l. for 5 miles, said Barnes. // At Wind Cave N.P., Ranger Auter (since 1931 but 9 yrs absence) showed us (V.B. Schoffer 42) some prairie dog towns, and told us what he could about them. The Shuttail Canyon town is said to be at W. end. We found much grass or areas said by bats to be inhabited for 10 or 15 yrs. Some of this a flat grasses with buffalo-grass-like (but softer) turf with few burrows in it. Most denuded part was on a red soil slope on N.E. side town; this apparently

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus S. Dakota. February 2, 1955. Wind Cave National Park, recertivarin (Dute says), I saw half a dozen lodges bored out holes in short examination. 1/4 mile W. of town were two old eagle nests on red limestone cliffs. I found no casts or bones below, but difficult in snow. No eagles seen. /The Bison Flats town said to be more recent, 4 increasing. Most of it on rolling grassland (Shorttail camply because of criffs, stream, trees). Old part Bison Flats town to SE, near a dam, said E. Dute. /Naloch Dam town shows great de- struction & crashing of rail near road. I think this due to heavy ice by lice (many droppings). About 10 a.m., in fog, 4 1" snow on ground, I saw tracks of as far as 50 yards from burrows (one to another), but only 2 sets of tracks in about 200 yards of walking. (Saw a few out on Bison Flats town but none on Shorttail (remote from pavement visitors)). Town No. 3 on Sec. 31-36 line (1½ E. of Naloch Dam) said to have been poisoned. Two Badger droppings with C.L. nest of fine grass atop ground. conspicuous war pigeon about 18" high in line in this town. We visited town in Dec. 22 (R.6E, T.53), which had been poisoned a area recorded. This in red soil area showing some heavy erosion. Fence taken down 1954 - had enclosed a soil & moisture experimental plot in town. F.B. (Picked up coyote scat in town No. 3; saw 2 coyotes walk across Naloch Dam town). Few Crotalus in Wind Cave Ph. but many at Badlands D.M., said Dute (found Sept. at Bad- lands). /Prarie dog poisoning due has been carried on since 1952, August, with strychnine poisoned oats. All authorized & recommended by James Cole has not been

Roford 1955 41 Cynomys ludovicianus February 2, 1955. Wind Care N.P., S. Dakota. done, due lack labor. Poisoning terminated by o'day last fall. This I got from film (obtained). Grazing has been much reduced by taking off about 1000 elk & many Bison within last few years & an E.W. fence at old N. boundary has been taken down to increase freedom movement of Bison. February 3, 1955 Yesterday afternoon, day after snowstorm with about 10" snow, Half overcast, 4 moderate wind, I saw no C.L. out from 2:00 to 3 p.m. in Bison Flats & Norbeck Dam town. February 5, 1955. Still moderate wind (10-15 mph.) from W., but sky nearly clear. At 11 a.m. I walked around in Norbeck Dam town & found round hole in snow surface within 2mi one cota burn on where a C.L. had come up; I saw one out on all fours at 11:05 (he went down into hole in snow; no mound visible above surface; clouded approach to 100yds.). Another seen out 11:15. (Temp. 2 °C., shade, 8" height). This town mainly in broad gently sloping basin, but mounds on parallel flat down ridges around, & a few have spilled over to across a creek to N.W. Many mounds show above snow surface. They may well break wind velocity near ground & cause snow to drop, as decrease soil blowing & increase moisture. 11:35, viewing for road, none out. 11:30 p.m., more out on flatfish windy N. portion of Bison Flats town, to near highway, but at least 5 in a wide draw farther S. S. slope especially, the only 5 to 10%, as if sunshine stimulated emergence. At 3 p.m. with mod. S.W. wind, 12 seen out on 5-fooing slope of this draw, +4 m opposite

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus February 5, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota slope (also in sun). Bare ground rather prominent on S. facing slope. C.b. dig a lot, then sit up & eat, holding food. Some food seemed to be bones of grasses, dry at tips. I shot one of that was near two burrows in snow. There were 4 scratched out holes, about 2" deep, in reddish soil with 1/8" icy snow cover. Apparently nests uncovered & eaten. 3:15, only 1 cut on N. slope (10%), 7 on S. slope (5-10%). One fed & gave tiritual yelps (straight line pitch & body) within 50 yds. of my parked car. It was neat, feisty, when gave yelps, I did not drop down from erect paw afterwards. || I spent 3/4 hour walking around in Bintail Canyon Town & saw not one C.b. Somehow protected from wind this a some S. slope, but none seen, among trees. Many burrows here near (30 yds. far) pine trees. || 3:20, shadows long on N. slope & wind about 20 mph. Now out on N. slope & only 5 on S. slope. Dogs wary; I could not drive to closer than about 75 yds. I drove down draw (E.) about 300 yds. to old earth dam about 4' high & 200' long. Here said to be oldest part of town. Mounds especially large & widely spaced, it appeared. Some about 1/2' high & 5 yds. across. All mound-like, not distinct. Large mounds may mean old (or loose soil?). No C.b. out by 4p.m. Their day apparently about 5 hrs. long today, & doubtless many not out at all. || As its former grazing by buffalo or park, Dengerin said that once there were 550 when park less than half present size. NW part was formerly part of Nobek Wildlife Refuge. Now aim at 350 bison but have permission to cut this to about 100 if necessary to maintain range. || Schiffer (V.B.) heard C.b. on Sec. 22 Town near CPER on Aug. 24, 1954. 40 rat traps, previously listed, took now by 6 p.m. 42

Rofoed 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus February 9 St. Collins, Farrier Co., Colo. Interviews Dave Crowe of Brush, Morgan Co., who has been F&W rodent control man in N. Weld Co. since 1948. He marked a map for me showing location many poison towns & a few not treated. He was quiet, intelligent, & well informed. He also had worked in Park Co. (about 1945), Morgan Co., Logan Co., & others. One in Morgan Co. he poisoned a town that had at least 4 all white prairie dogs. As to dogs gather- ing in one area poisoned town, he thought they would not until following repro. season. Poisoning usually not done until mid-June or later to give chance all young to come out. First emerge about mid-May, usually 4-5 or 6 suckers in time births (sayater too) in Weld Co. He said over. litter size 5 usually presumed that this probably marginal. He had recognized no tendency to reestablish formerly ploughed ground. They seemed to start in heavily sodded law areas & spread supralooper. Their own grass apparently doubled and not cut by Q.L. the they cut down sagebrush. Much difference in density burrows. On 3000 A. of Warren Live Stock Co., averaged about 20 A./lb. of 1080 roots (rough 3-4 A.? ), because low density. The big town on Henry Prange place (Sec. 33) poisoned 3 years ago, then last year had many dogs & again poisoned; probably some left still there. Jim Lawrence town near house poisoned 1953 & no complaint last year (prob. good kill). %o kill constantly less, Crowe said. One town lasted late June but later visited & found little effect (young out later?). Late breeding 1954 apparently.

Koford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus February 9, 1955. Ft. Collins, Colo. As to sand, he said they burrow in very sandy soil only when well sodded. Dardiet swam to him about 3 miles N. of Mastina. Largest mounds there on Tony Roman's place (Antelope Refuge, N. Laramie Co.). He had dug out no burrows. Water - C.L. Small rodents tend to be near, perhaps because grain feed, not water. Associates- only Citellus tricolor, important; probably white-footed mice & some ho-goose rats (Citellus spilozona rare). Ferrets - none seen this region (but saw, 2 foxes, Park Co., about 1947, where many other species (C. ginnicoidis ?). Coyotes, badgers, jackrabbits increasing like, Crowck said. (Larger size coyotes higher than during last 3 years). Crowck thought prairie dogs now under control but would not be eliminated entirely. Poisoning done only where complaint made. Farmers pay bait cost (varies); about 12$/A. in Weld Co. & must pay for follow-up works; other pay by A., including follow-up; much variation between counties. See Co. agents for info.). Logan county still has many prairie dogs though now being poisoned (Ft. Collins man). Crowck had no idea about what age a sex class migrated but thought new colonies started up to 3 or 4 mi. from old. We said that small colonies cautiously starting now in new areas (on L.V. project lands too). Crowck agreed to hold off poisoning on towns he was studying, if no complaint by ranchers. February 11 N. Ft. Collins, Colo. Fresh snow on ground yesterday morning but cold & partly overcast yesterday. Clear & fairly warm today (about 38°F). At 11 a.m., I observed the Spring Canyon colony and saw many out. In the E. group

Rooford 45 Cynomys ludovicianus February 11, 1955 Mr. F.B. Collins, Colo. there were 4 or one mound close to fence & another 5' distant. Because of formerly active burrows of W. group, 3 on 1 mound. Two on one mound in SW groups. Some yelping seen & heard. Once I counted 16 total out at once. 7 in E.g.p., 2 in SW, & 11 in N. contact W. gps. (see back p. 33). Tried to walk close enough to shoot one but they allowed approach to only 15 yds. I examined troche in 3" deep snow. Apparently five or more mole yesterday. At one large fine shale mound where I saw one for long when attempted trapping, no troche at all. Food - within 50 yd. Diameter area were 4 spots where Opuntia leaf had been eaten & frag- ments & spines left on ground. Green tissue opposed of precise leaf 2-3 sq. inches detached. Chatted one of these. Another Opuntia leaf eaten, the yellow dried. At a certain W. group where I saw 3 at once, troche did not go to any other burrows. Largest series troche went 40 yds. from 1 burrow to another. Largest foraging trip from burrow about 15 yards. Salsole scraps at same troched spots when apparent feeding on branches (dry). Carcinin at same too but not eaten. Near pond bed where many rockchickens, some, opened as snow surface. Much Salsole too in pond bed. || Burrows (no.) counted by troche in groups of: 4 - 6 - 1 - 1 - 3 - 3 (in area where saw 5 or 6 out) - 2. No troche in SE groups. || Definitely 2 or more in some burrows. At one burrow troche of one went out only about 4', then returned to hole. Troches in herd showed visits to opposed ends sodar, thistle, cow-dung (the no sign eating), as if went to dark spot seeking food. || Troches - one kind in groups 610" 7 o o o → 7. Many troche showed clear scratch of 3 toes as feet brought forward [illegible] all widespreader. Photographed same troche in snow. I stood

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus February 11, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. photed 4 set traps (4 steel) in colay until 2 p.m., None out by then. Ground under snow hard & frozen, but soft and wet on the mounds. Traps buried a sides mounds. I found clear tracks of a mouse (probably Peromyscus maniculatus) that went down into two C.L. burrows. These burrows not opened in snow by C.L.; mouse hole down thru snow into burrow mouth. Rabbit tracks went to same active burrows. Several sets tracks of canids near mounds but no signs digging. One prairie dog track showed digging thru 6" snow, at mouth burrow (in or out?). 3" snow on ground covered this mound, out of sight, but many sticks well above snow. High mounds advantage as stays clear of snow generally. February 12, 1955. Overcast & cold but calm, at 11:30 a.m. visited Spring Canyon Dam colay. One only seen out. Temp. -5 1/2 °C., thin & no sunshine. None in traps or evidence they had been out (latest disturbance & stay in? traps buried). Some sunshine & warm in afternoon but none in three 4 traps by 5 p.m. At 3 p.m. I revisited colay at Lany Gardner's. Saw at least 2 out. Many tracks in snow the snow covered only about 1/5 of ground. I set 5 steel traps at separate burrows showing activity. At edge some mounds where most concentrated in one area, the nut forming a pile. Found several pieces of sherd & broken off prickly pear leaves where C.L. had fed on them. Il Church said eat young wheat plants but not full grain. Whether burrow in ploughed field depends on amt. irrigation.

Koford 47 Synomys ludovicianus February 13, 1955 N.Ft. Collins & Loveland, Colo. At 9:30 a.m. arrived at Spring Canyon Dam colony. Denny color, 4 warm for this season. I saw 3 out at 1 burrow (when no top) + 1 other out. I set two live traps near burrow when 3 seen, 4 departed. These 3 down when approached to 150 yds. Dinner to buy Jordan place where at 11 a.m. I saw 5 out of burrows. None in my 5 steel traps though. I set 4 live traps + walked off. Across a 200 yd. wide ploughed field to S. I saw 2 out + found then 5 burrows at edge gently sloping field. Apparently much room to expand to S. Ticks 100 yds. from edge ploughed field. Covers her coarse low creeping grass (= Distichlis stricta?) that grows on wet sites in this area, 6" + low space between plants. Tall coarse grasses closely cropped + stripes too, so heavy at Dighton (by horses & cattle) are, droppings. Mounds of non-rocky subsoil - apparently claylike or in small holes (foth hadodone 35mm. pie). There C.L. down when approached to 200 yds. All very wary. I stayed in area until 12:38 but more out by then (some on lawn undisturbed). Took up traps & returned to Spring Canyon lunch. Then at 1:30 p.m. Saw 11 out, but now near my steel or live traps. // The Loveland colony in area of Stripes (4-wings) about 3' high. Several bolder dry holes this area. Apparent C.L. burrow centered atop a 2' groove bump —:— about 8" high + 1/2 acre (why?). Another at base of fencepost, loosening part. All in a group To S. of a dry drainage ditch (artificial dug) & upslope 200 yds. from arroyo with water (see now). // On good day at Spring C. Dam, 20-25% population out 9:30 a.m. Then feeding walks slowly, raising heads for a look every

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Koford 48 Cynomys lodovicianus February 13, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. 10± sec. II At 3:45 p.m. at Spring C. Dam colony only one still out, the still day, calm, 4 sunny. More near traps, no sign of troche or eating grain bait. Three seen earlier today about 155 yds. S. of some where not before seen (or troche). Series Opuntias, Many troche near burrow I marked with stones where saw one on first visit here with Baldwin. Probably more out than any previous day in last month. Probably at least 20 percent in 200 X 300 yard area (=12A±). I set 4 new steel traps, buried, on mounds where saw C.L. /Arbeto lopper feeding on grounds 50 yds. from burrows, but food not found. February 19, 1955. Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony 11 a.m. I saw about 5 out, but none near traps. When live trap set none out, but 4 at a burrow 30 yards distant (probably same group). At noon about 10 out, walking slowly, tails usually up, feeding. Now came out of holes where steel tape buried, no troche there! I reset 1 trap & put out 2 new so now 10 set at 9 holes. Nearest approach allowed by C.L. was about 175 yds. They run to burrow, thin gradually sink in farther as man approaches. Some times remained crouched at mouth burrow, tail up, & freeze for several min. Feb. 15, 1955 Nr. The Forby Laramie Co., Colo. Drove to Pat Fence colony NW of The Fabs. Arrived 9:15 a.m. I saw several C.L. out. Half overcast & 20 mph. W. wind. I tried to shoot some. Missed many, apparently because of the wind. Then, bloody escaped down burrows. They seem to start for about 2 ft., then drop vertically,

Koford 49 Cynomys ludovicianus February 15, 1955 Larimer Co., Colo. about 2. drouy lining for first 2 feet on snow. Finally get 3 (by 12:30 p.m.). #3 stayed out, went to other burrow, + fed after 2 others went down hole when groups planned. This one a min. q. #2 taken as follows. I saw 1 on mound & stopped 100 yds. distant. It froze for 5 min., then starts flicking tail forward, & soon starts to froge. A seems ran up to it. They ( same? ) nod, then one smelled near other. Doors are smelled near other. I shot the one farthest from burrow; min. q. #1 was appar- ently unaccompanied & shot at 150 yds. An older q. Probably shot 25 wide seen in all. One gave alarm (?) call at rate 3/sec. Probably only some fraction of total out. By 12 M. 9/10 cu.-str. clouds & 30 mph. wind. Increasingly cloudy. Debated 2 p.m.; a few still out there. // At Spring Canyon Dam colony found 1 steel trap sprung & one with ad. or caught by foxfoot (trap set yesterday). This #8. It had not tried to grow leg but was facing down burrow, pulling. Very muddy & apparently cold & tired. Took all 4 to C.S. A&M., Zoöl. Dept. // No sure evidence new burrows or appearance colony yet. Little or no evidence current repair of burrows. Feb. 16, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Clean day, warm (55°F?), of mod. breeze. At 1 p.m. visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. Only about ½4 grown snow covers. Saw 9 out at once. Two ( #7 & #10 ) adult males taken at burrows 5 yds. apart in W. groups. (One killed for sperm- ortion; #7.0 leptolim). One of these on trap outside burrow. It lay flat a belly & froze as I approached. Then it growled & snarled loudly & lunged at me with open mouth again again. The other, a short distance down burrow, made no sound,

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Koford 50 Cynomy s ludovicianus February 16, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. and did not try to date. In burrow cow grip had - probably 25 lbs. as max resistance. Three traps taken on traps set Feb. 11 but apparently no activity at these burrows until today; another trap sprung, another stopped but not sprung, another with treclin alongside - so much activity today (best week yet this year) + steel traps (No. 1) adequate for capture. No chewing off of feet. Three caught taken by ankle or foot (1 fruit; 2 kids). February 17, 1955 Denver, Colo. Visited Denver Lab of F & WL Service. Met there Weldon Robinson, D. Spencer, J. Neffy, C. Sperry, Mr. Welch, Mr. Ward, & other. Robinson especially in- terested in C. l. ecology because of Thamnophis problems. I had little chance to talk to Spencer. He is said to have trapped many C. l. in past. Sperry offered many suggestions on food (starch analy- sis) work + offered to help me with this if I brought prepared material there, use of darkroom & other facilities offered. February 21, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Snowstorm Feb. 18. Overcast + saw snow Feb. 19, about 6" snow at Ft. Collins. Windy & cold but nearly clear Feb. 20. Today I visited Spring Canyon Don salary at abt 9:30 a.m. Holes at most burrows having traps were plugged with snow. Ground about 7/10 snow covered, wind having blown off much. One burrow ahead a C. l. had come up but not walked on

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Roford 1955 Gynomyx ludovicianus February 21 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. mound. Two of E. group had come out & walked a yard or two on crusty snow, breaking three prints in an inch. Most traps buried. One set almost covered in burrow had been walked over without spring- ig, apparently. 11 07 10, kept in cage, healthy but eats little. Kept in house or a book pack. Not too easy to hibernate. Climbed out of 16" deep box quickly by jumping up at corner & getting forelegs over. When wire put over it jumped up & butted with head forcefully. Makes no sounds. Still easily frightened. Near weasel-like odor on occasions. 11 Cold 5 wind. Revisited Spring Dam colony 3 p.m. More activity had occurred during day tho in 20° F. Two burrows plugged with snow back 3" deep 3" wide hole dug in snow at outside of plug. Tracks up to 100' between burrows. One which has small hole poked up thru snow plug at 9:30 a.m., now completely opened & tracks outside. Two that had many tracks on last warm day showed no activity. About 3/4 of those seen to be used on warm day were opened. February 22, 1955 Partly overcast though near freezing all day. At about 1 p.m. I saw 5 out at Spring Dam colony. One taken in still trap (07 11). This same burrow as 07 9 or 10 taken Feb. 16. Ly. broken by still trap. Damage much crawly, cat-like, It butted more into side many times, making smart bloody. Killed this one in lab 4 days-

Koford 1455 Cynomys ludovicianus February 22, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. mid it (0711). Set 4 new steel traps & reset some of other 10 (1 spring), Notes when 2 traps set showed no activity (first traps set here) snow storm. Another pair burrows that were plugged with snow yesterday were open today. Two plugged with snow had digging about 3" deep in outside plug, but not through plug. Dog tracks near some burrows & dog defeated in one. February 23, 1955. About 2" snow fell, starting last night, but a little sunshine this morning and temp'd to 30°F. I visited Spring Dam colony at 1:30 p.m. & found by tracks that only one had been active. It had walked to several objects that protruded thru snow (cows dung, rocks, Salsola) & had scattered particles of Salsola & exposed more (also Xanthium) beneath. Had gone up to 11 yds. air line from burrow & had made about 4 trips out & back. Since previous storm this same burrow active & also no connecting tracks with others. Present construction profile looks much greater N. of fence line (near in parts but perhaps better grazing) than S. Population estimate 15 N. of fence within 100 yds. distance & 75. of fence within 200 yds. Apparently dead part of colony extends on to S. 1/4 mile. February 24, 1955. Clear, calm, 6°F. at 8 a.m. Visited Spring Dam Colony. About 2" dry snow on ground. At 8:45 a.m. more yet out the same bright & no wind. 9:07, first seen out. Setting by burrow. Same as where only tracker yesterday. 9:10, walker, tail up & vibrating at singular intervals. It puts more its snow here & there. Looks up often as if for danger. [illegible]

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Koford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus February 24, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. up a morsel, sits up on branches, 4 sets, holding food with both forepaws. Walks about 3 steps/sec., with forefoot, or slower. Then finds another toillet. Wandering about within 5 yds., burrow, foraging. Still at it 9:20 when light breeze comes up. Another out 9:20, this one in th E. group, N. edge. It keeps forefoot on a dark object & puts more down to feed for about 1 second at at time. Looks up every 1-1/2 sec. Very alert. No others out by 9:25. Temperature air 2' above ground in open shade = -8° C. (= 17½°F.). Breeze est. 5 m.p.h. from S.E. 9:30, a third out, 100 yds. S. of fence. Then another with the second, 4 at 4:38 a third out of burrow where the two are out in E. gps. N. offence. One of these gave a "jump up". They go up onto hind feet & then head muzzle up vertically, then quickly drop down. Three feed peacefully around one mound, #3 apparently went back in as not seen again by 9:45. Still only the 4 out 9:50. The group of 3, about same size & could be jovs. Occas. one seems with loping gate, belly in upward curve throughout, not straightening trunk in jumps. The 4 out feed near edge dry pond where there is Salsola & Xanthium fruit, no but very dry apparent greenery now. 10:00 a.m., still only 4 out. Little or no breeze. -8½°C. 10:15, #1 (first out) not out in. It (presumably same) comes out 5 min. later. No activity in rest of colony. One crater having two traps had taken Feb.16, prob. used 17, but evidently not since (dilete 1 week at ?). 10:37 #1 has foraged about 30 yds. E. of burrow toward the trio, now 40 yds. from burrow; 10:50, -4°C.; One of the two went in, #1 went in about 10:55. Compared to chipmunker a

Koford 1955 54 Cynomys ludovicianus February 24 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. C. beecheyi the C.l. very slow & gradual in movements. #1 out before 11:04 (other 2 still out). 11:10, only one member of the trio still out. It fed to 5 yds. from burrow. This + #1 still foraging 11:20. //Magpies in trees ¼ mile from C.l. Occasionally see their own colony. There also at Wellington colony). 11:25, a second burrow in neighborhood this used. Two pups in its mouth, one possibly having emerged there. #1 gathered stalks, are about 6" long, in mouth and took them to burrow and down it at 11:30. Some gathering in winter. Only one other left outside (in E. g.p. or earlier). Apparently "decision" to come out & feed mode before 10 a.m. (Captive 0710 most active at about 7 a.m. the kept in unheated room & it is cold then. It took a carrot readily this morning). #1 came out about 8 min. after going down hole with stalks (=nesting material probably). #1 foraged. At a few spots it tugged with stick at something on or in ground (root?). It picked up branch of apparent Salix but quickly discarded it. 11:50, the eastern one on central mound for 5 min. #1 carried 6" long stalk crosswise in mouth. Walked 100' to burrow. Oscar stopped & seemed to gather others. Entered hole 11:58 was out 2 min. later. Apparently ate at or next to burrow. In feeding in snow had sandhills down 3-5 sec. 12:07, #1 manipulated 10" long stalk in mouth. Appears more nesting material. Calm air; temp. 0°C.; clear, } I then photoed burrow of #1. Tracks: six nearly all directions and to within 40 yds. of other active burrows. The latter with tracks only to distance of 15 yds., 2 sites to second burrow there (C.l. from underground?). Fragments of Xanthium leaves fresh on snow. Cithy stem of tall Verbascum chewed up &

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Koford 1955 55 Cynomys ludovicianus February 29 Nr. Ft. Collins Colo. probably contributed to nest materials. Snow melting fast as slips most burrows now bare soil. Place where this seems to come up this morning; it did not walk in snow. No tracks at any other burrows since the 3 when activity seen (we moved today, came out later, tracks in loops to 10' from hole). I checked traps & brushed snow off them. February 25. 1/10 overcast, calm, warm in sun. At 9:35 at Spring C. Dam along two out - in E. group 10 yds. N. of fence where none seen yesterday. 9:57, a third out; in far W. group, 10 yds. N. of fence, where none no activity found yesterday. Temp. -1½°C., shade, 2' high, 10 a.m. 10:02, a second out in E.W. group & a third in E. group, so 5 out. 10:10, one of W. gp. went in; a third one. One of E. gp. went in but came out again (4 total out, both gps.). The 3 in E. gp. are 60 yds. S. of where 3 yesterday (same?). More bare spots in snow than yesterday. Tapes most burrows free of snow & small bare patches, but about 90% ground covered with 1" wet snow. 10:25, only one out in each group (2 total). Much warmer than yesterday at same time yet little activity (1 more spot mound when 3 yesterday). +3°C.; light breeze. 10:40, 2 came out in W. group. One scratched ground saw'l xx with fore and hindfeet, then went in burrow & out 2 min. later. Feeding desultory & within about 5 yds. Burrows. One puts more again again to deep object, probably now dung. 11:00, a new one out in center of colony 100 yds. S. of fence (steps out that left last storm), where we came to looked out but did not leave outside. The one in E. gp. about 30 yds. upslope to E. of where initial activity. 4 total out (11:05). +3½°C., polar, warm in sunshine. 11:20, the same 4

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Koford 1955 56 Cynomys ludovicianus February 25, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. out, last out having gone not over 3' from burrow. It then got caught in my steel trap there. I went & got it (0712). At first it tried to get down burrow, but when I close it struggled to get away. It bit at trap held near it. Crawled & pawed. // At site where 3 out in E. group, 3 or 4 burrows had tracks to them. Farthest distance tracks from a burrow was 15 yds. Some Xanthium burrs opened there, 4 many tracks to a clump of 3" high stub of grazed down Chrysothamnus bush. Several 1 1/2" long green barked stems 1/8" drain of C. cut off freshly. No greenery in grass there. Probably some eating at stubs of Buckle. No tracks from this group to other burrow in area (or N. of fence). I checked other traps; no activity. // At place where 2 out in W. groups (actually 50 yds. S. fence), tracks to 10 yds. from burrows. March fresh eating at 2 down of Opuntia (about 1 sq. inch eaten from each; this place I photographed). At site where we scratched, scratching was toward burrow as if to build sup mound but it did little effect in doing so. Again stubs + stolen Buckloe when some eating activity. Ground becoming muddy with melting snow. Departed 12:10 p.m. // Tracks of us running to burrow appeared: . . . . Distance forefoot to forefoot, 36"; foreft. to hind, 25". In extra long jumps, 30" space from foot we set tracker to next track . . . . // When 0711 put into chicken wire funnel & somewhat squeezed, it started series of alarm chirps - very loud indoors.

Fence ↓ N 078 0 0713 Tn. * Tn. * Tn. * Tn. * Tn. 0712 0 Tn. Tn. Tn. X Tn. X 07 9.0711. X 0710 man man 2 Tnepo Tn. * Tnepo

Koford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus February 26, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Watched Spring Canyon Dam colony 12-12:30. Overcast 4 occa- sionally snowflakes fell, -1°C., light by Weston with 200-300 whe much snow; calm air. Two seen out in E. group burrows for 10 min. but did not stay out (not seen to feed. Probably little activity outside burrows today - cold & overcast (storm). February 27. Visited same colony 1-2 p.m. Took 0713 in same tropes took 078 Feb. 15. Saw two put. One of these at W. side colony 50 yds. S. fence (where saw two Feb. 25), other where I saw yesterday (trap there but has not taken any. No evidence activity at burrow where 143 seen Feb. 24 or at any other trapped burrow (except two, & possibly 1 more). 15 traps still out. Sketch: 015 014 Elbert Feb. 28 2 Jan. Feb. 25 photographed 013 0+17 set F. 28. 011 012 Zankee Feb. 25, Feb. 27 Rocky Hill O3 04 Snow O5 09 out F. 29 06 08 07 142 00 078+13 taken trap 9. 07 9-10, 411, at trap 4. 07 10-11 at 5. 0712 at trap 13. Thus saw Feb. 24 at 8, 41 at X (no activity since). Traps 12-15 set Feb. 22; trap 7 set Feb. 24 p.m. & no activity that burrow since.

Koford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus February 28, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Overcast morning, clearing evening moon. Barometer 50°F. in p.m. +4 mod. Breeze. I was at Spring Canyon Dam colony 2-3:30. Took 4 C.l. in steel traps so follows: ♂14 in T6, ♀15 in T4, ♀16 in T1, ♀17 in T15. The ♂ in T4 had broken trap wire + was in hole at T6. I heard its bird-like chirping from burrow + so got it out. In trap, they protrude the 3 oval glands about 3mm. Both ♂14 & ♀15 do this but strong musky smell only from ♂14. Before going to traps I saw 9 out at once. Snow now on 5% of ground + standing water from melting snow in spots. No apparent activity at other trapped bur- rows except T10. For sample, nos. 7, 8, 11, 12, 13. Took one trap #14 rent 10 yrs. 5. fences on E. side colony. (=T16). Set one additional (#17), 2016 out, not over 1/ burrow. ♀16 taken in T1 had little in cecum (cecum + contents weighed 8gms). Fairly sure activity that burrow (Filtr. 17 (tops spring) = 22 (tracks)). Today first females taken this colony, a 3 - suggests seldom out early. One taken T4 that had taken 2 males. March 1, 1955 Larimer Co., Colo. Visited colony on 80 acre preserve near Wellington. Saw at least 6 out. Photographed tunnel one, "Charlie." Staked about 12 bur- rows at N. end colony where there may be no further expansion be- cause of thick growth Kochia about 1 ft. high. This thistle has rabbit trails making openings throughout it. Thistle stood some years a few apparent old burrows (how long vacant?). Temp. +9°C. at 10:30 a.m. Sky 2/10 overcast + 2.5 m.p.h. wind from W. Another green stricita that grows thickly here the only 4-6" tall is Distichlis, prob- ably not invaded by C.l., but perhaps indicates wet site.

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Koford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus March 1, 1955 Weld Co., Colo. At 11:15 I arrived at Doc. 22 colony next to OPER. I saw 17 C. l. sit in spite of 30 m.p.h. W. wind (wind raising clouds but over ploughed ground). One group of 9 in area estimated 100 x 100 yds. bordering cabined on N., 200 yds. W. of E. fence. I saw an Aquila flying ¼ mile to E. of colony + also 10± Antilocapra americana. I took 2 black & white + 2:35 mm. color photo looking N. across colony + including fence corner on E. + top of hill where eagle perch on W. Group of 3 C.l. seen to go down on burrow. Rep. of 3 seen beside another. A larger one briefly fought with smaller at edge 1 mound, smaller then going into burrow. The second con- centration animals is 2 to 5 of creels near when it crosses N. fence. Tumbleweed blows dry (10') for 3 C.l. but causes no alarm. Much Opuntia up to 4" high, fine, + Parmelia, Stielastrum & reduced to about 6" high & wide. Occasional Yucca clumps, not browsed. Dogs not overly wary. Three at mouth of burrow allowed approach to 150 yds. Wind difficult to walk against; may be 40 m.p.h. I visited vicinity burrows. Most still show no activity. Few tracks, scentings, a fresh droppings, so evidently much less activity here than in Spring Canyon Dam colony. Shreds of Parmelia in active burrows suggest that they may eat this poisonous plant. Much eating of dry Opuntia leaves near active burrows (must have eaten some before today), but no evidence of eating roots Opuntia. Some clumps had about 3% of leafs eaten. Pulled up bare Buckthorn (?) and burrow. Ground wet with water standing near foot banks melting snow. I returned to Spring Canyon Dam colony & took 9± in Trap 3, 220 in Trap 4, + 718 in Trap 12. I saw three

Koford 1955 60 Cynomys ludovicianus March 1, 1955. Mr. Ft. Collins, Colo. others out at 2:30 p.m. Several burrows with traps showed little or no activity (as 16, 17, 19, 15 18, 6, 11, 2), the muddy entrances so tooche should show. Set one new traps (#18). Least snow on ground since a few days after Christmas at Ft. Collins. Trap 4 has now taken 2707, 292. March 2, 1955 at Spring Canyon Dam colony about 2:30 p.m. found 3 in steel traps. #21 in Trops 12, #22 in Trops 8, or 23 in Trops 14. Three other traps were sprung; trap 4 had a fur tip in it. Two caught mice had gone around in circle on- round drag and then drawn themselves tight to drag. One had dragged 2 lb. stick about 20 feet up gentle slope. All had 10+ fleas. Some yesterday had 30+ fleas. Only in this recent warm spell have been insects in burrows - 1 fly, 1 cricket. When approached, trapped one lies very quiet, eyes open, belly close to ground, but breathing visible. Some of the area in this colony has fairly continuous carpet of very shot dry grass. The area of one cynomys runway, about 5" wide, has no litter and mainly rootstoke & base stubs of Buchholz, these covering only about 20% of soil surface. March 3, 1955 Drove to colony at 6450 ft elev. at foot of Buchanan Canyon (W. of Mosville), A N-facing gorse slope had old colony. Nearly all burrows now filled in but mounds many and large. Most of large mounds 9' diam., 4-12" thick at center. Soil appears to be merely gravel on surface of mounds, due to wind erosion, but one can dig into easily with fingers - a fine loam with gravel to about 1" diameter. About 37% snow cover on ground. On old mounds, some had mainly Artenisia frag-

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Koford 1955 61 Cynomys ludovicianus March 3, 1955. Larimer Co, Colo. rida, leafy portion only as far wide as high. I photog one with 4" high composite growth. Main ground cover is Bartolova gracilis. This has seed stalks 12-18" high so probably no-growing line aquipyron smithii lost year. A course 2' high grass, common. Grass cover at this season covers about 50% of ground surface between Laramie. Photog a group of mounds on 16% N. slope at 5, edge of colony (uphill edge). Further uphill steep 4-gro soon gives way to brush. Colony about 400 yds. E + W, 300 yds N+S. N. edge near cottonwoods & willows along streams. Slope of most of colony is 10%. No sign of prairie dog activi ty lost year or+. Some plants Bartolova & tall grass on mounds. Comparison vegetation on mounds between, 4 on adjac Acta trinervis, Chrysopodium, Polygonum, on some mounds. ent areas could be made. How long ago was C.L. killed out? || At 8:45 a.m. clear, sunny, fairly warm (50°). At 5 p.m. Canyon Dam colony I saw 8 out. At 11:30 a.m. at least 3 out, 41 (224) in Top #8; shy 5/10 overcast them. March 4. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. At 8:30 a.m. visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. Calm wind in good weather. 4/10 overcast semidry mod., breezy, semi- shine. I saw at least 11. Most activity on north of troppin area. For example, 2' about 100 yds. west of T18 & another 50 yds.W; one and lummus at larger distance. One in lummus 40 yds. W. of T2 (one at burrow of T2). Two 50 yds. SE of T7. Two 100 yds. NW of T13. In topped area, two seen near T10, two near T11. After one runs 100 ft. fairly straight & fast. Social contacts - one running to man, another as if for recognition - common. Some forage on marg rocks 6-8" high. Air temp. +1°. at 9 a.m.

Roford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus March 9, 1955. N. Larimer Co., Colo. Drove N. then W. to Antelope Refuge & looked at a colony in Sec. 23, SW¼, on Achenman's ranch. This was a fine soil with gravel mixture. Some mounds fine gravel. 3 Taridea burrowed holes seen in 10 minutes. About 40 A. of burrows from stream to foot of a hill. All on slope of a few % facing S. or E.N.W. I saw at least 12 out the air cold, half-amount, & 20 mph S.E. wind. Much digging of holes about 2" deep near burrows - apparently to get at roots. P. Baldwin shot 7/25 with shotgun. Open area day appearing but some fresh eating of leaf edges. Pasture depleted - 8"-12" between little grass. Shrub (Mod. Atriplex) but browsed to about 6" high. Burrows seemed very widely spaced. Some Pogonopymus mounds in same area. Took 2 photos (black & white) of area. Should return here to get spacing, vegetation, & population closer on depleted range. Rudy Achenman told me of this colony, another in Sec. 10 about 1½ mi. W. of Achenman's house. I later visited that one. It was on S. side of road and at least 40 A. in extent. Sec. 10 This was esp. very slight slope. Rudy said it had started about 1½ yrs. ago (he didn't know any C.L. out yet !). A man at Clarence Murns's said it had started about a year ago. I saw 10+ per acre out the overcast & prob. < 40° F. at 3 p.m. Shag revisit this as recent colony. II Drove N. from Achenman's thru rolling grasslands to bluffs where old eagle nests (near Wyoming line) but saw no more C.L. Sheep sign abundant. Why are C.L. so restricted? - must not spread fast or would be more widespread in spite poisoning. Social factors may slow spread of species. II Visited Clarence Murns place. Tropen bloom absent. One man there said now no C.L. on Murns place about

Reford 1955 63 Cynomys ludovicianus March 5, 1955. Nr. Fb. Collins, Colo. About 1½" snow last night, about 32°F. max. today. 8/10 cres. at 1:30-2 p.m., at Spring Canyon Dam colony, I could find no footprints at any of usual burrows. Burrows stay in readily after a few days out when can feed well. March 6, 1955 N. Larimer Co., Colo. Drove to Tony Perrman ranches about 3 mi. W. of Norfolk. He has homesteaded here 1907. Many old mounds of large size on this ranch—in a pasture just SE of house, others to N. These in fairly even spacing, about 15 yds. apart to meet. Many had Poto Pogonopygus mounds on them but Tony says the big mounds built by C.L. (ants contribute probably—Ck). Mounds still bare than surrounding ground but Bouteloua & other grasses sprouting on (also Opuntia on + near). No mounds on flattest areas where Tony thought water table higher. A rounded grassy hill about 1 mi. SW. of house had also had mounds, Tony said (prob. too steep—about 30%). From top of 200' high rock-strewn topped hill about 1 mile N. of Barna's house, I could see many regularly spaced old mounds to W. A live colony lay center about ¼ mile N. of this hilltop—old (a year or two) burrows near foot of hill. Cliffs had 3 old eagle nests. I found 3 lower jaws of C.L. near nests. (Many Lepus remains too). Three bars old. Notoma had apparently taken many sticks & bones from casts. Another old eagle nest ¼ mile to S. Saw 2 eagles flying high. Probably part of eagle studies reported by Lee Arnold over mode line. In spite of favorable condition for 1 pair of eagles to nest, C.L. had been very successful in part. Burrows a year or 2 death within 300 yds. of eagle nests. In one area of old

Koford 1453 Cypronyx ludovicianus March 6, 1955 N. Harmer & Co., Colo. Burrows also in succession had been bored out by Tropidia. I saw 3 within a few minutes in another part of town. The present prairie dog in NW part of burrow area but rather sparsely distributed. I shot 2 AD, one of which was at burrow mouth with another dog. No coyote droppings seen. Roman had only sheep man (cattle two until a year ago) + disliked coyotes + eagle both. He thought the active group I saw had been prowled by Warner Livestock Co. which had some sheep here. || Soil has red gravel intermixed & approximately 90% of surface some areas, but can be dug with hand. (Water cores of packed soil with little rocks (but some grass) above adobe-like a have stood up like chimney up after winter parts moved weathered away.) || The ants Pogonomyrmex seem to build up burrow mounds about 20 ft. across + 1 ft. their own long period, & then capped with dome saucer-shaped depression with a core of fine gravel in center. Many old mounds had ant mounds on them, but apparently old C.L. mounds ideal for ants to make nest atop. || Grass cover with spaces a few to several inches between tufts. Mostly Bouteloua gracilis; but also Buchloe, Aristida, & another shot (= mullein? ) soft grass. Part of active colony + recently dead colony in area at tripled concourse. This browsed but 2-3' high still. Some burrows at base at tripley. Most activity now outside this area, W. of milebld. || Vistich reported group later. Secs. 12+ 13, T 10N, R 69W (1 mi. SSE of Rudy Silvernair). Many large ant mounds this area but saw 3 burrows 50-100 yds. S. road + 2 to N. (is this all? from where?). Most of these on the low wide part mounds. Droppings appeared recent the day.

Koford Cynomy s ludovicanus March 7, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. At 7:50 a.m. at Spring Canyon Dam colony. Clear, calm, about 32°F. 4 warbling. Saw 3 out—but 10 by 8 a.m., 18 out at 10:20. All frogs soon after emerging. Many of these around periphery of trapped area, but 2 came out of burrow at T2, 3 frogs near T12, 3 near T16. Farthest one out of burrow about 200 yds NNE of T13; two 50 yds E of T13. Warm & clean all day. Returned at 1:30 p.m. I saw 12 frogging. Spent rest of afternoon hopping colony. Sec. 4 of this colony is property of George Ross. Ross has lived in this area 65 years. He has house about 2 miles NE of present colony. He said that formerly C.l. near his house in pasture, in Sec. 4 cattle & horses grazed. Six years ago poisoned by 1000 corn, Then a single C.l. seen a year or two later, then increased. He has had a little poisoning with strychnine grain since, but no complete coverage. About 1/2 mile to 6, is colony on property of Mrs. Brace (of Lowlard). Still many C.l. there near wheat- fields. Ross says C.l. eats darnel wheat for space of about 10 yards & digs burrows in field. [illegible] Hanson gave me a q (no. 28) that he shot 1 mile W. of Rudy Lebernans on Mar. 6. Note: Slopes measured with clinometer before this were in 0°, from Dec. 6 to 70. March 8, 1955 NW. Weld Co., Colo. Drove to Wellington colony, arriving 8:45 a.m., light breeze; 8/10 cirro stratus; warm. The farthest N. active burrow is about 100 yds. S. of feed house. Well-drained, mowed with fairly tame C.l. there (staked). Never fed here—a fairly thick stand of Kochia. I walked to near S. end colony & counted 35 within boundary fence, 10 in heavily overgrown pasture to S., & 1 just S. of fence across pasture. Because northern part colony hemmed in by thick vegetation, & a silo next to

Koford 1955 66 Cynomys ludovicianus March 8, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Colo irrigation ditch, probably there will be little or no expansion in area within preserve, but probably will be expansion to S (4 to E of 5 part) in non-barren pasture. If will not be noted at this end good for mapping to watch for change, dry pond [illegible] I was surprised to see many in open stand of Kochia. These stood up high when we gave alarm call. at least two large mounds in the Kochia, coming to height of tops plants. Population here seems to be high. Then I drove on to see, 2-2 in C.P.B.R., Nr. Nunn, Colo. There were many at there 10:30 a.m., when temp +15°C, 4 breeze about 15 m.p.h., = 37 at least.

Koford 67 Cynomys ludovicianus March 8, 1955 Nw. Nunn, Colorado Saw 1 N. of fence at west end colony. Two active burrows thin, 35-70 yds., N. of fence about 50 yds. west of stream. Two shallow old burrows 30 yds. N. of those. None to E. of streamed N. of fence. Opuntia shows heavy use. Half of small clumps eaten or broken off freshly, some whole leave broken off at ground level. Within 15 yds. 1 burrow, 7 clumps Opuntia show use. 4-6 show no obvious use. Throughout colony similar eating opuntia. Skin of leaves still grown in despite zero temps. during winter. Some fragments in bur raw months, 4 Parmelia too (brought in?). No digging for roots in this colony (much at Spring Canyon Dam) the shallow scratching among Opuntia clumps, 1/3 on flat ground, floodplain of stream, many sunken areas about 2 ft. in depth with 4-6 foot deep with burrow leaking off from bottom - no mounds; may be cottontails. One had cut Salsola at mouth as if used for nesting material. Daucus sylvestris crushed in mouth of a crater 20 yds. from a mound with a C.L., rabbit went down hole about 2 hrs. later rabbit seen at mouth some burrow. Saw 1 grasshopper nymph. At top eagle level found many old remains Lepus but no Cynomys. Then I found 4 other fresh eagle casts (saved; these remains collected in Doc.). Saw 1 eagle 1/2 mile distant while at colony. 1/3 active burrows 2 yds. apart apparently bored out by badger last year. I picked up Lepus (Cervis?) droppings at 3 sites near burrows (saved). At least end colony I found three active burrows (C.L. seen or heard at two). These were 50

Koford Cypronyx ludovicianus March 8/1955 NW Weld G., Calif. 4100yds. E. of fence. One shallow unused 50' SE of eastern mort. No area of unused burrows at N4 E. Extimatic colony although some in colony apparently not (plugged).! In mounds I found 3 old shelly C. l.; took measurements of all individuals. Snow now nearly all melted from this quarter section. Some had foraged on flat grass-covered floodplain where no mounds. I set 15 live traps in SW part colony bordering with raked oats. Left there 1:30-at 3:30 none sprung // at 3:30 (30 mph W. wind) colder but well above freezing of 20 cirro-statice overcast. I saw only 2 out in Sec. 22 colony, // From 2:15-3 p.m. I visited the large colony on Orange place (R. 65W) that was poisoned last year, period '54; but I saw no activity (good kill?). // Yesterday Mr. Borr told me that sometimes annual mice came up thich when C. l. poisoned. He thought some good in all animals. On his deer, 4 pasture people sometimes shot C. l. A few years ago one man claimed to have shot 32 in one day. Borr said oldest part of Spring Canyon Dam colony near the pond (a Goodill property). March 9/1955 2/10 cirrus clouds, 20 mph W. wind, 4+15°C. at 10 a.m. at Sec. 22 colony. Apparently none in traps, 6 in next hour now came out near traps except 2 at distance 10 yds. from traps. On the rise in center N. part colony, 9 counted, 6 being in area 5 yds. drain. There 6 10yds. uphill from dam slope. Two others fed on wet ground in bottom where snow had melted. Two came out of an burrow 4 or now 50 yds. ? fed. A robin (Sylviolaque) head pecked out of one of the silkhole or flattest bottom. At 9:50 when I arrived an adult Aquila fl ew up from an ar near grounds in colony, circled 6 rose & soared away. (Mud white on base tail & near wrists). This same (opponent) eagle returned!

Koford 1955 69 Cynomy s ludovicianus March 9, 1955 NW. Weld Co., Colo. at about 11 a.m. when I was checking traps. Traps - ran after spring but bait entirely gone from 5+ (miles ?), very dry air & wind increasing. Left loc. 22 colony, 11:45 a.m. || 12:15-1:30, visited old colony 6 mile SE off & CPER Nolting Dr. Sec. 243, T 9N, R 65W. Crouch had poisoned there 2 years. I found no active burrows. Old burrows scattered about 1/2 mile along a very shallow draw - 4 1/4 mile upslope a larger tributary. On both sides of 25-50 yds. wide bottom, when blue grama & Sphenothamnus (to 1 ft. high) thicker & land flat across valley (gently slope downsloping age). Up slopes to about 10% slope. Soil rather sandy, rather than claylike, with little rock (reason for going no farther up slopes?). Few burrows more than 100 yds. up slopes; most within 50 yds. edge better. More than half old burrows apparently made by rabbits, especially Lepus townsendi, judging by digging (larger chamber than C.L. diga) and dropping. Rabbits keep old burrows open! Some eroded leaving central chimney of pocket soil & bone grass. This low consistency of poor brick mortar of fine sand - not easily broken. At each burrow an area 2 to 5 ft. in diam. when stubs of old grass lifted but no growth forbs (rare exception). Aristida longiseta present but not near C.L. wounds especially. It is common next to old apparent Pogonopyrum wounds burrows (as photos). Lepus diggings could be sometimes mistaken for Tadidae diggings, but a few (4) seem fairly surely old Tadidae work, there in one small area. Spacing of burrows wide - 50 yards or so apart sometimes; many about 30 yds. apart. For apart = ? - new colony? sparse food? Wellslope irregularly not filled with yellowish area where Brachylophus prominent (aedesotale to 1 ft. high); left Brachylepas common. Buttons were solid yellowish in aspect. Trace then to "ghost town" Hector Sec. 354 36, T 10N, R 65W., where Crouch

Koford 1955 70 Cynomys ludovicianus March 9, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. Rod poisoned 1954. Saw 9 Antilocapra nearby, found coyote carcass & found apparent coyote droppings near it in 3 burrows. No fresh C. l. works seen. Most mounds on bottom of ¼ mile wide draw (not stranded) where slope 1 to 270. Some up east side bank to 1270 slope (face W). None atop thin bank when land was level 20' above level of bottom. //0 paced distances between 5 to 9 burrows in approx. straight line; 4 trails, one: 14 yds. on 1-270 slope, 16 yds. apart (also 16 yds. & 19 yds. 2 other trails), + 15 yds. on 570 slope. So fairly constant average below about 17 yds. All but 2-6 routes was 15½ yds. No mounds over 8" tall. Surface soil neither loose or fine sandy.; gravel in subsoil as shown by mounds. On much of flatter ground aristida conspicua. It makes up about 10% of plant cover at most & stands 6-8" high Baa & Bgr = (Buckler - Pantlana) while Bw - Bww only 1-2" midheight. // Returned to Dec. 22, '54 catch in traps; closed & left them. I saw 3 still out 4 p.m. in 30 mph warm wind; sky 8/10 ci.; 4 alto-cumulus. March 10, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony 5 to 7 p.m. Found my saw chip camouflag had blown off of some traps and 3 C. l. in traps. There may have been less than 2 (07 31) or 3 (07 29, 07 30) days. 07 29 was in burrows, having pulled wooden drag to entrance. Upon being killed this we let out much apparent pomer. 07 30 had gone around around rock gap drag, forming a cone of earth, but no digging down. 07 31, at about 6:30 p.m., in dark, had burrowed under edge of mound come nearly out of sight from surface. All 3 had 2 ot fleas (cord). I took eye traps 3, 6, 7, & 18, + set new traps nos. 19, 20 & 21. 07 29 nos. in trap 3, 07 30 in T 3, 07 31 in T 43. March 11, 1955. Took 07 32 in trap 10, 07 33 in trap 9. Set 3

Roford 1955 71 Cynomys ludovicianus March 11, 1955 Nr. F.B. Collins, Colo. more troops in Spring Canyon Dam colony (nos. 23, 24, 25); at this colony I saw 3 out at 7:10 a.m., ran trapline 1:30 to 2 p.m., saw 6 out at 1 p.m. Retrieved 5 p.m. + checked all traps but trap now spring. 20 out now; mostly no.1 steel traps but 4 at no. 0. 1/4. 0 seems lone skull or pull out a cotch only tips two. No bait used. March 12, 1955. Warm & clean, at 10 a.m. I saw 7 out at Spring Canyon Dam colony, 2 N. of fence on E. side, the others scattered in S. part colony. Visited traps & took 34 from trap 22, 35 from trap 21. There in addition to the 7 seen. Both in burrow, caught by one hind leg. Both put in small cage; some minor fighting & snarling but apparently no bennestone. Burrow of trap 6 shows no further cues; evidently occupied by only 1 (captured) in winter. Since waning of weather, the winter burrows peripheral to winter used (snow tools) were used - such as near 24, 25, 20, 21. Burrow where we saw today is 80 yds. NNE of #8 (used winter). Still much digging to 2 or 3" deep near and on edge some wounds. Two had 1/8" diam. white root chewed at bottom of digging. March 13, 1955. CPER, Weld Co., Colo. Visited Doc. 22 colony to mop at 10 a.m. Several C.L. out, some within 5 yds. of shut down live traps. All snow melted & some water standing in creek bottom. No green fobs seen yet. Much evid- ence of satirigs breaking off opuntia leaves. Some burrows at does fine parts of W. fine may be of C.L. I picked up 2 groups old coyote seats on colony. Saw an Aquila sun colony at about 11:30 a.m. Some greening now starting in wheat fields. At about 4 p.m. visited Spring Canyon Dam colony and found 3 or 4 in steel traps #7, 36, 37, 42, in trap 15, where no acti-

Koford 1455 Cynomys ludovicianus March 13 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Itty apparent for long; 7 37 in trap 25, set March 11; 7 30 in trap 8, but had pulled stick frog to a burrow 25 yds. to N. 4 was in this one. In burrow caught by hindfoot, they give very strong resistance to being pulled out - perhaps 15-20 lbs. resistance. One full with dissected decorated leaf now about ½" high, seen several sites (Cogs wellia = Zlomabium ovinbrai) March 14, 1955. Visited same colony 10-11 a.m. Saw 6 out + 2 in traps. 7 39 in trap 9, 7 40 in trap 11. 7 39 had impref. nukea; probably spaying; 7 40 recent or near ovulateri. Fresh digging at edge mound area seen - about 2" deeps. No (sign) green vegetation in hole. A ½" high fall sprout next to hole not taken. A few flies seen near holes. Clear warm day with mod. wind. Cold 4 overcast in afternoon; light snow evening. March 16, 1955. Visited same colony 12 m. to 2 p.m. Snow 2" deep save. Saw 3 out in area 50 yds. SW of trap 15. I searched colony 4 put stoles dug burrows (about 15) where there were tracks. No tracks near burrow when the 20 traps set, N. of fence, tracks at only one burrow (30 yds. NE of trap 8). In area SW of trap 15, 6 burrows connected by (Caryoditeiria) sandra; one food trocha. Some trocha to Chrypothernius stely, roches, 4 saw dung then being dark objects sticking out of snow. Apparently some nibbling at woody Chyseos stems 4 at dung, Digging near burrows from 1" to 4" deeps, 4 at bottom stubs of white roots ½" diam. In vicinity trap 26 4 ½ N., two burrows 30 yds. apart connected by 6+ sets trocha in fairly derisit path. Near trap 25, trocha went 30 yds. out on E. & W. side of a central burrow, but a hole about 5 yds. from eastern limit trocha. In same area me

Koford 1955 73 Cynomys ludovicianus March 16, 1955 Nr. Fb. Colling, Glo, burrow showed tracks , of more connecting to other hole; max. distance from burrow 3yds. Two burrows showed tracks indicating that one had come out to mound only, 4 gone back in. Apparently at least 9 animals still left in this colony. About 1 p.m., an angle flew over - first 2 hours seen close to Ft. Collins. Gtensiv mouse tracks seen in three places near dry pond. Rabbit tracks not in colony but in area around it. Took several photos of tracks in snow, 15. [illegible] = poor tracks 16. 18 Cond Sand no tracks here Dry pond Burrowed area near 26 and 15 evident tracks made yesterday too, Chrysothamnus bases definitely eaten. March 17, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Glo. About 9 a.m. visited Wellington colony. Wind about 30 mph. 4 fold (<40°F). Fawn seen out (Charlie & partner, c 2 others, one be- gard fawn in averaged area to S.). Ground about 81% snow cov- ered. At 1 p.m. visited Spring Canyon Dam colony & searched for activity. Snow soft, air about 34°F, 4 10 m.p.h. wind. Very little activity, judging by tracks. One near

Koford 1955 74 Cynomys ludovicianus March 17 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, G. 16. 18 showed tracks out 4 in (same as yesterday); one had opened snow hole to surface N. of trap 15, but no tracks outside. Only other activity at a burrow 10 yds. W. of no. 6, when no activity noted before, or one 15 yds. S. of this (snow burrow or an unvisited burrow), then two connected by tracks. Much activity to 15 yds. away out in 3 directions from main burrow, 4 some scratching out at burrow mouth. Tracks to unused rocket corndung, but also to several spots where partly eaten opened Kankaimium Burrnold. Probably 20 of these seemed to be freely opened. There burns common at dry lake bed. Tracks also at no. ?, when tracks out to 5 yds., 4 green - healed stems of short Chryso- thamnes definitely eaten. Much ground with sheper's of Buckbi appeared, & near burrows, but apparently there not destroyed by Cynomys. N.E. Larimer G. 16. March 18, 1955. Clear warm. Muck meeting of snow. At about 9:15 a.m. arrived at Doe. 10 colony 1 mile W. of Rudy Ockerman's house. Area with prairie dogs extends from near N.E. corner of section a distance of about ¼ mile to 5.4 ½ miles to W., a few burrows at W. edge of Doe. 11. Ground 8/10 arrow covers, Brown covers blue grass, buff- also grows, ring mably, with spaces between up to 12" in more at some sites, 4 Atropos caespitosa, some growing 2' high but most- ly cropped to an inch or 2 high. No cattle present. Colony on gentle slope, mostly 1-3%, but on slopes up to 10% on border- ing hills. Little rock in soil or mounds, but rock exposed on western low ridges (shallower said limits steepness on steep slopes?). Two burrows about 8" diam., 4 perhaps bored out by Lepus or Tafidea. One set of 2 cornivore droppings, not fresh, picked up. 16 coyote carnivor tracks

Koford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus March 18/1955 NE harimer G, Co lo. found. An eagle seen 1 mile distant 4 1 Butis lagopus over calmy. One burrow (crater around) had Lepus trocha going out in snow (L. townsendi uses C.L., holes prob.), One C.L. had dug hole out thru snow plug in burrow mouth. Scratching at mouths save burrows in damp soil, but no pock- ing of soil or obvious fur mound repair. About 8/10 of burrow snow plugged. Possibly had been some poisoning here, little dogs well scattered seen whole colony. Two seen at one burrow on several occasion. I shot 5 fromomination & missed about 5 others. Tamist can be approached to about 70 yds., When we had fed, many small scraps Buchloe' bases, No greening here apparent yet on surface. Opuntia about 1-2" high & not con- spicuously eaten; less than on Sec. 22, CPER. Probably this colony will be shot at rather heavily because next to road as N. Within 50 yds. of road but not yet crossed it to Antelope Refuge (heavily overgrazed area). Burrow spacing 10-20 yds., where many. Low limiting slope - why? Probably will persist but this year, // (in Sec.13, N. edge) Then 1 mile 5+1/2 mile E. of Rudy Ockerman's I shot a C7 (C7 46 ) that was with another dog in burrow 50 yds. from road. A few other fresh uppearing wounds in that area but no other trade. Apparently had been small colony here of a few acres, S.W. half of Sec.13 & apparently had been old colony for large regular mounds of gentle contour. When the C7 shot, slope 1-3% & grasses appar- ently mainly ring mubble & Buchloe'. Bare spaces 6 ft. wide between vegetation, Erythrix common but only 1-2" high. Old gentle mounds on nearly flat grounds but streamed at edge terraces drained it. // I drove to be. 22 colony at CPER

Koford 76 Cynomys ludovicianus March 18, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. where little snow (but ground wet from melting), about 1% snow on colony. From W. end about 30 C.L. seen out. Clear & warm when nearly calm. At W. end to N. of fence, 4 at 1 hour, 4 just 85. of fence 20 yards, from there, 3 at 1 hour, No fresh snow of my closed traps by then two hours, one fed in shade of atrop. I watched me eat an 8" long stalk of green barked Elaeophyllum from base to tip, holding it in forepaws. Later 4 found several stalks set at sites & lying on ground: One of 4 went 30 yards, from rest 4 fed at 0 puncta. Two of 4 fed at one 0 puncta clump sometime, 4 1 of 3 on another clump. They scratch at leaf with dog-paddle motion, both forefoot (remove spines?) then bite & tug with teeth. Later shan showed freshly eaten segments green leaves 0 puncta there. One gathered dry grass in its mouth-probably Bouteloua gracilis. Nearly flat grounds of bottom to S. of streambed near center of colony seems found—at least 8 times at once. No green grass yet apparent on surface here. Badger not too active for a prairie dog corser I left in open on hilltop was still contended. I saw a hydriolagus in two burrows. On previous trip saw 1 in one of these same burrows. Parnelia might be eaten for scrape in burrow matches. At another site when scratching grounds seen were tiny scraps 0 puncta leaves & dead roots (possibly eat; white succulent); a detached broken leaf a few yards distant. I baited the 15 live traps & departed about 3:30 p.m. // At 4:45 at Spring Canyon Dam colony I saw more out 4 found now in traps: Tools set traps no. 4, 8, 11/2, 20, 4 23, & spring nest. Snow now gone from colony & occasional Blackgroun (?) a white & brown as well as several many grass near burrows. // Flies found on those collected.

Koford 77 Cynomys ludovicianus March 19, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. About 2 p.m., visited Dec. 22 colony & saw several out near my traps, but none in a bait cage (release not used or mice set bait?). Overcast but no wind. Pocket gopher & Dipodomys scratchings in a sandy hill at W. end of colony, March 20—snowed about 3". March 21, 1955 Boulder, Colo. Paul Morlin of Biology Dept. has had some experience in collecting rattlesnakes in C.L. towns. He said that the snakes wintered in unoccupied burrows, going in in October and emerging in mid-May. For a few days at these times a man had to be very careful in walking around in a colony. Sometimes about 7 snakes came out of one burrow & rested on mound or in entrance. He thought the prairie rattlesnake too small to feed on C.L., so probably not a major predator. Morlin said they used to be a large colony 3 mi. SW of Ft. Collins & another 20 mi. NW of Greeley. He also told me of an M.A. thesis at Colo. Univ. written by a student named D. O'Dell. This had some information on predation on C.L. by eagles. Another student named Ronald Smith was going to work on prairie dog ecology & had done some work in Nebraska. Formerly there were dog towns near Boulder but now few dogs left because of poisoning. A salamander Ambystoma tigrinum was sometimes found in C.L. burrows (check if actually seen). Morlin also said active burrows could sometimes be identified by fact that flies entered, presumably to lay eggs. March 22, 1955. Denver, Colo. Charles Sperry says that Salala does not grow in C.L. towns, but only around them; apparently they keep this weed down. Charles Harrison, an amateur snake man, told me that about 1947 in a dog town NE of Platteville he collected 65 Oritylus in on

Koford 1955 78 Cynomys ludovicianus March 22,1955 Denver Co., area of about 160 acres one day in October. At that time the sneches were already in dens but had come out on a sunny day. I met Ray Fugate, is charge of Predator & Rodent Control in this region, & his cost, Laury. They said that in the area east of Palmer Lake, 7500ft, an erect between Arkansas & Platte drainages, there were prairie dogs that seemed to be hybrids between the black & white [illegible]. There produced young both early (fairly well grown in May) & late (1 pregnant in Sept.) in the year. Control of them was difficult. What range condition? They thought range for in that area. Mr. Nighly owns much of land that area (former St. Lov.). Now highway, then brushland, has dogs both sides. SSW of La Joute there is an area of ghost town, said Fugate, or an I.U. project. In some counties, such as Cheyenne, no control in recent years, & little in Kiowa Co. At Extension Office in Ft. Morgan should be record of a vegetational survey made in a prairie dog area (Crowell should know of this). Most control difficulties with Gunnison & Yuma prairie- dogs. Poison now worthless in some areas or prairie could not take it (in SW Colo. especially). March 25,1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Co/o. In afternoon visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. About 3" cold snow, temperature about 15°F. No sign of C.l. activity at any burrow. March 26,1955. Visited same colony 2:30-4 p.m. Much melt- ing of snow today, but not cool. Examined all burrows where traps had been set or where tools seen after last storm. I saw 4 C.l. out a snow at 2:30 p.m. One allowed approach to

Roford 1955 Cynomy s ludovicianus March 29, 1955 Mr. F.B. Collins, Glo. 150 yds. Two seen about 40 yds. S. of #20, tracks at 5 yds., from one burrow to exposed Opuntia leaf, which had fresh surface 1/2" x 4" chewed. Spine & pieces scattered on snow. At #11, many tracks going NE thin fence to other burrow. Tracks also 15 yds. S. to open burrow, another 5 yds. E.S.W. of that one, 4 others another 15 yds., to S. Dung (raw) evidently nibbled. Then 50 yds. S. of #12 (when no tracks), where one staked after last snow, tracks cut two di- Caur sections from burrow to distance 5 yds. Dung, which sticks up above top snow, visited. / #26 burrow used. From it tracks 5 yds. W. to cowering, 10 yds. E. to appear dry about grass, 4 to dung. Chryso- thamnus stem (stubs) nibbled 2 sites, green Cogswellia shoots on stick took set off at ground (top left), more 1/4" high scratched up at one spot. One place dug thin litter to 1/4" diam. Chryso. root, tracks from #26 to burrow, 10' to S. 4' on to S. 10 yds. Staked burrow when 10" site tracks lost snow now less none (4 now at #26 after last snow). / Burrow #14 & #15 open with tracks, 4 connected by tracks to over 20 yds. N.N.W. & another 20 yds. N.E. of that one. There lost two with little mound (not new); only about 3-4" sleeps. One track nearly straight for 40 yds. Between 2 burrows, Bacca woody Chryso. stub 1/3" diam. cut. | Heavy use of 1/4" Chryso. stubs 1" high near #15. No green leaves at there. Tracks also to 5 yds. E. of #15. Lower stolhe Cogswellia cut off here too (only green fall- has big root deep down, apparently). Some digging to 3/4" deep after this plant. Burn. 5 yds. S.W. of #15 also open. Tracks uncovered castreach to 20 yds. N.W. of #15, where more Chryso. taken. Tracks to S. connect to nearest of 5 burrows there, near Yucca, staked after last storm. No other tracks near these burrows ! Too much after last storm. 5 burrows in SE pt. colony have no tracks

Roford 1955 80 Cynomyis ludovicianus March 26, 1955 Nr. Ft. Colling, Colo. Near (stolied after last storm). No troche at 18, 20, 12, 17, 25, 16, or any trap site to N. of fence! But much near burrow 5 yds. W. of #6 hole that was stolied after last storm. From it many troche to N. arts edge dry pond led for 15 yds. Xanthium burns apparently taken. Saw freshly opened. Some missing seed only (4 bram acusoot). Also from this hole troche to 2 burrows 15 yds. At, 4 on to 30 yds. more S W (one dug out at month samebet), 4 on 12 yds. to open cratn, 15 yds. more to fence, 4 on to Po+11 (this about 75 yds. air line from stolied one). Little sign of feeding dog troche, 5± sets thru fence. No troche in N 1/4 of colony (trapped out or wound?). No building of high mounds or digging new burrows. Main foods = Opuntia, Chrysos thamn; then Xanthium (nr. pond), Bucklæe (incl. stolna & pertilite floats), Ogquellia, & prob. Bouteloua gracilis. No green grass in colony yet. Some areas pure Bucklæe in sparse network stolbe & stolna, March 27,1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. Arrived 11:20 a.m. at Sec. 22 colony at (PER). Snow up to 1 ft. deep in drifts, 4 wind packed, but half ground snowmolars. Many C.L. out, includ- ing 3 at burrow just N of fence at W end colony. I defended snow troche part wooden stake at burrows with troche. Troche showed visit, to farther N. burrow (N of fence, W. of stolened), 4 55° from it for 30± yds. & where 3 C.L. seen. Then 5 yds. S. of fence, at W end colony, troche to Chrysethenum & Opuntia millings, one set to this area from burrow 45 yds. S. of it, 4 2 sets to last from 30 yds., nos to 5, 32°F. in shade, clean, light breezy, some softening. About 15 yds. S. of fence & W. stolened, group of 3 burrows used, 15±7 yds. apart. On N. side stolened on central low hill, a group of 4 burrows in snow with troche between trees. These spread over 50 yds. drain. Apparent Bucklæe stem born two years

Koford Cynomy s ludovicianus March 27,1955 CPER weld 6, G.I.F. apts (sobarn ground), heavy one Opuntia at 3 sites (took photo), parts of Salsola cut off & scattered on about 2" from burrow; one burrow used the snow entirely did mound. (hole in snow photos). Trochis upslope to N., to within 10 yds. of fence. No trocha over 10 yds. outside after burrow. Some burrows within boundary & many (mostly shallow) outside of boundary show no use (peripheral burrows shallow & not permanent at first?). No signs of building mounds or new burrows. No green foals or grass apparent. A plant of Astragalus mollissimus (?) with 4" leaves from close burrow but not eaten, 30 yds. apart. C.F. One saw law hill about 100 yds. W. of these burrows, 2 used & many trocha, I saw 3 or 4 at one of these upon arrival. Evident feeding on green Opuntia & scratching up of bases dry grass (Buckles?). One flat area packed ground area in bottom, 2 holes open apparently used by Sylindrus; another group 2-20 yds. apart about 200 yds. S.E. of fence on W. side stream bed had Trochis & chewed opuntia leaf, green. Another group of 3, 15 yds. apart, 1 on the flattened bottom with slight mound (1/2" to slope?), others up steeper slope. 9 are apparent old shallow burrows on slope than any used. Spacing for for most part, I think oldest part colony on N. side streamed about 100 yds. W. of E. fence. line - down spacing. One burrow had 6" long 4" diam. Chrysothamnus shrub base in mouth & 4" long central stalk Salsola with stolons of tender Salsola used for nest material? On 3, inds streamed mean E. and colony, 3 burrows used. One with 7/4" diam. Cloths dug out or if by lodge or Lepus. To E. of E. fence, 3 burrows showed activity. Farthest E. on 598 S.- facing slope & had many trocha; Opuntia eaten & broken at 3 sites within 20' of burrow. Same eastern burrows as earlier found used. Some 2"x2" pricres green Opuntia broken off. I saw 3 flies, 3 tiny grasshopper nymphs, 10% antelope 1/4 mile S. of E. and colony. Last E. burrow 35 yds. from nest N-S used one, 6-100 yds. from fence. One only 10 yds. E. fence. All E. of fence

Koford 82 Cynomys ludovicianus March 27,1955 Nr weld 6, 6/0. found used ore at N. side streamed. E. of fence less grazing utilization than in SW/4 of Sec. 22. Cheyess Chrysosthenum about 8" high, Aristidae 8" tall. In SW 1/4, much mullerlingiae on slopes on S. side streamed. Another 2"x2" piece green Opuntia in burrow mouth. Much eating & breaking of this, least still much left near burrows (design use only this season?). Took photo of colony from W. end, No carnivore tracks seen in snow, nor fresh carnivore droppings. But found legbres of lupine, perhaps a 2"x2" set toold with old, near mouth / burrow. Saw no eagles here but me about 2 miles to S.W. March 28/1955 Nr. Ft. Collins 3, 6/0. Arrived at Spring Canyon Dam colony 9:30. Snow nearly gone but patches make obs. difficult. Clear & about 40°F. Muddy. Saw one C.L. set at burrow 23, 27, 4, 16. No troops are set now. Spent most of day on colony making maps. Map shows burrows where troops set or known to have been set as shown by gypies, or snow tracks. All licks or burrows present not shown. Saw well built cisterns to W. of S. part colony but no activity has been seen there, probably because of shooting from road. The 3 burrows when I saw out were not used Mar. 26 or 26 as shown by snow tracks. May stay new-grown beyond down 2 days soon now. Cogewillia leaves up 2", 4" a few other false wild. nest side of burrows are 1/4" to 1" high. March 29/1955 Laid out 100' Parker loop transect in area N. of #11 trap, Sec. 33, SW1/4, Departed with help of Robert Bearden of USFS. Paced transect with 3/4" loop from near # 33 to near # 9 then to near # 24. Result plant density index 50, ground cover index 30. Of 100 hits, 27 bare soil, 23 litter. Most grasses in Buckles. The 100 ft. permanent line transect gave 4 hits on bare soil, 9 on litter, 87 on plants (all or most Buckles). Litter often 1/4" thick. Grass + litter cover fairly continuous with few bare spots. Departed 11 a.m.

Koford Cynomy s ludovicianus March 29, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Retained 4 p.m. 4 saw 7 out; 1 m. #28, 2 m. #15, 1 m. #34 (no prey, activity noted there), 1 m. 17, 1 m. 16, 1 m. 10. Set traps at #15, 5 yds., 5 W of #15, 23, 26, 27, 28, 34; stilt traps, buried. Saw a hydriologue at mouth burrow 10' E. of #29 where C.L. troche after a recent snow storm. It stayed while I walked to pt. 20 yds. distant. Carlin in p.m. invited colony in Fossil Creek just E. of Toft St., 5 W 1/4 of Sec. 3, T 6 N, R 69 W. Saw 20+ in 40 A area. Apparently former large colony, there being some part after poisoning. Heavy utilization of posture - much bare ground. Most concentrated near small dammed pool, not bottom. Many troche in mud. Saw to 100 yds. from road. Apparently dogs widely scatted, not concentrated. About 1/2 mile to W., many burrows on hillside for [Dump Col.] They saw 2 near crater burrow in SE 1/4 of Sec 33, 1/2 mile E. of Per. Can. Dam Colony, where brook valley S with many old burrows (I speculated this area once long ago). Active burrow had 15+ soggings within 10 yds. Three first sired burrows from 1" to 4" deep, in bottom of several was exposed chewed end of 1/8" to 3/8" drain, white juicy root with tan outer root (sound for ident.). Cogwellia with 1" [illegible] in area, also green grass (steps?) occasional plant to 6" high; but none eaten found. Took 4+ photos (2 1/4") of diggings, 5+ burrows in 50 yd. drain. seemed to have been used recently. The 2 seen about 200 yds. W. of county dump, where many people shoot at junk targets. March 30, 1955 At 11 a.m. arrived at Spring Canyon Dam colony. I saw more out. Rabbit fur in spring traps 100 yds. W. of #26. I moved this trap (#34) to a site about 100 yds. W. of #15. Q 77 in trap 15, or 78 in trap 5 yds. S.W. of 15, Q 49 in T. 27. Killed them. No activity at burrow #16 so set trap 10 yds. WNW of it. No activity at #10 so set traps 15 yds. N of it.

Koford 1955 84 Cynomys lodovicianus March 30,1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Also set traps at #30 & 35 (not trapped before). No activity vicinity of 24. New entry here for first time this season. Moderate numbers of flies of 30+ kinds near burrows, saw flies on C.L. dung. Evidently there has been abandonment same parts colony though all sides no trapped out (as near 24 & 21). Some burrows formerly old appearing have been opened (dry rabbits at C.L.). Saw Sylvilagus at same burrow as yesterday (it went down insts). Many fleas in traps e.2. One froge lying flat on stomach, just breathing, until I was 7' ft. distant. Took 2 plotter area. Staked out 150' X 100 ft. standard plot around permanent transect [illegible]. Found 8 burrows E.4 & W. of transect. 6 from Ns. 23 were digging to 3" deep. End of chewed root 1/4" diam. in two. Pieces round. White jujing roots, ♀ 49 first pregnant female caught. ♀ 47 not pregnant. ♂ 48 had mole stray swell, sperm, & small ant. semen in sheath penis. In stomach, one insect antenna [illegible]. (30mph) March 31, 1955. Strong winds overcast, at 11 a.m. twisted spring Campy Dam colony & found ♀ 50 in trap 25 (prob. not out of that burrow; not toda). Saw no other ant, no troche. Cleared in afternoon & less windy (20mph). At 5 p.m. found ♀ 51 in trap 27, ♀ 52 in trap 28. [this = 32 trapped this colony] April 1, 1955. Clear, not cold, 15mph wind. At 9 a.m. at Spring Campy Dam colony I saw 14 out, well scattered. I was surprised to see one around #5, where you seen for long [another at #22, & 1 near water 60 yds. E. of #5,]. Diagram of sites where seen on next page, took up all traps. One run 30 yds. N. of 24, when I saw one emerge 18 hrs. ago. Evidently there has been spread & movement, & reopening of many old burrows. Traps gone at 11 - probably

{ "text": "Koford 1955\n\nCynomys ludovicianus\n\nApril 1, 1955\n\nNr. Ft. Collins, Colo.\n\nforgot to stroke it down. Three burrows show new troves & digging\nout of dung & trash on hillside 40 yds. E. of #31 & 32 (3 seen\nfeeding that area). Breech then no greater than sleeved, no more\nfollowing up. On that slope took slope measurements lengthest\nburrow, May 11 on topoq. scale. (4 chains = ft./chain ?). Read a\nC.L. in one of them. One new & burrow apparently newly used\n12, 18, 20,\n30 yds ESE of #30, No C.L. seen near, 15, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,\n35 area. (On same slope used burrows only up to 6 Tops. slope)\n\nSteepest old burrow (round a few\" high, lawn radically), about 30'\nfrom erosion pavement of rocks to 1/2\" drain. // On area of #224\n±5, relatively much Cogswellia; some only 1\" high, but with flower,\nleaves to 3\" long, but no evidence eaten there. Some Cogswellia on\nedge mounds, a catyledon of new dicots coming up (soured zone).\n\nx .31 .15\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx\nx [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Koford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus April 1, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. seeds & ate out areas of green wheat. Last year, first time this area planted, crop poor because "burned up," said Stroh. I saw 20± c.b. on area of about 5 acres near canal. Little or no Buchloe" here, but very closely grazed bunch grass. I saw some out in ploughed grounds, & some burnous thin, but some food there too as ground not recently ploughed. Well farms cotton & mounds. Several cotton had several entrances in side of pooled mud crater top. Saw two one at 100' range - taller than Spring Canyon Dam bunch, probably shot at much less. Much digging to 6" deep in bottom. Done only provenient bunch Chrysothamnus. We set 7 steel traps, buried, no mouse. Less greening here than Spr. Canyon Dam - a good contrast in some climate & soil (?). Soil loams easily dug with hands. April 2, 1955 Nw Weld Co., Colo. Arrived Dec. 22y CPER, about 11:30 a.m. Warm & partly overcast. Saw from W. end about 20 ant. Took up all live traps. Walked at laying out colony into 2 chain square plots. Some fresh eating of Opuntia green leaves. Founds digging of holes to 5" deep, about 14 chains W of E fence on slope & near stream bottom, when standing water & mud. One fob (Cagwellia?) showing near N. fence. A few scitylidan near water. Generally no greening could be found. Wetter sites seem to have Buchloe" stolus mainly. At bottom of 4 holes dug & investigated, 1/4" drain. Shaved off white root with pale brown covering (saved for ident.). Found 3/4" long white grub in soil next to 1 digging (not eaten?). Wind about 30 mph from E. at 3 p.m. & dust blowing. April 11, 1955 at CPER, Kipple told me that there had been a dog town in Dec. 15 E (some 15 W) that was poisoned about

Roford 87 Cynomys ludovicianus April 14, 1955 NW weld G., G6. 1938. Then there was a single dog seen there for a few years (presumably a male) until 1952. Another then seen there (?), and soon both gone, perhaps a good place to look for efforts on succession. April 12, 1955 NE Larimer G., G6. Clear a forty, little wind. Arrived Wellington preserve today 7:50 a.m. + observe C.L. in horse pasture just S. of it. old planted field Gate #8 #7 sc#6 2 109 Distichlis s. 1 Horse pasture heavily bare ground (Distichlis s.) Dike Ditch Preserve area - many dogs - fed grain Counted 16 C.L. about as above, Staked 8 burrows. One spotted seen at #5 (1 pellet found), two at #6 (two pellets). Three horses in W. part pasture. Most ground bare with occasional bare of cropped grass. Large area Distichlis stricta about 4" high with some Koelzinia mixed. Burrows seen in this (drained some season?). At 8 a.m. one (3 block spots left side block, none on right) 50-40 yds. NW of #4 got large mouthful grass (Distichlis) (4 prob. Koelzinia) about 6" long & carried this crosswise in mouth to #4 ant burrow. (On Wellington 10' from builder in ground juncture). Another (appx. from #3) came to entrance. The first out 1 min. later. They nose each other nose, mouths open. One then goes jump up & roll, then other. Scared one went for more grass. 0 den not mouth burrow #4. Searched one into Distichlis Pond ↓N Cattails 165 yds #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 sc

Koford 88 Cynomys ludovicianus April 13, 1955. 50 yds. from burrow, gathered grass, took to #4 at 8:09 & down into with lunch of dry grass (4 Kochans?). Other one ran to #3 as occurred on approach- ed. // In area I picked up 5 Agouti to pellets. They contained winter pastur worthly, it appeared. One large coyote (?) dropping found. String of 5± C.L. droppings connected like necklace - due eating long fibrous food? Saw one C.teller 13-linistes in a C.L. burrow mouth on preserve, set 5 live traps in horse pasturing, 3 still traps in preserve. At 6 p.m. took those up. Caught 2 at #3 & kept alive. Two in still traps. Three drilled: One advanced pregnant, lilly & foaled apparently melting. // Jim Lawrence told me he saw one an old poisoned tam near his house (formerly way); he thought this survivor, not new arrived). // At Dec. 22, CPER, colony, from W. end counted 16. At H. intensity, 1 N + 15 of fence at usual site. At least 3 on very flat but gently sloping ground just S. of center straddled in center. One 50' N. of fence, 200 yds. W. of E. fence. Burrows formerly there but this first C.L. One of highest burrows on S. center also had dog. Feeding mostly on lower areas. Now seen outside line of outer burrows. // I set up 10' x 10' explosion at NW end colony just N. of fence. This will be surrounded by 30' x 30' barbed wire cottle explosion. One side of large explosion is fence. Some laid out at S E end colony. // About 4 p.m. I saw 4 in bottom & E. of E. fence. Upon chary, one ran to farthest E. (formerly stabled) burrow. I wounded one 30 yds. E. of E. fence but it got down burrow. (This burrow burrowed for at least 2' about 6" under surface ground). // Now rattled at burrow just S. of bottom & 100' W. of E. fence (table then). The mound of coarse tecture so that formerly I suspected lodger dug it out. Four Antil- capra seen near SNE corner of colony 4:30 p.m. Set 5 still

Koford Cynomy s lodovicranus April 13, 1955 Nu Weld G., Colo. traps in settin colony about noon. Took 1 small male by 4:30 p.m. || Met Bob Nooner of Game & Fish Dept. He told me of a few colonies. I marked them on map. The Boulder colony was thriving a few years ago, he said; he was surprised that this one now there was. || Two in stilettions on preserve. One opposite parson's, 2, April 19, 1955. white small g. N.E. Larimer G., Colo. About 4 p.m. arrived colony 2 mi., E. Wellington. One on trape (g, the one from #3, seen to rub nose with an peeling nest material yesterday). This d kept alive for observation. Cut left toe |||. Vulva closing? - opening somewhat stuck closed. (at 10 a.m., Apr. 14 weighed 800gms, Recycle 3 & Cottrell 13-1/2mm. mm. larg. Probably pregnant. Kept in cage). Other alive too. April 14, 1955 N.E. Larimer G., Colo. about 10 a.m. arrived colony in horse pasture. Saw a Cottrell 13-1/2in. A cottrelled in live traps to 5 of 5. fence near gate. (07, weighed 1125 Gms.; I cropped R ear (1 + left fore toe |||, released it). Saw several C.L. 4+ and (gryptys). Spent a few hours in starting map of area. Bounced down to Dextabilis streets in bottom & some in edge of it. Met Mr. Gross, who owns this pasture. He said no prairie dogs here 4-5 years ago & pasture fairly good. Then sheep grazed this part of year & potatoes spread on grounds for feed. Prairie dogs ate some potatoes. Sheep ate grove down to bare ground. Three horses here now. Plans to resow rested wheat grass. To 5. on hill was planted what field (of last year) with some turnip in edge. Gross had not noticed that C.L. had eaten much wheat. (He was planning to put alfalfa on same field this year, starting to plough in about a month. Little shooting of gp C.L. here, according to Gross. He said area of preserve had not

Koford 1955 90 Cynomys ludovicianus April 14, 1955 NE Larimer Co., Colo. been grayed during the 12 years he has been here (still has heavily grayed looks, hairier - due to C.l.?). He had been thinking of gassing dogs on horse pasture. // As early bare grounds nears Lotton, low Kaibabia commences, then mixed with Distichlis, then pure Distichlis of theirs. April 15, 1955 NE Larimer Co., Colo. I drove to Rudy Ackerman's, about 20 mi. N. of Ft. Collins, on Dec. 13, when took 0746, saw 1 at about same burrow. Put steel traps there. (Caught a cottontail by afternoon). I was not able to see any other C.l. this area. // Talked with Rudy. He said he did not know what caused large law regular wounds at N. and S. Dec. 13 - I think Pogonomyrmex largely responsible. The wounds rather rocky, about 10 yds. across, of many without wounds on them now. // Wellington prairie - saw dung beetle rolling C.l. during yesterday near mouth Lunnour. Collect this? // Dec. 13, when 0746 shot, has fair cover Muhlenbergia & Bartelaea (?), only about 10% bare grounds, some Opuntia, some 3" high Atriplex canescens bushes. // Rudy said formerly C.l. in Dec. 12 to N. near old Brixton place, & formerly many on Clarence Munn's place between two branch creeks about 2 mi. N.W. of Ser. 12. He said he & another man shot up 8 lopers, 22 shells this pre day shooting at C.l. without getting out of track. On Dec. 23 he said then had been dogs or long as he could remember. When CCC had poisoned the region, poison ineffect- ive in that area. // On Dec. 23 I set 12 steel traps. Many digging by prairie dogs to 4" deep. At bottom many was eaten off top of root. Most roots were white inside with yell-

{ "text": "Koford\n91\nCynomys ludovicianus\n\nApril 15, 1955 \tNE Larmier 6, Colo.\n\nish-brown banks. One was apparently Cogwuellia root. In 10' dig-\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus April 16, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. m.p.h. wind, || Drove to CPER. Finished setting up 2 10'x10' explorers for C.L., one at each new colony. Photod E. one. Some grass to 2" tall & green now. This is first appreciable grass found away from water. Snow in bottom has melted to pools of water. Saw one Lito stenolurina - first seen here. April 19, 1955 W. F.T. Collins, Colo. At 9 a.m. of sunny warm day arrived Spring Campa Dam colony & saw 12 C.L. ant. Two at burrow 50' N of #7, on dry pond bed; one at #10, one 100'S E of #11; there 4 only near N. of fence: 3 of fence: 2, 50'S. of #16; 2, 50 yds. S. of #16; 1, 50'N. of #13; 1, 50'S. of #13; 1, 50 yds. SE of #3; 1, 10'N. of #18. Population will scatland, not diminished, apparently. Not seen in NW part. Many lurneaus shoud scratching out of loose dirt but little other seen. #11 had colured one month. || Beatified blader grass (Stipa?) to 4" tall here now. Annual species forbs growing. Cogswellia locus to 5"; some with flower heads now. An overall green aspect from a distance. Set 5 still traps on mouse near where C.L. seen. Departed 10 a.m. || Visited colony between what fields on Foril Creek, 3 ½ Ser. 4. Few dogs out, compared to pre- vious visit about April 1. Scattered blader grass to 4" tall, several forbs growing. Chrysothamnus 3' tall here. Many lurneaus in the wheat fields. Mostly in those not ploughed & sowed this year, but 6 at on slope ploughed since about April 1. Photod some of few C.L. seats present but possibly Sylvilagus occupies. (East) Even closely cropped. Not Buckle but lund grows. On hillside slopes fewer to W., in SW corner Ser. 7, mostly Bruchloe, little new grass, a few C.L., many old lurneaus. || In Sec. 3, to E. of road here, blown grazing, 3 horses present. Saw several & shot a

Roford 1955 Cynomys ludovicianus April 19, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. male (Photod burrow; Ohter. 35 mm.). April 19, 1955. at 9 a.m. tole up the 5 traps, One C.l., ♀ 64 (not pregnant) in trap on mound 50'N. of # 7. Wind 30 m.p.h., 4/10 overcast. Very heavy wind today. NE Larimer Co., Colo. April 20, 1955. 3/10 overcast, E mild, mod. wind. Arrived at colony in horse pasture 2 mi. E. Wellington 9 a.m. Saw C.l., Citellus 13-liniate, Speroligts a colony. Burrow #6 had 2 Speroligts, as seen on last visit. At least 5 burrows now used by cula (Another in presence near burrow of "Charlie"). Four Cercer own Trypha but pay no attention to C.l. Saw Citellus 13-liniate at 3 feet in horse pasture. Three go into C.l. burrow that apparently have no C.l., in mouths partly filled. Four brown perched on fence at N. edge of colony. These flew over a prairie dog at 15' alt. I caused it to run to its burrow (Larson C.l., a occasion?). I spent part of the day in mapping this colony. Little invasion of Distichlis when their, altho a few burrows there (not underground?). //In date afternoon visited C.P.E. colony, Set 10 live traps & 2 steel traps. Noted 5" diggings about 5" deep that cabled later the elonged into burrows. Several old burrows apparently opened up somewhat in recent weeks but perhaps not used since April. [Pro-con problem in few hours] or webo even months same - so all burrows not now used. Russian thistle detritus in, another, a green grass a fal growing at mouth (indicating no recent size). New green grass difficult to find. Frankly eaten Opuntia leafstem. Apparently still dry has & little new food available. //Topped a ♀ in Wellington presence (#63). Molting along with fins. Especially voriferous when banded-snaked loudly. Anal glands protruded farther than ever

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus April 20, 1955 New weld Co., Glo. Before noted, the no great smell. 1) At CPER, an seen to run at least 50 yds., inside colony area. 11 a.m. dug at Wellington colony. April 21, 1955 With John Red Ritzgus Victor Schiffer visited 7 prairie ice dog colonies. Ritzgus is soils man with F & R Exp. Station. In Sec. 22 colony, CPER, A burrow in area lumnous at W. end colony contained much hard clay. Bottom soil less claylike. No apparent soil difference, such as shalebunter or noduline, at upper slope limit. Perhaps prairie green food at certain critical season determines distribution in colonies to large extent. Possibly occasional flooding keeps lumnous out of flat bottoms. Visited also poisoned out colony on Henry Prange colony (no C.L. seen). Then C.C. Davis caught near Rockport. C.L. rather tame than & much digging for roots, Heavy over-utilization range line. Then visited Tony Raven colony & saw a few out in atypical area. Then Sec. 23 on Rudy Oehm mans. New C.L. on dry sites, not dampest near bottom. Colony on N. or E. side hills to near N. end of the section. (About 15% slope and maximum grade with lumnous, Many pounds about 50% shale chips to 1½" drain. None on top of ridge (nor in other colonies). Briefly visited Sec. 10 colony. Then to Pat Faire colony near D. Salmo Beettle. Here also much digging at same sites, especially on road. Grass here shed much green compared to CPER region. Shot a C.L. through stomach - it escaped but a teaspoon of grass from stomach dropped. Ritzgus was impressed by fact that few lumnous show about 15% slope (less many sites) but could offer no explanation in terms of soil or physical factors. At any rate there is a fairly definite upper slope limit beyond which no lumnous. Apparently little upslope bowl in season when lumnous being dug. Possibly a relation. 98

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus April 21, 1955 Weld + Larimer Cos. G/o. to predators (steeper high slope, easier capture?) - but next to Atrophy bushes & near boulders (at Faire colony). //15 snap traps set along fence near CPER colony; took 2 Peromyscus maniculatus (several other springing). Bait gone from 10 live traps & none springing at 8 a.m., CPER. April 22, 1955. Arrived CPER colony 10 a.m. Mapped until 10 p.m. Still no new gun grave except in north part 4 or certain slopes; weather must search to find it. //Set 17 steel traps in area 11 mi. N. of Waudly, 12 on Dec. 23 colony & 2 near site, 2 mi. to SE, where a single was seen yesterday (when 1 of 2 shot series). Cladonia increases rig during day; rather warm. Strong wind evening. April 23, 1955. Strong wind + clean skies. Visited Dec. 23 colony & took 3 specimens from 11 steel traps set. Two ad.07 (21) (#68) other were springing. Left 5 set, 0 m.f. in trap had filled mouth of burrow in struggling (not opened Apr. 25, so only occupied). Trapped animal had fur scraped from nose & belly. //But one taken Dec. 13, when apparently no neighbor, worn student pelage (#66). This an same site as #746. Apparently had not been fertilized. No molt either (loctal tissue initiate ?) //#69 small (taken 50-50 from inside colony from peripheral burrow). April 24, 1955 Pregnant ♀ (67) taken near S. edge colony, 4 ad. #68 too. Larimer Co., Colo. April 24, 1955 Visited colony on Doug Jordan place Dec.31, 5 mi. SW of Loveland. Saw at least 7 out. Many burrows showed had dirt dug out of months, but no mounds building. Many diggings as for roots, but not obviously fresh. Droppings showed that burrows cutting top of tussacoder used by C.L.D photographed burrows. No new burrows. One at SW of colony at e.e.

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus April 29, 1955 Larimer Co., Colo. edge of 5' tall green grass (little snow where most activity, but Atriplex & Opuntia canna there), Mr. Jordan intending to poison them C.L. with strychnine grain. // At Estes Park visited James Cole, Biologist of National Park Service. He said that in Wind Cave areas he found colonies stopping short of ridgelines, apparently because of prairie bluestem there. He also said they seemed not to invade Aristida. Now he was working on historical account of Missouri R. basin. He thought grazing heavy when buffalo present, & elk, & Indians with horses. Learned nothing new. April 25, 1955. Visited Sec. 23, 11 mi. N.W. weekly, it took 470 + 0771 from steel traps. 470 small; much digging of roots near dug burrow, starting to melt. 0771, large, no mast. It had dug & trapped itself tight in burrow north poched in with root soil on all sides, fringes & head outside. // Cactus green + 4" long at low spots. Some green grass dies in low spots but not in higher ground between drainage ways. Some dug nests probably Cogewalla of 1 bird another, but much Cogewalla untouched, especially the pubescent kind with swollen deep root. I collected many root remains. A yellow-flowered glabrous Cogewalla (?) canna + root apparently eaten some. Pubescent are often still intact at side of growth a dug spot. Tops of Cogewalla canescens cropped, & new growth continuing. No evidence seen of eating green grass. Avian top bulbs taken rarely. Main false nibble: the 2 Cogewallas & Allium. At Sec. 10 I shot 2 (472, 473) in crevice well inside colony. Compared to Sec. 23, parturition condition good. Atriplex 2-3' high; much Muhlenbergia. A few eastern brook out on one side & apparently dug out by badger. Some old mounds riddled with

Ro ford 97 Cynomys ludovicianus April 25,1955 NE Larmier G., G/o. small burrows or of Depodema or Citellus tridecemlineatus. One steel trap on Dec. 23 took 3 species. Shot a lepus taurinus at nearth C.L. burrow thinking it a C.L. (07 tester 35 mm. long), I think that some burrows broken out at one side have been dug out by these hares. Several hared hares seen on colony in Sec. 10. One nest nearly finished (or ground in colony, 20 yds. from burrow). Visited Dec. 24, 5 mi. NE Wavely, which was poisoned 1953. I found no sign of prairie dogs in area. Burrows widely spaced. Good pasture condition & widely spaced burrows - is poisoning most effective when pasture condition good? Brewer grass been eaten at Abernathy's or CPER. N.Ft. Collins G/o. April 26,1955 Arrived Spring Canyon Dam colony 9 a.m. 4 saw 10 C.L. out. New green aspect with burrows standing out be- cause of contrast in color. Saw 1 at #36, 2 near #33, 2 near #10, 1 near #16, 2 near #17, 1 near #12, 1 at #3, 10 at boat 10 left. No more. Short area wheretrapped. At 10 a.m. visited Faral Creek area, Sec. 4. Shot one (07 74) at edge planted field. Saw at least 8 on planted field slope (facing S.) 4 stop slope, some much tracked burrows in field were 100 yds. from unploughed ground. Bot- hing here apparently before last rains - probably in March. What(?) about 4" high. C.L. make shallow digging mostly or if not often seed, but blades; a few new burrows about 0" deep on slope. Burrows spacing 20-30 yds. in parts this field. The 8 in area of about 5 A. Some fled 50 yds. out of field & to flat (uncultivated) below where many burrows. Another more recently planted grain field 300 yds. to S. also being used by C.L. I took photos of burrows this earlier in this month. Ever grasses of what

Koford 1955 Cynomy s ludovicianus April 26, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. now about 4" tall. Saw C.L. apparently went right down furrow, digging shallow pits. I saw 10 in this field at one - 5 yds in an area of 1 A. At least 3 in another area 300 yds. W. of first. This field (N. facing slope) along base hill, gentle slope, 4 50 to 100 yds. wide. Well developed burrows of C.L. out in field. 3 logs 10 yds. down slope into field from upper edge (incult. above & old mesin rodier & steeper - this incult. area with burrows - some insects of field not at top of slope). I saw one gathering dry grass about 10' along edge of ploughed field. At then ran 50 yds. down slope into field & took grass into burrow. Out 1 min. later & went for more gross, same site. 3½ min. after leaving burrow, back again 4 in. Out 1½ min. later & again ran wellled to uncultivated ground. When I first arrived this morning I heard many land calls - somewhat like a group of quire in sound - & I saw a Butis loculi flying low over colony. Perhaps calling in response to hawks. I shot 4 75 about 100° E. of road in W. half sec. 3. Belly nearly all molted. A yellow-flamed Coguillia (?) common blue, 4 saw Lemo- crenium (sand lily) & 4" tall spongy grass. 1 a fur new burrow 4" deep near bottom, on 10% slope. Two burrows 4' apart seemed to have been recently dug out by lodge. Mound demolished, cistus broken up, 4 large rocks on surface. Scratching on surface showed possible attempt to rebuild mound. April 28, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Clear but windy (30 mph). At 7:15 a.m. arrived Fossil Creek. Shot (See 3) (See 4) one to E. of road (no planted fields) & 2 to W. All these hiding in burrows only head to showing, both two chirping at me. At 7:45 a.m., 13 seen on S. slope at N. side colony in the planted field (after planting), 4 2

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus April 28,1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. in more newly planted field on S side (N. aspect). Latter two appear ently occur, visited same burrow in field. The 13 were in area of 3 acre only. They started to run when car 300 yds. distant, most running downhill out of field to flatter unploughed ground. Then out of fright of car fled at approach by car to 200 yds. Faint greenish aspect to their bellards. I took photo (35 mm. [illegible] photo of it. "Elatichane") of it. Apparently this slope on N. side of colony more used than opposite, the ploughed larger, 20% & having short or grain blades. // I set 5 steel traps near burrow in field on S. side colony, hoping to see what sort grain eaten. Digging only about 1/4 inch deep but sometimes as much as 4 feet along nest row dug up [illegible], rather methodically, in straight line. Two burrows 10+20 yds. from edge field were on faint nearly straight paths leading to unploughed ground at edge. Many burrows in steep unploughed area - there seemed to be C.L., judging by droppings, the mound material all as on S side & slopes estimated 20% (dig a steep slope near good food supply like grain?) (See 33) // In area 300 yds. W. of county dump, I set 2 steel traps at 1 burrow where I saw 1 C.L. Saw another 100' from site. Apparently a few only but when many old burrows. Most used section burrow had other used burr rows near - to 40 yds. E. of it, 40 yds. downslope, 430 yds. upslope. In this area much died Buckle & Muhlenbergia, 6" tall Allium, 6" Carya in lawn spots, some green Buckle, two kinds Lactuca, Cogonella (? - one yellow flowered, glebrum; other white flowered, pubescent, much less common). // I returned to these traps 2:30 p.m. & found Spectre in one. Released, it ran down the burrow out of fright - into appar- ently occupied burrow. Set a third trap 50 yds. N.W. of the two. The (3 p.m.) visited same colony as this morning.

Koford 100 Cynomya ludorici anus April 29, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Brief visit to Spring Canyon Dam colony in forenoon. Saw 10 out: 1 near #24, 1 between #49, 1 mm. 16, 150' to W. of it, 2 near #11, 150 yds. S. of these, 1 mm. some 50 yds. W. of #11, 1 mm. #19, 1 mm. #35. April 29, 1955. At 9 a.m. took 2 from traps in wheat field in Fossil Creek, Sec. 4 (S. side of colony). These both small appearing + heliotes walking. Left 7 steel traps between burrows in field there. Mr. Stich told me that area inoculated after planting last (?) year. The wheatfield on N. side col- ony, where most C.L., planted last fall & "blowed out." No C.L. in field 2 years ago, Stich said. He hoped that Mr. Brassey, Lesser, would have the C.L., possessed. Stich said sometime tests dropped into C.L. hole & broke a tire. At 9 a.m. at least 8 on the S. slope in wheatfield at N. side colony, I saw burrows start- ed along streambed (not sure C.L.) going in from rock banks & under sod layer. Saw one C.L. atop slope (20%?) to S. of 5. wheatfield, at yellow earth mound (no second slope?). Many lines 4-5' long when ditched between ridges (3-4" high) have wheat growing. || At CPER overcast & windy 11 a.m., so far out. One yd. 40 yds. E. of E. fence allowed me to approach to distance only 50' before dropping down burrow ridge (Cares) (= within wheatgrass) new-growing green in some low spots, Bouteloua graminea what green, some apparent Muhlenbergia green, Coguelliis (subcut- land, alcyon line) with heads, Eupatorium cuneatum but not flow- ering yet. Many new leaves on closely trapped shrubs. Saw 2 Staphylinid beetles 3/4" long walking over ground away from burrows. Took no Phryganea or colony. Some well drained sections have almost no greenery in grass, dominantly clump

Koford 101 Cynomy s lodovicianus April 29, 1955 ( PER, weld Co., Colo, out burrow, 2 being next to fence posts in N. center of colony, another on S. edge of eastern explorers, another 50' east of former 4°E 24°S. (see map) costernot burrow - now 8'E. of stake 2-5-2-5, at least 1 new burrow about 1 ft. deep only. Diggings for roots fairly numerous certain sites but not fresh - abandon when brewery increased? for map Completed stoling at 2 chain intervals. Map measurements: 34 chains E 4 W, 28 chains N+S. Center some of SW 1/4 Sec. 22 will be 00, Stoker to E.W. for 32 chains, to E. for 4 chains, to N. one chain, to S. 26 chains. Total area inside stoker about 39 A., at about 10 a.m. released marked & at Wellington colony (see p. 89 note). Lost over 100gms This kept in captivity since Apr. 13. At least 100gms. in captivity & saliva bld. Fed mainly on dog food pellets plus greens, ate celery, cabbage, apple core, etc., well. I think could not survive on dry food alone. Both wild & stayed in nest for most of time. I marked it black on R side both & released it near burrow 3. It ran 30' to burrow, wagged tail vigorously, & exited quickly. April 30, 1955 Nr., Ft. Collins, Colo. Shot 2 07 07 near Ft. Collins, Sec. 34 Sec. 4, 6 mi. S., 2 mi. W. of town. Sec. 4 07 taken in wheat field at mouth burrow, Sec. 3 07 in horse pasture on opposite (E.) side road, May 1, 1955. 07 83 Trapped in wheat field, Sec. 4. This largest Cynomy s. yet taken, Siskiyou. Two burrows where 2 79 & 2 80 taken in wheat field show no more use - no other occupants? (There were females small.) Burrows in wheat field may be recent invaders. What age does this occupy? [illegible] May 2, 1955. about 8 a.m. visited group in canyon just W. of county dump, 2 mi. W. 4 35 S. of Ft. Collins. I saw

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus At May 2, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colorado. 6 out in area 300 yds. long by 100 yds. wide. Two burrow Rod 2. I set traps at 4 burrows where seen (took up former 3 traps). Their located: Stroh ↑ South Ross Ward burrowed To 75 yds. beyond both ends where slope drops seem. Two not used below (5 of) ditch on #1. Traps set at #1 to #4. This a thin population that has survived in reinvolved area. Many around burrows too. Cory, Muhlenbergia, Buchloe, Leucospermum, Cogswellia (purple, 4 smooth bird (yellow flower)), allium, present. No shrubs. Much old digging for roots but now new. Top of one old mound without bur row has new 6" deep hole dug in it. One broken castan has scratchings in soil to distance 4' around as if to repair mound. // Daur: Cirrus low over Spring Canyon Dam today, a few ft. above ground, as if hunting (this on May 1, 10 a.m.). // Drove to Ave. 10, Rudy Achemons, 10 mi., N. Wovely, 4 set 14 still traps at used-looking burrows. As one in 2' tall Atirpley area, same in 4' high braased Atirpley, others where Buchloe & Muhlen- bergia principal plants. Mod. heavily grazed here, but gross santinia covered 60-70 of ground surface. Most traps set a slope < 5%. On a flat area (about 2% slope) in bottom where much Buchloe, small diam. C.L., burrows with mound on one side only. Apparently there an old area being opened up. Probably high water table here some reason so burrow not large (not long continued occupancy). Many had rather large chamber in mounds or castas broken up.

Koford 1955 103 Cynomy s ludovicianus May 2,1955 NE Larimer G, Glo, 8-10" deer. Male, as if lodi gra larg. But a type taurini di came has lain nearby for a week without being taken by carnivores. I found old remain (skin) of 2 C.L. Skicked up coyote (?) scats at 3 sites. Not very fresh, apparently C.L. (ratine) (cover) are favorite posts for depositing droppings. Several lurnours in a sept to ante Pogononymus rourde (non-proctitis), Dig for seeds? - or in soft ground, or in dampens under rocksides ? One apparently new lumour went under Atrypelys bone & under 10" boulder on ground (to 6" deep). Much old digging for roots, but now new seen. Present were small yellow pony in bloom (somewhat larger than Ft. Collins), the pulverent Cogguellia, & much Mullerlingia & Buchbes. These last two had very green leaves now, but gently about 1" tall only. No cattle yet on this pasture this year, 11 At 5:30 p.m. checked 4 traps near Ft. C. dumps - no sign of rodent or close to them. In general, four toten in traps same day put out - stay in often scare a few other ejit? Strong wind & blowing dust, & overcast, in afternoon, May3,1955 No. Ft. Collins Glo. Many flies & beetles seen at night& lurnours in all areas. There may be food for mice, Citillus 13. linicotion, lizards. 11 Lost one trap set nr. CO. dumps. Another held a Syllilagous. Left 2 set. Partly overcast & strong wind today. 11 From 2-3 p.m. I visited traps in Dec.10, 9 mi. N. Waverly. Caught 11 C.L. in steel traps (only 14 set). Good catch because high propor- tion lurnours occupied ? Damp 2 w. May 4,1955. at colony near county dump (4 3, Ft. Ft. C.), at 9 a.m., I saw 8 out, Total area all in NW part of occupied area & farther out than previously thought. Whole occup

Roford Cynomy s ludovicianus May 4, 1955 Larimer Co., Colo. id part about 400 yds long, 100 to 150 broad. Now in my 4 traps, the one spring. I took there up & set 6 at burrows where one seen today (2 seen at mouth one crater), Saw one C. 13 alveolatus on a Cyanea mound at edge colony, || Then visited her 10 colony, 9 mi. N. Worely, F took up 14 traps. Then hike 7-99 (same trap as yesterday). Three other troper spring (set some or day before), I shot 7-98 + 9-97, approaching to about 70 yds. range, 4 missed 3 others at 70-100 yds. Some large mites had a surface several small burrows as of Dipodomy s ordii , Saw no Citellus or Spectyto in area. Saw a Sylvilagus in mouth an burrow -it went down it. Rabbit fun round edge. Apparently lodge-dug hole without C.L. Many mouse troks northes saw, burrows, at least 15 apparently lodge-dug burrows found in my route. Perhaps dug last fall. Many burrows had two webs across mouths. Several burn, in a next to cut into, angling under. One like this had active Pogonomys colony in mound. General cover of area Beckleria doctylodes (flat areas especially), Muhlenbergia (major some slopes), Bantilava gracilis, Stipular caererea (heavily browsed west sites 10 not over 3" high). Few ferals - yellow pony & Cogwellia present but rare. May 5, 1955. at colony near county dump, 6 traps held 7-100 + 4 Spectyto (set at burrow where -C.L. seen). 7-100 screened & scrouded especially much in traps. Taken at W. edge of N. and colony. Set trap 25 yds. N. + 25 yds. E. of burrow when 7-100 taken, Left 6 set in all. No troker where 7-96 was taken. || At CPER colony, many out. Several feeding on bottom in center colony. One high in slope at S. edge above peripheral burrow (near 12 W,

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus May 5, 1955. NW weld G., G/o. [illegible], the heavily grazed so conspicuous over most of area, a few small fallow. Apparently [illegible], green, damp, slopen (not out on flat), 105). Water in ponds surrounding mud shows no C.L. tracks. A stitch, yellow pansy, Lecocorinina, in flower. One burrow at base of fencepost of N. fence opened, 4 others in area. Several burrows on flat bottom (no mounds a in bottom of 6" sunken spots) had been opened & closed out, much old ephemeral scratches out. Probably high water table at some season keeps mounds from forming. Some burrows under Pogononyx mounds. Been expect to colony now. May 6, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, G/o. Visited with Ronald Smith, good student of Boulder, Wellington colony & 2 in Fossil Creek area. At dump colony (SE ¼ Sec. 33) took 5710 2 in traps. Apparently it got in yesterday, for fly below around face. It was nearly dead, about an hour later it could squirm about, & heart beat 80/minute, but body temp. 70°F. I left it in cold (near freezing) room & it was died by 4 p.m. Another of 6 traps hold a Syllophorus 37 (dead, head gone), tester about 30 mm. long. Reset traps same dates. 11 at wheatfield in Sec. 4, shot 5710 3. It ran 30+ yards. To burrow near upper edge field & shot there. Still many diggings of wheat rows here. Idea - burrows here on 40 yards, with strip at S. edge wheat field so are on especially steep slopes for this area. There is invaded wheat field above unploughed strip. So, do does food above cause or allow C.L. to use these steeper slopes? - not limited by physical factor? Ron Smith told me of colony in Left Hand Canyon about 15 miles from Boulder. He said C.L. in rocky steep & rocky slope.

Cynomy s ludovicianus May 6, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. at first he thought possibly C. leuciscus . || With Dr. Wasser of Range Mgt. Dept., Colo. A & M, visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. Beside the Platte; Cogwheelia (=Lonatium orientale in Harrington), common, 4 rare Sphaeroclea too prominent (1" high). Sprinkling of Agropyron smithii . Wasser noted pasture only fair because of small proportion of mid - grasses. Ungraded, he thought it could look like that across road to W., when some apparent remains old mounds. Much Solanda pestifera, growing here very about an inch high. || At dump colony, 5 E 1/4 same section (33), much Muhlenbergia torreyi , with patches pure Buchloe dactyloides, Poorly used (Eria epillaris ) common on little spots (indicate poor condition). Vicia americana, Nothochloa cuspidata, Aristida longipetala, present. Very prominent is yellow-flowered Mucuna di- variation, form of Lonatium orientale . Again pasture conditions only fair. Little Agropyron here. Eria + Sphaeroclea on mounds. || At Sec. 3 colony, heavy grazing 20-grain shot, but patches pure Buchloe, smaller patches Bouteloua gracilis , 4 much apparent Agropyron smithii . When latter grew, much cutting & pecking of said by wind action - little when Buchloe. Near both on was Distichlis stricta, 4 new Kochia scoparia. May 7, 1955. Traps in 5 E 1/4 Sec. 33 held 0. Tools eye 3 + reset 2 (farther to N.). No activity apparent around burnover at S. end, tho none taken there (1 possible 20 trap gear). Perhaps disturbance at burnover causes abandonment, perhaps is precisely by males or immatures. May 8, 1955. Di same traps toolog 104, fruit 4 taken this colony, Small but pasture not advanced. Changed location, traps (a still

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus May 8,1955 Nr.Ft. Gilling 6lo. set). No troche at any burrow where I taken (nor one or rabbit), In stonining spee. from Olbermon's See. 10, noted 07-07 all about same in molt + tester size, the token our distance of a few hundred yards where vegetation varied same. This indicate sample from a colony not have to be from one small part? Apparently molt started at corner mouth, around eye, & better. eye & can, proceeds behind on belly, then levels on dorsal surface to sacral area + thigh. Tail of sacral area bare or omitted? Some 07-07 had whitish hairs near girtle as if recent molt there. Sexes molt some time? or do 07-07 lag behind? ? May 9,1955. At colony near dump, I took a 07-4 g in traps (c). Then near N. end of colony in burrows 50 yds. apart. Burrows to 100 yds. farther N. showed sign of C.l., use this spring. Occupied burrows on slopes to about 50%, facing S.W., though old burrows on steeper slopes + an opposite slope. || At Dec. 3 horse parture, I shot an adult 07-4 saw 10+ others. Most concentrated on N. slope of 5+%. between day water reservoir & an irrigation ditch in area of about 2 acres (at least 5 in one acre at one time). || On Dec. 4 saw two in wheat field on S. side, where same trapped. I shot a 07-4 a 9 adult on flat tin bottom, unploughed, 30+ yds. from the edge of wheat field. Fair amount Agropyron smithii there, + yellow wildlife, Chrysothamnus. || Warren told me that Buckbee & Bout. gree. weirero production when clipped. Thus, clipping all plants by rodents might increase total production + net of left for cattle buy C.L. as much as otherwise. May 10,1955 Traps held 04 not spring. Took all up. Ground

Roford 108 Cynomys ludovicianus May 10, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. pocketed by light rain of yesterday. Saw 1 at burrow where a or had been trapped, but saw no other out at 7:30 a.m. Much Solola about 1" high gives grim aspect. Yesterday flushed a Lyman Californian hare. ½ o cumulus; 20 mph wind. // at Sec. 3 I shot an ad. 94 missed others shot at. One saw three mod. growth of 5" tall Distichlis & across 2' deep 4' wide ditch to burrow. One mound evidently bored out by badger, now had scratching to 6' distance as if c.d., trying to repair it. Brown Solola to 1" high common on same mounds; Lina ajillana or others. One had large Astragalus bisulcatus growing at entrance somewhat overhanging hole. Slight breakage of paste next to hole, but plant not eaten to any notable extent. Cut blades of Agropyron smithii where we seen feeding. Do not feed in gravel looking spots, however. Wellsloper above burrow generally grainer than lower slopes. No terrier found in mud in bottom. One burrow went down 10" 4' horizontally at least 5', about 8" below surface. Notable too that burrows not in low spots where grass grew most tallest (due ground water?). I found a few fresh diggings with cuttings lessor Lonatinum orientale & violates than. Much yellow violet growing on bare ground. Oenothera starting to flower. Two pounds without burrow showed fresh digging at crest. This colony extends to near next road to E., about a mile in length, along Fossil Creek. // at 2 p.m. visited Wellington horse pasture colony. I counted 14 (at least) in bolyan hours. Also saw two Cottrellia 13-liniseatus & 7 Apocynum in the mopped area. Much feeding in the thick Distichlis, now mostly green; at one time 5 at once in space 80 yds. long; ¾ A in extent, or

Koford 109 Cynomys ludovicianus May 19, 1955. Larimer Co., Colo. Dyke Dist. str. just N. of Typha (see map). 0 of the 14, one seen HE (w/2) on E.H. in field in NW NE 1/4 of HE. This we went across fence to grass in green Distichlis. At least 3 also grazed in green Distichlis in eastern 1/2 of mapped area. One in N. center of FE was adult & nipple parturient, chest mottled. Spreytto moved about erratically but 3-2 lunnuers had two at once (#6 & #8 E. Center G-D seen much before). Made overlay map of those seen out 3:45 p.m. At 4:10 I shot adult & (111) big lunnuer #8 as it fed among Kochia scoparia (green 4 day) on last year's grain field. // Perusal area showed much Distichlis green, 2-3" long, + much Sida spinulosa, some Agropyron smithii Dunne (?), & some other forbs. Those feeding in Distichlis hidden in grass in side view. Not very their growth, however. // Twice I saw a 7' marsh hawk fly low (15-20' high) over prairie dogs. They stopped feeding & soon ran a short distance, but resumed feeding quickly after hawk passed. Daw 1 Lepus californicus on this colony area May 11, 1955 Arrived at Wellington have postern colony 10 a.m. Clear, wind 25 mph. I saw max. of 12 at once on colony of 4 acres. Daw 1 Cottus 13-1/2 in., small Spreytto, a few mod- or larvae, 2 moppers, a ground in area. At austine 5 C.L. in Dist- ichlis in GA in area east of Typha. These feeding apparently. I saw one in Kochia & stibbile 20 yds. S. of fenced area. It ran finally to lunnuer at fence line (on S. side of ED). Same (?) then ran an into Distichlis in NW 1/4 of FC. Another from NE of it ran 20 yards straight into the edge of Typha where dry cottails 1½' high but in open stand, soil damp & coated with salts. Not all for another fed in Kochia & Salsola Basya.

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus May 11, 1955 No Wellington, Colorado. 5. of N6 part. An old burrow there but showed only occasional recent use. At Two fed much near 54 stake where some new Kochia grew, + 3 in Distichlis (also live & new Asclepias shoots) in E. end of colony. Specimens are burrow in S. center of HE, where I had set steel trap. Traps at burrow HE1 Spring. I do not believe burrows in stubble field continuously used. About 80 yds. E. of part at N2 (5 fence), two burrows apparently broken dry (for other rodents?) within next months. No C.D. signs near there. || On going our large drain, burrow (10") had 2 lines scratchings outside or if attempted repair (there often assoc., with large holes). Mares 20's of #4 now for small burrow (one when was first mole). A new appearing burrow 11 yds. E. of stake 56, where little lawn ground but much shrub, Distichlis & Kochia. || At 11 a.m., saw 7 C.D. on field. One fed long at edge Distichlis where joined Kochia in E. part of FC. Another from 60 yds. E. ran to it, they touched noses, then grazed together in intimacy, a few feet apart (11:20). One finally left & I shot the other (2/12), an old adult, at 11:30 a.m. || No sign of dyed vid. Incubated at DB3. || Autopsy: impossible to tell success of reproduction; dug enlarges a scare. It is survival young that is of immature. Bats joins, to ad. g.g perhaps best indicator. Should get this in summer or fall. Burrow AD1 is farthest east that now is used || Five burrows probably will have Speotyto nests as they now contain much dung & insect scraps. These are mapped. The owls visit many other burrows, probably to catch insects there. See Speotyto notes. May 12, 1955. Durney Crawford told me that in Wellington young presence he saw today a group of about 6 prairie dogs out; their

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus May 12, 1955. Wellington Larimer G, G10. about "not aired." Have seen 3 days ago. These animals fed much barley all winter. Breeding was apparently earlier here where much food than elsewhere. Also I note that a small g taken here, doubt- less a yearling, was pregnant. Good winter food = early breed- ing + high proportion yearling gg breeding ? May 13, 1955 Visited Wellington colony & saw 4 small young out at one burrow near "Charlie," as Crawford told me. Scanned area but found no other young out. Two Spotted in the area near Charlie. Perhaps 15 C.L./acre here, white fed, or even more. What will happen when young added? Saw 2 large houche (Buto ferry, prob.) over area. A marsh hawk chased one of them off. Perhaps the sanctuaries take C.L. - especially young ? Saw 3 Citellus 13- liometus in presence area. Very little Dalsola in presence. Due C.L.? But much Kochia (alkali tolerant). Several ant mounds present but not molested by C.L. Muhlenberg's torres, in large patches & apparently not held back by C.L. Little green grass present. Scratchings around some mouse of as if to build higher. Sky 8/10 overcast. Warm breezy. Left 10:30 q.m. Drove to: CPER, Weld G, G10. Looked over deer. 2 z colony. About 25 C.L. present, or more. Saw no juveniles. But 33' E. of stake 20W65 (red-pink) saw Cratetus at mouth of small burrow on flat ground. It was in sunshine. Fairly large. It could break into burrow when molested. Another tame C.L. in burrow 25 yds. distant. First Cratetus I have seen in C.L. town. || I shot an adult male on N. slope in E. part of colony, at water 50' S. of C.W.165. Stake. Teeter old,

May 14; CPER Ba z z 8-9 a.m. ↑N 25 Aaa

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus May 13, 1955 CPER, Weld G., Colo. But scatted area bleak & boggy. Scratchings around crater as if to build up. Soil very dry. No water in colony, About 10 yds. from this crater were 2 new burrows 8" + 14" deep, 4' apart. One under old Chrysothamnus bush; one in Muhlenbergia patch, 20 yds. from first site, another new burrow in Muhly, next to old Chrysothamnus stub + Opuntia. At least 20 fork appearing wounds, possibly new as newly opened, with fresh soil in wounds. Some near-white with holes 1/4" to 3/4" deep. Most of these on slopes of about 5%. One under Opuntia clumps. 3/4 Up on arrival today, at least 8 seen on flat area of rotten in center of colony where much Buckler & some greaney. In general C.L. here very shy. Only 2 allowed approach to within 80 yds. (shot). Fair amount of Sphaeralcea about 2" high. Others have found this much eaten by C.L. Vasilin, grass about 4" high scattered widely at some sites; shallow roots. An Astragalus in flower (white), & a 4" high forb in white flowers. (Sample saved). Near dry pond in bottom open Salicola starting, Live 4" high, & Agropyron (?) 6" high. But in stake & marked them. No fresh carnivore droppings found, or badger digging. No hawks or eagles seen. Set 13 live traps baited with whole barley rolled oats, & carrot. May 14, 1955. Arrived Sec. 22 colony 7:50 a.m., 4 watched until about 4:30. None in traps or apparently interested in them. In a 15,6 A part of colony, I plotted approx. position of prairie dogs seen 25 in that area. At least 8 more known in colony. Nest stubs of censured area. Two in quadrant A'0 at W. end colony. East of E. fence saw 2 about 20 yds. S. of 185, marks, & two shot

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus May 14, 1955. CPER, Weld Co., Colo. 30+50 yds. E. of 22 S. mark. There is opened up burrow at S. edge of E. cattle shelter row (seen last visit 2 wks. ago too). Many apparently new burrows, or enlarged, with mound only on one side of hole, in small quantity, ground dry & hard. Three seen together in slits on flat bottom as if running on lollipops in bare earth, // at E., and a new burrow 40' SE of 4E24S. stake, at W., and 1 new in area 2 chains W. of 28W, 2N. Feeding in grain on sloper grass with Muhlenbergia, not in greenest areas of bottom. No eagles or hawks seen. Saw 1 Citellus 13 - levistius near 32 W. mark (not in C.L. colony). No burrowing birds seen this day. Canvass dropping commas but all old. // I visited Deer ranch 4 miles N of Rockport when grazing by cattle. Many C.L. here - the poisoned with Diphtheria grain every year. Mr. Oscar said long ago poisoned & cleaned out. Then about 1938 one burrow started. He had never seen ferret live there, he knew what they looked like. He has lived this place since 1908. He likes to hear a few C.L. around as tourist attraction. Diphtheria strychnine because of organizing deaths. I shot a cat for examination. Weld Co., Colo. May 16, 1955 At Deer ranch near Rockport shot a 07+2, Many C.L. here & comparatively tame. Many allow approach to 30 yards. Saw 1 Syllicolagus burrow. May 17, 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo., At 10 a.m. visited colony near dump. I saw 4 C.L. There are burrow about 40-75 yds. shot of SE extremity of one about same distance short of NW extremity. There may be all that remain. Groups 300+ yds. apart. No young seen. Visited Sec. 4 colony 1 mile S. of dump. Saw 2 at one burrow in wheat field, S. side bottom. Wheat still

Koford 114 Cynomys ludovicianus May 17, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. shot, 4-6",+sneven. Few or unploughed flat area, but many foals as well as grasses now growing there. Shot a ♂ for glan. 11 At Spring Canyon Dam colony at 11 a.m., I counted 89. One near #9+10 #9, two near fence 50yds. to W., +2 more farther W. in area N. of fence. Rose in N W¼ of colony where trapped out. To S. of fence, I saw 3 or 4 more, two being together in bottom at E. side colony (m.#25), + two farther to W. Their may be nearly all that survive. No young seen. All on slopes 1 to 3%. All well within area trapped earlier this year. No juveniles seen. ## At Wellington presence I set up 8'X8' wire mesh slobene in ground where many C.L., + main vegetation: Muhlenbergia [illegible] + [illegible] (about 3" high as if much used). In general, shrub Atriplex canescens much more heavily used & less conspicuous than Chrysothamnus. Beyond C.L. to N, there shrubs 3-4' high, intervening grasses has large foals (Kochia ssp. [illegible]). I took two photographs of explorers plot. No other juveniles seen on presence area. Open in budding line. Some buds eaten off, presumably by C.L. Saw a cottontail at mouth burrow & a C. 13- livestock enter another one. Albany G. ? SE Wyoming. May 18, 1955 Driving from Cheyenne NNE toward Torrington, for 20+ miles went thru rolling green (greener than Weld G.) shot gross range, mostly run by Warren Live Stock Co. Old mounds in soil here a Dillida & foals. Then could be do C.L. mounds long abandoned. Traced our but bare or mound than on surrounding ground.

Raford 115 Cynomy s ludovic anus May 18, 1955 Wind Gve Nat'l Park S.Dak. Talked with James Cole, Biologist, NPS about prairie dogs here, He said now few in Shirt-tail Canyon at sets when King studied & little grass. He said he saw 1 young out. At Nalbesh town, he said also few dogs, 4 grass coming back in town. He told me that one at Theodore Roosevelt park he saw a lodge & a coyote hunting prairie dogs together, as if to guard 2 holes of a burrow. He is not at all sure that livin + antelope from C.L. towns because of food (or?) there, or least King has suggested. May 19, 1955 Visited several prairie dog towns in park with Cole. At Shirttail colony, found old marks put out by King. Area he studied stood out as bare ground away surrounding greenery, & this seemed to be only about 2 dogs / A thru. Cole said that in 1947 there was more an area where King worked. Cole had also thought there would be no expansion upslope to W., when much Aristida, but such expansion had occurred. Cole correlated that oldest part town at W. end, upstream. We saw 8 T. Antilocapra on a well-wooded section of the town. One abandoned burrow had conspicuous growth of Bromus on a 5' around mound. A slope to N. of stream had burrows on rather steep ground; inhabited looking holes to 22%. slope, & older, not recently used, to 31%. One pocket inside lay now recently (due rain?). Many showed evidence scratching south toward burrow as if to build up mound. Very pronounced abundance fuls on heavily used part of colony. A go stand grass on part of bottom where Cole said once almost bare of grass, on a rather old part of colony. || At Nalbesh Dam colony, almost no dogs & good stand of grass for 100 yards beyond the display sign, where ground is flattest. Out here I saw

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Koford 116 Cynomy s ludovicianus May 19, 1955 Wind Cave Nat'l park, S. Dakota. One group of 5 young, however, Many high population density along foot of surrounding steeper slopes. At 5. side, dogs had crossed over a rounded crest & were walking strongly on an upper slope. I think that steeper slopes like this (15+%) would not be sites of start of colony, but are used in process involving new areas slowly by gradual modification of environment. Prairie dogs have high capacity for local modification of environment. Cole said some stop at 5. of this ridge in 1947. This is first year he has seen grass on lower part colony now display sign at road. 1) Bichatar - greatest activity may be in summer when many young prairie dogs & many young C.L. This has effect that winter prairie dogs that prevents breeding, but cutting down of young probably prevents population pressure that would cause spread. 2) No water in Nolichucky Dam last 2 years. Then, few buffaloes show now + less damage to vegetation. Buffaloes apparently stay near water & graze heavily near it, little away from it (Cole). 3) Sanctuary tour is at edge of area that was family game sanctuary. Cattle taken out only a few years ago. Cattle had used land heavily. Cattle's Appearance is bare soil evenly dotted with C.L. mounds. Some C.L. very tame & allow approaches (foot to 50') in car to 10 ft. Much shot Cetivisius fugida on ground here where C.L. active. 4) Sylvan Town of interest or separated from all others in head of narrow strip of grass between pines. The about 1/4 bare ground in main portion. Low density dogs. Some burrows 200yds. up draw toward grassy meadow evidently suitable for C.L., but there shows no sign recent use. Most of burrows on steeper slopes (10%) show no recent use. Elk & Bison herd & twelve here, some buffaloes rolling spots with hair.

Koford 117 Cynomy s ludovicianus May 19, 1955 wind Cave Nat'l park, S. Dak. Several burrows apparently filled in by C. L. One mound covered with old C. L., being apparently dug out of burrow. Molds 2" high Artemisia frigida & high prairie fobs/grass. 10m Central town, about 20 burrows, some with calves, & wallows containing water. Thin but scattered C. L. population, < 1/A acre, but this area has been panned. Town No. 3, had fair no. dogs, the one nearly all gone. Much Buddleia in lawn-like dense low stand near burrows widely spaced, no areas denuded. Slope low, then gradually rises where C. L. apparently suitable on bottom where soil now blue-green with Agropyron. This area stops abruptly when slope steeper or rockier, where Andropogon scoparius dominant, especially as much old & dry is standing. Line of stots of badgers, in fairly sharp. Fair stands Aristida some sites, especially in down part of Central town where shuffuls wallows present. Antelope also seen on Central town. Devil's Tower, Wyoming May 20, 1955 Talked with custodian MacButty concerning the prairie dog town next to Belle Fourche River. He said this protected from grazing for about 15 years (cattle life). Young about due to appear now. Dogs especially fat last fall. Winter activity little - none noticed out for about 2 months, tho an open winter. Badgers had been noted to be active in the town same winter (not lost). Coyote sometime seen & increasing. Local ranchers protect them (cattle Benders). Mr. Dickinson of SCS, Neillett, could probably help in range survey here. Good rains & grass season of 1953-1954, daytime Weather records taken & available in Christ's log! Date. The dog town on gentle slope between river & hills accord-

Roford * Superintendent McShane says that he saw an c.l. on road near headquarters, about 1 mile from dog town (last summer?). Cynomys ludovicianus May 29 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyo., wing to the tower. Restricted by rain, rocky slopes, so we changed little in range, except shift to N.4 some abandonment to 5. No c.l. here. Hawks + eagles said to sometimes take c.l. here. C.l. next to road on both sides a much traffic, so many killed by cars. // In the town mounds small & widely spaced. Dogs very tame & came toward people as if to be fed, to distance about 5 ft. Much feeding of c.l. near road by tourists. On flattest part town, near rain, much Aristida grass. One had burrow under edge of asphalt road in parking area. No juvenile seen. For cover of short grass & fobs (much Spharolea). C.o. strive feeding on these at place range when dogtown near road. *// We drove on to Theodore Roosevelt Natl Memorial Park (6 mi.) near Medora, N. Dakota. Chester Brooker, historian, this, especially interested in c.l. Dove towns had been losing c.l., until few left, for reasons unknown. At one colony a display sign was to be installed, but c.l. in area disappeared. Some other colonies doing well. // Last winter mild. In 1954 dry until fall, then snows & green. More especially good 1953 due summer rains. Mrs. Medora, S.Dak. May 21, 1955 Dog town here surveyed by Cole years ago. Generally in same places now. We visited eagle nest on top of mud bluff on E. side of Little Missouri River. Flushed adult & new eaglet (some black feathering now-three white down) in nest. Posterior half of a c.l. in nest. The new said a c.l. seen in the nest a week ago too. On town 1/2 mile to N. of nest & on other 1/4 mile S., both clearly visible. Both towns thriving. Beef Corral town on a wide green flat of gentle slope between road & river. For Silver sage 3' high in zone around, & some a few inches high on town. This appears to indicate indication elimination of this sage.

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus May 21, 1955 Medora, N. Dakota Slope very slight, almost flat, probably sometime will be flooded. Soil all gray clay with little rock. Much Agrophila & yellow water. On upper slope, on 10% slope, much Artemisia frigida a few inches high, white sage adm. to 5" high. Cacti present but not eaten. Fair amount Bantilona. Plums slowly low & stubby. No decrease population noted here. Some cattle & horses graze here, but few. Part of this colony has extended over low part of ridge to E. // On Paddock Creek canyon 100 feet; Holiday Ranch woods, a 30+4 colony on gentle 5% slope when almost no dogs left. Active (very) last year. Much Artemisia frigida a few inches high, Agropyron smithii, a birdseed (?) on darn acres. Some Badger diggings. Little Bantilona. A few survivors on at head of slope on W. side. /Another dead town Paddock creek. Artemisia frigida had fruiting stalks to 12" above ground (not present active town). Much Agropyron, little grass. Black widow spiders in mouths of many burrows. Some Cacti patches show little picking. Bottoms have cattails, choke cherry, juneberry, that would seem good cover for Lynx. All men said bobcats had been seen to catch C.L. here & that there were many. Coyotes had been seen on towns in winter, & seen carrying dead C.L. Only one colony on a definite N-facing slope (14d. Paddock Creek). // About ½ mile S. of headquarters, a town abandoned winter '53-'54. Very few logs. < 1/ Acre. Part flooded out in 1947. This is an arm of Laura Creek town.// Main Laura Creek town is site of range transects put in in 1952 by Loren Potter & students. 4 10 meter lines in town, 4 to E. in area where dogs might invade. Almost no lodgepole here. In uninvolved area much Agropyron & Bantilona, few forbs. Essentially no C.L. here. (In afternoon studied -

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus May 21, 1955 Medora, N. Dakota ents of Patterson transects in this town, now a ghost town). // Visited the Johnson Platoon colony. This are thriving last summer. A formerly ploughed area at edge colony had had many dogs & had been poisoned in 1953; the poisoning had had almost no effect, but had apparently killed some dogs. For Nassauvum, now five dogs. Old ploughed area had been reseeded this year. On areas of hillsides where no dogs now, large areas of a lawn fall about 5" high (Cirgum caudosum). Many boulder diggings here. Castia patens fine, but apparently not eaten. Agropyron, Bantelova, & Carex present, // Transects: Then first run last year. Method is a 10 meter belt 1 cm. wide. Species in each cm. counted 1, except single stalked that are counted ½. Foliage cover from above taken, not root crown. Four lines set out in 4 cardinal directions, starting 3' from a burrow. Veg- tation heterogeneous, sodline covers great difference. // In this area grazing pressure causes Bantelova gracilis to increase, Agropyron to decrease. Stipa canata soon goes out under grazing. Carex filifolia present & considered good grazing, green early & late, & least to disappear under grazing pressure. Can get grazing slopes from 5 C S in Dickinson. // Put out new set of 4 transects on steeper slope of Beef Corral town (about 3½-4% slope). Approximately same species here as in Lower Canyon town. Much activity in this large Beef Corral town. No favorites definitely seen. (Antennia frigida increases under grazing pressure, Better agree that C.L. probably cause of keeping down Antennia longifolia (= care?) On slopes at head of town, Stipa canata canna (less grazing), Andropogen scoparius, & Calamovilfa (sand redgras; coarse).

Koford 121 Cynomy5 ludovicianus May 21, 1955 Medora, N. Dakota Warren Whitman of Dickinson Cyp. Sto. believe range conditions this region not greatly different in past than in present. Clete. Brooks has much info on Indians, bison, bufalo, grazing, & other historical factors this area. May 22, 1955 Light rain & overcast. Visited Big Platon colony in Sec. 2. Saw at least 16 C.L. there. This mainly on long abandoned ploughed ground. Much Taraxacum on colony, & another similar plant. Some dock lights in mounds & some C.L. half block with it. Ground quite undulating, the net slope near 0%. Badger dug hole present. Bob May, ranger, says he has seen badger here in daytime on occasions. Shat Artemisia frigida present, & many 2" stolles cut, apparently lay C.L. Edge this colony 200 yds. from edge plateau, then a drop of about 200' to a town below, to S. Surrounding colony on seed stolles of Art. frig. about 1' high (looking inside colony DS apparently C.L. eat). Tufts of Stipa comata around edges (indicate little grazing). Ant mounds present. A small C.L. burrow under edge of two of these, one still with many ant mounds. Vegetation very flor- igenous. At bare edge saw C.L. mounds, shot Art. frig. theils. Two Around some mounds, Art. frig. & rose to 10' from burrow, then Bromus 6" high dominant. Some Bromus on mounds, & grow- ing much more vigorously than around. Several antilope*, sharp- tailed grouse, seen nearby. In their grass near a bord, runways of a mole. || On Knudson Creek canyon or gentle green grassy slope near bottom there are a few colonies. At one of these, local road was poisoned in 1953, & many C.L. found dead on ground. Adjacent ground has much long leafed sage. Some seen last summer in poising area, but none seen in brief visit today. (Apeiru wells in

Koford 122 Cynomys ludovicianus May 22, 1955 Medora, S. Dak. Lunnaurs). We saw 2 c.l. in Knudson town for that inspection. Currently, then, few or no deer dogs in towns in Knudson Creek, Paddock creek (down at least), Lauter draw, Johnson Platteau. Caudon spiziziati have hit there? || Burner Johnson, employee, said that he noticed diminution in Lauter draw colony about Sept. of last year. || Jim Cole & I visited East Entrance town, in Dec. 28. This is a small town that has changed little in size since 1947. About 5 acres. Carex, Opuntia, Agrop. smithii, art. frig., Sphacelus present, & as well as Pseudobas. Artemisia brandeae 8- "lay cut down at some sites. Some partial old lunnaurs into edges thicker white- green downlope. Upslope colony has several holes above road, + some fresh droppings + cuttings than, but little evi- dence of much use of lunnaurs. Art. Potentilla louse close cut. Cortus not eaten. Many badger diggings. Cole says bison have been seen here (checking station nearby), + probably little grazing by cattle or for from water. Some Allium. Above road many will developed shoots long leafed sage, so probably relatively little C.l. presence. Art. frig. taller than on lower part town. One lunnaur under edge of asplott at edge road. A report of Neil J. Reid (June 1953) says this colony as a small island of clay loam. || We visited the Boons town, Dec. 29 & 30. Reid (June 1953) said this large, but of small population, located on silt loam. He said large patches Salsola + many denugated areas. On standard agricultural lands. Heavy grazing (Reid). We saw many C.l. here. Around it, their growth Agrop. smithii. In center, much Sphacelus, 4 acres of Eriogonum, Plantago pusilla & dandelion-like forb (as on Big Platteau). Gentle slope to W. This

Koford Cynomyx ludovicianis May 22, 1955 Medora, S. Dakota. In bottomland area among floodland butter. Yesterday saw one Opeyto in Johnson Plateau colony. Pellets of fur (mice), grasshopper, insects. Bulo pellets of mice & insects, 4 Sylviolagus, no Cynomyx. May 23, 1955. Set 12 traps (live) on lower Paddock town at burrows where C.L. seen. Apparently only about 15 dogs (not wild. 3 pairs. seen on burrows) in 30 A. (est.) colony. Dogs scatted over colony, not in any groups. // Visited Senny Lotton colony. Highest pop. at foot of steeper slope, not a flattest low area. W. spores. In a rather dimpled area, a brown leaf-like sphenocera, sphenocera, Plantago purshii present, 4 closely cropped grasses. Bolo saw some yesterday, much scratching of ground around burrows, to 8' distance. Some pawing of outside wounds with mares. Much Sphenocera on lower flat area. Same area 1000+ sq. ft., much Plantago purshii 1" tall (blue-green aspect). Patchy pure Agropyrum smithii, & on lower slope towards much juniper 3' tall Artemisia cana. at N. end, much of a purple-brown green, not Agropyrum (?). // I shot a 07. Both noted to tail. Tester 12mm. long. wt. 1140gms. Stan. 540gms. Cane. 80 gms. Stan. Schedoweder?. Held 60% green grass (= stipa? - eroded edge), 10% Agropyrum smithii, 30% small green pulvinate leaf. Old or lying tooth in. 5; femur 54; epiph. fixed). // Loren Lang said that in April when receding Johnson Plateau, he saw a C.L. very young to another burrow in un- seeded ground. // On Scott Creek town, just outside pole, poisoned Aug. 1952, saw 25±C.L. shot out. Martin area above a spring. Formerly large town, perhaps 80 A. Much Sphenocera, Agro. smithii grass, & Taraxacum that area. Horses grazing, & prob- ably cattle too. At Nord town, no C.L. seen. In same area of mounds, Artemisia cana coming in & seed stalks of Art. bigida

Koford 127. Cynomys ludovicianus May 23, 1955 TRNMP, Medora, S. Dakota. prominent. In another town on Badt Creek was partly on perls land, also paired Aug. 1952. Little grazing on perly, much other side of fence. On grazed side, old mounds with much of a mustard, an Amaranthus (?), a horsetail fall. Posture a mod. stand Agro. smithii, Little litter a Bartolena. On park area, mod. slope, Agro. smithii invading edges old mounds, but surrounding posture mostly Bartolena. Also on mounds Salsola (new green, & old), & a Thyspodium? Convulvulus, & Plantago purshia. Some mounds much Sphaerolea all over. Some Vicia sativus in harsh ground. Plante a C.l. mounds mostly invading annual false, the Agro. smithii coming up around edges. One mound in pasture area, much Stipa cauda around edge and. (slope). When sod scratched out around mounds, now Sphaerolea, Act. frigida, Salsola, bare ground - much still lion, with slight litter. (Slight cover colony; a brown alga in flakes of cherts, not dry, common on ground. As N. of Wellington? wovely?) May 29, 1955. Rain on & off all day, but many C.l. foraging under complete overcast when cold & raining lightly. 12 live traps left at all night look nothing. Examined specimens. A g taken in very thinly populated Paddock Creek town had scars & ovaries indicating that a litter of 0 had been produced. May 25, 1955 I briefly looked at East Entrance town in with H2O rain. Ground saturated at one hour ended and man road. At E. edge, taller grass started rather abruptly. Uninvolved area had fairly even cover of Agropyron smithii 8'-12" tall, Sphaerolea, with a few patches Bartolena widely spaced, & some Sphaleria. My estimate is that the dog population has never increased so greatly due or to greatly modify peripheral habitat, so town has not increased in size. Probably

Koford 125 Cynomy s ludovicianus May 25, 1955 TRNMP, Medora, S. Dak, low productivity & high mortality plus good food supply on present area makes superabundance unnecessary. Disappearance of dogs might be due to poor production of young or survival of juveniles in 1953, so they not produce young in '54. Thus, much of 2 age classes missing, & these might make up large part of population. Rain today. I drove S. to Wind Cave N'Park. May 26, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colorado. Visited Spring Can. Dam colony. Saw at least 9 groups c.l., & two groups of 3 juveniles. Made overlay of maps, showing locations. Area occupied has not expanded - shot of greatest extent to S. & to NW. Scratchings & diggings clearly show where recent activity. Nearly all burrows where I had trapped showed evid. activity - not #24,21, 26, 29, or 30, however. On transect line Agropyron smithii, Salalola, Spharalesia now present, in addition to Bunches. Las Ag.spp. (about 4" tall) sprinkled our area, thicker of tallin in bottom draws. Some Spharalesia in bloom, Cristidurum, but 6" high near #19, 4 green, with seed heads. Several burrows about 6" deep in old mounds that had no hole. Scratchings to 6' around many mounds. Then the generally bare ground but leave Spharalesia & Salalola. No animals seen on slope above 570 at E. side. (a few Viola mittali in area). Near #15 a newly dug out burrow (in older hole) under 1 x 1½ ft. boulder. More Salalola N. of fence than S. in dry led pad, outer part, gentle slope, little growing but Salalola 2" high. Several burrows newly opened there. Two Chrysothamnus lances 6" high 1½' diam., located 5 yds. from hole #23, had 2" cut from tops; many branches. Several 5" stalks Ant. frig. also cut from some twigs. No sure sign activity at

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus May 29,1955 Nr. Ft. Collinsj 6lo. #4, but diggings at adjacent #5 (some trapped at #4). Some mounds where no digging, sparse stand Ag. smithii scattered over mound & low ground adjacent. Bramps of jivas. seen near #18 & #25, when alarm, one adult ran 30+ yds. S. to 3 jivas. I set line traps baited with bailly at month #20. // Visited Abril "ghost town" at foot Buckhorn Canyon on W. exposure, open meadow, 5-15% slope, Bouteloua grac ilis dominant & fairly continuous, but sparse Agrop. smithii pre- sent. About 10 A. colony, Slope to set. 20% had burnow. Burn over clump together at uphilledge colony, where slope steepened above (damper?). River surround area; Cercocarpus between pines & pasture. On old mounds, rather rocky & large, most conspicuous invaders: Aritinisia frigida ; Bromus, Elymus?, tiny blue flowered pulse, fal, Amaranthus ?, a short Poa, Eucata, Cirginiun, Tropaeolum, another large compact. Collected sample minding vegetation. Not same species all mounds. No recent grazing, but dropping above old horse & cattle pasture. No New Spring Dam colony (100 yds. nearest burnow) sign of living C.L. found 4" long Pithophiis crawling. Starch empty, May 30,1955. About 9:30 a.m. visited Spring Canyon Dam colony & haunted logs. Warm but overcast. Made overlay of locations where 14 seen (not all stone; allowance for probable travel) in 3/4 hour; plus litter 3-5 jivas. Block widow spiders & webs in moitthe around burnows. One C.L. on slope 100 yds. E. of #15, at burnow; about 10-15% slope. Visited dump colony & saw 4, no jivas. One 80 yds. in from S.E end colony, another 100 yds N.W of it, & two 200 yds. farther N.W near N.W end colony, allen E. side bottom. No evidence of gathering together. Saw 1 baby Sylvilagus at burnow mouth.

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus May 30, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Glo. At 5 p.m. saw 3 Sylvilagus at mouths peripheral burrows (one obvious hole). // Spr. C. Dam. #18 + another 5 yds. N., probably connected; trap set next to #18 where 3 jays, seen yesterday; jays at other hole today. At Lunaw where 5 jays, all went down hole with small rein, 5 yds. from larger mound where they spent much time. // On horse pasture, Dec. 3, 6 mi. S. E. W., Ft. Collins, saw one litter of 3 or 4. An adult went down same Lunaw. // Dump colony. Saw Condon brother pollig dung. Salalola 2" high, green, in main green cover. Much Buckles brown & perhaps dead. // Thought: in small colony, predator such as fox, ferret or badger could reduce clean sweep, kill all. May 31, 1955 About 8:30 a.m. counted C.L. at Spring Lanya Dam colony. N. of fence saw 5, plus 1 jay, at #5 Lunaw. S. of fence saw 5 (2 at #15, 1 at #26, 2 near #12), plus the two litters. Total 10 + 3 litters (of 1, 5, 4). Calm, warm, partly overcast. // At Dump colony saw at least 5, in about same area as yesterday, but one 30 yds. W. of bottom near N.W. end colony. No jays, all (but 1) on 5% slope, 3±70. // At Dec. 3, 6 mi. S. Ft. C., shot #7125. Molt line just anterior to root tail. 15 ± fleas. It was in extra 5 yds. from which 4 jays, none played on mound. Later jays, seem to go down this route. About 200 yds. to W. a zone (5) slope, 30 yds. from milk bed, saw adult with little 2 jays. No other litters seen on 5. Slope. // On N. slope where dairy, at near old pond & downslope from an irrigation ditch (now full water, 3' wide), there were several litters. From W. to E. numbers jays: 9, 4+3 (10 yds. apart; some?)

Koford pitch with water drywall dale Cynomys ludovicianus Fence → W May 31, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. 5, 5 (spread 10yds.; same?). There in area about 150 yds. lug 70yds. (2A±). One or more who near each little litter. Young lay on bellierion mounds, pestured adults, fed. Spread widely (10± yds.). but gathered at one (a r) burrow in alarm, allow approach to about 30yds. Juns, give jump up & down. All there on N. slope between irrigation ditch + fence (max. 70 yds. distant) an est. 5% slope, at mid slope or higher. One burrow appear. Bodge dug as large hole, but 4 juns. entred. Another 1'wide hole, possibly from erosion; juns. entered. One crotta where juns. showed scratching toward hole all around. At least 4 litters I have seen so far seen so far sure 2 holes, about 5 yds. apart, one a crotta & one a rounded mound (probably underground connection). || On Dec. 4, fall plants what field being ploughed up today. What will be effect on Jovan or + C.L. that fed this (same many burrows too), || About 4 p.m. visited Dec. 4 colony. On the unploughed bottom near S. side I saw litters of 2, 6, 47 juns., in a line 150 yds. long; 50 to W. from the 7, a group of 9, + 50 - 100 yds. from that one group, Ladley litter of 2 + 5. Saw a few C.L. at burrows in wheat field on S. side, but only one litter - of 5, on flatish ground. On unploughed ground 10 yds. above edge of this field, another litter of 5. || Not easy to trap juns. They did not eat grain or carrot bait put out in live traps near burrows. Set steel trap one hole where 4 saw; in 4 hrs. no apparent activity there, but the 4 out a hole 5 yds. distant. Put live trap directly in front hole where 4 went in; no catch in 4 hrs. Took up all traps. Saw one Swainson hawk near colony.

Koford 129 Cynomys ludovicianus June 1, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Colo. Visited Wellington preserve colony. 10:30 a.m., 30 mph N.W. wind, Hazy. (Q.-Do juios. feed more close to burrows than ads.? - age diff. in food habits). In area greatest concentration, where most feeding, an area of about 1 A., I counted 7 old + 17 juios. Litter of 5 juios. at burrow with Charlie "Charlie." Litter size: 5, 3, 3, 1, 2, 1 (lost 3 g.p.s. prob. scattered; not best possible count). Along- side dirt road just above st., groups 8 + 5 juios. at two wounds 5 yds. apart. (I lost 5 live hopes there. There took 2 old q.q. (#126, 127) and a tiny jiu, which I kept for pet, #127 in trap with jiu. There 4 & prob. mothers of litter seen.) In southern part preserve where population sparser, litter 1, 5, 2, 4/1 seen. One Cercion seen over adjacent area, hunting. No other hounds seen. Several old C.L. carcasses had been thrown out had been scattered 10 yds., but little eaten, mostly fly eaten + dried up - as for carnivores? Saw 1 Citellus 13-lineatus. Saw 3 Apictyo on colony, 4 in 2 buildings. Saw owl standing 4' from C.L. - no reactions seen. In area when Distichlis, Siva, thickly abandoned burrows 50% overg. with these species. Made overlay of horse pasture map to S., showing 13 C.L. seen, + locusts 4 litter (3, 3, 5, 5)." I heard that Joe Hopwood had found fox den (red?) near Spring Canyon Dam with C.L. parts scattered near. June 3, 1955. Half overcast, cumulus, 4 wind about 20 mph. Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony & saw 9 grown + 6 jui. C.L. Made overlay of map showing locations. No new juios. seen, 4 one litter not out. 1) At Dump colony I saw 6, 7 singles about 50 yds. apart, 4 two that ran to same burrow about 100 yds. short of S.E. end colony. All but 1 in line 300 yds. long, one 100 yds. to

Koford 130 Cynomys ludovicianus June 3/1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. W., across a draw (5 A. max.). || Then at Section 3, 6 mi. S. of Ft. C., made count in area between fence & irrigation ditch on N. slope. In that area (?? 4A?) saw 6 obs. at 26 give. Jaws, in groups of 3+3+2+1 (= the 9?), 1+4, 4, 3+3, 2. About 50 yds. E. of NE corner screen area, just below fence, add 1+4 jaws. || On S. slope saw jaws. same 2 sites as before, add 1+1+2+2 jaws. within dist. Same 50 yds. at site 200 yds. E. of W. fence. This count about 12:30 pm. || One new burrow just below small reservoir saw (4' high) where Sclerola, [illegible] Sphalerulus seen scattered, about 75% ground bare. Bertelings to 2' around. On S slope, 6 separated group C.L. seen but no jaws, with (per production in this S. slope, excellent on the N. slope?) - N. slope in Dam, near reservoir & irrigation ditch, 50 plants grow longer, 4 possibly new foals. || One burrow in top of slide bulldozed within last 2 months. Clay-loam, so soft that I could push lothe into it deep without pounding, appear wide tolerance for hard- ness of grounds for digging - use anything that can be dug so that does not cave in readily. || Saw 1 Savannah hawk over colony. || Section 4, wheatfield. On S. side field where spruce stand about to 3' tall, two seen at burrows 50+ yds. downslope from S. edge field. Some burrows in field showed much construction, lay scratching all around, tearing up some wheat. No prominent peeling of shot stulls or digging out of seeds. In some parts field a burn or about 20 yds. Many new & newly opened, but none shallow. Some new burrows on unploughed slope above wheatfield. This slope 50 yds. wide, ave. slope 15% eastward. At top slope ground nearly flat & carrying sparse stand what with many foals admitted. No definite new sign C.L. here tho

Koford 131 Cynomy s ludovicianus June 3, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. one of old burrows scratched out (old C.L. droppings). Probably not now active in top field. Only burrow seen on the lower slope surely used - range cattle winter? // On unploughed flat, near S. side, several letters seen. Saw 2, 4, 45 joins. in area 30 yds. long. Also 2, 2, 1, 1 at separate sites in same 2 A (stubs out a census area, approx. 2A). // A few days ago the fall planted field on N. side valley was ploughed. I searched for signs reopening of burrows. One 100 yds. in opened (as below during ploughing?). A fairly prominent mound now not used. A few within 10 yds. of W. edge field opened, but none on S. side where formerly a small mound every 20 yds. in area where 13 once seen feeding. Near W. edge we saw 3' long dug up to 2" deep, apparently luj C.L. Little grass or forbs now on this field; not planted. Ploughing discourage C.L.? or grain elsewhere to feed? In boss pasture, just W. of this field, near hundreds old mounds evenly spaced upslope. Saw some C.L. at least 200 yds. into this field, + 3 letters near E. edge. Was boss field plowed 4 yrs. ago along with Sec. 4? Open Can. Dams? // Productivity apparently good on S. side of flat bordering wheatfield, + in area just W. of fall planted field. Not so good at burrows in field. One letter just above the S. wheatfield. // "Nermon," small juv. taken June 1, ate rolled oats as soon as offered, but grain common food at site captive. After first day showed no fear. Helps when roughly handled. Eats every thing including dog foeces/cuber. Fond of milk from dropper, but litter glass tip bar. Now walks around house & cares for food when professed. When apparently angry, makes rapid throat-chattering (5 clicks), descending in scale, repeated.

Ko ford 132 Cynomys ludovicianus June 6, 1955 Boulder Colo. Found that Ronald Smith had left for Kansas Univ. to study prairie dogs. Read eagle thesis (MA) by D'etilis (1954). He investigated several eagle nests in foothills from Boulder north & found C.L. remains in them. Including old remains, about 75% of shells found near Ronald Butt's eagle nest (N. Larimer Co.) were C.L. Thesis found in main library. //Visited C. P. Kalmbach, retired from F.W. Service, formerly in charge Denver Lab., & told him about my work. He told me that Crandell (of Montrose, Colo.) has had some experience with C.L. control. Welch (J.F.) has had experience with repellents. Maynard Sum- mings (now Sacramento, Calif.) formerly worked on Grand Mesa gopher project. This started out elaborately but ended in so little of value, mainly because of high remote location. On gopher project some indications moving out when forbs killed by herbicides. Some vegetation studies made too. See records gopher project at Denver Lab. // Per 1080 poison, Kalmbach said this most dangerous all subject poison from standpoint secondary poisoning. Ferrets might well be killed by eating 1080 poisoned C.L. Strychi- ine less dangerous as far as secondary poisoning is concerned. June 7, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Colo. Counted dogs on 2A (±) census area in presence at 10 a.m. After many counts got 11 grouse + 34 juncos. There were 14 juncos, at SW corner where principal ground cover Kochia about 1" high; there might have come from across road, 100 ft. to E., where I saw none last week when 15% or last visit & when I took 2 nothing.

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Koford 134 Cynomys ludovicianus June 7, 1955 Weld G., Colo. E. of) on flat bottom. Saw no joins. - not out yet? No Crotalus seen in many burrows inspected (cover-t). Eriogonum (low pulvace, leaves) with seed stalks to 5" tall, Bauteloma to 3", Salsola to 3". Some Allionia, Sphaeroclea, Lupinian, in bloom. Much water standing in bottom ditcher, 4 signs of washing down seen all flat bottom. Two mallards on pad. Killdeer walking along. At N.W. old colony, near 30 W 2 N., 4 new burrows, extending length colony. One only 16" deep. Ground 50 % less than; slope est. 3 %; Ag. sum., Eriq., Sphaer., Aristida, Opuntia at site. Ants (Pogonomy) active at edge on new mound. Another very freely opened, in old out hill, 50' W, 6's of 22 W 6 S. Second other new diggings seen, 2 of new burrows, mostly deeper than our length. Much scratching up to 6" around some mound; rain appear. steniolatin work. Some very small new mounds packed with mosses. A few places scratching at 1 spot to 4" deep; hunt insect ? no root ends found in. //Probably water tollein bottom high & may have driven some from burrows there. Saw some fudging on bottom. //No hawks a fresh sign carnivore seen, Gen- ral aspect of country grim, but some hillside mainly brown. Cattle now on CPE R. part of Sec. 22. June 11, 1955 Rapid City, S. Dakota Leslie Allie, Soil Conservation Service, will help mole range an- alyses in Weird Case N.P. in July. He is a varmint shooter & used to shoot at a dog town in the badlands (town late period). He had head of fair sized town near Wall. Devil's Tower, Wyo. June 12, 1955. Dept., Raymond W. Mc Dutty has been here since 1947. He said there has never been any official C.L. control bee

Koford 135 Cynomys ludovicianus June 12, 1955 Devil's Tower Wyoming But actually some was done near boundary. She filed a letter from Mr. Dulige dated 12/1/48 said population of town showed "definite in- crease." James Cole in Dept. 1947 estimated 1300 dogs on 39A of town (40.14 A) in monument area. Mr. Dulige said lodgers seemed to walk at periphery of colony, when burrows presumably shallows & mostly in winter, the few last winters. // Letter from Newell F. Journey, custodian, to George Wright, Dec. 18, 1933: said about 100 dogs in colony, reserve not fenced, & some stools graying there.!! Letter Wright to Journey, Dec. 11, 1933, said "Mr. Dixon" made rough map showing dog town 40-50A, little main roads & runs, estimated 100 dogs in 1931. // Park problem is to keep C.l. as preserve & pre- vent spread to private lands. // A U.S.G.S. man working here said that he knows of more than a dozen C.l. towns outside of the monument in this (Crook) County, but that the colony beside the largest. // I walked around the town. At one point on NE side it had spread down a 10' (±) bank to a lower terrace, still 10' above river level, for 50+ yrs. New soil sandy, having little clay, & would not form a ball. Some burrows, apparently not now used, among 1' high shrub (Symphoricarpos?). On this level, perhaps sometime flooded out by river. // Cutting of tall plants obvious some sites. Astragalus scut (bearing 3/4" diam. fruit now), & silk others, but mainly a sage (at- ensis cava?). In some areas, much sage about 10' high, about 15 cut down. // A few burrows seen filled and trapped at surface - why? - perhaps excore entrance to burrow. Especially in areas where Aristida prominent, many logging about 1" deep. Some mounds of fine sand.

Koford 136 Cynomys ludovicianus June 12, 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyo, but not notably large. Top layer of soil probably more clay than deep. River banks above alluvial soil few deep with little rock. A few burrows near oak trees; one 1' from 4" deep. Trunk of 9' high tree. Artemisia brush 3' tall had many 3/4" diam. branches cut (by e. l.? ). At edges are mound, much Art., frigida about 8" tall; about 15% of stems cut. On SE slope above road, gopher mounds & casts of burrows in snow. On this slope, few burrows when Aristida dominant, none when Andropogon dominant. I found 2 shells Procyon near edge about 2 Agre town near river. Stohelott on area next to road, 74A 546 84 207 estimated. Counted 254 27 e. l. (no joins) about 7 p.m., (fewer lots), 4p. 33 at 5:45 (a few joins, included). Few givs, out. No large litters (>3) seen. Overcast all day but mostly clear 5-7 p.m. Took $130 for expedition. June 13, 1955 Commenced mapping Cynomys colony outline. Limits very close to those mapped by James Cole in Sept. 1947, especially considering methods used (plane table & stadia) & differences in estimate limits. Yet burrows in pinyon wood occupied. Possibly SE sect has smaller population than before. This has been an exceptionally wet spring, overcast most of time for about 3 weeks & often rainy. Fine growth forb obscures bare soil on many old mounds. Little grass apparent in day town except where Aristida longisetosus common. Some Agropyron smithii, Büchler, & Poa trivialis gracilis present. SCS man, Dörlason, from Kulett, said he would consider pasture conditions on day town "poor," all gone to waste. I saw many givs. out today; warmer & sunnier than

Koford 137 Cynomys ludovicianus June 13, 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyoming g yesterday. I saw a few litters of 5, none surely larger, judging by no. budding on mound. About noon on 2A screen plot near road counted 26 grown & 19 juv., C.l. This is high den- sity near road where fed. After we can fed dogs, about 8 grown over within space 5 yds. wide. 11 juvs., more shy than many older dogs. I set live trap next to burrow with juvs., one came out & fed by traps, but an adult C. caught (released). Feeds adult grew, loose, wet, with loose manure smell. 11 Near road some C.l. can be fed from hand. Some are killed on road. One found dead near road, a few seen to wold across paved road. Some burrows at very edge pavement. A few in dirt parking area where cars push soil repeatedly. This substantiates my thesis that food determines presence & absence, & where burrows dug. 11 Several dogs seen to scratch from time to time. Some harvesters put mouse & some other ants on area. They quickly started eating bite of walnut put out for bait. 11 Due & I saw what appeared to be a Citellus 13-linicatus at two burrows, far apart. I heard apparent Spreytys once yesterday. 11 On colony I found no food corn waste digging & found no carnivore scats. Citellus apparently rare this area, Geological Survey men have colt- ed here several summers & have rarely seen one. 11 Several Bria on colony, walking about, apparently feeding (on?). No reaction with C.l. noted. Two adults often seen in same burrow, 11 Sept. McDutye said few rabbits he knew of no Spreytys on colony in past years. Bobcats present but not common, not seen to take C.l. here.

Roford 138 Cynomys ludovicianus June 15/14, 1955. Devil's Tower, Wyoming. With George A. Dickson, S.C.S., Nulettgways, looked over colony vegetation. Unfortunately he knew little of plant identification or indicator. He said that colony area would be closed poor because all gone to weeds. I got range condition class sheet for this area from him. In some parts colony, such as W. corner W. of road, much Bromus tectorum about 8" tall. Near old wounds this taller & headed out conspicuously more than a surrounding area, a little Agro. smithii where Bromus thile. Possibly C.L. keeps Ag. am. down so Bromus incanescens, or area denuded & Bromus invader before Ag. am./On hillslope work area, Andropogon scoparum, some Calamovilfa, & no C.L., the much bare ground between tufts & soil not especially rocky-unstable at some seasons? This is red-bred soil which erodes easily. Most said a colony pithy-loam, judged Dickson. Near ruin lumens in fine sand, which would seem to cover in in lumens if dry!! In slightly low areas in colony, Artemisia cana (?) about 4" high is dominant plant over hundreds square feet. Many stolons of this cut & left, apparently by C.L. Certainly they keep this brush low although may not be able to eliminate it once of bush size. No other shrubs noted in main C.L. area. || A band of sod, oak, & shrubs near SW edge colony. Where is this band, 10 yds. wide of shode some C.L. lumens, not much weed now. One at base 14" ask; two were 1' from base others, all in shode, in a narrow strip. In shode lumen oaks just SW of colony, other old lumens. Apparently at periphery unfavorable sites used for lumens. This might lead to penetration barriers & crossing of wooded ditcher, step benches, etc., & allow quick reinvivion such areas in times population pressure or favorable conditions.

Koford 139 Cynomys ludovicianus June 14, 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyoming Brome heads out earlier on 4 mounds than in areas between mounds. || At 11:40 a.m. surveyed area #1; 29 gram, 18 jivs., largest apparent letter of 4. This jiber closely with previous counts. 15/A + 10 jivs. per A. in round nor., & this near maximal. || At 6. edge relay next to fence & stolbed out approx. 1.7 A. plot (are #2) where little grass saw Cristida, & thick growth falls about 4" high (Grainy submerse & Sphenolike common. Letter has not flowered yet here (but along road under near Nullett). Some witch in flower (purple), a yellow spurge near river (not a dog lawn). || I put in 4 stil posts for 6x6 exposure within center area #2. Some forbs prominent as in area ( A 25% B 25%, other forbs 25%, Cristida 15%, lare & letta 8%, Sphenolena 7%, Ag. smithii trace; these gross estimates foliage). || Astragalus plants about 1 ft. wide persist at edge some used burrows. At 5. fine, several burrows at bare wooden posts. || Stop point density tried but not point diffi- cult to define any single stemmed forb. Loose letter, a point using foliage rather than root crown. || Examined enlargement of aerial aerial photo BBV 32-97, date 8-29-38. This showed old CCC camp W. of colony, & main area of colony settled with burrows. Certainly at least 35 A. in turn at that time, tho not merely extended to SW of the line of trees & shrubs near that end. Hill slope area poor but apparently burrows close to present. NW extremity + on river bench at NE end, where now. So no great change in period of 17 years! June 15, 1955 Put up 6'x6' exposure (of e.l.) with 2' high 20 ga, 1" paulety netting. Location shown on maps. Collected plants on mounds at NE, SW, & NW parts colony. Mostly there similar.

Kotford 140 Cynomy s lodoric anus June 15, 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyoming diff. sites, but diff. relative importance differs between sites, & a few only at one site - Sphaeroclea one of most common invaders of mounds, used as old. New pearl lettuce (Canthum) some burrows, Agropyron smithii (= A. arm.) a minor invader mounds. Some plants thick at one mound but little in surrounding area/other mounds (clover, e.g.). Perhaps mound area free of competition!! On S. slope of red bed soil, 10%t slope, Phleum, Sphaeroclea, Bromus, & other invader mounds at burrow entrance Bromus (testrum) sometimes very vigorous so twice size of surrounding plants. Rosa sometimes invader mound area, or persists thin, but hept to 4" height, presumably by action C.l. / I watched one eat leaves of Bromus. Some went thru fairly thick greass about 10" tall, when no trail, but when sit rep hord is above top grass. This sets height tolerated vegetation? At close range I saw one Cytisus 13-15 inistus.//Near road many people fed popcorn, pretzels, shorn cracking peanuts, bananas, etc. to C.l., a few sat from head. Jurs, at burrow sometimes allow approach to about 8', but do not come to hand, C.l. certainly a prime tourist attraction here. Most want to feed C.l. at close range a photograph them. One boy sat on ground feeding pop- corn to 4 within 5' of his feet. Response of C.l. to oat grain not strong - apparently too small to be readily seen. A note there attracts them quickly to that spot.//On 10% S. slope Rosa increases in size or little used mounds; doubtless the C.l. mostly keep it down. Likewise they keep down Artemisia sava, but probably they minimize area over which it grows. At our site at NE end colony, where adjacent range A. arm., Bromus, Sphaer

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus June 15, 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyoming alcea, &c. small mustard (uninvaded area), a single burrow was surrounded by conspicuous area, 3' in radius, where Artemisia cana 16" high & covered about 20% ground (scarce in surrounding zone), & little Asm. mixed with it. It appeared that Art. cana increased when freed competition of Asm. on other herbs. # At NW hillslope end, uninvaded grass about 10" tall (Asm; 30%), but about 30% ground bare. No barren save scarcity of edible forbs, it seems to me. This also true on S. slope near NW extremity where uninvaded part primarily Asm., Sphaeroclea, Bromus too. // On census area #2, around ephemeral, made 3 counts at different time day, getting 14-15 grown C.l. each time. No joins. Are they in any area more than 200' from food, above & below - why? Suzanne noted same independently. On S. slope, 10% slope of food, red silt loam soil, near their Aristida, largely old & dead, but nearly pure stand. Some unused but few used burrows in the Aristida area, so apparently do poorly there the will invade on occasion. Areas of little- used mounds had good growth forbs, & these might be food for a few C.l., whose activities would open more burrows & increase forbs. // Harvest ants love small mounds; active on many C.l. mounds, apparently utilizing high spot for their nest. Astragalus canavanus invades mounds too. Viola nutt- alli invades mounds to small extent; red bed S. slope. Perhaps highest burrow density is N. of food across from census area#1, where soil red & slope near 10%. Steepest slope occupied red bed soil is 15%. Slope of most area is

To do - Devils Tower. Plates: Relative importance invaders on rocks - census. Composition & bare ground in census plots (2) & perhaps red lud 10% 5. slope. Bernow density diff plots. C.L. Counts grass & shrubs, diff. sites.

Koford 142 Cynomys lodonicianus June 15,1955 Devil's Tower, Wyoming, close to 4%, atto appears near level from distance. // Criotida lunchoes move mounds in Criotida area where no current c.l. activity. Old lunches - few new Criotida plants seen (mean?). Opuntia on s. slope but little rain eating it (some old coting leaves & lunds. Not yet in flower). // All people say this unusually !: Wet spring - little sunshine for last 3 weeks. Same period last year much drier. // At onset light rain c.l. activity seemed to be increased (as unchanged), not decreased, but in fairly heavy rain few out. // The red- led soil considered very good agri, said but moist easily. Many c.l. mounds of this had many cracks or of mud. // Weighted sandstone rocks in some mounds & found ways, to be 150 grams, many 100. These light in weight; about 3 x 2 x 3/4 "size. June July 16,1955 Wind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dakota. About noon of warm partly overcast day drove past Norbeck Dam town & saw few out. Several area green & not apparently denuded. // about 1- 4 p.m. I was in terrce of Shirtail town, where John King made his studies. I put up stakes around area of his original West A & at one of optimum to SW. One original area of about 5 A I saw only 4 green & 2 jives, but perhaps not many out. No high densities seen in any part colony. Some burrows plotted as single holes by King (1949) were still just holes. Some burrows had closed from desire, some were not on King's map. At Wedge of Woda a dense stand of [illegible] notably (1950) limit shot of this, not having optiiled, some King's work, Hope soil favorable, it appears. In area of Alberta, to SW, apparently much avicene in number burrows since 1950, & a new group

Koford 1+3 Cynomys ludovicianus June 16, 1955 (much activity here) Wind Cave, S. Dakota of about 15 added 50yds S.W. of that septentrion. This last 15 in area about 100' in diam., surrounded by fairly pure stand prairie, but boring on it mostly grass & some Asm. Belt of prairie about 18yds, wide separated from rest of colony, & a trail going thru this ft. tall gross. To W. of C.L. colony here slope steeper, but only about 10%. Much: aspert prairie, in fairly pure stand on this immiineral E. slope. Grassland mound in area prairie, Asm., prominent, as if C.L. may favor it over prairie on same sites, in 20' radius around burrows. In old S.W. septentrion area (King 1950), new burrows, about 16" x 22" deep, freshly dug, in Asm. & prairie & 50% bare ground. In general, low population on Ward A of King, little expansion of area, but filling in of involuted area of a now septentrion, to S.W., or some general level. // About 1/4 mile up Canyon to W. of Shertail Ward A found nest of Aquila, Two flur about, chick with mostly flight feathers in nest. This only 300yds from parts of C.L. town. // At least 2 burrows on Ward A appeared to have been dug out by Tadidae in part. On Ward B still mod. no. dogs, this month's fairs thin (Sangre) or Devils Tower colony in general). Wind Cave Nat'l Park, S.Dak. June 17, 1955. On Ward A, Shertail Canyon, counted 9 ad. jiv., at about 4:15 p.m., Mog. Largest group jivs. 3, 9/10 sec. a sec. etc. Class. Calm. // There are 4 spoon shaped depressions, apparently buffalo wallows now on this colony. King (1950 work) did not mention them. Some antelope & possible elk droppings on colony here. I collected plants growing on wounds now used: Solenum, Amaranthus, Artemisia frigida, & others. Mogpia 4 crews seen on ground in this colony. // In canyon broad bottom, S. of pool, near dawnation end of colony, I saw 7 groun

Ko Ford 147 Cynomys ludovicianus June 17, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota C.l. in area where about 30 burrows (about 1 A.). Much Asm., grown thin, & blue-flamed Triceratonia. In downstream semi-irrigated area a fall mustard dominant. // In SE part Ward A there are many pockets about 6" wide, 4" deep, about 3/square yd. for several days ago, that may have been dug originally by C.l., Most in area of thistle poppy. // 2' from one burrow, 7 cut steller Ophorhodion at our spot. Rain 3-4" long. Much scratching around burrows toward mound, & pravinent recent poaching by voles. This probably response to rain of this two last night. // In general Ward A appears 50% low. Some patchy Buchloe & isolated tufts Asm. Heterogeneous distribution of plants as if soils complex & mixed. // On N. Worm Ward A, much Asm. (Allie says it may invade by vegetative growth at some periods, retreat at others). No Bantelana seen on colony. // Newest C.l. concentration in Ward A seems to lie SW 1/4, where mobs, large & to close & & grown c.l. seen. Thistle poppy: about 1½' tall with heads away from burrows, shot without stalk near. Death canes 1¼' tall & apparently recent near edge col- my just W. of Ward A, but some steller cut on bottom in N.W. part of whole colony. // Bronus & other grasses tall in Opuntia clump. Probably moisture, seed protected, close grazing prevented this. June 18, 1955. Visited Shetthal colony for 2 hours with Allie, SCS, Rapid City, Wb is intimate with plants & range con- ditions this area; quiet & clean in appletonia. He is enthusiastic per mint shooter & their interested in C.l. & woodchucks. Ward A would be "poor" in range condition classes, & the bottom, the good grazing, no better than "fair" because of large proportion annuals. Possibly some "good" range conditions on Bison Flote train. Past

Roford 145 Cynomys ludovicianus June 18, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dak. also has large perennial root that C.L. could utilize. Carex filifolia green earliest & latest (some all year) of grass - like plants, & may furnish C.L. food in winter. Carex grazed very close some sites - closer than cattle would graze - says Allee. Stipa vinidula & comata are decreasing as range this area (+ N. Dak.), St. comata now heading out in much of Wind Cave & gives drier aspect (yellowish) to range than a few weeks ago. I collected about 25 plants that Allee tentatively identified for me. On S. slope of canyon, 1/4 mi. N. of Ward A, a rather isolated & rocky section of C.L. range where ground fairly dounded. Many mounds & apparently thriving population. Here erosion from water very apparent. Dandelion weeds of C.L. contributing to erosion here. Two kinds Brown present - Japanese & tectorum. In a big patch of pure Chrysopodium album, many stolons cut as if eaten (2" high). Allee will return in July to work with me for a week. || I saw one Sylvilagus in dog town in bottom E. of "Ward A," another in King's Ward G." at about 5 p.m. I saw 2 coyotes in Ward G. || In an area of about 3 A. at E. side of Ward D I counted 12 green C.L., no juice. This area has little grass, much dare ground, so does aspect of bare ground with many C.L. mounds. E- idently population has decreased there in since year (5) past. Light rain in mid-afternoon. 1/4 hr. after rain C.L. seem repairing wounds. In late afternoon five juice. set. A few men camp ceased activity outside about 7:10 p.m., shortly after sunset. June 19, 1955 Herman, got juvenile, left in cage covered with canvas over fairly cold night (40°?). At 7 a.m. He appeared to be death, but he was only tripid. Body cold to touch, surely < 70°F.,

Koford 146 Cynomys ludovicianus June 19, 1955 Wind Cave N.P. S. Dak. eyes closed. After a time in slow breathing at about shewan rate, still cold. Fed warm milk. In half an hour fairly active & normal again. Whit could not stand, 3 axolotl glans excepto protruded stood strongly when body handled. || A moppie nest at in pine at edge Ward A; 3 young pies in it. About 8 antilocapra on Ward D at one, two pairs spanning with: horns. || Counts in King's area. Ward A - 8 grown, no jivs. STONE corner (50x50yds.) seemed to have little as no use. Adjacent area to S. & W., fairly uniform of nearly all within expansion reported by King as occurring 1950. I eventually got count as high as 10 grown, 22 jivs. (10:30 a.m.). One litter & close to S. side of W. part Ward A. Most apparent little litter size E. || On Ward B (we camped W. end) only 4 seen, no jivs. Lepidium & Choropodium album thick here. || About 100 yds. S. of Ward A. a modified patch in Brown - Asm. grassland with at least 1 ad., 1 jiv. (= area Y ½). About 50 yds. SW of King's staked area expansion, area X about 30 yds. drain., with 2 ad., 2 j. To W. of King's expansion area 100 yds. upslope, area Z 20 yds. vi. statia. modified (area X) + E [prol. not] / C. I thought seen then. Area Y Area Y, about 7 will devel. mds. at apparent very much used burrows, of 15+ other burrows. Much bare ground & false, but A+ Asm. common, separated by 10 yds. of ½ told Brown japonia from sort of colby (2 A + 2 j. = family?). Area X separated from rest of colby by 50 yds. Brown jap. (Asm., Sphaerulae, other stat). On "clearing," Asm., art. frigida, Sphaerulae, Kappella; about 7 plum with well devel. mds. Let 1 still topless. || King's Ward C (1950) has situated to 5 across streamlined, phone SW down canyon on bottom (call it Ward I here in 1950 or '51). C's of dirt road. On Ward C, I counted 11 grown c.l., 7 bringin' 2 A. at SW tip. → 5a 4 6 7 No jivs. at "b" album aur enlarged to 10' drain.

Koford 147 Cynomys ludovicianus June 19, 1955 Wind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dakota. mound flattish & well packed, no C.L. droppings or recent toolings from digging. This apparently den of a badger, for I saw one there 8:40 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. Of about 25 C.L. burrows within 100 yds. Badger, one may have dug badger dug recently, perhaps 4 in last year. Of 60+ burrows examined in Ward C', only about 5 seemed to have been dug out by badger, more recently. (Area X has one badger dug burrow, at least 2 such just W. of Ward A. More fresh.) // Aller - definition "evergrazing" means grazing that changes plant composition! Must separate term from overstocking overutilization. // At SW end of Ward C', much Lappula & Asa. white dogs. Uninvaded area (a few unmowed & partly grown own holes) mostly Mustard (1/2' tall, Asa. 1' tall, Lappula 1' tall, Sphaeralcea 6" tall. However, 150 yds. S W of top C' & across streambed in fall & dog area of about 1 acre (area B) in bottom, about 50 × 75 yds. size. Contains at least 3 gram + 4 junis. Non-1 old badger dug burrow, about 10 obvious by much used. To NW upslope (20%+) nearest currently used burrow 150 yds. distant (= area F). // At 2 p.m., 7 Artibesopa resting at W. end of Ward D. I heard coyote on Ward G. // Found a few stolles of dead Raven (12-18"), some of Potentilla (6"), many of Antennia fragi- side, cut on C.L. term. Also 4" tall Chenopodium (album ?) when thick on Ward B. // On both Wards A & B I found an apparent badger bored hole that had been filled up by C.L., & now tamped with more. On Ward B, 5 apparent badger - bad holes (not recently bored) in drain. 100', & at least 2 others on that ward. On Ward A near stake 1/4 c.f., an old badger bored hole had C.L. scratching around as if to fill it at entrance. June 29, 1955, At 7:25 a.m. I saw 2 badgers in Shattail Canyon lot. Tom near site where we yesterday. They walked close to C.L. burrow showing recent repair, & seemed to look toward a C.L. giving alarm chirps 50 yds.

Koford 148 Cynomys ludovicianus June 29, 1955 Wind Cave Nat'l Park S. Dakota. distant, One C.l., 75 yds. away, stood atop 1½' tall stump, 6" diam., 75 yds. at ledges. Badgers seemed not to be hunting C.l. walked into prairie. I caught prairie dog in live trap at humourus where 5 juveniles seen yesterday (50's. of stake 1/3. area 95-96% favorable, but saw Amblyseius opuntiae, Potentilla. A dead. in steel trap in area Y, 100 yds. S. of Ward A, where juveniles taken yesterday. Pseudotsuga menziesii, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Brown's Creek, Festuca octoflora, Lappula, Astragalus bisulcatus, near site. In area Z, bottom, saw 3 grown + 4 juveniles. In cleft a female (mule deer) and another to an hole, a large one + 3 juveniles. To another juvenile, mauled & pulled out, who did not seem to mind. In the area where much background, digging 1 to 3" deep at lower Sphaerocarpos - shell of a digipede in hole (dig for larvae?). Near burrow their lawn + generally without brood, presumably due to C.l. activity. I visited eagle nest 200 yds. W. of W. and Shirttail town. Under it when sferement fell I found a neat ball of hair (saved for spore) + old C.l. shell. From cliff top pon seen interest; no food remains seen in it. One eaglet, nearly grown. Both parents flew when area viewed. In Ward A most C.l. (4) seen in region of stake 1/3 g/m, where it mounds large. Near there two groups pite about 4" deep, as old C.l. digging for plant. These in circular patches about 10' diam. + possibly formerly associated with thistle bars. Area W apparently unoccupied now. Fritillaria biflora + higher than near currently used burrows. I saw are eating tip 2" of cut Chenopodium (album ?-saved). At now, carrying tip 10', finally dropping it. A Chenop. (album-dele; saved), in Ward B some twigs cut in patches by C.l. (may be leptophyllum). June 21, 1955. Clear a.m. but clouding. Near our camp two burrows at giraffe. One close to mounds, sigranum Brassica japonica stalks cut short, the rest of them, & seeds taken from heads. Mainly central core upright

Koford 149 Cynomys ludovicianus June 21, 1935 Wmd Cave N.P., S. Dakota growth is taken. Or at another site watched on field. It pulled up stalks of A. am, pulling out of sheath, took a bitton two at succulent basal tip, + discarded the stalk. This repeated for many, so many cut but not eaten except at tip. Our pet "Herman" usually does not eat leaves of them, but relishes a little or two for tender white tip. // On Ward A I counted 8 grown, 4 groups, 6x1 juv. It: is probable that juv. from littin 50's to 5, when I stopped a parous 9 yesterday. These 5 (no.) juvs. with adult. Juvs. attach to sad, not mother, when she is lost? (only 10 before?) In principal expansion area 5W of Ward A I counted 13 grown, 4 now one litter of 6 at our burrow (300' W. of Ward A). May litter size has seems to be 6. // In area 2, in bottom, 3 grown + 4 juvs. (together), as before. At E. end Ward D I omit ted them in plot; 9 no. juvs. (Possibly 2 juvs. one site thin.) Two more in patch of solid Chenopodium album. // In bottom near creek led to S. of E. and Ward D, a conspicuous crater in area of Bromus japonicus with odd 2 juvs. Near us. A. am., Kappella, Corolla, Sphaerolcea, Cheno. album, Solanum, Amaranthus (Comes.). Within 10 yds. 2 other weed-appearing burrows, 4 several old burrs. in grass to N.W. At least 20 yds. of solid Bromus japonicus dominans, 1-1/2' high, separated from nearest area shelter group A. am. Photographed this! Droppings found atop 1 1/2' high boulder in open. // Are next burrows always with well-dug. mss.? // Ward A, new digging at some old burrows or reopening old wounds when burrow weathered mostly closed. At SE edge of Ward D, much death canas cut (photod). In area 50x20 yds., nearly all of about 100 seed stalks, 12-16" high, cut. // Under 1' high boulder (1 1/4" x 2') a burrow dug 6" inches deep. // Another old burrow found plugged freely. Opening (upper, old) had been about 1 1/2' diam. Nearest used burrow 50' distant. // Head of slope (N. side) Ward D had few burrows on slopes 7-15%, & more currently used above this level. Farther uphill much A. am. + Andropogon. // On Ward G, rocky area with period uphills

Koford Cynomys lubovicianus June 21, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota. A downhill, I saw 4 gram, 4 groups of 6, 1, 41 jun. Dovillian was grown present. Activity extends to 40 yds. E. of pipe-stake put in by Cole. Slope 12-15% on this ward. Large patches Aristida about 8" high on uphill side. Saw 1 jun. Agrylagon here. At rear of clump of 1½" tall mint 4 into old C.L. lunnar, other large in line, armed appearing. Vets. eriaria starting on this ward on damped ground near C.L. Lobo (1 leodebarn talu). // Visited some other colonies in park. In near flat area W. of display sign in Norfolk Dam town, few C.L. 4 wrecks on rounds growing vigorously, 4 much A. am. in vicinity, but about 50% of grounds bare in vertical view. At Mostly Maralynia or mss. on lower slope, but also Lappula, Sphaeralcea, & others. Patches of Aristida in area. About 100 yds. W. of sign much Biscutella, 5 on up slope. Sphaeralcea in bloom. Cyperium (yellow wolfflower) cut, 1" tall, in flower, at several sites. // I pared off 4 marked with roche a plot of about 2A, 70 x 34 x 450' paced, Cole's pipe-stake lying at SE corner. Some Chrysopodium album & Antennia frigida cut. As compared to Shurtleff town, vegetation (= sails) fairly uniform. Norred loba & meadow loba seen. One lunnar 10" drain, plugged freshly 1" dawn hole. // Visited Paileni town, 5W exposure in canyon bottom, 5-15% slope. Dominant veg. Antennia frigida 10-12" high, with Lappula 6" high between: Saw a Bean rolling bee; several dusting walbuns present. C.L. confined to Ant. frig. island. Slope around steep, with A. am., Andropogon, & rocky. Lappula in flower. Much Ant. frig. cut some sites, but no evidence decrease in it. Took photos. // At upper Anstony town, ground green due 1" high fable, Paspalatum apparently high here, at lower Sanctuary town (Law at Rankin). Many lunnars at bases 6" drain, parts - at bases half parts in 50 yd. stretch. 3W exposure. A. am. main grass. An area of thick 6" high

{ "text": "Koford\n151\nCynomys ludovicianus\nJune 21, 1955 Wind Cave M.P., S. Dakota.\nLappula there are few burrows. In most areas spacing mounds is striking. Paced out 4 marked plot of about 2 A, 210 x 390 ft. (1 hr. later, current, counted only 5 grown in plot). At SW edge town, a few lodge- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Koford 152 Cynomys ludovicianus June 21, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota. 50 yds. E. of where made put by farthest series burrow in May, South Slopes SW NE part, much Opales. All activity in area about 3 A. [sketch] Slope area use old burn Pines → IX small (5') pine → IV Slopes Sylvan town Rambin town This town excellent for study entire population as isolated Only towns in park that are doing well on the Sanctuary town (?). June 22, 1955 Niobrava G., Wyoming. Driving S. toward Lusk on highway 85, saw one big sandbile (under Mule Creek Junction) in region of Red Bird, N. Ft. Collins, Colo. June 24, 1955 Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony, Much green & grass taller than early this month. C. l. occupy about same area as before, 4 more of extreme border points (# 21, 29, 31, 24), appear out litter of 4 n 5 at # 32 & 25. No reseen near # 18 when a litter earlier, 4 no recent scratching there. Area N/4 of fence now has much Salsola to about 1 ft. tall. In NW 1/4 colony, many stalks of Parnel- sea have been cut. There 8-12" tall, cut a few inches from base. 3 of four long Parnelsa, but cross. stalk cut. In area of rather open stand Ag. sun., many culms & stalks & leaves, lying on ground. Standing glass show that many culms have been pulled out. Apparently some subtil tip taster, not cost aside. (Our pet "Whan" does this, witnessed at Wind Cave). Buckleb cannon in NW 1/4, now has heads. Bant. gro. also headed & about 8" tall seed stalks. Loppula present but now. On wounded green Salsola, Aphaneslea, & a purple-flowered Salicium mainly. Much Ag. sun. in area # 2 & 21, where apparently little C. l. activity now (10-12" tall, no sheds yet). Near # 22 (where a C. l. seen), mildly

Koford 153 Cynomys ludovicianus June 24/1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. blades & stubs Bow grass, cut & left on ground—as many as 10/sq. ft. 10 N. of #19, many stalks Brownie, Nordeim, Bow. grass, cut & lying on ground. (Clipping increases vigor Buechler, Bow. grass, Ag. am.,) & nearly all left on ground as litter, so effect grazing not as great as rotted/stalks eaten. C.L. in minor litter. /1/ near burrow 8" deep: 5 yds. NE of #19; under 5" drain. soils, in area 50% bare ground, + Buechler, Salsola. Some small Salsola uprooted rather than cut. /1/ Near N. center colony, much Nordeim, Brownie cut. Buechler stubs stalks about 4" tall now. Salsola cut at same rate, 1/3" to 3/4" parts sometimes cut. On bed of dry pond, Salsola is 90% of vegetation. At periphery many stalks cut. At sites where 6" tall, about 8 stalks per sq. ft. cut, 15/sq. ft. where thick 4-10-12" tall. /1/ Burrows on pond bed (#7, 36) show little use, but much Salsola cut there when 30% ground bare + little but Salsola present. /1/ SW NE 1/4, much Salsola 8" tall, but only 1 C.L. seen there. No evidence recent activity near #24 or N. of it. Much Salsola cut vicinity #8, 9, 10. Many stalks A. am. cut & lying down. When 8" tall, up to 15/sq. ft. 5 yds. W. of #10. Buechler about 20% cover in this area. /1/ S. of fence, relatively very little Salsola. Some grazing here this year (not N. of fence). About 90% Buechler, some Spherules in bloom. St & Panicum not thick, but common. Many Ag. am. culms pulled as stalks cut; + some Bow. grass, too. Apparently little recent activity on slope on E. side, or no fresh scratchings, spider webs in burrow (block widow). /1/ On steeper slope in S. central part colony, more Bow. grass. (Bee, da, or flatter), Much A. am., cut & left—this dry grass conspicuous as green, 4 follows determinator area C.L. activity by inspector's grounds. /1/ Made overlay of map showing limits activity + location when C.L. seen.

Koford 154 CynomyS ludovicianos June 24, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Dunes, large & not as readily distinguished from grown as at Wind Cave, May 23, 1955 Addenda for TRIVMP, Medora, N. Dakota. Common on Johnson plateau a Lactuca, possibly ludovicianus. In Bowman Creek area, a small mustard, Descurainia sophia, common on old Cyn. lud. mdo. (period Aug. 1952), & also Mor- (lupis) nutelliana. In grazed portion, or mdo. same area, where much Ag. am. & Bo. grac., Cryptantha bracteosa common. Lepidium densiflorum common within park boundary same area, on mounts, on 10 % slope, where little grazing, also in park area, old mdo., much Sphaeralcea coccinea, Descurainia, Monolepis, Lepidium, & a subserpent Eriogonum & Chorizanthe. On Big plateau (May 22), another Lactuca (pulchella ?), common on mdo. (rootstalk, perennial). Also same place, Brom- us tectorum, grows vigorously edge C. l. mdo. (4 Bogans- myopes mdo.). Much between mdo. tops (dominant at 10' distance). In Acrey Bottom where & shot May 23, Art. frig., Sabelomandra ? (called a Poo at time), Plantago purshii, Sphaeralcea coc. June 17, 1955 Addenda . Wind Cave M.P., S. Dak. In Shirttail Canyon, main folds on mounts still being used: Proraia, Festuca octoflora, Tradescantia, Ama- other, Lygodium, Salamum, Lopopula. Some other plots present: Asclepias pumila, Echinacea angustifolia, Liatria (cut by C.L.), Plantago purshii, Festuca octoflora, Salamum Ox- alis, Sabelomandra, Calochortus (in bloom, white) & others collected. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. June 25, 1955 Visited Damp Colony, 55. 2 a.Ft. Collins in forenoon. Low & grown, + groups 14-5 shrubs. Soil map of

Koford 155 Cynomy s ludovicianus June 25, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. area: → N ↓ seen; rodent? ↓ white rod? ↓ seen; groun? speckly? ↓ seen; rock made. 60 yds | 40 O 60 300-90 yds. 6-180 yds. O 50yds | limit ↓ yds. yds. 20yds. 70 (1+5)seen Dist. from between farthest apart seen = 360yds. limit seen activity 450yds. E. 4W. limit formely seen activity included in 200 yds. way. span, S.limit Earlier activity; seen scratch & pull grass by C.L. some scratches in burnour now, poss- ibly by C.L. Evidently this population has not competed in small area nor has productivity failed or young produced. This is located in wide large old colony, so deep burrows available in old denastine beyond limits present seen. All activity on slopes about 5%, only a 5W facing slope today. No movement up slope on ENE side, where old burrows. Probably only move up- hill when crowded on lawn (4 were favorable, presumably) slopes. E. slope above colony principally green Salsola. Where C.L., about 50% of corn in Buckhler, now bearing heads. Bout. groe. more provinnt a steeper slope. On mds. principal plants Salsola, Lepidium, Chevopodium, a yellow clover, a 4" tall mint, a purple flowered Sclerum. Salsola lettuce, about 12". Near burrow Salsola cut. (Cattle present & doubtless absent it). || at N. end colony for 100 yds., mainly Salsola, but weeds & Ag. s.m. present, little Buckhler or Bow. groe. Scratching & dropping to 50yds. N. of where seen. Sphaerodes, a white flowered Petagolin, Opuntia, in bloom; no evidence recent eating. Opuntia Luda, Purple flowered Sclerum, weigmann in mouth or little used

{ "text": "Koford\n156\nCynomys ludovicianus\nJune 25, 1955\nNr. Ft. Collins, Colo.\nLunrour. (Spretysto - rabbit fur, 4 pellet with insect parts &\nmouse fur, also feather; on one wound), 11 Near where 5 jivs. seen,\nmany cubine Ag. sm. had been pulled & left lying on ground. More\nthan 10/sq. ft. some sites where A. sm. was ½ of cover. Brava jivs,\n60% roun Buebbae, much Salsola present. 11 As often observed, but\nrarely seen, 1 jiv. seen is small & located 5 yds. from large old\nround (apparently second entrance). (The large rod. den apparently expect\nwhen trapped a Spretysto earlier this yr.). Near crate where jiv. seen,\nmuch Ag. sm. pulled to 6' distance, as many as 15 cubine/sq. ft.\nRecent scratchings at lunrour to 40 yds. 5 of whom seen, &\npossible to 100 yds. (optimum limit when activity seen early this\nyear). Where A. sm. cubine pulled, sheath often broken partly\nabout ½\" below ligule, as if c.l., rested feet on\nbreak →\nVisited then see. 3 colony & counted\npreviously\ndeep or maled off area of about 2A on N. aspect slope, One scant\ngave 6 gram 26 jivs., another 6 gram + 32 jivs. Overcast, 4\nperhaps all not out. Possibly oceas. shooting this area. Groups\nof jivs. numbered: 5, 8, 2, 1, 7, 1, 6, 2, from W. to E. Probably\nlittle litter readily mix in small area when crowded. Credit.\nby very high productivity this slope (below irrigation ditch,\npartly above old small reservoir →\nOn opposite slope (S. facing),\nwhen Salsola 6-10\" main\nFENCE x — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Koford 157. Cynomy s ludovicianus June 25, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. On this S. facing slope much Iva axillaris cut, out of all proportion to amt. present. In bottom many needles of Distichlis stricta cut & left lying, Some Danum & Salsolea cut & left lying. Light horse grazing this pasture, 4 perhaps horses eat Salsolea, but cut off stalk usually left on ground. Salsolea cut 1 to 3" high, at angle; not obviously nibbled by rodents (some horse, some c. l.? ). At moisture many burrow purple-flowered Solanum persiste, & some Salsolea too. // In second plot to S. of fence, on W. slope, Ag. sm. sparse but widespread, & many culms piled some later. Iva stolon stolons cut at 1 to 3" height, so many as 15/sg. ft. 10" tall Euphalia (marginata ? ). Some Dyspodia present. Moro- Lepia or a near mouse. Small potater Bucklees present, heavily grazed, stolons prominent. Soil a clay loam. Some Burt. grac. present; seed stolons to 4" tall, with heads. Many dry culms of Ag. sm. on ground. Mr. W. and Chryothamnus well cut with cut- tings left. Not put in adjacent area to C.E., where no C. l., nor Sal- sola (20 c. l. rather than horses ? ). To W. where no C. l., Burt. grac. seed stolons 1' tall & always Ag. sm. large, burnt Chryothamnus 4' tall, Salsolea 10"; uncut, Found shell of lady C. l. on mound. Much 1½' tall Panicum cut at 2"-6"; prob- ably by C. l. (CPER, Weld G., Colo.) June 26, 1955 Visited CPER S. W. 22 colony. Green now, espe- cially because of Salsolea. Opuntia (yellow pear, pink barrel), Lopsele, Oenothera, Euphorbia, in bloom; lession Buckles & Burt. grac.. Many jews. now present. At least 20 new burrows in area N. of creek (60%) lined at W. end colony, invading 4±7° S. slope where much bare ground, Mull. ton., Salsolea, Chrysopodium. I staked all new burrows

Koford 158 Cynomys ludovicianus June 26, 1955 Weld Co, Colo I found N of fures (marked 6/26, & approx. depth hole if shallow), some at base closely cropped Chrysothamnus, at least 3 in area low ant muds. Depths of some: 6", 8, 12, 12, 6, 6, 20, 24t, 24t, 24t, 16, 16; There N. of 22 w + 24w. Apparently recent invasion this area. High water in bottom may have caused movement; some otter in bottom obviously had been heavily water worked, 4 E. spilonurus marked by wt. Salads, 8 other debris (spilonurus taken out). Farthest N about 140yds N. of 22w, this area a well developed mound + deep burrow. Photod may new holes. 11 Perched up coyote dropping at 22w, 400w; sand. (On groups N. of 24w (new holes), 7 staked. There lie in arc, about 20yds. apart, farthest being 125yds. bring. 322° from 22w.) When 2 jun. in NA', active small Pogonomyrmex and. close to burrow. Outside w. spilonurus, no cutting Salads within barded wre spilonurus. Parent repair hole in burrow; 1 st. N. of 20w, 11 A few recent + shallow to N. of PA', farthest being 82yds. bearing 322° from 30w 2N stake. One Footrest N about 5" deep in soil like hard clay (mound), another 8" deep. Both these groups 50% less, this Carey, Buckles, Muhlb. two parts, another 10" deep. Farthest in old law ant mud, 4 10" deeps. Then 26yds. S. to me 10" deeper, then S. to me 2' deep, then me 8" deep in soil like - clay. At least 50% less ground lies, some Buckles, Muhlb. ton., Carey present, slope est. 4%. Salads to 10" tall. Largest jump 45yds. between holes. 11 In the group of new holes N. of KA', 6 staked, 1st. 30yds. from nearest, 4 last 48yds., others 13-20yds. apart. Obviously there are for refuge when invading new feeding area. Farthest N. mound the best devel- oped one, 1 Another line of 3 murs to N. of 18w, the farthest apart 26yds., all shallow. 11 In SW/4 of EB', one burrow about 10" deep.

Koford 159 Cynomys ludovicianus June 24, 1955. Weld Co., Colo. had been dug out to diam. about 10" to near end, probably by lodge or coyote. Shell & remains scarce, still having soft soil but little loam, lay on mound. Much ant activity, there appear, having low mound there at burrow site. No other sign. Sivaria or a fresh digging by C.L. due. Apparently new area of shallow burrows does allow easy predation! In this zone (where burrow & a C.L. seen earlier this year) vegetation taller & course was ground than in invaded area to W. of it. || In N part of CA', new burrow 24" deep under small ant midden, no other near. I staked off burrows found N. of E-W fence (about 24). || Water in bottom ditch about 10' wide (e.g. at 2W 205). One possible set C.L. trails in mud near water. || E. of E. fence, burrow family staked or for that E. is still farthest (in C'M). One in bottom must have been inundated but shows apparent recent scratching. An antrenis to S. of streambed just E. of fence, down to about 305/1E. I made overlay map showing details & location events. June 27, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. About 4 p.m. I visited loc. 4 c.ally 6 mi. S., 2 W., of town, where C.L. in barley field (formerly thought wheat). In the 100 yd. wide field on S. side of creekbed I saw 5 grown, 4 at one burrow (20 yds. down slope into field on uphill side) 6 large juncs. One grown one at burrow 40 yds. into field. || W. half of this long strip has been ploughed; grain very sparse this & about 3" high, + labels at some spots to 6". Heavy rains since ploughing. Many burrows there have been reopened by C.L. since rains. These mainly within 20 yds. of downslope (W.) edge, but some near center. I saw no C.L. burrow. Grass sparse - ave. 1 stalk / 2". No one persist there after ploughed, but maybe recently abandoned.

Koford 160 Cynomys ludovicianus June 27, 1955 Mr. Ftc Collins, Gis. One adult seen from barley field to burrow 10 yds. upslope from uphill edge. One near the Gwins. saw 40 yds. to another burrow, where another grawn one, in edge plow barley. /Eating barley green. Hundreds of stalks out off, now lying on ground. Many of these are culms with basal end eaten below node, sometimes stopping at node, usually stop- ping below it. Cut usually at 1-3" height. A few perhaps pulled out of sheath, root cut thru from outside. at upper edge barley field was left Dalsola about 8" tall, many stalks of this cut. Anich- weed (Acalypha) about 1 ft. tall here sweet (milk weed & Eup- horbia not cut because of better milk?). /At site 16' from a burrow when about 10' tall, much cut, up to 10 stalks / sq. ft. Many stalks cut only until fall, not clear thru, as if to reduce high vegetation, not for food. No burrows seen to surface picture. Stalks not cut where no C.L. burrows. // Near burrow's ground not denuded, but barley in open stand & about 8" max. height. Many cut stalks have heads, but seed poorly developed & little apparent nutriment in, & heads a week not eaten. Many oats (Avena) mixed with barley, sometimes 1/2 of stand, & this too cut when tall (to 18"). At one burrow not currently used, the used early this year, barley so vigorous that the spot attracted my attention. On one rod., grew thickly 4' 20" tall, while sparse 4' 6" to 16" tall at distance 3'. In another where barley thickest, stalks closely spaced, more cut. Where tall but open stand, cut by C.L. // Visited field on N. side of valley, where grain now sparse & about 4" tall, planted (or just ploughed) about 1 month ago. Within 20 yds. of dam slope edge, bordering unploughed ground, many burrows had been opened &

Clyde Doren, OSFS Herbicide Grand Mesa Benzene Herbicide

Koford 165 Cynomys ludovicianus June 27, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. had sightings, apparently used. I saw one C.L. in burrow 10'gbs. into ploughed field. About 6 p.m., 1 A. at edge, where formerly many before ploughing. No sure digging by C.L. for seeds of plants, & little evidence feeding on them found (feed on unploughed?). Farthest into ploughed field was 100' in. Ploughing merely a congregation, water worked & smoothed, not a jump of large does, so would not hinder locomotion C.L. Near 2 old mounds at top of slope, 100' yds. from nearest edge field, a little scuffing of soil, possibly by oscar, C.L. visit, but no repair of burnt ours. Drain 4" tall. 1/4 on unploughed bottom, most ground now covered with Salala 10" tall, deep green (eat in pref. grow?). June 28, 1955 Denver, Colo. Talked with Mr. Welch about using herbicides to discourage rodents. He loaned me report of herbicides within relation to Thamnops on Grand Mesa, Clyde Doren of USFS Denver, should also have info on this. For discouraging C.L. from using old burrows on steep slope or other site, Welch recommends spraying burrows with diesel oil (This had been used to discourage Thamnops, ploughing it into soil). Benzene herbicide had also been used, on surface, to discourage rodents. Welch lent me some for trial. This has been under top of ground to discourage rodents, it lasts 300 about 3 mos. atop ground. June 30, 1955. Montrose, Colo. Talked with Ben Crandell, Field & wildlife prob'n & rodent control man, & with Walt Doering, his assistant. In their region there were 3 forms of Cynomys - gerronensis, leucurus, & L. ludovicianus. The last was most difficult to poison & was common now in area

Cynomys ludovicianus June 30 1955 Montrose, Colo. NW of Cortez in area of about 12 townships. There apparently do not not grain that has poison (40-1080), tho they eat superimposing col- ored or not. Apparently the dogs can detect poison. (V. Schoffner suggests that, as in humour, certain mice can taste poison, others cannot, in a genetic ratio; & that those that can taste it might survive). Crawford Dearing both verified the decreasing effectiveness of any poison when long used. Crawford here since 1938, Dearing 1942. After 3-4 seasons, poison soon effect. A new 100-70 kill was made in Delta County on leucuum salagy lost (in this ?) year, but this unusual, 4 season unknown. Poisoning effectiveness varies with season, early effectiveness high (30-40% April-June), then poor to about July 20, then better until fall. Young come out about time Silver Bloom, said Dearing, usually May 15 to early June, all 3 forms having young about same time. Pre- side hibernation differs in length & time of year. Deermin hib- erator largest, white-tailed shortest. Dearing said leucuum little active midday, especially when dry weird, but much morning & late afternoon. We think they eat much cheatgrass & are often found when Brown occurs. Wellington, Colo. June July 2, 1955. AT 7:43 a.m. arrived at Wellington preserve. Warm, clear, calm. At no evidence of expansion of salagy to N., most like- ly direction, beyond stated leucuum. In fact, some stoked show no rise. Few seen near N. edge. In many areas green Kochia espec- ially thick & tall on edges mounds & for several inches around them, when burrow little used (same with shub), about 8-10" tall at mound, 2-3" in surrounding area. To N. of inhabited area open stand Atriplex canescens 2-3' high. Two years of high population

Koford Cynomy s ludorici anus July 4/1955 Nr. Wellington, Gla. pressure this area might be involved. I made 3 counts of ground jive. C.l. in census area of about 2 A. Highest count 34, 9 or 10 being non-jives, A Sylvilagun + Speolyto + Oteller 13-livistion on same plot. Largest group jives. at 1 burrow is 8, with 1 adult, at burrow where 2 ground trapped on myfloat visit here. This might be composite groups, some having lost parent. Otherwise no groups jives. > 4 or 5. A dose & meadow lands fed a colony. Cover on census plot mainly Kochia, 3-6" tall, Butternegia prominent on S. part, about 8" high, 4 in some clumps than stalks are cut (& 1/4 stalks cut in same tights). At N. end at tripley in low scrubby border with little foliage, C.l. apparently having kept it down. Some green shoots (6-8" long) of at tripley cut & left lying. Apparently more cut than of Butternegia. A few clumps of Opernia present, but no current eating. Winterfat (Eurotria) appear sithy kept down to tights about 2-3" tall by C.l. where many of them, but little presents. C.l. scratch under edge dose many lunker, perhaps to make shady spot. This may aid erosion & oppose some nests. "Charlie" came up close to me as if to be fed. Dogs appeared not too alert, perhaps because of warm weather, but not under then. Some seen to eat green Kochia, cutting a pulling up near base, then chewing basal end cut part & discarding most of it. || In area explosion, protected area had taller veg- ctation than surrounding. This especially due to seed bearing growth of Erigogram (much cut outside explosion), + partly to somewhat taller plants of Kochia, Salsola, Winterfat no taller inside (possibly Chrysothamnus nauseosus) than outside. || Site where Butternegia 2.5% of cover, 10" tall, 1/5 of stalks same lunker cut. || No new burrows noted, but one started

Loford 168 Cynomy s ludovicianus July 9, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Glo. in old mound when no hole. 11 In horse pasture 6 acres, counted 32, 12 (or 14) be (a 10) being non-jive. Largest group jives, was 5 (at C.L. lurnour) or 6. No new large little seen. Probably some dogs not out. One seen at S.W. limit colony. Little activity in NE sector when 90%+ bare ground. At least two pair Spreytyts present (pellets of on 2 mounds had little & other insect parts, gray mouse fur, mouse bones). Evidently green Dietellii being eaten, many sticks (to 4/sq.ft.) cut at base & left lying on ground. One seen eating Kochia. No apparition colony, but nearly all farm area occupied. Two seen in old barley field to S. of E. part colony, to 50 yds. from fence, where Kochia but not in tall sparse barley. Overlay crop made & terminated. Milkwed area 2' tall with pink blossom. Evidently C.L. do not cut this, perhaps because of milk (also Euphorbia). The rough leaved Iva axillaris common & saw much cut in some areas. In general, feeding when Kochia & Dietellii fairly thick, perhaps most successful; is moisture critical in late season ? 10 mi. N. Waverly, Colo. July 6, 1955 Visited Sec. 13 near Rudy Ackermann's about 7:30 a.m. No prairie dogs when I took 2 (the only one) early this year. Saw 1 Sylvologus & 1 Spreytyts at C.L. lurnours. Ground cover short but fairly complete, of Bickler, Mullen- bergia, Schelonnandrus. Arrived Sec. 23 colony 7:45 a.m. 1/10 cumulus, light bugs, warm. About 500 ft. E. of the gully (10' high sides, 40 yd. wide sand & gravel bottom) I saw 2 grown C.L. at mounds 50 yds. apart. Have seen here in previous Trip, the old lurnours present there. These mounds at edge

Koford 169 Cynomys ludovicianus July 6, 1955 N. of Waverly, Larimer Co., Colo. of slightly lawn, flat area where water had stood, & which had good growth of about Bouteloua gracilis. Near wounds 80% bare ground, some Cenotia & Og. smithii. || None in about 2 A. where pithly poppy dominant & many Pogonopyrum mounds, slope 1-2% to estimated 2%. None in area of Atriplex ram. 1½" tall, bunch- 2-10' apart, Dalsola dominant between, but much bare ground. Here 4 at many sites in other parts colony, apparent Cynomys dig- gings 2-3" deeps, Near diggings Bouteloua and Stellaria 10-12" tall not cut. Water had stood here (reason no c.l.?). Diggings up to 4/ sq. yd. 2/3 of 12" shoots of one Atriplex bunch cut. 0 punctia in flower but not eaten. This Atriplex area about 6A at SE pradige colony. Total colony about 12-0 A. estimated. | In screening 5, slope up to 5%., in areas of at least 10 acres, only 12 c.l. seen. Several expert 70-90 bare (actually more) || In prep area about 2 A. seen 6. fewer near shallow ravels, 3/one seen, including jears (3 or 4). In this area much cutting Atriplex + moderate amount of a purple-flowered Astragalus, especially seed-bearing stalks about 1 ft. high. Few seeds much Iva xiphiloides & Og. amm. Burmans occupied c.l. seen were 50+ yds. from ravels. Much A. 2m. cut down & left on ground. Burmurs on gravelly loam on higher ground near ravels (evidence standing water, mud). Near this site, To S. of fence row seen; then Atriplex 1½-2', & all ground had been muddy. Many shallow diggings in nearly barren soil, & bushes of allium left at site. At least 20 such diggings in half an acre. Some holes to 6" deep. Little evidence but stock, tho a few old footprints cattle in mud, no new drops pig's cattle seen. No any carnivore scats! || At W. edge

Roford 170 Cynomys ludovicianus July 6, 1955 N. of Waverly, Larimer Co., Colo. of gully at E. side colony, a few new burrows & much of some Atriplex burrows cut to NW within 20' or so N. of edge. In grit, Cenotia 8" tall cement where Atriplex cut (for food ? rather than reduction height). || Many diggings for onions where sparse Ag. ssp., Atriplex, Cenotia. Diggings to 4' ag. mate. 90% bare groully ground. || Some new burrows under a alongside low Atriplex bush. Saw a young Lepus townsendi run from under edge Atriplex bush; later saw adult on colony, Burrows mainly from 10 to 22 yards apart, farther when a small intervenes. Burrow spacing seems fairly constant regardless of population density & sparsity of forage. || In swale, Ag. ssp. & Astrebla cut. Seed of Ag. ssp. not well formed, not eaten, it seemed. Part are probably green leaf recently eaten (by C. l.? ). || Farther W. along S. fence another concentration (c. 7 in tot. 2 A) near a shallow swale, 4-2 seen S. of fence (where Atriplex 2' tall). Much Ag. ssp. cut in swale, but not Dava. Little Sphaerula present. Mural allium diggings 5 yds. from cement Ag. ssp. leads. || S. of SW corner of fenced sector: there are C. l., where old burrows, & much fresh digging at mounds. Soil rocky of Clay shale prior. 90% bare, 7% slope to E., at most. One little of 4 seen 70 yds. S.W. of corner. (Not over 2 or 3 junts, noticed else- where in colony; seems low little size?). Cover less Cenotia, muchly, Salicola, Ag. ssp., Creogonium; somewhat more seen than N. of fence. Shrub pieces in mounds to 2" across. Farther S. apparently used burrow was 200 yds. SSE of fence corner. Habitat ( +Oz. ssp., Lepus) there being Atriplex 3-6' apart, 1-1 1/2' high, mainly Salicola between (80% bare between shrubs). (this relatively poor for C. l.? ). Apparent Repedonys burrows near

Koford 171 Cynomys ludovicianus July 6, 1955. N. of Waverly, Colorado their peripheral C.L. burrows. No shallow peripheral burrow found. // Burial: expansion of colony may depend on population in relation to carrying capacity, not to on certain absolute no. of C.L. // Burrows up to 4/sq.ft. of cut down asidestalks of sq. sm., when mixed with green Salsolea, 70% ground bare. // In central area of town, a long raised patio running S. from hill, Cinetia dominant (2-4' apart, 4" tall), 90% ground bare, some sq. sm.; but for burrows a C.L. (far from lower damper drawn ?); 4 for food diggings. // Yellow flowered Eryngium, flower stalk cut or left, leaves not cut, at 3-5" above ground, all 3 main stalks cut, 4 another cut likewise, both 5' from burrows. // In NW part colony, new burrows 6" deep at base Atriplex with cut tops; Two other new near bore Quercus plants, another new 10" deep in shale slope, slobs to 3"x4"x3/6". // Streamlet that when overcart, hot, & humid, relatively few C.L. out. No carnivore sign & no rodent snaker seen. (Predator control sign on some post). Atriplex may be eaten or principally base of new growth coter, this base being about 10" above ground. // At its S. edge hill, activity on 7% slope, 4 many Atriplex cuttings. // About 3/4 for several across SW.E. slope (59%) in NE part colony, where Cinetia dominant, 6" tall, 5-10' distant, Sparse sq. sm., Sphacelung low Chrysotamnus, lettuce, 4 90% bare ground. // In general Cinetia not cut, but at 1 site north of a slump cut. Yellow Eryngium also cut. She needs much Salsolea to 8" high, but apparently not cut. // Note: Burrows seem to be often located in slopes, leading out of swales. New burrows 10" deep in this NE part. In one area 50' distant, Atriplex bunches 3 to

Koford 172 Cynomys ludovicianus July 6, 1955 N. of Waverly, Colorado. 6 ft. apart, every bush had 1/2 to 2/3 of shoots cut, lying then on shrubs. Found a large jive, dead on mound. No evidence shooting or eating hay remainder, Mr. Fli Colling, Colo. July 7, 1955 at Spring Canyon Dam colony from 10-11:30 a.m. Counted 17, 6 living jivers (perhaps not all out). Two seen at 5.4 W. extreme location when seen early this year on occasion (or if recent spreading). Limits activity apparent for plants cut (Same N+S. of fence, tho no grazing to N.). Male overlay map showing limits & locations C.L. seen. Populatiori settled still. No new shallow burrows apparent (old available). At NW part, many steller Bant. grew. cut - to 8/ag. ft. - 4 lying on ground. Salsola, Carela also cut. Yellowish area on slopes around dry pond due mainly to drying Riddles (heads present, stelka 3-4" tall, now seen cut). NW section has been rehabilitated, apparently, since my tropping, SW N central part, Brown, Nordrum, does not, but apparently not strictly. There grasses in patches, not large solid stands. Saw a baldy Sylindigun with old C.L. hole at edge dry pond (a pile of Anthuin burns just outside entrance, Salsola cut adjacent). Patchers of Salsola of a few ag. ft. almost completely cut down in N central part. No evidence activity N. of # 24; fairly solid 4" Salsola that sector, S. of E-W fence, activity on slope of E. side only to about 5% grade. One seen at 5. pt. of colony limit of where any seen early this year, 4 possibly digging of burrows to S. of this [or reverse slope]. One seen also at central W. aptinity where a Sylindigun was trapped when C.L. seen. July 9, 1956. Took photos cut plants at Spring Can Dam colony.

Koford 173 Cynomyx ludovicianus July 8, 1955 Nr. Fb. Collins, G/o. New one, recent digging, a cutting on rocky high pt. just N. of fence in pasture colony. Carnivore (dog?) dropping found in one mound. Adelpha chief plat growing vigorously on little weed mounds. // Visited Bump colony 11 a.m. Saw 6 ground, 1 with 3 jüns, 1 with 4 jüns. One Speleto at Burrum (when seen before, feature, dropping), + 1 hyperbogue. No C.L. seen in SE & NW 100 yds. colony, the cutting Adelpha + digging at Burrum thin. The 6+5 jüns. in area estin. GA. Clear, warm, light breeze. Activity evidence to farther Burrum (6E/NW) family seen seed, Shaggy many cuttings Adelpha about 10" high when ground 50% bare, same Ag. Smithii, areas. patches Bushloe. Overall effect on Adelpha probably slight. Old burrows on W. facing slope not surely to about 15% slope. Thin grass, no pressure to appear upslope? Rocky mound, fresh, bad rocks. To 170 qms. wt. (spring Can. Dam). July 9, 1955 NE Larimer G., G/o. With Don Harvey, Range Mgt., Colo. A & M, visited 3 colonies. At Dec. 23 colony, 10 mi. N. Waverly, noted much Atriplex cut but little Cistus. Don said range would be considered "depleted" without doubt. No evidence recent grazing there. At Dec. 10 colony, much new cover, a good forage species present, but much bare ground too. Probably would rate poor a low fair. None much Cistus cut (where little Atriplex); both it + Atriplex cut where both shrubs. Chrysophyllum present both colonies, new growth about 6" high, but now seen cut. A few Chrysopodium cut at one site. Sand dropped & Eryngopus present but rare. In slot grass plain, difference in range with use are subtle, + a great change occurs only when goes to poor. Little litter because of weird. At one site

Koford 174 Cynomys ludovicianus July 9, 1955. Larmer 6, Colo. when edge of crater mound broken out, scratchings to 6' extent on that side only, apparently to repair damage, + much Muhl. torn, torn up in process. Browse plants may be as important as meadow to prairie dog, think so. We visited Wellington colony. Given Kochia apparently favorite food(?) or much eat. Distibbli apparently cut in small amount, 4 on lumaw in it with trail thru about 5 yds. 5' tall rather than Distibbli. On horse pasturing, on apparently new lumaw was 35' out in Distibbli towards Typha, when Distibbli not too thick, + some sedge (Z x-set) about 1 1/2' tall near site cut, possibly by C.L. On colony Dam thought C.L. fairly surely keeping the Artriples & Chupston- ner to a few inches height (the perhaps did not originally reduce height shrubs), + keeping Kochia from growing tall (no tall old growth when broken thick). Apparently little grain now being fed left to birds on area, at some line to horse pasturing very little difference in composition, + courage vegetation on 2 sides, the much less browse in horse pasturing. Don told me that Sand Dropseed greass for grumpy birds loses all year, thus possibility for winter food. Cordia, eaten by C.L., not eaten by livestock. July 10, 1955 To Wind Cave, S. Dakota About 7 mi. N. of Red Bird, N. of Rush, wyo, saw apparent 3 in gun dutton to E. of highway 85. Arrived Shintail Canyon late after- noon. First impressions: dog towns all solid bright green with folks, no appearance lawn-like. Browse headed out now + dry appearing. On Ward 104 some other sites, Stichoced (Leyopala) dry, +

Koford 175 Cynomys ludovicianus (shirttail Can.). July 10, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota Tiny burrs a nuisance (ashe, clothes). Many mounds in one had good crop false. In SE Ward D, ad. 4 jir. at isolated gp. burrows in Brown, as before. Ward Dall grim, Chrypodeum arca pale green. At 7 p.m., 15 a.m. 54/50'. on Ward A (slightly more included to S.), 5 at being jir. Soon then set, 4 few c.l. out at 7:15 p.m. Warm Not day. Patches of Aristida now conspicuously red headed out. Ward A, Chryp. c.l. much cut, but to 6" tall, & Basling (little before) now common, 3-5" tall. // To S. of Ward A Burrow thick at 12"+ high. Occasional old burrow found in it, with little modif. veg. grassed over (concealed by grass). A few old large mounds, 6' diam., bare with tall Brown starting at edge mound. Fertile soil off new from. Much Brown not near some burrows. // Idea - is present veg. on c.l. town cause a effect ? in terms suitability for c.l., it is both conditions for cause & effect are same. // Ward B apparently has 6 grown c.l., no jir. // Area X, an inverin spot S.W. of Ward A, has tall Brane on 3 sides. On E. side c.l. path goes out thru moderately dense Brown to burn- 16" tall, are (old, used) 5 yds. distant, then thru 10 yds. Their brane to an old rd. & clearing (12' diam.). Some settling Brown along the way. Area W, farthest W. inverin Ward A, has no activity, weeds growing tall. Area 30'x 30'. // At one site when much Sphacelaea in bloom, much of it cut by c.l.; & many seed stalks Plantago punckii out another site when 8" tall. Schoenorchis vigorous, with long seed stalks (go out, little up) apparently not cut near some site. July 11, 1955 Counted Ward A at 6:45 a.m. B grams + 7 jir., join in groups of 5 (when seen 3 weeks ago) + 2. No new inverine indentation Ward A, // 7:46 a.m., at S. tip of Ward C', 8 7 grams seen, no Cirsium luce, jirrs, in used area about 1 acre, square. One setting Argentum be.

Koford 176 Cynomys lodovicianus July 11, 1955 Wind Cave N.P. S. Dakota. B ± "long, pulling at bore, standing & sitting at bore, sometimes dirt- carding after 3 or 4 bites. At least 3 leaves eaten this way in 2 min. At close range I saw another pulling pruluma Ag. Smithii, grasping firmly at bore with teeth, pulling out (of sheath ?), sitting tip-to- carding. Evidently conditions for feeding excellent in this foreground of Ward C. // In Area X, 8 a.m., 2 gram + 2 jinvs. (so lost no?). Area Z, 3 gram + 2 jinvs., so lost no. In area Y, 1 gram (where I trapped a jin. lost no). To S + SW of Ward A, 12 gram + 7 jinvs. (poor count). // S. end Ward C', of Cirsium plant 5 leaves cut (about 1/3 remained on grid), but 12 ± still on plant. Anyway to 1' tall in vicinity not cut! At one site Arctostaphylos 6" tall, & a broad-leaved mint 4" tall, was cut. At S. end, much Ag. sm. cut. I picked up 20 dry cut stalks in one landgroup (wind occurs ?). Where much Sphaerula, much cut (in flower; eaten ?). Badger burrow - spiderweb covered door; as site of feeding, not den? Apparently C. l. has little effect in keeping down Lopula except near its mounds. Where Bromus or Bolton thinned, Lopula increased greatly, & Ag. sm. dominant grass. // At another site on C'; 15 leaves Cirsium cut; leaves to 8" high above ground, in area 2 sq. ft. again, 3 heads in flower bearing stalks 1-1½' tall cut in area 2 sq. ft. A mustard also much cut when present to 2' tall - (her aids, not flowers now). Where dogs border tall Bromus, much cut at edge stand down. // Herman, pet boly prairie dog, has molt line over back behind shoulders, new hair on posterior locks moving forward. We have a canvas vest for Herman & a thing attached to this acts as leash. Herman at first opportunity started to dig under rocks of our old fireplace, in an old C. l. burrow. Within about 2 min. he broke thru into the hole below. Lota

Koford 177 Cynomys ludovicianus July 11, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota. He dug at depression in an old mound, where hole not available, & was out of sight 2 min. later. Digs with 6-7 strong alternate strokes firepaws, then shoves soil back with 4-5 strong strokes of hindfeet. Sometimes pushed a carried root out molded in fore- arms. When tired in pine-meadle area on hot day, he dug a depression & lay in it, as if to keep cool. When hears other C.L. do jump-back, he stands high on hindfeet, but does not answer. He does jump-back when someone comes after a long absence, as if for a greeting or sign of recognition. His right seems poor, for often he must touch a morsel of food before finding it (in house, when somebot dead). Can climb-wire, as of rope, but not sure footed at height, for when on table or shoulder he often falls off & thumps to floor. When hot he drinks water from dish a puddle. July 12, 1955 Les allee told me that near Ludlow, S. Dale. (Nw. N. Dale line), was prairie dog town having albivo dogs (Ralph Joslin, owner, Lewis 3 mi. S., 1 mi. E. of town). With Les allee visited several towns. Rankin town, allee thinks C.L. has little effect in re- lation presence a absence of Artemisia frigida, as more than half of plants left by C.L. Of weeds present: a Salicaceae with ½" chain, queen's-tomato common, Astragalus crassicarpus present, Hedeoma very common (also on Shirttail Wash, & Rankin), Verbena brotiosa common (seedsling thick; plant large on C.L. nobs, Act. friq. usually in driest overgrazing; indicates dry shallow soil. "Decrease" in cattle grazing. At edges, Act. friq. disappears, Andropogon's some in (dry blustern spreads by rootstolers, little C.L. not). Now herd 400 bisns

Koford 178 Cynomys ludovicianus July 12, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota Here a several patches bare ground 5 yds. diam. where they dust (C.L. muds, & more some). Town in wide canyon bottom, sloping S. about 5%. Lygodium in flower, at downstream end, somewhat damper (?), no little C.L. activity, Some Carex penn., Bout. grac. (sedentaries), Ag. sm., & about 5% sage- sworts (at. frig. a graph.). Ag. sm. sedentales 2' high cut by C.L. Much Amaranthus (2 benign kinds; retroflexus common). Andropogon Grows on slope, not lawn flote; decrease under grazing. Upper bast- many town had herd buffalo cows (4 calves) on it, several dusting walkers Solid bright green due mainly to Hedeoma, Verbena bracteosa neeldenge, amaranths, Dyssodia. In low spot some Bout. grac. Few perennials in main part town (what set winter?). One area thick Loppula, now Drying, 6" tall, not kept down by C.L. At edges town at. frig. cut, thin on slopes 1 ft. tall & current. Less thought evidence indicated elimination at. frig. by C.L. on flat. Andropogon also started on slope where at. frig., tall & thick. Ag. sm. present but very sparse our colony. On some walkovers & bare ground C.L. muds, Portulaca (annual succulent), but not apparently eaten. Saw block widow in C.L. hole. Sylvan town. Some priv. now (at least 4) & about 6 grams, in area seen before (except not in E. patina, where no fresh cuttings at. frig.). 1/2 acre dry Loppula 6" tall. On muds. usual: Verbena bracteosa, Amaranthus retroflexus, Dyssodia papposa, Ag. sm. (18" sheizons?). Rather fresh lodger hole at S. edge town; 4-seed apparent old bolder hole in hole. On unused mounds, at. frig., 2 amar- thurs, Lyge Lygod, Plantago, Hedeoma, Verbena bract., Cuphobia. Cut at. frig. to 50' uphill of S.W edge burrows. Amaranthus retro- flexus chief plant on mounds. Parts of town had many solid Schel mounds, perhaps indicates of more recent disturbance of ground. More

N. Anne Prairie J. E. Weaver Johnson Publ. Co., Lincoln, Neb.

Koford 179 Cynomys ludovicianus July 12, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota then noted any other sites. Ratibida (an annual) also present. Lee said that denuded ground took 15-60 yrs. to recover native perennial vegetation, coming blocks forth on heavy soils (e.g., sun, one of first to return, formed by heavy soil). July 13, 1955 7/10 a.m., only 6 a.m., & all dogs evidently not out yet. about 14 antelope on W. side, in bottom, apparently resting there. With Lee's Alve studied range in relation C.L., in Shirttail Canyon & on line transect when John King ran one in 1948. Stalkless bull thistles do not see, indicate C.L. effect, for have not stell first year. Several mds.: annuals & rhebionous perennials. Lee says few dogs in Butte Co. when a dark alkali soil. He has hunted C.L. 20 years for sport & has never seen a fawn. In some areas sheep grazing knocks out Bout. grac., rapidly. Maybe C.L. do to, as little or none on campgrounds. Ag. sm., Bout. grac., has seed reproduced primarily. Little Stipa in dog towns, a wedge; they are green early. Hedeoma very common on town but not invidual of mds, it appears. On line transect, over 10-20' across of Buckler encountered, the king did not mention this species on his line. Amaranthus retroflexus & Lierberg brittonii grow very large & spreading on C.L. mounds, as compared to elsewhere. In one area where much Bromus japon., cut, much Ag. sm., left standing as if less cut. Even Hedeoma cut at edge one expects their stand. Ag. sm., plants especially many staked, as compared to where other areas with which Lee familiar - effect of C.L. clipping? Fairly complete klein grasses in areas apparently occupied, so year a two surprised Lee. Plantago common on Ward Bia spinulosa; the common Lappula is hispida, common Hedeoma is hispida.

Koford 180 CynomyS ludovicanOS July 14, 1955 Wind Cave M.P., S. Dakota Les Albe remarks that Bromus japonicus & Agropyron smithii on dog towns was many stemmed + spreading, rather typical of the plants. Ag. sm. has about finished growth for season. // We put in a line transect through area X, fartherst 50' inside aspect of Wada A, going into their brane on each end of 160 ft. line. This will give info on former state Bromus if C.L. spread. Line along contour, about 6% slope to SE. Little grass, much bare ground, a little litter in center; more litter + grass toward Bromus. // Bria Flate town visited with Les. Seedstalker of Canopy, Bija, deco cut. Begin poor shape, all rather dry compare to Shirttail. On 5/6 soil dition ratings, best of bottom near older part town (200-300, N. of dam) would rate close to 60% (= low good), most only 45% (high fair). Asm is increasing, not counted above certain amt. In bottom Plantago spiculosa cut or pulled out at base, as if root eaten. Up to 5/sq. ft. on ground. Old mounds with -10' - but only about 1½' high. Stiff goldenrod absent. Sedge, green early in season, might then be used by C.L. False deer ant. It's about 20% of annual forage production. Art. graph. & corn high protein fall to grasses high protein when production low. Liatris punctata has large root; C.L. might eat. In drew where Ag. sm 18-24" high, rather not there, much cut by C.L. Bromus - much with seeds missing as if eaten, especially close to burn areas (10' out). On whole, forage production about 50% (of capability ati), a "low good". (mounds) // Nolbeck Dam town. Burn areas near road marked by dried up brown weed (= Amaranthus gracilis), conspicuous in surrounding green at distance. Few stops within 100 yds. behind (W. of) sign (display) on flattar ground (snow lay longer? or lock

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus July 14, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dak. Winter food (plenty mice). Area near ft. slope, where many C.L., post- ure condition about 45% (as Basin Flats), the Bbut., gnoc. Lass. || On Upper Sanctuary town, on 70x140 pace plot, less listed plants as follows: Brasses: Ag. sm. Cory pomm. Arist. fjord. Croptis silv. (A) Schelodonarum Panium capillare (A) Ann. folios: Hedera Plantago Portulaca Perennial folio: ant. frig. Potentilla Lanae coe. Boralea tenif. Salenium Sphaerodes Tridermpta Rasa Astin Total 1070 Cuphalia Dyssodia Verlina brect. 90% Salenium retroflexum Amarethus reticulatus quercifolia Salvia Opalis Lappula nelswski Physalis Amaranthus There are based on ant. folioge produced annually, Intent to use this to compare with stom. ch contents. In this area also many grasshoppers. A large Chro- podium (leptophyllum?) enter from top nift to lumour, as if by C.L. In one area many dry Asm. tufte lying on ground as if pulled up by C.L. An area of Andropogon 10 yds. from C.L. lumsnow (below it or slope), but C.L. apparently had not minded it.

Koford 182 Cynomys ludovicianus July 15, 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyoming On dog town line, many now perennial forbs than on skirt Tail town, it seemed. Lee Allis told me that an area of mixed prairie in S. Dakota, deliberate overgrazing by cattle for many years, a resultant vegetation mostly Buckler, with some Aem. + other grasses, but no forbs. The stand of Aristida longipes now on dog town line was more than Lee had ever seen in S. Dakota. Chipp plant or wounds here: Polygonum aviculare; then over- author blitida + pasciugana, Antirrhinum artemisiifolia, Ery- trum canadense, Plantago spinulosa, Dalea heli-tenuiflora, of annual forbs; Lygodium, Melilotus, Amorpha, Dalea rigidum, Sphairaeae roscensia, of perennial forbs. Many kinds of tall plants cut: conspicuously Bromus juncea, to 1/2" stem + 3' high, which sometime grows next to wounds. Needatelle Plantago pennsii cut much same sites, & P. spinulosa. at E. and much cutting of Symphoricarpos & Artemisia can. Much Art. gnaphalodes cut several sites. One area much cutting next to a perennial of Euphorbia 12" tall, but little of that cut, (corncut juice?). Fruits of Astroglotis lusculata + others appear ently not eating the succulent, at one site at W. and 2-3 tall Heliantus felled. Shirttail C., S. Dakota July 19, 1955 I stopped an allg about 100 yds. W. of S. corner of King's original Ward A, where I had seen jives. Measure 388, 82, 59, 800gms. (Stamm. & cartate 50, case. 4 cont. 45). No molt in prog- ress. Tip 30 mm. Tail is bare, Vulva imperfect, light gray. Ut. low 80 x 2, mesov. mod. fat, judged parous. No uterine fat. This apparently remarked by King in 1952 or earlier: toes green, AF RF LH RH clipped: 1/4, O 1/14 1/4/. Stom. cont. saved; only 15%/

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus July 16, 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyo. I saw 2 catty heads of green but drying Bromus tectorum, at some site where brome much trampled down to ca 5 yd. radius around burrow. // At NW edge colony I had put stake at limit apparent activity last march. Now there was a few new burrows to WSW of that downslope, to 80 yds. distant, apparently new invasion. Burrow area has about 50% bare ground (vertical view), but many good forage grasses, & some water erosion (one burrow near head of gully). Plants at site farthest burrow: Stipa comata, Andropogon scoparius, Agropyron smithii, Bromus tectorum, Aristida longiseta, Asclepias pumila, 1 yucca, 2 Opuntia polyacantha, Agropyron, pheasant, Artemisia frigida, & some others. This soil 3' drain, 6

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus July 16, 1955 Devil's Tower, Wyo. Even in rather thick Cattaniun cristata, used 4 old burrows ds., with falso, at distance to 20 yds. from other burrows. The 2-3' high mustard (Brassica herta ?) is much cut by C. L., all of it cut in same areas, mostly just felled with top lying on ground; but sometimes top missing (eater?). In area 100 sq. ft., 20 may be cut down, 4 now over 1' high left where many C. L. This is now most conspicuous weed felled. I saw one eating dry plant of a mustard with Osteopod transparent thin pods. Another apparently ate Amaranthus gra- jinus that grew next to mound (green). At E. and salary must cutting at top steep slope band dropping 10 (vertical) to stream near river, 4 C. L. have heavily cut Symphoricarpos occident- alis (1-2' tall) here, a patch of Antennia graphebola also cut (8'x8'), all cut, 12-16" tall, about 4 cut/sq. ft., only upright (it stalks cut (not cut to eat?). Brassica cuts so high as 1' above ground. Shortly a lull in no. dogs down ground in midday (dry mod. wind), 4 more about 4:30 p.m. Some C. L. bodies seen - apparently killed on road. Fed C. L. near road very fat now. Some jivs can be hand fed, but generally more wary than adults. More than 4 jivs. saw any one spot. Critter colony area occup- ied; the probably thin in areas Cristata thick. This especially thick (Cattaniun red) in area between logging road+ river in NE 1/2 colony, & above road in NW part colony. In between, in census area especially, mostly Buckles in rice shot lawn with few falso (eventual vegetation ?). These Buckles and Tom up to bare ground near many burrows.

Koford 185 Cynomyx ludovicianus July 16, 1955 Devil's Tower, 4yo, in bands extending about 6' out. When brows 8" tall, there much trampled down by dogs near burn areas, & poorly defined new- ways thru it. July 17, 1955 Mod. S.E. wind, slob at 7:30 a.m., Counted dogs in census area #1. Total all = 48, from 20 to 28 being jives This result of several counts. At 8:30 a.m., 21 grown + 18 jives, so apparently some jives went in. This in 2/4 A. leading road (see map). In census area #2, 24 counted 8 a.m., about 3/4 being jiving at 8:45 a.m. In area where much Aristida longisetis in S.W. part colony, 14 counted in about 8 A., 2-8 in about 1/2 A. Aristida not solid, but with green areas of forbs. When little but Aristi- da, about 1 dog / A. // On colony to S. of road I saw a few moggin, 4-3 Cattail leucostus. One C.-13/1. deer seen in NW part colony, N. of road. // On slope to NW of road opposite census area #1, I counted 15 ant at 8:30 a.m., but probably not present. at head of this area much Aristida, a swale having less bad uplope C.L. to where slope steepened much. Most of census area #1, for spoor 150 yds. in N.W.-S.E. direction, crossing logging road was mostly Buchloe dactyloides. Hedeoma hispida & Plantago spinulosa grew up than this. Of the Cattail, much apparently pulled up including short root, & base gone or some (cut root?). // I saw 3 clearly eating green heads of Bromus tectorum; this grass also much cut. This other clearly eating Hedeoma hispida, appear- ently taking seeds from cut-off plant stalks held in paws. // In the census plot #2, Aristida dominant, in N. 1/4. In next Plantago spinulosa dominant, the Bromus tectorum tallest by far. Also present is Astragalus, Artemisia grophelotis, Sphaeralcea coccinea, 7 n.tart.

Koford 186 Cynomys ludovicianus July 17 1955. Devil's Tower Wyoming ant mounds (Dan O'dain thru). || In 6x6' plot: Ab Plentago puncti 20%, Lygodiun 20%, Aristida 20%, Dyspholia 10%, Hed- sema 5%, Sphaerulae 5%, Ammochlea 20%, Ambrosia (A) 10% Apppepper 17%, 4 zone (<1%) Ag. sm., Bromus, Origma, Lappula, alliniae alba, & at least 3 other falas. || On Both shrub plantogs cut. || On mounds noted: A plants marked on separate list. || In census plot #1, thick Bromus at SW end, then Aristida; center + NE mostly Bucklee, patchy Aristida, scattered Hedlema, Sphaerulae. || On a hillslope, about 20%, Lygodiunia 16" tall cut to 20' upslope from nearest burnure. || At E. side, no spread on terrace near river. Some Melilotin (tall) cut there, & Symphoricarpus orientalis. || On E. part tour on main terrace, toward river, now mainly Aristida, with Hedlema, Dyspholia, Achillea pinnula, occurs, small (6'cross) golden Bucklee. (Don Harvey believes Aristida favored where water penetration better, Bucklee on slightly heavier soil). at 5E edge of main ter- ace, when 15' drops to river bank area, four burnures within 20 yds. edge. Bromus & Stipa comata near edge. In 5E part calary, Ammochlea?, Dyspholia, now dry + dead. || No further extension burnures to SW beyond fence, apparently because of very thick growth of Bromus tectorum there, Theroophyllum cut (gr.) at same site near mounds. || Counted all burnure in census plot #1, about 2 1/4 A, not counting those < 6' from counted. With few exceptions, all appear to be seed & deep. Total 225, or about 100/A. This where population maximal for long time. Along a ditch at SW end plot, 1 1/2' deep, 3 burnures on 5' wide ditch bank within 8 yds. distance. Ag. sm., Arist. larg. growing at top bank. Illustrates that a break in vegetation on slope + trail.

Roford 187 Cynomy5 ludovicianus July 17,1955 Devil's Tower, Wyo. foves burrows. In open stand hardwoods in below bedrop in slope near S west colony, some burrows, not currently used, man trace of large trees, & within 1'-3' of trunk bare. Two mean base of 1' diam. ask trees under 10' diam. canopy. Illustrate that next to colony, insufficient sites used for burrows. Not typical be- cause not food? Burrow in rocky red soil; one rock 3"x4"x 1/2". Some yucca leaves cut from several triftle near bur- rows (photod). Wish this stand Andropogon gerardi, many stalks cut. (Business for Anky. scop. on S. slope, much bare ground, but fur falls, fur C.L. burrows). 11 In only extension found, at N W end colony, N of road, max. distance between burrows 35 feet ridge—-and —<N . 112 mode step-point (1" loop) census :- farthest W. of plants in area 40' on each side of farthest burrow, to show kind of ground involved & amt. bare ground. Root crown plants taken. More than 1/2 of loops litter = litter bit, <1/2 loop litter = bare ground. Of 10 plots, 30 bare present ground, 30 litter; grasses, with litter: Ag. am., An. scop. 8, And. gen. 0, Aristida Lo. 0, Stipa co. 0, Bar. grse. 4, Bout. curtup 12, Buchloe low. 1, Unrecognized grasses 3, Yucca, Opuntia poly, art. frij. present. Falso: Carelia, Lygodiemia, Asclepin pumila, Phlox 1, St. Solanua, Origium candense, other false 1; Crest 1. No rock a ground. Ect. 578 S E slope. Red loam soil. Up- hill much Bromus. Plant density index = to 32 only. Grasses 28, Crests, ridges 1, falses 3. 11 NENiobrara Co., Wyoming. 3 mi. 55 w of Mule Creek Junction, noted a Cynomy colony to E. of highway 95. It extended from fence to about 1/4 mile W., & from a bottom S. rip slope about 300 yds. Yellow flotan-

Niobrara Co. colony: Little variety fabs compared Devil's Tower, Weird Cave. Occas. patches Amsinckia (?) Cross d'tall, grana heads to 9". Dead Chenop. (gracilis?) on mdo.,t & Schedonorus, yucca present. Phlox present <100> < 200 yds 4% < N Road - #85 No mdo. among hedged Artim. trid., but shoots cut. Bottom - much B. gr., some A. sm., B. da., Aristida. Some A. sm. on mds. A.sm cut (leaves), 2/lb. ft. for 100 sq. ft. Sph.core. - nearly leafless, some mds. (C.l. a sheepst?) Chenop. lept., some mds. Lupine (browned) present. Applopoppin (some) on slope. Astroglus - some cut. Top slope (to 5), 88% lacy. Lepidium densif, Borrelia present. To S of crest, more Art. trid., burrows ran.

Koford 188 Cynomys ludovicianus July 17, 1955 Niobrara Co., Wyoming 23 oats on ground indicated recent poisoning, but I saw 15 dogs out on estimated 4 acres, 4 several near bottom. Their primarily sheep posture, as shown by troche & droppings, at head (S. end) A710 (filifolia?) of long 370 slope, mainly C. L., but Bait. gracilis mixed with ( + much Plantago spindulosa ) further halfway down slope, & much in bottom. Patches Buchloe absin better. On break in slope (steeper) near bottom, open stood Aby Artemisia tribulata. C.L. had apparently cut many shoots of this, a few lupine plants cropped low, but no tops present so maybe not C.L. I found one dead C.L. atop ground. Both melted except malt incomplete in shoulder region. Much open ground 50% bare. between grass & sedge tufts. Dirt loam soil, On mica. Solenium trifidum, Sphaeralcea, & other familiar plants. In thickest grass in bottom, no C.L. wounds or sign. Some Ag. spp. present, & some Stipa comata. Main slope of colony about 5%, N aspect. One low crest was a few burrows. One had tufts of Stipa co. persisting on mound. Should photo this next trip. Much low Opuntia on this colony, but no evidence recent feeding on it found. Some Agropyra (sp.) & another mid-grass present. July 19, 1955 CPER, Weld Co., Co.10. Arrived 12 M. at CPER Sec. 22 colony. Clear, dry, 20 mph S. wind. From W. end colony I saw 4 N. of fence at W. end, 22 in 10x10 chew sector 10-20 w., O to 10±5. Much Solenium cut throughout colony, & for 50's. of southeasterly new burrows (10-20w, 10-12 S.). W. splay more clearly shown that it is C.L. that cut Solenium. Barely one 10" tall in cattle splay, many slabs over 20" tall inside splay (photographed). One new burrow about 25' NW of 30 w., ± N., with much grass sod scratched into mound. In that area, much Agro cut its

Koford Journal July 29, 1955 — Rocky Mtn. Nat'l Park, Colo. ground squirrels, latemias, Peribatran ground squirrels all present in two parks at once. (PER, Weld Co., Colo.) July 21, 1955 Arrived at (PER) colony about 10 a.m. to continue mapping & observing effects of C.L. In NW portion, noted a spreading succulent, near-cactus luit apparently not cacti. Bout. grac. sudetella cut at many sites, allowing determination of limits feeding activity. In quadrats P (‘I-B’-A’), cut to about 20 yds., with 50% E. slope from recently dug burrows. Of recent burrows (May, June) N. of force, some dug no deeper, others dug much deeper than 6/26. Depths & mound sizes (steam, thielinera) noted on overlay map mode. Salsola prin- cipal forb cut, luit Chenop. at lefts, also much cut, & some Am- another retrophiline, Ag. smithii cut when told, & even juncea in wet bottoms (at edge where stand thin). About 20 stolba juncea cut / sq. yds. some sites. On flatted bottom through out colony, where Bout. grac. about 90% of vegetation, much of it cut (seed stolba). (Klipple says seedlings rare & seed crop poor, so perhaps little loss since due to C.L.). In quadrat LA, some cutting throughout patch of Salsola to about 18" tall in mod. dense stand—about 3' lattice—large plots, & Chenop. lept., Loppula, Bout. grac., & other herbs mixed. Cleome & Cirsium 2-3' tall & conspicuous became not cut (toot? stickers?) the adjacent forbs cut. One depressed burrow, showing use, located at base 3' tall cement Cleome, Guttenia & Chrysanthemum about 8" tall & meet the green. One spot (in PA') Allium dug up & root eaten. No Sycophyta or Crot- alea seen, luit Sylligogon common. I flushed 2 from 40 190

Koford 189 Cynomys ludovicianus July 19, 1955 CPER, Weld G, Glo. 25 yds N. of N. burrow. One large burrow staked early July, in N. pt. of P.B', had large md., c. 'wide x 8" thick, of rocky soil. Some others staked burrows deeper than when staked. About 40 kinds of plants present within limits of town. Specimens collected. Many same as at Devil's Tower & Wind Cave. [illegible] 1' tall in wet sedge of lotton. Open small pond, near 20 W, O N. Chey, lefts. after cut. Cleome in flower, Sphaeralcea flowers mostly gone, July See rept p, 190. July 21, 1955 (54iv.) CPER, Weld G, Glo. p. 191. under piece tin or colony, saw 3 in C. b. burrow or run into them. Apparently some are yours. A fledgling (dark hunting?) seen in shade of firepost. No bear bombs, eagles, a fresh carnivore droppings seen. In M A apparent badger digging, rather fruit, near known old burrow. 1) A few new recent burrows discovered (such as 2 r in PA'), but possibly present 6/26 & not noted. No further spitemain to N at W. end; a farther N. burr. our showed no sign recent activity, but next to S. did (PC', Rc'). Some old burrows opened (Pb m, in OB'; now used). In NA', a well developed mound & burrow near old (early May) one next to ant.md. (this one too). Several sunken or depressed old bur- wars in lotton, when certainly flooded earlier in summer, now show signs use (scratch, droppings). Example shallow burrow enlarged: PC', r 2 was 10" on 6/26, now 36 "t. But n1 no deeper than 6/26. Custer, S.Dakota July 23, 1955 Talked with George Beaver, F.T.Wildlife probate & Robert central man Heecker for this area (N. of Custer), & visiting official Ronald A. of Mitchell (see p. 192)

Koford 192 (cont. from Botton p.189) Cynomys ludovicianus July 23, 1955 Custer, S. Dakota. Headquarters. The letter claimed to have compiled records of ferrets similar to those published by Cahalane (Your. Mamm., 1954). Both said that 7 mi. NW of Kadoka, on Bill Norton place, once a small colony dogs with a ferret. The ferret was said by Norton to have cleaned out the dogs. Barnes said still about a section of C.L. in Badlands Nat'l Monument in Dogs Creek area, N. side of pass. In this region a large town that would be poisoned was E. of Vermorso, 17 miles on N. flk. of road, on John Reed place. In a few days a small one 3 mi. N. of Fairs- born would be poisoned (Williams). Harold said that tomato acid con- taining plants sometimes caused failure of strychnine poisoning of rodents (antidote) thus "interference." Few prairie dogs left in this region now (poisoning is "cleanup work"), but more in Pennington Co. Harold had worked about 10 yrs. in "control" in this state. He said he had not noticed any diminished effect of poison on prairie dogs. Both men very friendly, but inclined to be over authoritative (said there were 2 kinds burrowing aule, for example). Mr. Klipple said many weeds at CPER this year. This characteristic of wet year following a dry one. How does increase weeds affect C.L.? = more food? or more obstacles to cut. Idea: get C. Hart Merriam notes for Llano Estacado prairie dogs, for evaluation (Zoophyloch Aqn., 1901). Have ferret stomachs been exam- ined? What contained? Wind Cave N.P., Hot Springs, S. Dak. (no jaws) July 24, 1955 Skittail Canyon. Onward B at least 6 dogs probably 7, 2 being at far W end, 2 at E. end, 4-3 near middle. I watched one eating Hedysoma bigelovii. Cut at base a pulled up with teeth, then held Plant + site from base, about 1/2 plant eaten. Seeds very tiny. Only a nearly so now, it's second, 1 after the other. In that area much Cheesepodium, leptophyllum, etc. & drying & same there much offered B, where C.L.,

Koford 193 Cynomys ludovicianus July 24, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota in thicket (5'-6" tall), On wds., many tips Amaranthus blotskin & Solanium trifidum missing (c.l. cut?). // 1 p.m. present center ward B, about 8" tall, sonstienia are 3 tufts/sq. ft. Apparently not eliminated by c.l. Near another burrow, centre of B, about 1/2 of Chenopodium leptot. cut to 10 yds. distance all around. Aristida fendleriana - one c.l. picked 4 ate seeds, 1 by 1, fort. also a single B. ja. left stripped of awns (green). 1 solitary small Aristida left, about half culms cut near base, presumably by c.l. Schedonorus arundinaceus, Dyspodiá, & perhaps Lepidula not eaten, it seems, nor Kellogia bracteosa. // About 7 a.m., 6 Antilocapra noticed on ward F. A c.l. fled 20 yds. distant. at least 9 c.l. in that ward. // Ward B, 8 a.m. Hedysarum & Plantago sp. in irregular patches (dune soil?). One many bod recent repairs with scratching to 4" into loose soil to 6' distance. Near Cheno. leptos. scratched out from dense stand. Ward B, little evidence cutting of Ag. am. (much on parts Ward A). Where Chenopodium leptos., 10" tall, up to 3/4 of plants cut down by c.l. In small patch Opuntia, 6. sm. tall (16"); at edge tuft, culms pulled & shoots broken in c.l. manure on soil stables. // When trapped 2 g.p. lost visit here (rebound, 1 spawned), see fresh repair of burrow (in D or King's grid). // Dyspodia papposa, Acleisias annulata in flower. // Much Chenopodium leptos. cut (little Hedysarum cut except some sites; pulled up too). // At F. end Ward B, Dysp. pap. 90% of vegetation, but apparently more cut (5" tall, strong smell). // Ant. frig. cut to edge Terrace, 20 yds. E. of peripheral burrows; Ward B. Same area much Andropogon scoparius in open stand, 4 save tall stems cut at base. // One repairing mound scratched dirt toward it with hindfoot, then turned & pushed dirt forward with forelegs, finally tamped damp soil with his head. // Brown grass now mostly brown, 4 conspicuous,

Koford 194 Cynomys ludovicianus July 29, 1955 Wind Cave M.P., S. Dak. In Ward C there is area of batten about 100 yds. long of B.ja; then about 2 A. of green with C.L. (6 grown counted) at S. end (edge colony). This batten thin in spots, not a strong barrier to C.L. At 8:30 a.m., 9/10 overcast, 5 in 1948 Ward A area, but 3 grown just W. of it, + 2 jüns. 50 yds. to S. In area S. & W. of old Ward A I counted 23, approx. 1/2 being jüns. (These areas, old Ward A, & 1950 expansion area, are separately mapped). Litt. Brown A. sm. tall (18") in Opuntia dumosa; due to protection from elements rather than C.L.? // Two caucuses on ground in colony, Ward A, + a dove. // At edge B.ja., much of it cut. Old burrows opened in edge of B.ja. nearly covered with cut stalks. // In the 3 apparent burrow wallows on Ward A, Dips. pappus now main cover. // Some wounds that King mapped 1948 now still rather small, about 6" thick. Some in 1950 invasion area now equally large. Ward B mts. are about 1 ft. thick + 6' drain. (larger area). // An old (mapped) burrow NE part of quadrat I & (King, 1955, p.56) freshly dug out as if by Badger. // In area X, where 160' transit line laid by Albert Koford, much cut B.ja. scattered, 4 reeds stripped from standing stalks (isolated plants). Also, also cut, + many culms pulled from skitho. Much Sphaeroclea cut in W. extension of Ward A. // No survivor, Area W. // Tash Chita photo, 35 mm., on Wards A+B. July 25, 1955 at 6 a.m. warm, still, 2/10 overcast. Counted loops on King's 1948 Ward A. Decided 8 grown loops there. In quadrat I & C, about 5 jüns., + some visited edge of Ward A. Another grp. of 3 jüns. in Tb, S. of Ward A. There seemed only jüns. E. of line G/H (King map, p.56). The rest of King 1950 invasion area (King, 1955, p.58), 11 grown + 3 jüns. (doubtless not all out) counted. In area S. of Ward A, about 4 + 3 grown. So, S. of Ward A 3 grown + 8 jüns., in all invasion area (S+SW+W), 17 grown + [illegible]

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus July 25, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., Custer Co., S. Dak. at least. June raunts better or gives. more readily distinguished. In area X, 2 ad. seen; area Y, 1 grown seen; area Z, 4 dogs seen (these not not all out, mins. routes). // In general, when slope steepens near edges dog colonies in split fail, ground rocky with scattered boulders seed inches diameter, 4 Ambrosia pogon scoparia dominant grass (Curvally Cory, art. fig., & other plants, in open stand). // Mapped vegetation, especially edge of Brome, or ward A & parts of extension to S.W. // In area Y, 150 yds. S. of edge 1948 Ward A, 4 prominent mids. in arc, ave. 6 yds. apart (close in isolated inward areas? too much food? also close in area X). This area essentially without Baja for 30'X70' space, but Baja thin some adjacent spots, & feeding area probably mostly in their areas. Baja thin, not equally around burn area. Nearly nothing of Baja in low Opuntia patch. Much Alfalfa in adjoining Cory-Baja area 5 yds. W. of edge area Y (see map way.). Odd dune areas also in that clearing. In area Y, Asm. present in left side. 1/2 ft. apart, to 8" tall (no body yet). More Asm. then lay far (3X?) then in Baja stand. One gram C.L. seen here today, closest others 70 yds. to N. // Area X has 2-2 dune areas in 100'X100' area (see map way.). Debated plants: Baja 'tall remain, but most stripped of leaves & Amsonthus cilicifolius + Blotidae grow side by side at edge mound. Many Cynogonium plants, but few with flower stalks (none first yr.? ). Present in clear- ing: Parn. ten., Sphaen. coc., Sol. trifl., Hed. ship., Potentilla, Euphrasia, Art. frig., Dya. pap., Bego, Asm., Verb. boatata, Schedonardus, Ratibida, & others (see transit data). // Found near site Krieg blind a sunken metal trap, now partly covered with soil, & on soil grew: Akebia, pa., Verb. boat., Depo. pap., Am. blot., Solan. trifl. - same place all plants found by C.L. activity too, apparently. Principal plant on mids. here is Am. Blotidae, which spreads low & wide (1" diam.) on wounds. // Badger thought -

Koford 196 Cynomys ludovicianus July 25,1955 Wind Cave M.P., S. Dakota. if works most at periphery + isolated invasion areas, tends to spread more than walking throughout colony. Area W, isolated; 1 lodges dug hole = shot story? // At Custer, S. Dakota, talked with George Barnes & Harold Haecker, of Mitchell, about prairie dogs, firefly, bad gins, coyotes, control. Accompanied them to dog town of about 60 A., 3 mi. N. of Fairbun, Custer Co., to poison C.l. there. Barnes said that near 1958, many die about arm's length into burrow, few on top of ground. With strychnine, many die atop ground. // Barnes said that S. of Scottsbluff, Neb., many C.l. until at least 1976, many large mounds there. Sometimes F&W Service rodent control was station- ed there. Between Philip & Midland are also large mounds, said Barnes, perhaps due to past C.l. activity. Barnes said that near Smithwick, Fall River Co., he had seen where C.l. had cut "lane" (= milkwaine?). // Fairbun C.l. town had been there since at least 1940 or '39 (Barnes). Densuch had not allowed poisoning C.l., but shot them with rifle. Another man (Loemisser?) now running place. Poisoning work done free by F&W Service (follow-up of earlier control program). Colony about 60 A., about 1/4 in bottom when there was a barley field, partly harvested, the rest dry. C.l. thought it barley & had apparently cut much at height 2-5," so looked like mowed short. One area 40 yds. x 40 yds. entirely cut out, at edge field. Surrounding area gently rolling hills covered with lawn like growth Buckwheat & Bgn., about 2-3" tall, with little space between stolts. Small amt. mid-grasses present (A.sor + another), but only about 1%, & many seed stalks (8") of these cut. Mid grasses dry, shot grasses drying, so expect yellow- green. Burrows most numerous in rounded drawn & bases of hills. Few burrows on slopes >60% grade. Boulders protruded

Koford 197 Cynomys lodovicianus July 25, 1955. Nr. Fairburn, Custer & S. Dak. (not numerous) on thin slopes. Carry on steeper slopes. Some art. fir. Dogs had worked up slope around field & spread over gentle slope stop steeper slopes. Barked humour on flatter upper terrace had small muds. Largest mds. near bottom, where apparently damper. But at edge barley field was Kochia (green), Polygonum, Eragrostis retroflexa, Cheno lepto, Portulaca (?), Salsola (green). Barley now dry, much standing still, apparently poor crop. Around mounds the Beta-Bgs turf dug out to 6' distance & 4" deep into soil at some sites. One broad ground grew Sphaer. soc., Salsola, Amaranth. blot. retrofli, Dys. pop., spring (= rostratum) Salicium (as CPER), Parnel. tin., Verb. bract., Salsola, applepoppier, Nab. hipp. Some Bout. curtisp. in pastures. Probably small ant mid-groves would keep below "good" pasturc cavities (5CS strips)-the ground seemed entirely cattarivious. Saw at least 10 sprectyts, 4 2 Lepus townsendi. Humberg C.L. here probably not over 2/A. || Barnes said that from about May 20 - June 20 juveniles. do not eat grain, so adults killed by poison but juveniles not, yet juveniles survive without adults. Some- times control work followed up by gassing humour with a gas/car tridge (chloropicrin?) dropped in 4 hole covered. Barnes said occur- sionally smoke comes out another hole or much as 75 yds. distant. || We used whole oats colored syllabum to poison C.L. Wellhol around carrying concoctions (stop on shoulder) with about 10 lbs. grain. Used special "spoon" that held about 2 tablespoons grain & tossed on ground near humour. No check off effect a follow up poisoning would be done here. || Harold Harsch told me of localities where C.L. in Mitchell-Neoson region, count of Missouri Ry where Forestburg (Dakota Co., 1930±), Netchrock (Brooke Co.), Ant- lesion (Dakota Co.), Delmont (Omi. SE), report this year, Kingburg Co.). This is sparsely run country.

Koford 198 Cynomy s ludovicianus July 26, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota. 9 a.m., Ward B, Shuttle Can., saw 7; 2 at 1 burrow Wind, 2 at one E. end. One stood atop B "high boulder as if to look. Ward F, about 8 only; one fetus at upslope edge colony (fertility steep). Ward D, census plot, counted 18; 5 or + juveniles, 10 being in E. 1/3 of area, 3 near spot of pure Chrysopodium leptophyllum, 2 at upslope edge. One group juveniles at site where seen (marked) in June. // Another site where juveniles seen in June, at S.E. corner Ward D, shows no evidence recent use by C.L. At Ward Ward B, Art. frij. cut but not 10" Kalonia aestivalis (grown later?). Some Artemisia gnaphalodes cut same area. // Block widow spider with 2-3 egg cases seen in several unused burrows. // Ward D census plot vegetation mainly falar; sat. 80% Verbena bracteata; other Chrysop. leptos, Dyspoda papo, Munroa squarrosa, Sph- andra (N part); also Euphobia (N. part, strepen), Asclepias pennula, Salonum triflurum, Aristida fendler (little), Schelomandrus. 1/3 clen gradient vegetation toward edges; mainly bordering dry area Andropogon scoparius // 10 m mound Dys. papo., Chrys. leptos, Verb. bract., Sol. trifl. One dog seen eating green Dys. poppoeza, holding out plant, eating base stem. When Chrysop. leptos, thick, 50% cut for several square yards. // In general, toward edge colony Bout. grac. & Ag. smithii increase, usually latter appearing first. At E. + N (upslope) edge Ward D, B.gr., starts about 60' from edge colony, a.m. about 100' (from upslope edge). // Grasses from colony to outside at upslope edge on site: Afe, Spa; Bgrs, Asm.; Age (+ Bout. curtis, Casey) when slope about 10%. // Ward D, saw 10 (juveniles) at 11 a.m. On one old mound, tufts of Andropogon scoparius persisting. Grasses from center to upslope edge; Munroa sg., Aristida; then Carex, Bgrs, Andropogon.

Koford 194 Cynomyx ludovicianus July 26, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dak. at another spot Schondardus; then Aristida; then Andropogon. Arist. field, mica less surrounds Ward D in variable belt. Main false present: Dys. pop. (40% - more in E 1/3); Euphalia (geyri) (30% - more in W 1/3), Verb. bract. (est. 25%); Das Aphandrea, Sol. trifl. locally common. One burrow near E. end Ward G (new pipe marker) recently dug out, apparently by badger. Much Marsilium (?) in a clump cut to 8" high (taller in June; now no cover for Alyssum). A. S.m. starts about 30' short of E. edge. At E. edge ground drops in draw; Androp. scop. & Baet. centip. dominate in draw, 4 no C.L. there. // E. side Ward D, salary to edge: cut a fly, then Bickler (some A. S.m. mixed); then (steeper, damp) Carex/Koelreuter Andropogon (pines close downhill). // On bench 10' above level stream led & between its Ward D (E. of), some old burrows, many vigorous falses in mounds, in area nearly gone A. S.m., about 12" tall, seed stalks to 18". One lodged, apparently a few weeks ago. Apparently unfavorable there or no present occupants, but saw 70 yds. S. on same bench (seen there in June too). An especially large mound on bench (18" deep, 8' diam.) made of gravel & course sand (1-2 mm. diam.); large because burrow cows in? To 10 yds. distant another burrow, about 1/3 of Steff boldened out; about 1' tall, cuttings now dry. // On S. part Ward D, near bottom, near road, 3 holes lodged (in past) within distance 50 yds. radial. // In area farthest S., where small openings in till Baja, I saw 1 jive. // Around some burrows Baja absent in area only about 6 yds. diam.; 4 much A.s.m. in (fairly seen Asm. americanus when Baja opened by C.L.). Some paths for 5 yds. thru Baja 18" tall, from opening to opening. // Ward A, I watched an stripping

Staker in N end 800' line trans. - edge Ward B - Put 1" angle iron stake N-S belt transect starts 35' SE of isolated 3-hanked pine; 0 pt. has 4" tall reinforcing iron stake. Each 100' a big spike driven, head 2" out of ground. Belt 400' long. S end 800' line transect, 5' beyond spike, a 3' tall 1" diam. pip with holes in it. N end 160' transect, area X - 5' beyond rail - 1" pipe 3' tall with holes in it, 4 1/2" angle iron stake 3' tall. S end 160' transect - 1" pipe 2' tall, no hole in pipe. at A B at A/B e/f 18" tall 1" pipe E/H f/g 3/4" pipe 6" tall W. end of belt transect, 1/2" pipe 3' tall. Intersection belt transects, 1/2" rod with T-head, 1' tall. Corner of King Blvd, 3/4" pipe with rocks around it.

Koford Cynomyx lodovicianus July 26,1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota ripe Aristida fendlera seeds from stalks with teeth; this vigor one for 2 min. (until disturbed by me). Also it grasped green stalk allionia albida & nibbled at it, 4 ate at plant of Chenopodium leptos, not cutting it down. // Saw 2 juncs. feed just inside SW part Ward A; apparently part of 5 juncs. adjacent. // I repeated built transects of king on Ward A. These illustrate definite & substantial reduction of Bja at periphery! Dails & slopes too heterogeneous for diagrammatic variation of vegetation to show up. Too bad vegetational work was not done on more uniform sites. // Set 15 saprophots, oat lost, along S. side Ward A (line g 1h) to see if many rodents present. Probably few; I saw no sign. July 27,1955. In 200'X200' area Ward A (5E quadrant counted was Nf on King grid), counted 54 burrows. Probably prairie dog, not at all often a certain density achieved. Many of them not used now. Much lower density than Devils Tower. // Ward C', down canyon from road about 100 yds., A.saw 10-50% of veg. Bgr. lepturus 30 yds. S. of road & statin 30 yds. from edge Bja at S. end colony. (Bhr. C.L. area S. of road much Lappa. red., Sphaerula, but little Verb. br., Deps. rap., (Ned. hisp.) 30 yds S. road, 30' for E. of perch in bottom, (Ned. hisp., Sphaer. soc., Bgr. A.saw, Lap. red., Verb. br. mitten. // at one edge Bja (thick), Am., Caus., Sphaerula mainly, at another site, A.saw, Lap. red., (Ned. hisp.) Ambrosia (or Plant. pursh.). Diff. because soil variable probably. Many Plantago purshii dry plants lying on ground, roots missing; doubtless C.L. (wore), Lappula & Verberg bracteosa (green, some in flower) not cut. // at extreme S. end of C', minorita C.L., activity is Verb. br., Sph. soc., Am. Ale, 59% A.saw (no other grasses), but Pines (at supply Ca?) present & +50 200

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus July 27,1955 Wind Cave N.P. S. Dakota much cut where there? 50' in from S. edge, much Cypertanthe (= Cryptantha?) Asmw (4 some Amurachia?, Nodewa, Euphalia). Then, toward periphery, 16" tall Asmw & mustards, + Sphaerolea (some Loppoda, Cheno. lept., Bjo, Solidago, Nodewa). Succession at edge far from clear or Diagrammoti. This last probably original condition. Before C. L. work; tall weeds 75% of vegetation. 11 Stacked 3 boulders at S. limit activity in June. Nearest burrow not used now, 60' S. of this pile, 2' tall mustards, + Asmw, Sphaerolea, 1' Solidago, & thin mulch (80% unvegetated at bore.plante). Old burrow in this area had Sphaerolea 12" tall; also Asmw & Mustards on mound. 11' Shorttail soils & vegetation too complex for great usefulness in diagnosing soil effects C. L. on vegetation. 3 mi. N. Fairburn (Custer Co.) at 1:30 p.m. I visited C. L. colony that I helped to poison with 1080 on afternoon of July 25. Found 4 dead on ground, saw an alive & lively, heard 2 more, but apparently still good. No other dead animals found. Still many burrowing animals; 6 seen in distance of 100 yds. (Casts aside all present, including grasshopper, staphylinids). Barley cut to about 40' from butt cows in the field. Apparently cut when green; some still partly green, 8" tall. Kochia, Amaranthus, & other weeds in barley field not seen to be cut; judging by little eating of grain than 4 observations July 25, few dogs were in pen field now. At edge barley field every stalk cut at about 3" for hundreds of square feet. One area, all cut 2 crops, in 450 yds. wide space. Burrows in unemployed areas - Bogs near edge field, but some well-developed 100 yds. into field. When most numerous, these spaced about an unemployed edge ground & regular, about 20 yds. apart. One mound in field i there, 6' diam. One burrow in field had cleared area 14x20 yds. around it. One burrow on unemployed Cheno. all 1/4" clean, stalks cut at 5"-ht. On me.

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus July 27, 1955 3 mi. N. Fairburn, Custer Co., S. Dak. and bare earth around, principal fort Amur. rifle ; also Dyp. pop., Kochia, Sol., Daphanella, Amur. blat. Dwindle block widow spiders with egg sacs seen mouths burrows. Apparently thick but short grass cover does not inhibit digging of burrows; they are even in rounded bottoms around (2" tall grass). Digging 4-5" deep into soil around some burrows in grass. Dead C.l. had 1000+ dung butter after carcass contents. Normal larks seen in covered area, mod- erate larkers alone lay. No reptorial birds or mammals seen, or evidence of them found. Took several sketches and photos. Examined two dead picked up. One 2, 352 t.l.-75 tail; 700 gms. Area nipples gray & thinly haired but nipples not protrude. Vulva blocks on protruded parts (4 anal area). Ut. horn 55 long, 2 mm. wide, dark pink; no conspicuous scars. Much fat measur- ing, little none external thigh. Stomach wt. 15 gms., caecum 30. Stom. contents 90% grass, including some (or most) brackles. Apparently little 1000 needed to kill. A molt line across shoulders; antlers new hair around ears, nape, muzzle back to eyes; dorsal with tail new hair, molt line across central side, down behind, poles anterior (to brisket). (Yearling? Tail not epineuris). Other 2 of year., 500 gms., measured 323-80. Vulva area slightly pregnant; nipples areas not vanish. Stom. ost. 25, caecum 60 gms. Stom. contained 40% grass, some (not?) bristles, parts of a beetle. Ut. horn 50 long x 1/4 mm. wide, modest measurement foot, no external (thigh). All look molted save crown. Belly uniform. Boreal 1/2 tail new hair. Teeth show juv. July 28, 1955 Badlands Nat'l Mon., nr. Wall, S. Dakota Talked with J. A. Buttler, Dept. since April 1953. He was interested in wildlife & knew much about it. Largest former town between Oda Pass Lodge Interior, both sides road. Mort C.l. paired about 2 yrs. ago. & some illegally by ranchers. Buttler said he did not publicize C.l. be- cause someone might poison them "again." Cattle graze on monument.

Koford Cynomy s ludovicianus July 28,1955 Badlands Nat'! Mon, S. Dak. range not in good condition. Many C.L. now along dog Creek, which differs in sort of access even by jeep. Attempt being made to restore native wildlife there (coyote the boldest present now; may introduce bint fox; do not want lion). Rutter thought great increases in range C.L. towns from 1953 to '54 (expand in old town), but little this year (the mild winter). Some lodgers & eagles present, but not known to be at C.L. towns especially. Catalina present, of tens repeated years ago. // In general C.L. on uplands, lost agricultural sites—this area. Rain ave about 16" most April - July. Last 2 years dry, this better. // I drove about 1 mile W. from Oda Lodge to look at old dog town (Rutter thought a few left). Slope est. 3-6 %, S. Conspicuous plants are Bgr., Beta, Opuntia, Asw. Soil good grey clay-loam, easily dug with hand. Much bare ground between grass tufts. On old mounds, plants noted: Ceph. mang., Asw, Salsola, Sol. trift., Sphaerocarua, Poly. avic., Sichobravada, Baja, Verb. bract., Amars. lub., Dysos. papp., Cheno lypts., Nordum, Ara Munroa ag., Opuntia, Aristida (fendler?), (Obama Core?). At edges n/a. Bgr., Nordum, Opuntia, others. (6'diam.) a Munros ag. (Art cleared area from Aristida edge). Grass generally 3"-4'. Opuntia clumps 16 "tall Aristida, Eriogonum Bda, Bgrs. In pasture, away from roads, Hedema hispo., bush Cricogonum, Poa (secunda?), Leuhterica Festuca octof. (in flames), Pranabater., Ratilida, Bass. About 1% mid grasses. Bda thick & solid in some dips (little opuntia there). On damp ground also fur burrows; Andropogon + Bout. curtip., present; // Mss. 95% bare, water worked. Many burrows still open (black widow & other spiders), some caves in (1'diam. Boli; dangerous to stock?). There are an almost to eroded bluffs. (Toba & Stelochrom phaeton). // Philip, S. Dakota Talked with Mr. Bunninman, SCS here. He 12 yrs. Haskell Co.; all

Koford Cynomyx ludovicianus July 20,1955 Philip, S. Dak. Life on plains (Nelroba earlier); an oldtimers much in field. He believed he had seen much destruction vegetation than accutilization by stock, (On sandhills, one big blueston bottom, little blueston slopes; now gone. : Streamside shrubbing gone.). He believed much of prairie was that stock could be moved out & in easily, as avenue during & after drought, while in early days drought caused long reduction in herds. (His parents lamented when they had to haul water 10 miles). Zimmerman regretted poisoning of coyote, from his dog. He knew of no C.L. in Washburn County. Formerly abundant; custom extended several miles. Big reduction campaign about 2 years ago.// I talked with Don Thompson (captained ferret 1953), enthusiastic prairie dog shooter. He would rather shoot C.L. than antelope. Sometimes shot close to 100 in day for sport. We & others knew of towns (such as near Cottonwood) not for district, & they would shoot there occasionally, keeping prairie dog population down but leaving sufficient for reproduction. I asked about trapping C.L., so he wanted to establish colony close to Philip, for shooting. He very wary about divulging locations towns for fear someone would poison them. Strong for prairie dog conservation; He thought reproduction splendid on site this year; 6 to 8 on a mound. In one pasture where mostly short grass but little grazing, he thought C.L. especially fat now. Wind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dak. July 29/1955 Norbeck Dam colony. No C.L. about 80 yds. n.e.lim to W. of display sign, & about 80 % of veg. thus A.S.M. Apparently ground too wet at initial time yrs. (a snow stayed), this being flattened part colony. 100yds. E. of highway (85A) on this town, saw new burrows on slope when veg. in short but continuous Bgvs-Bda. To W. of sign, much Arm for about 150 yds., then slope steeper & Bda starts. Buffalo wallows--some have a open vegetation. C.L. burrow at edge./ Wallows open vegetation; & allow invasion

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus July 29, 1953 Wind Gave Nat'l Parks Pak. farba; these conditions favor C.l. In head of draw 300 yds. W. of display sign, perhaps 15 C.l. are seen, including jivs., on 10 % slope. At edges the salary ascends 15% gradual slope & continues at higher level, 4+% slope. I saw a coyote in Baja just W. of Narbeh Dam town at 8:30. Baja gives reason for hunting? Town extends W. 50 yds. Beyond electric lines. Possibly little or no larger than in 1951. Where seen about 5% of veg. in area Baja much of it cut at bare + lying, dry, on ground. I put stone markers around a square, 400' on side, in well populated part of Narbeh Dam town (S.E. corner at Cole pipe stela; oriented N.-S.). At about 10 a.m. I counted 20 C.l. in this area (near 4A). At top of slope to W. of sign in Narbeh Town (300 yds. W.), Lapp. rubenski 40% of veg. 4 to 1' tall (not cut) at same site. Amaranthus graecizans now mostly dead without foliage; its bloom aspect of 2 miles ago gone. A wet buffalos wallow in dam area is now covered with Polygonum aviculare. Dept. 1938 air photo Narbeh town shows area behind sign (W. of) with rectangular marker (of old corral?). Visited tent #3, which had grown much 1947 to 1951. Now seemed about same area as in 1951 (occupied) except no C.l. seen in N.Western (poisoned are?). Many jivs., it seemed, 3 or 4 at soil burrows. This area a shallow basin of gentle slope, mostly < 5% slope, main veg. in Baja with patches Baja again, about 2' tall, with about 5% farba (Asph. occ., Plant. Draco, Nel. hip.) Some mounds large & low; Baja & Baja growing well on peripheral third of mound. Saw one Cistella 13-14-in-tic (sure) going C.l. burrow. Several bison wallow here, & bison trails. On west., Asphodelaceae, Asn., Sol. triifol., Jumk sparse veg. on moss. Then in Abattail. Principal weedpatch about 50 yds. SE of Cole stela ±1 (in 1947 colony); about 60% shot grass, but rest Asphodel, Nel. hip., Plant. spin., Asclep. pinn., Lysimachia, Potentilla, Prunella triflora. Dog area ends at about 15% slope all around, where veg. -155- 205

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus July 29 28,1955 Wind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dakota change to Androp. scop. dominance & ground steeper & with more large rocks. (See state 15-25% slope). No Asm at #1 stake, then (to N) (upslope) Asm comes in & increases to about 5% (15% slope), Bgy - Bda still present, some Aristida, also more lawn ground. Then Carey, Asm, Berrouer (cold) high on slope not now occupied. Many berrouers thought colony not used; No apparent mean in Asm berrouers in 1947 area since 1951 (same new holes). Amounts: Bgy; 20'x1½'. Silt loam (judged). Patches of Bija near colony but irregular, & generally not near C.L. berrouers. (Distrib. Bija irregular all slopes in ph. II W. end Gabriel Dam town where new holes, 90% Bgy-Bda. Many sedistolbs Asm cut; also stalks Asm, Bga, Bgy. II Idea: effect C.L. on veg. Asm largely on condition at x invasion. Bija-Asm mixture → Asm → weeks, Bgy- Bda-Asm mixture → thin Asm (spati Bda) → weeks. II Lower Sanctuary- town. On W. slope, 10%, many mds. (10 acre. 6 yds. apart); most veg. Bright green Bija, pop. 4-5" tall, some Vbs. There were about thick Arist. found at upslope edge. At S end this colony main way. 12 acres frag. On E. slope (10%), with dry sticking Lappo. redaw. mixed; & some Asm Aristida, at upslope edge, Asm increases or Arist. frag. taller; then same Bija, Carey mixed. The soil thick Bija with Asm (uphill side colony). II At Upper Sunset town, 11 in 2 A plot (no sure joins !), but 13 in N. acre of area (edge). Within area concentration, no obvious vegetation diff from when few dogs; little Asm (5%), no Bgy. Androp. scop. - not in even on 5% slope, where 10 "tself" but bordering this an area where Asm grazed to 3". & forb. Some C.L. activity there. In another part this colony (E slope), much Asm grazed short & some berrouers in it. One site, tough Dace Asm left as island where C.L. scratched berrouer. In general, it appeared few berrouers in Asm even the short (for food? !). There was also a few berrouers in area where Carey (ston or penn.) made up half vegetation (50% lawn),

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus July 29, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., Hot Custer G., S.Dak. But more where C. l. thicker. (Step loops 1" - 50 loops in 60x60' area around fourth set burrow: Baa 5290, Bgr 26%, Carey 20%, forks 2%). Probably fine C.L. where much Carey in this area. || At E. side Upper Sand. town, fence posts without wire. To E., near A.Sun, 4 some burrows just not currently used. Arm goes to about 25 yds W. of fence, thinning, thin fala only. Slope of colony line about 6%, W. aspect. No Bgrs. in census plot or in most of colony. When burrow E. of fence, much A.Sun (10% of veg.) out of day (need before fala came in?). When burrow stops, Carey's Care increase, slope steepens, socha pretends, pines grow. In census plot I paced distance between absent burrows for 15 spaces; one 7 yds. At an uphill edge col- ony, inside, then A.Sun - Spa mixture, then fence line, then Bgrs - Sam. At S. end colony (slope envious down), A.Sun increases, then taller, then might with Bgrs. An area of Bgrs near bottom at S. end, but no corpses. C.L. was here. || Sylvan town had 4 buck elk feeding in center, diligently. C.L. out 20 yds. from thin, 41 mourning dove. I stayed at colony 1½ hrs. Eventually decided total pop. 9 grain + 7 pairs. (Divided 3-3-1), pairs still easily distinguished by size (= high productivity?). All C.L. in area of 2 A. in center of opening among trees. Slope 10% NE. (This area at bottom R. of aerial photo BNV 134-19, Sep. 19, 1938). ↓ N Stipa vir., Bgr, (any afr.) pines old burr area activity now → old burrows up canyon pine clump Dogs town: we allowed approach to 10 yds.; pairs to 20. (Vegigine feed late in day probably in spite of Kriggs' statements). Two wide at several places of Dip. papp, cutting off part or all plant down, holding + eating stalks leaves from base up. One ate many tips of low lawn. [lot], just holding plant + nibbling tips, not cutting off. this kind feed more pleads

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus July 29,1955 Wind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dak. started & spreading?). Verb. brot. present but apparently not eaten. Food is apparently found with more, pushing it along, find food, eat, sit & stop then feed again. Morn after during field no effects spread rather than local. In the occupied area, Loppula redowski (dry now) 80% of veg., in other beef (br. 90%. There perhaps not eaten (bent down don't way, Dpa principal plant when many bunours & dogs). Dpa cut many sites, top left on ground. Plants on site are now: Lre, Am. retro., Acm, Polyp. ar., Vbr, Dpa, Ant. fr. (cut), Am. Blet., Sal. trij., Hed. hisp., Prov. tin., unknown aman, Lam, Cupula, Latilis, Cary (not fely.), Panicum (not in older importance). Schedonorus thich in browsing areas, present in field area. One seemed to strip tops & eat (where Acm plentiful). No apparent tendency to visit grassy areas. Many grasshoppers now (+ shrubbs parks). Down canyon from activity are old burrows to at least 100 yds. distance. Close grouped Androp. gen. there (dry elk?). Area Nof stranded, when cutting June, not used now.// In Upper Denot. Team two seen out 7:10 p.m. (clean, calm). One foor group 6 gives at 1 burrow near edge colony when much Bgr, & Ace near. // Antelope on lower Denot., team midday. Nearly every morning on Ward's Shittail. Not improbably C.d. four antelope, Elk, doves, at some seasons (Crows, magpies too?). July 30/1955 In general, when now much Bija or slopes less than 15%, if not so flat a lawn or to be low high water table, seems to be excellent terrain for C.l. (proper soil texture, climate). These areas stand out clearly (brown) at this season. // Brier Flats col. any spanned. 100 yds. E. road, running Bgr, butivan Bija, Acm, Sphaerules (four weeks). Ace. min. spacing 10 burrows 14 yds. lope At 5. side colony upslope for old down, as many or 1/3/A. on area, 5/A in mast (high slopes. Sd. down on N/E slope). Upper

Koford Cynomy s lodovicianus July 30, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota Limit her where cary abundant stages & Androp. scop. take our dominances (clean line). // An old part town W. of dam, 5% slope, mdo. Large & gently sloping (as if old), up to 5 dogs/A. This area lower, flatter, greener than higher slope where more density. In this old pt., aver.min. spacing burrows (10) 1 1/2 yds. Bgr + Awn about equal, 50% ground bare (paced step loop analysis). // She area up slope where many dogs, Canus filif., Bgr, Bda principally; about 5% folia (Sphenolaceae, Art. frig., Solidago, Eupatorium, Pras. ten); 50% bare. Carex Bgr about = 4 dominant; sennu gives yellowish cast to whole. // 10 medium larkspur a ground in area 2A, as if feeding. // Old pt. town E. of dam (1947, Ceb map) on 5% slope. Mdo. very wide. Some jivers present. Part area now in their Bgr (3% slope); northly Bgr, Awn (Bgr). In part of area much Lappula (only when many cl. ?) (?: Cryptanthus?) Art. grapt., Art. frig. Same mdo 30' across, comprised 1/3 of slope in Bda-Bgr, 4 mds. 1 1/2 thick center (silty loam; mod. gravel; some in?). Sphenolaceae prairie. forb or mds. Same Art. Arist. found on lge. mds., Afr. & Art. grapt. (shot) surrounds are mds. starting 5 yds. from center. Area 50% B. down, northly Bgrs, but Awn more abundant (lower). Some sites. Lge. mds. surrounded Bgr-Bda; surrounding, Awn more dense, & much of it set. (C.L. reduce Awn, favor Bgr-Bda). Awn sola predominates in bottom 2 foot slope. Avr. min. space. burrows 13 1/2 yds. on 5% S.W. slope here, Bgr- Bda about 85% of veg.; Awn 10%; weeds 3%; bare 4 5%. Some Arist. found. // A rocky hillock of 5% slope had much Andro. scop., Art. frig., & Can. filif. prominent. // Next little valley to N. of old colony, +100 yds. E. road, 3 art. dogs/A. This has

Ko ford Cynomys ludovicianus July 30, 1955 Wind Cave Nat' Pk., S. Dak. afterd to N. since 1951 (see Cole map). W. of road in Basin Flats. Sloping dog present 1951. Slope of most bottom about 2%, good slope direction like main part Malach Dam Town. Dogs mainly at S. side of bottom of upslope this side, to 250 yds. W. of road. Much Baja this general area where slope steeper. About 50% grad, base where C.L. Bajr. downster. Beyond area dogs, seem about 2' tall (and steller) but not teeth. In area occasional patches of Baj- Baja, & there after the area with C.L. burrowed (favor first? or made by C.L.? ). Some burrows dusting wallower made other openings wag., but no C.L. burrows in these. Lower population along this area - about 1/4 man ft. slope when most; some up to 15% slope (S. side valley). Much Baja cut near used burrow. Saw Burr Ridge from ups, & some cut at dam near burrow (eat local swelling?). Sedge indicates wet spots here? Many mss. centers in area Bajr-Baja dominance - 10 yds. Drain, often, was Arist. find, & Baja around. Took same photo this. A burrow 200 yds. W. of road freshly bedgends (cassium, dry, present). Spot no bur- row within 100 yds. Highway (S. side valley) where slightly high ground, Baja < 10%, mostly Bajr-Baja. Out on flat ground, some low mounds 30' across, 3-4' high, mostly with Bajr-Baja seen). In area surrounded by tall Baja. Many of these large mds. with C.L. md. on top. Perhaps large mds. old C.L. mds., fawn grey. Definitely C.L. an area short rather than wild-groce dominance here. Flat ground may sometime be too wet for C.L. Last even- ing I saw had Buffalos here. At Mule Creek Tkt, E. central Wyo. Revisited around Town line. Killed evidently poor at least 15 day seen in area about 5A on slope. Now seen in bottom

Koford 16+ 211 Cynomys ludovicianus July 30, 1955 E. Wyoming of draw (poxin was effective there?). On 20% slope at side of bottom, among hedged Artemisia tridentata bushes, many digging to 10" depth in fine sandy loam (for?). Carex, Eriodictyon, Stipa present, but 80-90% bare. Some mesa on upper gentle slope surrounded by arrangement of thick Artemisia. Much Pl. spic. in area below when much Carex filif. (stripes). In gully, 40% cover attracted. On upper slope Art. tridentat. hedged to 6" height (by sheep?). Are. min. spec. ring lurnour halfway up slope = 13 yds. (10 spaces), Same 18" thick, 6' drain. Took color photo area. Larimer G. G\o August 3, 1955 with Harold Swopes (Gone & Froh, Ft. Collins) and Ken- ny Milgard, pilot, flew low over plains of NE Larimer Co., Col., to (count antelope and) photograph C.l. towns. Because little greass, lurnour not conspicuous, but color could be seen easily from 200 ft. altitude. Beside the Dec. 10 town, photo- town in Dec. 23, 4 another apparently in Dec. 3 (T11N,R. 69W), 4 other near Tony Roman's (5.16,T11N,R68W). We saw and roost of ground in about 3 townships (and saw 100+ ant- lope in all) but found no other C.l. towns. Many Pogon- mounds & clearings, however, this often conspicuous in green greass; in ploughed fields; also conspicuous because of different vegetation around ant clearing Land surface in general not uni- form, but small diffs in vegetation noticed even nearly flat surfaces. Many low "pimple" mounds in this region. August 4, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Larimer G. Brief visit to Wellington colony. No septemera at all to N, whe- re farther lurnour marked last spring. This area thick Koch- sia & stripely bushes (would main part colony be same with -

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus August 4/1955 Nr. Wellington, Colo., out C.L.? ), On main part colony, same areas stood Bida (killed by C.L. eating in winter?), only stol er of fatolas left. Atriplev shoots cut & many stems of Kochia, but plenty R. left (49% avg., a W. 1/4 colony), 3"-6" tall, coming grounds, Old barley field at N.S., side horse pasture now ploughed up. Much Salsola, Kochia, in horse pasture. C.L. somewhat hard to see because of weeds. // CPER, Weld Co., Colo. Arrived 9:45 a.m.; 9/10 cumulus; not hot. Inspected area E. of E. front line. Farthest S. burrow July 21 showed no current use; no more vicinity dug that area site, farthest S. sized being 40 yds. farther N. (2 more used 30 yds. N. of that). Mapped burrows E. of fence. Several new shallow diggings in quadrant A'0. One 4" deep at base Opuntia; another at base dead Chrysothamnus bush. Soil loose & sirty; another, 6" dep, Lithium tifte Bgvs Muhlenbergii. 50+97% bare ground this area, 1/4 burrow (for food ?) about 10' apart. No current activity 5E of angle iron stake No. 36 (see map), but burrow 80 yds. WNW this stake oppo- sitely used. Near 225, 0 W, found fresh intestine & carcass of C.L., specimen of large bird, & a fur hawk feather. 30' distant worskin, head, & half nest of fresh C.L. (today's kill probably). Later I saw a Falso medicinae burrow near the site & a Batis 1/4 mile dis- tant. C.L. body of a grown Q. // Chrysothamnus bush 10" tall 3' from). C.L. burrow had 15% to shoots cut off & left (in girl, Chryo. seems little cut). Much Salsola & seedsteller Bgvs cut through colony. // I shot Q.136 at C2 in MB'(see map) at 12:30 p.m. This water large, used early this year. No recent cattling found more than about 10 yds. E. of that crevas. Apparently Cleme not cut (has smell, taste ?) the isol- ated plants 2' tall present. Possibly Cirsium & Argenmores also not cut, Verbena brostrata rarely. On control plot when their 162 2/2

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 4, 1955 CPER, Weld Co., Colo. stand of Bgr. thouraese Bgr seed stolter cut, about 6'/sq. ft., common Chavo. lept. absent, 4 occasional prickly Balanum. || Four 2 or 3 spec- tyto on colony, 4 at Crotalur lay in burrow in C.I. Open water in ditcher in bottom still. Many burrows in flat bottom seed; the mounds small or absent; the earlier there were flooded. Some new burr- ows in SE corner colony, 1 atop slope in BB is farthest NE. In area 14-22W, 6-10S; many (20±) C.L. seen to run from Bgr flat southeast to burrow on slopes. On other lower slopes, many shot new bur- rows seed wider deep. || Expansion to 3 in area 20W, 10S, has increased slightly since July 21, peripheral burrows showing use. (not in E or SE parts colony known). Some burrows made last 3 months have fairly large mds. (to 6' wide, 8" thick). A crater at W. side of the epelorus plot 2'diam., 4'8" high. || The epelorus, tall Solcota in C.L. epel. stands out conspicuously, to 2'3" tall (in cattle epelorus 90% to cut to 8" or less). Bgr seed stolter to 11" in epelorus, rarely that full in cattle epel. of 10% seedstallor cut there. || 8/137, bow hill, full adult g. August 5, 1955 Much rain last night & overcast today; most mounds pocked by rain so hard to judge use. Depressed burrows on flat in Bgr area full of water. At least 3 C.L. cost of E. fence (topped one late p.m. in A'P). Saw a Batis nigra near colony. Family of 4 or 5 juv. Specipty at burrow in ED. At least 9 juv. N. of bottom from 0 to 4 W.; 4 to 10 W. to 10W. (3 or 4 juv.). || Burrow in PC' that was 10" deep June 26 is now date & appear- antly in use. 3 new well developed craters to N. of fence at W. end colony; all have appeared since July 21, apparently. Northbound burrow rarely fisted this area now apparently not used. R2 in PC" is furthest NW showing issue. || Dropped 138 in NE part of A'P; prob. got in 5:30 p.m. || But

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus August 5, 1955 (CPR, Weld Co., Colo.) 50' of line transect in invaded NW area, starting about 40' W. of stake at 30W 2N. August 8, 1955 at SE end colony, no activity when 7:138 about Aug. 5, but now repair (today) to E. of OW, 28 S. mark (set 2 still traps there). Bottom soaking wet, 1" water standing, burrows there flooded (rain last night & prev. 2 days). In burrow where Cott- alias seen a few days ago, mound repaired today. Looked in 30' burial area; no snakes seen. Two gnu. Sprestyto saw burrow select visit. At NW end colony digging at burrow r 2 in PC, 4 especially active between then & fence. Completed 100' transect starting 40' W of 30W 2N, ending long. 240° 81' from 30W 4N. Marked with applier at 0, 59 100'. This area invaded May - June & still occupied. 5. end transect long. 346° 41yds. from fingerprint with @5 tooth in top; 1" pipe 1' tall at S. end line (2' S. of start). August 9, 1955 Made overlay maps showing new & old burrow sites of dogs seen. In area of 5. invasion near center, but never used to peripheral area, 4 more made since lost mapping there. This invasion reaches to edge of a flat area where Dalasla abundant & tall (1½'). Perhaps tall weeds prevent invasion; they are tallest soon after time of yr. when expansion occurs (June). Dalasla may also have resulted withdrawal of dogs from area N. of 18W to 26W. Several skulls & parts picked up near mounds. These apparently thrown out when burrows opened up (some Sylphogus have too). No eagle casts atop hill to NW colony, nor any eagles seen thus since winter. One marsh hawk seen over colony today. Divided area into 10 census 4-scale areas on map. Night concentration in Zone III & IV. These are

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 9, 1955 (CPER, Weld G., Colo.) Sloper with swales, but [illegible] apparently old part colony has more weeds (Cyntraena prominent, but also N. of fence where no C.L.). Photographed 100' transect area. Nw Wellington, Larimer Co., Colo. August 11, 1955. At Wellington, horse pasture colony (now no horses) weeds, especially Kochia scoparia & Salsola kali, have increased in abundance & height during summer. The north-central third of area has weeds (Sida naihy) widespread, with many groups open a few feet across, & most C.L. now in this area. In most of the other sites where burnour weeds relatively low & sparse. It may be that burnour made due because of sparsity, weeds at seen of spread of dogs, not because of effect dogs. Dogs mostly on high or dryin ground. Made overlay map of general vegetation. Practically no grass (less than 1% Baca; much more dead Baca) except Distichlis stricta & Sitanion hystrix. Little No sign activity in most areas, fewer Kochia where many new plants, but much cutting at bordering area & isolated weeds. About 14 C.L., seen; all but 5 being in N-central third colony. No hypsopryin in area of colony over earlier this year, but some new burn- ours within occupied area. Burnour used to near extremes of former size (apparently not the SW-most one & NE-most one. Field to S. of colony ploughed a few weeks ago; no new greenery thus yet. Old burnour reopened to 15 yds into ploughed ground. No reap- and burnour S. of in ploughed ground S. of area E of 00 pt. at fence. Some Spergula spp. (not jow.) but perhaps 2 only. In area of Koe, some digging, to 3" deep (for ? mice?). Some new burnours in area where Koe 12-18" tall left with spawn less grounds 2-3' diam., much cut Koe around there in irregular manner, to distance 5

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 11, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Larimer Co., Colo. yds. some dinitrius; only 1/2 of stelbs cut, not all of some tried. Distichlis sp. bright green, 6" tall; apparently no fresh nuttallia (clut old, dry). (One burrow dug out to 10" down. To 2' depth, 6 part dried frog died on ground near. Badgers not known due the Genny Crawford has trapped many carnivores. One seen eating Kochia leaves. This is probably mountain now; said to be very high in protein. // Noted tips tails some adults molting (like our pet jer. Herman; black tip appear and with last to be replaced). // Thick vegetation spiriting at time when expansion colonies occurs may inhibit it - this vegetation may be thick Brown, Kochia, or other invader plants that indicate poor range condition. // In presence, 10:30 - 11:15 a.m., counted 24 (of which 5 group) in census area. This area measured as follows: xxx road <-N+ 2050- 110 yds. x x 1350x 44yds 020°- 29 yds. 020° 20yds. 1278 55 yds. x x x x x bunch pites The W. (dawnlope, 57%) half census area had much new Kee, 6"-12" high; relatively few dogs in it. Most on upper part slope where were bare ground, some Atriplex & Chrysothamnus shrubs. Saw some eat Kochia. Draped stem of eat leaves, especially tips; or cut at base, held in paws, set from at cut base. One stood, ate at 12" tall Kee without cutting stem. I also saw one Citellus 13-lin bumping satus on census area, eating Kochia. No squirrels seen now on census area. Saw 6 jivs. on one mound. No dogs seen NW corner census area (Kochia thick). A few new shallow burrows under edge of Atriplex bushes. These shrubs stemmed to 6" height + spreading, digging round edge forms a short (3-4") pedestal of earth.

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 11, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Colorado. Digging of burrows inside of pedestal. Same with Chrysothamnus. These shrubs constantly clipped; Cercotis lorenzii clipped only where C.d. thole, at this season. // To N. of canyon area (opposite side of line of brush piles), few dogs, + no extension salary into farther slope similar slope into Kochia + large Atriplex & Chrysothamnus brush area (winter food not put line but in canyon area 4 to 5). So no evident apparition of this salary this year. Predation not evident (constant shrubs eat topping; no carnivore nests found; no remains found the Crawford visits constantly). // Using step-loop method with 1" loop, I ran 3 lines N+S across canyon area. For 200 points, result was: Bats 119, Kae 59, dead Bde 17, line Beta 3, Shrubs 1, Amaranthus 1. Hit about 1/3 of line in W. half when Kochia santiniana 8-9/10 hits, while bare ground similar in upslope half salary. Also in area was dead Muhlenbergia torreyi, Chrysothamnus, Atriplex. Dead Bde was stubs only, some stolons. Past dryness probably contributed to its dying, not just C.d. // Elevation now shows much fall on vegetation than outside it. Outside much Kae & Chrysoth. cut. Plants in elevation (photographed): Ho Sha & Kae about equal + most prominent; Muhl. torr. present, green, with 6" seed stolons; about 1/4 Cryptantha in seed. One plant Chev. lept. + Chrysopeis (?). In area near elevation, there plants + Amaranthus retroflexus, Euphalia (geyeri?), Cercotis lorenz- ium triflorum, Astragalus. // Near mound some Chrysoth. so cut & undermined as to be dead, appear killed by C.d. August 12, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Spent afternoon at Spring Canyon Dam colony. Counted up to

Ko ford 168 218 Cynomys ludovicianus August 12, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. 17 dogs from N. end. There in 1/4t 2's, well settled, most lying near edges swaler, Occupied area extends 5. over low crest + about 200 yds. beyond, the recent activity only 150 yds., if there 100 yds. to W. Unoccupied area part of old colony, where principal cover Bda. Summer burrows; many old reopened. Slopes 5-10 %. W.-facing slope to S. of next fence line ground, Aristida, & Asm., then invaded opposite slope, but old mound there. // Euph. marg. present same sites & mounds. A single plant 1' tall on recent mound, but not cut. Much in swaler to N. of E.-W. fence, but the adjacent green Shea (Salicola) cut. not cut. A single Cleane 4' tall also present. Near one burrow, recent construction mound has torn up 6'x3' area of Bda., grass being tossed on mound. Around one burrow, a low dug out area accumulated water, apparently; Asm. much in- croared when Bda absent here. // By step-loop method I paced area between burrows around south to S. of E.-W. fence, in area of most burrows. Results, for 200 vegetation plots: Bdas 166, Bgrs 21, Shea 5, Asm 2, Ses 2, Others 4; Lare 79 (=28%). E. slope higher gross density than W. slope. Bgrs more on slopes, paste, Bda more on bottom swale, Asm dry now. Others present: Osuntia, Prashe ten., Sphaeroloba, Euph. marg., Applop., Brown, Babia, Lactueneja. Overlay map made showing location dogs & limits region. Most Bgrs seed stalk setting now dry. Fresh Salicola cut down. Nearly white original area in rear + extension to S. (what age class there?). This afternoon probably took place in June or July. No signs of Carnivores, but (Butter seem over colony.) Harmer G. Arrived Dec. 23 (Rudy Ochman's) 9 a.m. Clear, calm, warm. Saw

Koford CynomyS ludovicianus August 15,1955 NE Larimer Co, Colo. no dogs E. of work, fruit fresh digging there; three old burrows, seeped, not new. Farthest E. burrow a flattish sautin' cut area with Bgn, Asm, Dys. pop. cover, about 50% (step-loop). Mostly on a bordering grossy flat area (grown 1-2"; asm 6-8"). // At E. central part colony, W. of work, about 3/4 triangle of 5-10% slope little. two swales. Easy to count dogs burr, 5 asw. / In general, 1-3 dogs per acre in diff. parts colony. At E. central side, many shallow diggings among open Salsola, Curutia stand in loose soil. 4-7 holes/ sq. yd., to 4" deep for 50yds. fairly continuously, 4 at other spots. Many fresh. Many with stub of large starchy root 3/8" diam. at bottom (collated, some as spring). Could not find plant having similar root. Possibly same dig for sisset leaves. Much dig for allium at E central part col- ony, when concentration greatest - fairly flat, green swale with Salsola, Asm, & Atriplex, Dys. pop., Salvia, Solanum (purple). At both areas many Asm. burrow current (the many old culms dry in ground, cut earlier). // When Atriplex, shoots 12" long cut, long ago & currently. Few shoots left, lodged bushes about 10" tall. Salsola (Shea) cut much less in some areas, & Curutia cut practically not at all (8"); lint cut in See. 10 in areas when atriplex scarce). // In E. part colony a slope, away from swales, only 4 hits per 100 loops (Asm, Shea, Atriplex, Bahia), but C.L. freed mound workings. Shea cut in swale sides tall (1½") & thick. // Probably this swale seg. sustains C.L. much when area of burrow is denuded. Swales every 100+ yds. in this colony. // Butro regalis flying over colony 10:15 a.m. // On E. slope where Curutia dominant, few C.L. Clay loam soil, erosion present. Cur. lan. 8" tall. Some Opuntia & scottish single Asm. Cur. lan. 1'

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus August 15/1955 NE Larimer Co, G10. To 6' apart. Otherwise, estimated about 4/100 veg. hits. A few old Bgs clumpy, barely alive (due c.l. or stock?), leaves 1/2" long. Asm has no seed stolka (due c.l.? ). Bgs to 5%, some sites; more in small swales, same Bdea. Oputta dead in Curista area. // It is evident that mounds tend to be on higher ground rendering the swale Sometimes 5' ndo. in nearly a row, 20+ yds. apart. // When Bka think in draw but not close to burrows; little cut. // Only one cornet or dropping found (saved, loss probable c.l. hair). Skulls of 3 long death found on one mound. One dead Lagurus found. Apparently Lodge Dog Bob had to rabbit (kyrill?) hair at entrance. But very little sign recent predation. // Do predator have more impact? art influence when population is low? If lodger takes equal no. dogs/lynx, yes, but probably success of carnivore dips on density. // In Curista area, E slope 5-10 %, tough stop loop density. For 100: dead Bgs 3, Asm 3, Curista 1; for another 100, dead Bgs 1, Asm 4, Curista 5 (auntury counts hits), pinon. forb 1. Total hits 9/100 (for 200 loops). // On SE slope, 5-10 %, omitting swales: Curst. 2 Oputt. 1 strip. 3 1 Chrypth. 1 1 Asm 1 1 1 Vitik 1 1 Cuphalia 4 5 10 = 19 (6½/100). Several new burrows; shol xar, at bases pedestaled atruely shrubs. Much more digging than early this summer, it seems to me. Near E W fence in S. central part colony, where greenest, flattest, between 2 swales, saw 14 in 1 acre (5 on one mound). Upslope in colony,

Koford Cynomyx ludovicianus August 15, 1955 NE Larimer Co., Colo. 6 in. are max. (4 3/4 bound). In area thus of greatest burrow concentration, spacing between 10 consecutive was 6 to 27 yds. (ave. 12.6 yds.). In gird, impossible to find more than 4 or 5 burrows for currently less than 20 yds. apart. In gird, spacing ave. about 30 yds., where fairly many burrows (from food, wide space?). // What happens to eutenic territories when burrows wide spaced, populations low? Are most eutenic in areas between rivals, not worring them. // Sha flower: a blue flowered Salvia, purple Solanum, Eutriaria, Verling bacteria. // Difficult to correlate range credit + population here because area of range to sample unknown; dogskin large area may depend on swale seg. in small area. // Visited Sec. 7/10 colony 12:30 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. Saw 1 Agnula in air, 1 on ground at edge colony (hilltop), + 2 Bites (Captor?). In air over colony. No carnivore nests or soil badger digging. Much 10" Eustria cut here (why not in Sec. 23?). Soil less clay than Sec. 23 (silt from 5.6) + pale tan in color. Many Pogonomyrmex rds. on slopes. Salvia is main plant on mounds; some Chenop. (lepto or all.? ). Line opuntia present, not abundant. Atriplex eat much when occurs. 13 digging for roots noted. Much was grass than Sec. 23, flat NW part colony: took 100 step-loops where many mounds as 5-10% 5 E slope. Be- sulto; 54 hits on live veg. (Mto 23, Bgn 17, Aristida 5, Chenop. 2, Eust. 2, Ska 4, Schedon.). In gird, then, seen about 50%, mainly Bgn & Muhly 1-2" tall. // On S. central part as slope where concentration burrows, 100 loops gave 47 hits (Bgn 18, Mto 14, Elas. 3, Ska 1, Aristida 1). Adjacent was more Bgn in bottom shallow-soil. Air in nearby area, N slope bordering flat where 85% cover 90% being Poda (some Dysa, Eustria), 100 loops gave 35 hits (Bgn 31, 171 221

Koford Cynomy s ludovicianus August 15, 1955 NE Larimer Co. Colo. Sha 3, Mts 10, Sphodr ( ? ) 2, Eucrota 1, Aristida 4, Chenop. 1, Bda 1). This may be oldest part colony, Naire of trachea presented counts. Willtops where no C.l. burrows about 50% cover, 95% Bgys. August 16, 1955 CPER, Weld Co., Colo. Made overlay map of Sec. 22 colony showing locations of at least 54 Cyn. lud., 6 Spestyto, 2 Sylviolaquar sec. (screen), not in bottom. Set 5 steel traps 9 a.m.; no catch by 3:30 p.m. August 17, 1955 Set traps set at mouths 5 C.l. burrows; took 2 Sylviolaquar & one Spestyto (none seen previously near). Best hopes. Difficult to tell Sylviolaquar from C.l. - Bgys. Scales gently not cut adjacent by Sylvi.; dropping differs but not always present, Re- counted dogs in some clearer areas (result on overlay map). //I saw a marsh hawk flying low over E. part colony, over Bottom, about every 100 yds. landed in grass. No evidence hunting of C.l. One C.l. ran to burrow, but no warning; hawks not in the hawk landed 50 yds. distant; another remained sitting on mound when hawk 50 yds. distant. // About 40 Koford cattle grazing here today, mostly in Bgys. bottom. // One C.l. passed through much Salsola apparently looking for something else. // Some scales of Sylviolaquar seemed to be falcis only - perhaps Salsola & Chenopodium. // A psyllid (sp?) fly commonly seen perched in mouths C.l. burrows (Stenopsoga, (Dreviuscula?)). These are flying-insert-eating flies (T. Hotchler, Entomol. Dept., says). August 18, 1955. Jim Lawrence, local rancher, says more Salsola this year than since drought of 1930's. B.C. Klipple says most since 1940. Lawrence says this is good feed, especially in spring. // Klipple considers anything over 50% utilization as heavy.

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 19, 1955. (CPER, weld G, G6). Continued over-grazing here reduces an desirable midgrass (Stipa com, Aem), makes Bgrs form sod instead of having bunch-groce form, then Bgrs root crown breaker down. Bde minimus at first because Bgrs favored preferred by cattle & eaten once in spring (initial period for plant). // I saw a Buteos regalis perched on fencepost near 203 mark at 9:30 a.m. One C.L. on mound 50 yds. Distant but appears not giving alarm. In census area II, counted 5 (3 farthest SE apparent jwrs.; 2 at farthest lurrar). (None at C z in B'M when I shot recently). One trapped (q 13 9) at center in N.W. corner of A'O. (I shot at & probably wounded one in N. part of CD and in E part of H.E. shotgun). // In census area IV at 11 a.m. d (counted 13, 10 being in area E. of level, sampling vegetation here difficult as z swales run three area, 4 impertinens & one of these could not determine. (All bordering flat bottom have acrements at too). // Watched a jwr. cut balsala stalks with teeth, scul within above ground, next to mound. // In NW part of EA', a burnow apparently by long ant lay bodgen within past few weeks (not same or prev. we found here). No other evidence Dodgers enteri colony. // At 5:15 p.m. I counted 11 in census area IV (4 being in CE & perhaps counted in area VI before. 5 in BI, 3 or 4 apparently jwrs. // In old part colony (census area IV) several new burnows under edge of lodged low Chrysothamnus shrub. (Photoed two). August 19, 1955 Started two college boys on range surveys in (CPER Sec. 22 colony). // At 4:30 p.m. I saw 5 or 6 (3 jwrs, m. explorers) in area IX. At foot of E. swale in II, gps. of 4 and 3. About 10 yds. out into flat bottom at N. side area II, Bgrs domin- ant, need stalks 8" tall, leaves 4"; but present are Chrysopodion, 173-223

{ "text": "Koford\n\nCynomys ludovicianus\n\nAugust 19 1955\nCPER, weld G, Glo.\nSalomon (puckly red), Saban, triflora, Verbena bract., & other.\n\nAugust 29 1955\nNr. Ft. Collins, Glo.\n\nVisited the Dempe colony in famnon and eventually counted 16 C.L.\nthere (about 7 juir.). These were spread the entire NW-SE length of the\ncolony, all on the usual slope (SW), more near the bottom or\nhigh on the slope. The linear distance from end to end of the\ncolony was about 475 yds.\n\nI found no dig-\ngrips for food, and\nno obviously new\nburrows. Old bur-\nrow outside of present\nTo N 4 S, habitat appear-\ning favorable to C.L. to N. Where most\ndogs, are generally brown with quite proportion of short\ngreas (Buckler) than elsewhere. Patcher Bda fragment, a few\nyards across; otherwise Salada 1' high is dominant, 4 in thick\naround area of town. She also cut at many sites; some fresh\ncuttings; some C.L. appears to be eating shea. 11 Veg. in 5. 100 yds.\nwas Shea, Bda, Aew; T. of Mts, Aristilis. Next 100 yds, where\npresent, 4 T. of Bakia and Chnoposelinis. Shea, Bda still dominant.\nFrom 2-300 yds. similar, + some Sphaerolea. 3-400, Shea dominant,\nAew common; relatively little Bda, some Kochia. 4-465 (further\nN. seen used), Shea, Aew, + T. of Bda, Bgrv. Fallow or mounds least\nand gave some Shea & T. of Sphaerolea. Bgy, Aew are coming. Used\nburrow (not recent?) about 490 yds. NW of where northernmost seen; old\nShea cuttings there. No apparent vegetational, slope, or soil barriers)\n\nW\n\nnew\ndown\n\nrock\n\nas ed - 0\n\n3j\n\n100\n\n2\n\nshallow ditch upslope\n\n4\n\n3\n\n1\n\nrock mark\n\n①\n\n②j\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n㉗\n\n㉘\n\n㉙\n\n㉚\n\n㉛\n\n㉜\n\n㉝\n\n㉞\n\n㉟\n\n㊱\n\n㊲\n\n㊳\n\n㊴\n\n㊵\n\n㊶\n\n㊷\n\n㊸\n\n㊹\n\n㊺\n\n㊻\n\n㊼\n\n㊽\n\n㊾\n\n㊿\n\n①\n\n②\n\n③\n\n④\n\n⑤\n\n⑥\n\n⑦\n\n⑧\n\n⑨\n\n⑩\n\n⑪\n\n⑫\n\n⑬\n\n⑭\n\n⑮\n\n⑯\n\n⑰\n\n⑱\n\n⑲\n\n⑳\n\n㉑\n\n㉒\n\n㉓\n\n㉔\n\n㉕\n\n㉖\n\n [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 20,1955. Nr.Ft. Colling, Glo. to NW (old burrows) (Salo. 4 gram taller in gail there, but no obvious compor. diff from occupied area). Aam without seed stolbs (not produced apparently), but Bgq & Bda douc. E. Opuntia, mammilara, Eryngium pret. //I took step-loop density N. to S. for 240 pts. On burin 100pts., result: Bda 38, Sheo 15, Aam 2 1/4, Faba 2; total 57. In cited area (100pts) Bda ran about 50%. // Visited Sec. 3 colony, lone pasture 1 mi. S. of dumpa. Weed growth, Sheo superciliously, made scent- ring difficult. Liatris in bloom (purple), 4 on nitrite two beside of: Solenum. 1/4" tall Euph. marg. in low wet spots & on bank of irrigation ditch upslope from census area. // at W. 1/3 of census area, Sheo scant (tall in open stand, much burrow repair, fresh cut tengo Sheo (old of Chrysothamnum). Little gram (Bda 1/4" tall, thin, in patches, doing poorly). On mds. Sheo mainly, but some Spharal- cea, Aman. Vlataidea. Sol. triff. & Dyp. pap., present. Much Aam in wet lawn (downslope & ditch) parts. Bda still present but not theek a dominant. Found dead & dried givivile. // In central area, estimated 75% bare, but Bda., Sheo present, & a few small patches Bgq. (Mud in bottom dammed area). Two burrows stop W. half of earth dam (4" thick). Aam in wetter silt, & Dyp. pap., Dist. striata, Euph. (guyei?), Spharalcea, Astragalus, Bolaia, Sol. triff. Soil is clay. Upslope, Aam present but sparse; single stemmed; no seed stolbs. Vigorous growth Sheo 4 other weeks (Dpa, 50b, Cup. marg., SALVIA, ASclepias) on uphill edge slope solo on lower barrel irrigation ditch; & much cutting of vigorous dark green Sheo here. Water in ditch. // S. 1/3 of census area has much Sheo, Bda, also Bolaia, Dypa; small patches Bgq & Bda (thin, "tall"). I found much (purple flamed) Solanum. // I took step-point density along

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 20, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. contour about 10 yds. below irrigation ditch banks, 170 points (1" loops). Results, on basis 100%: 46 veg. hits; after Bde 16, She 7, Asm 2, + Sol, Dpa, Bgrs (2 total). || Bar an erate when much fresh construction, Chrysothamnus brush undermined at sides, and many slate cut, so only about 8" tall. August 21, 1955, at 11 a.m. of clear day, at Sec. 3 hors position S.W. of Ft. Collins, saw 16 C.L. in 2 A courses area on N.-aspect slope. Then fairly evenly scattered halfway between fence & paralleling irrigation ditch. Now close to ditch or close to fence. || On opposite (S.) slope where no irrigation ditch or dam, fewer C.L. Here She 1-1½" tall downwind, more than 50% bare ground. Asm stalk every soil niche. Small patches Bde & Bgrs, much of it dead stubble only, 4 not over 1" tall. Also present: Cur. lon., atriplex, Bahia (Fresh She cuttings.) Dye. papo., Psor. ten., Sphaerulae, (Some siter papa 30% of veg.), Chenop. all., Lira, Sol. a little Muhl. ton. Dpa on some mds., || Walking across their slope as a caton. (5-10%) I took 100 loops (step-set.); 27 hits of which Bgrs 10, Bde 2, Asm 2, Mto 1; She 7, Dpa 2, other forbs 3. (Some false (as Lappula) now dried up & gone; also Lepidecin.) This count in area where many burrows. || Then visited Sec. 4, where a barley field, burned unploughed flattin ground. On N.-aspect slope in barley, barley sprouts & not harvested, 4 several C.L. saw some burrows as earlier this year. More burrows than this spring: many new & shallow; some pinkpods for food. Mounds large (clay), Barley cut 10 to 20 yds. from some burrows. She prominent in field now. 1 round 8' wide, 1½' thick, of mixed fine shale and clay. Backfill ground in vicinity burrows 222 +76 +50

Koford Cynomy5 lodonicus August 21, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. estimated 80% bare (Shea & green 8" tall barley dominant). Also T. of 50L, Polygonum, Chenopodium. ||At upslope edge of this field a rocky mottled slope about 30 yds. wide + 30% grade. dogs not C.L. burrows at base, but have ascended into milo field at top of slope (a fur possible old mda. there). Slope has Bout. Surt, Andropogon, Styria, but. ear, Aristida, Asclep. sum.; simi- ilar to unimproved slopes in Black Hills. ||Western part of barley field ploughed up in summer & planted to milo. Now milo 3' high but not done stand. Much cut by C.L. (to 3/8" drain., green) at 3-8" height. Seeds present, soft, but no crustace eating. Apparently do eat tips leaves milo. Forbs in milo field: Amm. blat., retrofl., & grace., Shea. Fred. cut- ting Shea same site. Oecas. milo stelle, tall, left next to bur- row. ||Unploughed bottom still has many Saga; 4 to 8/A on some areas. Much Shea thin & much cut. Much tall Ceph. mary., rarely cut by C.L. the 2' tall on edges some mda. at least 50% bare grounds. Also present: Arm, Amm. gr., Rosa, purple 50L, Chenop. (same as milo, too), Astrog., Argemone, Sphaeralcea (mda.), Polygon. (mda.), Applee., Sol. trifl., Dys. pap., Ceph. (geyri?), Am. blat., Verb. bract, Am. retrof. One mda. has Rosa, Dpa, Ceph. marg. No grey vig the area now (or this year). Much cutting nearly all Shea to about 8" in. some burrows. Some burrows (new?) in cores dirt accumulated at base Chrysoth. bushes. Some Chryso. cut. ||5- facing slope that was ploughed summer now also has milo 2-3' tall & rather thin. Also in field: Amm., Shea, All., Shea, yellow 50L; 90% bare. Little jinovian

Koford 178 228 Cynonyms lodanicianus August 21, 1955 Nr. Ft. Gilling, Glo. this field. None on top hill (when early this yr.). One burrow 30 yds. in from N. edge, 4 wils cut to 15 yds. upslope from, but in geed less activity than on last visit when wils just starting. (C.C. happy in Shea or unploughed area?). //One md. sodawit 1/2" tall Cirsium, not cut.// Norton Co., Kansas August 22, 1955 About 10 1/2 miles W. of Norton, on S. side of Highway 36 (1/4 mile E. of Norton Irrig. Co. elevator), a town bordered by cultivated fields. Town about 1/4 mile long in half of a quar- ter section. Lavas Many meadowlarks and burrow Dorley / Dogs: V N ing aubs (10+). at least 10 C.b. m pin acre. Three cattle now in pasture. Grass mostly dry now. Brown (except at NE corner when no dogs), Aristida, Bgq, pda. Clay sail, 2-3 % F. slope. Mds. rarely over 6" high; Kochia growing on one, 90-100% cover of shot grass (sliding ground). Fabs present: Verb. breit., Panot. ten., Ambrosia, Ephemera, Kochia, quillby. So SOI, AMA gree., Chenop. alb., Bacilp. pum. Adjoint to cornfield (4'tall) but none in field, nor burrows there. Mds. close together - 6.6 gdo. ave. min. spacing for 10. Barley (dry) on S. side field. Burrows in field near fence, 4 grain cut to 5' into field. (Prob. no current use in field.) Clumps Aristida near burrow. Tall thistles (Cir- scum) uncut. Bgq. Bde about 3'tall. Shot grass scratched out to bare earth around mds. One crater covered 2-4" deep with scratched up dry Bda; hole too round with this. Bde had leaves to 6" long (longer than bent before seen!). //About 1/2 mile to E. this colony, another on S. side road in cattle pos- ture. Rollie Baker told me there was a town S. of Naigh,

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 22,1955 Lawrence, Kansas Neb., but in Kansas. N.C.B. Hall says that George Halvorsen, Kansas State Coll., Manhattan, knows about present rodent control in Kansas (with Ag. Citation?). Fish & W.L. in District Agent for Rodent & Pred. Control is W.O. Nelson Jr., Oklahoma City, at Garden City, Kansas, a Sam & Ford Dept. biologist, Marvin D. Schuilling, should be well posted on rodent control matters. August 23,1955. Ballin Baker told me of Cyn. mexicanus in southern Coahuila. Lives in broad bottom valleys between mts., ranges. Nearly as Cratogeomys, Spilozoma. Many graying in areas. Discussion in MS (Baker) on Mamm. Coahuila. August 24,1955 Near Sharon, Kansas (Barber G.) Visited Ronald C. Smith on Plum Thicket Farm and a 115A town he has been studying since June. At one site near a dam he has counted 44 dogs in one acre; these eating yellow-flowered Solanum leaves of, Euphorbia mostly. At adjacent site where Bda- Bgr turf, eating mostly Bda mar (especially stolons), but in June at Bgr beds and Hordeum ledei; 24/A this Farm (Of the 24, 6 believed juncs.). Four burrows current underground; this spread about 35 yds., or sear for. Ron says Aristida longiseta definitely cut by C.L., or as Helictite. Much Euphobia marg., in lawn area; apparently not cut, or tall Cinisum. Many meadow larks feed on town. Badgers seen - up to 2 gram + 3 juncs., at once. Badgers entered burrow where 12 dogs known to be. Apparently only 2 survived. Badger on occasion seen to chew a C.L. C.L. usually barks while at burrow mouth when badger nearby, that grows about 1/2 green row,

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus Kansas August 29, 1955 Mr. Sharon, Barber G. I saw 2 Lepus californicus at 7 p.m. Smith says common & hybrid. Common where Euphorbia thekra. || Smith has seen cattle tear up C.L. burrows with feet. (Their method to repair that make mounds larger.) He says Lloyd Ameden says many bald & golden eagles here winter. For says many Marsh Haulers, but not lothar C.L. Some Swain-? son Haulers around (I saw 2) but not known to bury C.L. Colony Smith, studying said by 1 local resident to have been there 20 yrs., at least. || Two small colonies about 4 miles from there said to have been there only 5 yrs. Migration from Smith Colony? || On town, dried Lepidium & other weeds. On roads. Amaranthus (sp.? ) common & still green on many mes. General cover short Bgr.-Bela, patchy Aristida, some shot-out spreading grasses Andropogon scoparius. August 25, 1955. From vicinity Smith's blind I saw a few out about 6:15 a.m., shot at about sunrise, many out at 7 a.m. Smith had numbers using each burrow well spotted. From one burrow emerged 2 adults and 6 juveniles. (this burrow said to be connected to 3 others). Smith said that on an W. slope dogs had cut Aristida around burrows & had cleared it from a considerable area. || Floyd Ameden said that occasionally a C.L. had been seen on road on his ranch, where grass is tall, but that no burrows had been found there. || In study area where Smith now has blind, 35 burrows in area of 1.797 A., where 24 C.L. now. Another area of 6.1 A. includes a Bela bottom. This has 75 minimum C.L. and 126 burrows but no burrows on flattish bottom. Are mini-species for

Roford #8T 231 Cynomys ludovicianus August 25, 1935 Nr. Sharon, Barber G., Fat 10 course. sparse litter, burrows at E. edge of bottom = 27.3 ft. (15' to 36'); there being comparatively close spaced. This is area of Aristida. Smith's map shows burrs. Sparse, dense in areas Aristida here (why? low visibility?). This area (± 2) also has more dogs on W-facing slope than on E-facing. In study area of Smith, many burrows on S-aspect slopes, few on N-aspect, but "barrier" of bottom between. Some slopes when many burrows have mod. ant. Andropogon, grazed to 1-2 "tall", 4 some Bout. curtisii. Some conspicuous plants of Prolorhiza louisiana near burrow (not eaten). Apparent cutting by C.L. of many seed stalks Andropogon and Bgrv. On W-facing slope near blind ± 2, at uppe1l edge of C.L. activity Bgrv. seed stalks became prominent; where C.L. have fed, the stalks gave, & tallest grass in Aristida. Van Smith very sure that dogs have opened up areas a few feet across in former thick patch Aristida. Then "Dales" now have that Bushlee. Little evidence cutting entire: Triticum Aristida found by me. || The comma principally fall here in Solanum nortistium, now dry & leafless beet 1 ft. tall. Seeds in prickly pods (many empty on ground). Occasional green plants of Prolorhiza louisiana, but apparently not eaten by C.L. August 29, 1955 Sunrise about 6 a.m. I watched area just S. of dam, where Smith counted 44 last week. Many feeding there 6:15. 6 (jird) +1 older one to + into; burrow when a great blue heron flew over. At 6:30 I counted 24 feeding in the area (< 1 A). Two concealed at ground near Aristida, then gnawed at spot on if setting root. Most seemed to be picking up seeds (?) from ground (seeds Solanum root?). || Smith: Has heard coyote in area but has seen none or sign on C.L. town. He has seen turtle go in unoccupied burrow. 6:58, I counted 34

Koford Cynomy s ludovitianus August 26, 1956. Nr. Sharon, Barber G., Kan. in the 1A area (not all of it in view); another dug for food. By 7:10 I counted up to 37. Belt of Euphobia mong. avoided, but several at edge bottom where Bda grew. At least 3 seen to stand & apparently eat at seed pods on Sol. rostratum. One building, 1 Euph. in this small area (7:15 a.m.). I set 3 still traps this area 10 a.m. + Tooth one # (139) about 12:45 p.m. // Smith says he has seen no Spotty to here the Mr. Amade says: they were here before (soon reprod. last yr?). Smith also says he has seen C.l. catch grasshoppers. // One area on 5% N. slope seemed to be fairly new occupancy (inhabited in June). About 50 yd. diam. area has grass cut short, but taller in surrounding zone. Within area about 75% cover estimated; of this, fescue 5%, Bgr 80%, Bda 5%, Andropogon 5%, Aristida 5%, T. Baut. curt. (= about 40% by SCS credit class ratings; CFT est.). (Grass Aristida, Sol. rostr., Bgr, Bda) This area separated by 20 yd. wide belt taller grasses, then another area short cut grass 30 yds. wide, & a similar roundish area adjacent. It would appear that clove from these 3 areas did not intermix much. Smith believes now in both 2 areas June, as perhaps little modified silt. // At Medicine Lodge visited S.C.S. office and Denzil J. McRae. He said this region had tall, mid, & short grass near Mr. Amade, had best example, 100% range condition. Drought had killed much Bda in SW Kansas. Succession: weeds first, then Aristida, then bluebent (hints?), then buffalos grass (20 yrs. after land abandoned). Bda long in coming as not resed quickly like taller grasses. High price cattle had brought on year round range use & overutilization. He thought educators in range conservation much needed. Second from Dean Technician: Guide sheet to range condition classes see (25 to LOT 237

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 24, 1935 Nr. Sharon, Kansas. 29" rainfall). He thought C.l. sometimes for recent for because of lack of food old site (eaten by dogs & cattle). // about 12 traps set, set among burrows on W. slope last night took 2 Brangus maniculatus & 1 Onychoptys leuogaster (not sawd); rec'd traps had l'ait eaten by insects. // Smith says Cynomys cut Euphobia marginata when it was small. Also he has seen them eat Solanum portulatum, which is very freshly. Stands of 2 (39) contained many seeds Sol. norti & Amaranthus (greasyans?). // Some stands surrounded by B. Aristida, Bda - Bgr outside of this. One area close to water for big trough & windmill, heavy use by cattle & little but occasional Amaranthus, Sol. norti, Polygonum, Chenopodium, Euphobia (geyeri?). Cattle droppings every 1/3's 4; Outside this area Aristida vinacea, dominant; farther out, Bda- Bgrs. // Ant mds. large here - to 4' diam., 1 1/2' tall, 4 15' diam., cleared. Large plants Prolosceida levisiana often grew at edge of clearing. // One md. had large plant of prostrate Cusparium // N. W-facing slope above Bda bottom, site old burrows greener than surrounding areas (Bda). Upslope dogs present, more Aristi- da. Woody plant (Artemisia dracunculoides ?) cut (tops lying or ground), about 10' tall, near C.l. burrows (1/8" woody stem). + Cranie dogs rarely meet craton (1-2' tall), tho it common here. where they do, they cut much of it. // In evening Smith ford: only 11 C.l. in area where he counted 24 about 4 days ago (one of blinks #1). // Smith says at least 3 Cit. 13-levisian on his area #1 (N saw one). C.l. vigorously chase there, he says, when they see them within 25' distance. Many times he has seen C.l. chase, catch, & eat grasshoppers (head first). Bad-

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 26, 1935 Nr. Sharon, Kansas Ryres can enter burrows without digging, Smith says. He searched for but found no remains C.l. after badgers in holes, 11♀ 139+140 had little ristomochs (5 to 12 gms.) the latter between 10+12:45 a.m., +1+2:30 p.m., respectively. August 27, 1935 Smith still found no more than 11 C.l. where 24 a few days earlier. || One problem in whether dogs increasing Arist ida or decreasing it. Nearly pure Aristida in area surrounding some burrows. Adjacent Bda not especially vigorous, as probably Arist ida increasing. (Pasture heavily grazed by cattle). Area of C.l. surrounds area of heaviest use by cattle, & water (Turkey reservoir). Grass & water taller where cattle seldom graze, & few no C.l. there. How to separate cause & effect, effect greener from effect grazing ? || Family shooting of C.l., this area by local Wichita people. || Principal plant an rds, raw a prostrate amaranther (similar to Blot- side); probably other earlier. On low grass adjacent to 1 acre pond, burrow to 100' from water where ground at 4' higher level than water. Much Aristida there mixed with Bda- Bgs; main false Verbena bract, & Euphobia (geyri?). || at blind #1, slope 1170 to 5. I took a step-point (1" loop) plant Plant density index 74. Ratio pts. to veg. hits count in spiral in area burrows, plants tallied), =1.26 (126 pts.). For 100 sq.yd. Bda 33, Bgs 30, Chlois 10, Bout. curt. 3, Andropogon 3, foals 1. Also present: Sol. rostratum, Amaranther (Blot.?), Ambrosia, prostrate euphobia, Aristida. || Area 3. of dam where 44 seen by Smith has heterogeneous vegetation bordered by Bda-Bgs of bottom, About 25% veg. cover. Bgs est. 25% of veg.; aristida sort 10%

Ko ford Cynomys ludovicianus August 27 1955 Nr. Sharon, Barber C, Kan, Andropogon 3%, Bda 5 70. Remainder faler: Ameranthus, Sol. rostr., Polypodium, Euphaliq (goyei?), Iceranium, (? - perenum, just starting?), Euphal. marg., Mischlilis, Pertulaca, Babia(?), Verbena brot., Lepidium (now dry & mostly gone), Croton, Proboscidida, Argemae. I put out C.l. carcass near #1 bldg yesterday evening. Today it is gone; camvora trochs (bodge? - no claws) at site. I took a Phleypozoma coronatum on dog tour yesterday, &a Hol- brobia was seen. Near windmill & watering troughs were many Nerford cattle. Two C.l. seen at lurnaurs on basically trampled ground there. I photographed this area. Over next ridge to E. of windmill colony way due fairly recent. Much tall grass (= ?) had been cut before heads opened fully (not Androp.), 4 percent grass only 3" tall after grazing, Many heads dry on ground, Beruaws where about 50% of cover was losses this large grass (saved specimens). Croton also much cut here (violated 2' tall plants), at light soil above grounds. Much Opuntia humifusa but no cursive eating this, Apparently when ground cover 75% but shot (3"), favorable for C.l. Yesterday p140 in trap way of 1/2 bro. in seen (steel traps), but dead, apparently of heat; swet around mouth, blood vessels black & distended; lungs lelbody. Wichita Mtns. Nat'l Wildlife Refuge, Okla. August 28, 1955 Near Turkey Creek is only present C.l. town here- called "official town." Talked with Mr. Hitch? & another employee about C.l. here. Dogs had been removed from W. of Turkey Creek about 3 yrs. ago. This year they had crossed again. This town started in SE corner of holding pastures and then spread. Grazing had been

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus August 28,1955 Wichita Mtns. Refuge, Cache, Okla. extremely heavy there so hard to see what C.L. ate in winter. One man said now digging for roots here. He also said they are pushing into climax vegetation (bluestem) at our side. // One dog had been seen at the slaughter house, 1 mile from dog town. Another had been seen half way up Scott Mtn., far from any town. // Another town was at Suffer Flote. All killed out of these about 2 yrs. ago (man Coke entered). At Fullingham Flote a town died out for no apparent reason; said now to be reoccupied. // Coyotes controlled here by 1980 but 4 getting. Badgers apparently not present. Few rattlesnakes. Eagles (bold & golden) winter here, but not known to take C.L. Many Crotalus in 1930's. About 14 eagles on refuge in winter. // Last 3 yrs. has drought. This year about normal rainfall. // Oasis Ranch (Jack Hawenstein) just outside Coke gate has dog town. Jack should have info from about 1930 on C.L. // Julian Howard who helped Olson & Allan in study of Snow Mtn. Town, now at Aransas refuge. Wallner, Biologist at Wichita Mtns., now visiting Aransas; both by Aug. 31. // Later talked with refuge manager Ernest Greenwalt. He took me on tour of C.L. site. The official dog town may have been here 50 yrs., first Greenwalt who has been here since 1935. It has always occupied about same area. Since your ago population reduced by trapping & drawing, 8 dogs sent to Chicago (Anthony & Firman) for experimental work. This colony, in Dec. 17, in Exhibition Pasture mainly, but across a fence to E. & crosses highway, to S. It is located along Turkey Creek. Main part of town in SE corner of a holding pasture where grazing heavy. To E., across fence, no holding & pasture in good condition (Longhorns, buffalo, deer use). Taking dogs stopped about 2 yrs. ago so not to double town. [illegible] Creek Warm main part S. arm ANE light grazing Fence Road

Koford 198 Cynomys ludovicianus August 28, 1955 Mr. Cache, Oklahoma. about 2 yrs. ago no dogs left to W. of creek N. of road. This year (since Jan. 1) western area reoccupied, to about 400yds. W. of creek. Small expansion to E. both N & S of road. || SCS holds a range school here & may have dropped towns in past. They have at least one transient in C. L. area (Fullington Flat). || Three cases of birds being seen far from towns. C. L. saw one stop Scott [illegible] One seen near headquarters, 3/4 mi S.W. of official town. Another seen (near the one) near Stratum Flat, 3-4 mi from a town. Mr. E. said the one seen was not. Scott seemed to be an adult, not young. All these wanderers seen in June-July, but no new colonies found. Why not? - hundreds of acres of apparently suitable ground. || At N. side of official town, native hay some times mowed. When ground drouded, mainly due to dogs, thinnes C. L. || All years last 3 years were droughty (this killed many blackjack oaks). New bison bulls averted, about 1200, too many weeds (Corydalis especially prominent) & "robin weed" (Eudelia ?). In 1951 grass especially good due to favorable district moisture. Whole refuge is grazed. When hay cuts a mid Where grazing heavy, tall grasses reduced while Baca increased. Where (Andropogon scoparius) formerly nearly pure Baca, under light grazing much little bluestem horse mane in, & some little bluestem. Greenwald says that after little blue- stem comes big bluestem & switchgrass. In some areas there tall grasses 5' tall & dense, & mulch their (mostly dampen sites now). || Mesquite trees come in when grazing heavy (these poisoned with oil many sites), & some say mesquite asso. with prairie dogs (Jack Matthew, local SCS man, for me). Ex- amples are town at Fullington Flat, & on 4 mi. S. of Cocheon W. side road. || Brace Mtn. (Oklahoma - Allan) town mostly in And. grass mixed with Baca. [illegible] Much evidence grazing there + no evidence further encroachment of tall greens from edges wally. Plenty of false Burdock for C. L., I think. Probably all that Allan & Allan observed was plant growth, not

Koford 189 Synomys ludovicianus August 28,1955 Nr. Cache, Oklahoma. a shrinking C.L. town. Reason for shrinkage unknown, but lack of food more speculation. Some gains may have been due to effects C.L., not to succession on denuded ground. Soil texture, depth + moisture differ in bottom, where C.L., from foot of slopes; grazing heavier too in bottoms; how separate their effects from C.L. effects? Matthew believe ground nearly entirely denuded; always comments like Bda. H.Baker Pter. Low C.L. says this town once extensive & thriving. // Baker Mtn. town borders refuge. Once large & with many dogs, It was intended to poison half, 410.90 put out. Re- sult over spellent kill on entire town! (half moved into poisoned area?). Area of former C.L. occupancy now white with Androp. race. This area much mixed dug buffalo- they like short grass areas (C.L.). Baker & Grove Mtn. towns had long been understudied (“sacred towns”), until poisoning. // In 1930's (6-8?) drought + very poor pasture conditions. Much Grindelia now on Baker Mtn. town. // To N. of this town, outside refuge fence, had bright green because of presence of Lactuca sp. Also This contained 50-100 yds. up rocky slope (where good diversion on refuge), & me- gre quite too grew high on slope (not on slopes or refuge). // Formerly Spe- lefts in refuge, then disappeared. A single one killed by car a few yrs. ago. No badgers here. Coyotes constantly controlled. // C.L. once saw C.L. at roadside eating a tarantula (3" across). // Fellingham Flats, none C.L. near magnolia tree. Poisoned one inside refuge, but still present out- side. Gone 3-4 yrs. Now back (from outside?). In 1936-8, this site a first bowl. // Helfphen Flats town invisible without close inspection; C.L. many believe army people killed dogs. Old burrows at fenestris, where bog- wire reaches ground. Longhorns grazing S. of game fence. At mouths old burrows Bda mainly, + outside of this And. sac., Panna, Lepidium. & & Drama & Aristida common. About 50% ground cover, 70% (est.) of

rood - 118° 118° [illegible] south 050° ↑

Kofoed 190 Synomys ludovicianus August 28, 1955 Nr. Cache, Oklahoma. it Bda. Old burners are depression, mounds girilly not apparent (large mounds rare this region; downsloil as shallow & more stable?). Old town both N+ S of game fence. (Cattle drove me out.) I talked with Jean Matthew of SCS at Lanton. He corroborated much that C. B. had said. He will spend a day with me this week. C. B. says a town on Oasis Ranch (Josh Hollister) just S. of refuge. August 29, 1955. Spent morning looking over populated "official" dog town. Map p. 191. 5 arms; Dark gray clay loam soil. Low population- apparently none in SW 50 yds. of burners. Grass cover Bda principally, but also Aristida, Andro. sacc., Brownie, Dead fala - Plantago, & a bloom. Like annual, Lipidium. Brown fala - Ambrosia, Applopoppus (some in yellow flower). On mds. - Verb. lant., Amm. blit., Polygonum (prostrate), Andro. sace. (at mouth some burners), Ambrosia, Sol. rostratum. On a bordering clearing around mounds: Sol. rostri., Schleimandra, Aristida, Euph. (gypsy?), Ambrosia (2" tall; stated), Androp. sacc. (2" high - heavily hedged), Eugenia (woods). (This arm extends about 200 yds. from road). Abandoned mda. had much Ambrosia on some (perennial prob.). Bda and Asa on older old mds. Clov around burners, Aristida, Chloris, Asa cut to 2" height. On W. side thick shrubt Asa borders Bda - C. L. area. Uplope to SE when no doggy Asa, Bout. curt., Bout. ferricita, 1½' tall Cirsium & Cuphal. marg. not cut by dog or cattle (cattle came in 8:30 a.m. & stayed hrs). Ants - harvesting in Bda areas have well defined bare soil trail an inch wide. Mound low but choff surrounds; 4 green Aristida grows around area. Slope of occupied area 2-7% to W. || Same fence is 50' N of road; some burners at fence line & on thin Bda outside fence 4 rods. || In main part of town, SE corner of Athelitini pasture, Bda about 95%; 80% good cover (estimator). Bareish spots have applopes., dead Plantago, Polyg.-

Clay loam - dark Or reds: Vert. brot. Ann. blat. Polygan. Asa - at mark zone Ambros, Sul, north. On clearing: Sol, north. Schod. Arest Cuph. (gyp.?) Ambros - 2"- stunted Cesp. to 2"- heavy cut - Euge. (?) Sh area: Braa Bda Arest Asa Brown Cup, mg. Planologo (A) Brown (ink, A) Upslope: Bout, heis, " cut, And around lr.- Chlars 3 cut to 2" Asa Arest Slope - 2% W In Bda- areas - Asa, Asc, age, Been upslope. Braa On clearing: Sol, north. Schod. Arest Cuph. (gyp.?) Ambros - 2"- stunted Cesp. to 2"- heavy cut - Euge. (?) sh area: Braa Bda Arest Asa Brown Cup, mg. Planologo (A) Brown (ink, A) Upslope: Bout, heis, " cut, And around lr.- Chlars 3 cut to 2" Asa Arest Slope - 2% W In Bda- areas - Asa, Asc, age, Been upslope. Braa 5 Ann To 20yds S, red- 150 cup, Ants - Thals Sand mos - Choff Green moteda Abund. lr. Ambrosa mih - Older Bda, Asa To W - Bda- Cl area Border by thick Asa Nat cut - Cenqua Euge. m.

Koford 191 Cynomys ludovicianus August 29, 1955 Nichita Mtns. W.L Refuge, Okla. [hand-drawn map with labels:] ridge E road slope 118° Electric line Androp. pasture pence 1000 Andropogon main town Bda 5. arm oaks Trees - creek 3 "Official Dog Town" Sec. 17 Turkey creek - trees W spot Androp. pasture W arm Bda shrankia? oneum, finely divided broad leaf (gum), linear- broad flesh fol., Sal. rostris, Euph. (gzyri?), Aristida, Ambrosia, Spharales (rare). Stands* are also close to lunawas. Aristida & Amar. Split on mds., especially Ably, large, spreading, prostrate. Ants & trails here too. Mounds not large 4' diam. 4-8" thick about was. size. Up slope to NE, a belt of cemip

Koford 192 Synomys ludovicianus August 29, 1955 Nr. Cache, Oklahoma warm Aristida (Bda & Asa mixed), then nearly pure Asa. Some shelter nearer a few feet wide bare Bda bottom, Asa litterum. Vicinity close to ridge are Dol. rostris and Cirsium 1. tall. Patchy Asa several feet across in area Bda-Aristida. Then abruptly solid Asa on upslope side; now burrows in this but some where near pure, covering nearly all ground, 3-8" tall. About 10 yds. in from edge Aristida, 2 new burrows about 6" deep where Asa 4-10" tall. Some burrows in Asa area are in patches several sq. feet of Bda (- cause, or effect ?). Two burrows present but not current use, 70+100 yds. from edge continuous Bda-Aristida, where Andropogon-Ben taller 3-12" tall in gull. Thought Androp. are areas of shelter cut Androp.; they may be favored by C.L. (or caused by them). Some And. grandis & And. scop., and some Branner, on this slope above C.L. level (dregs not above 5-40 feet). I photog. at burrow 50' out into Asa-Bda. At mouth burrow cut 2 culms Age, 5" long, as I watched. Seems to feed mainly on dry seeds a far as ground. Burrows to within 30' of fence to NE, but now at a beyond fence (less Bda & grazing there, but rather open & muddy). This group does not cross fence at NE corner; to W. of fence their stand of Andropogon (due to no microzoon ?). More to S. crosses fence to E., & much Aristida prominent there (probably due to C.L. rather than heavy grazing, as grazing light there.) || East Area . Light grazing. About 80 yds. SE of fence near center in amended area 70' drain, of Bda & Aristida, surrounded by Andropogon. In center 10' wide mound with 2 burrows (much Amm. blit. on). In one line from there, then nearly pure Aristida for 2-30', then mixed with Bda; then Asa in spots & increasing, becoming pure 15' from burrow; then Age starts about 30' from burrow. When C.L., <5% forb, but some forb in taller grasser.(C.L. are - Lepidium, Androsci, Eric.)

Koford 193 Cynomys ludovicianus August 29, 1955 Nr. Cache, Oklahoma Aman, Sal. north. An occasional old burn to 150 yds. E. of fence, where much Bda, + old wallow grown over, but used burrows only (GE. of) E. to 100 yds. from fence; Bae + Age mixed in Andropogon areas. Bda- Aea about 50/50, + Aristida in C.L. area. Apparently invade Aea if shot, even though coarse bare ground. Population low in E. area, many unused peripheral burrows. Irregular distribution with tall Andropogon (to 12" leaves, 2' stalks), + Bae between. Aea dominant; Aea, Age present. Aristida common both E. & W. of fence, the grazing pressure different (due to some C.L. mainly?). Arist. to 100' from currently used burrows. Opuntia humifusa present. No current use in near pure Aristida, the somewhat old burrows opened. || C.L. Java Bda. Begin Java Bda areas. C.L. make habitat favorable for burial, vice versa? Around isolated abandoned burrows is for a burrow said foot Bda; cause or effect? || Knall at N. side of main part colony surrounded by Aea, Age, Bae, Aea, & some Brindelia, Lutetinergia; this area, 10-70 slope, gently with no C.L. In NW sector, many bur- rows on flattish ground toward Turkey Creek. This sector separated from main part town by isthmus of Andropogon with some openings made by C.L. Small swales a few feet wide run into C.L. area down slope from in Andropogon. Grass cut shorter in these swales, & C.L. burrows in some to 75 yds. from main Bda area, t. Bda outside up then swale further than in adjacent area (no dense Bda with above Andropogon between). These swales there may be caused by or may favor C.L. In this area Bda edge sharp against taller Andropogon on upslope side (no Aristida area). Apparently breeches in uniformity of Andropogon favor C.L.-grazing, can trample, ant nests, wallow, swales. C.L. tend to be

Koford 194 Cynomys ludovicianus August 29,1955 Nr. Cache, Okla. On top long ridge between Bda swale 5 yds.apart (ridge " higher). N.W.area lower than main part n E a 5 arm colony, but still much Bda; most burrows /unit area, & most easter. Mag. slope wher C.l. is only 5 % ! Area looks drier in general. Some C.l. diggings to 3" deep (fungi sized holes leading from bottom two). One Digging lod stub 1/3" main root. Pared ave. min. spacing between 11 bur rows - only 8.1 yds.! Largest mounds, old, spread 8' wide, 1' thick. Few sun 5' deep, 18" tall. Flattest area toward creek had much Agy, no C.l. (wetter?). Creek bank shows soil bolder-citril cut. A whitish ( leric ?) layer 5' below surface. Upper five feet silt loam with raw sand particles. To N. of fence at NW side : a 1946 map above colony plotted here (also crossed to 3 prints posters to E-E.am). Slope about 2 % , Invaded area of hay pastures (notice) about 80 yds. to N. +150 yds., wide. The invaded area Bda, Ambrosia, & much Cristida. Cleared area abutte Andropogon stands. About 10 yds; into this, when shot, we saw a recent burrow. Beyond, grass 10"-16" tall in good. Some well developed msa, at juncture of Bda & Andropogon. Some mounds 50' into Andropogon (grass beaten down + patches Bda near). Many burrows in Bda area of main invasian. || Poisoning with 1080 in 1946 & trapping, flatt- ening, & poisoning at other times make interpretation of otterie towns difficult. || West arm. Populated to extremity of burrows, about 1/4 mile W. of Turkey Creek. Main area within 100 yds. N. of fence ( aerial photo taken 3/21/42 shows bare thins). Most of C.l. area is this + poor Bda. Fabs : Plantago, Helianthus, Ambrosia, Pannaw- Beard Patilalca (?), & others. Another area about 50 X 75 yds. separated by 100 yds. of Andropogon, to N. (see map). I saw one sun 10' to bur

Koford 195 Cynomys ludovicianus August 29,1955 Nr. Cache, OKla. now carrying green food in paw. Two seen at shot range were large. Burmans in dog area close (showing long use?). Main area bordered to N. by Ace marshy. Some evidently old wounds, half covers with bds, half with Asa, recaptured. Ant paths & meets here in Bds. Possibly 2 new burrows about 50' to W. of evidently old ones. Farthest west one 60' shot of dead wasquito tree stilt. Slope 5% to E. At edge area, much brindilia had been cut (new dry); 18" tall, 1/4 of low stems of some plants cut; Asa skeletalbark 300' out of new prototype. Forms burri ovion E. side to those on W. side of creek only 75 yds., ground open be- tween, each being only rounded depression like, so no barnies. // At office I was told of apparent new town near Bream Lake (in SE1/4 of Sec. 28). Greenwalt had seen 1 last this summer near Conanche Lake (in NW1/4 Sec. 1). Other wanderers seen about 1951. // Another town is located 1 mi. S., 2 mi. W., of Indibona gate. H records showed 1080 poisoning in May-June 1946 at Turkey Creek, Baker Mtn., Suffer Flat, Fillingham flat, Cut- throat. Two dead turkey walters found on Baker Mtn. colony after poisoning by ranger Carl Drummond. TVD seem to get dead C.L. Aim was to shell about 1/2 dogs on these towns. By July 1, 1946, four left at Baker Mtn. town. // Wallace Kirkland and Hal Harrison photog- raphers, both photored C.L. here; Kirkland had some in Life Mag. about 10 yrs. ago. August 30,1955 1.72 inches rain & hours of thunder & light- nning last night. Gravis dogs busy repairing wounds. Scratch sail with forefoot, then push it back with hindfoot, while forcing away from burrows. Then turn & drive forward using forearms as basket to push dirt. Assume stiff logged stone & tamp with blows from. Some get mud packed on sootium

Koford 196 Cynomys ludovicianus August 30, 1955 Nr. Cache, Oklahoma Turkey Creek Fence Exhibition Pasture 50 yds diam. NW w. arm 80 yds. mesq. stub oak- Hay Pasture NNW ridge N Fence E. arm slope maini S.arm To Quanah P. Official Dog Town Wichita Mtns. Nat'l WH Refuge Fits on aerial photo CZQ-2C-105 3-21-42,12" 1/4" about 108 yds.

3-01-45 C-6-3-C-102 Fits on same plate Mt. Refuge Richie Mine, N.C. Official Dog Town [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible]

Roford 197 Cynomys ludovicianus August 39, 1955 Nr. Cache, OKla, but seem not to mind. Saw one alone about 4' cold meat possibly grosschopped as many deer. As many as 3 at a time repair same round. Hoppers: about 5 turkey quailtures stood on round. One ate at apparent cow dying. Several C.L. ran to burrows when a quailture flew 50' overhead. A few cows a ground near colony of C.L. I counted dogs about 9 a.m., shy aircraft. [illegible] In W. area, the 7 and 2 mi areas about 1 A. each. In N.W. part, 10 in about 1 A. in N. afternoon, 42 mi about 3 A. after. Maximum density about 15/A. Up to 5 seen gathered at 1 burrow in NW area. Only 2 or 3 seen surrounded by Andropogon; not feed thus for most part. At 5:30 p.m. recounted parts of official town and got a few more (3 n A) on some sites, less on others. Burrows included above. Visited town 1 mile S. + 2 miles W. of Indianhoma gate of refuge. Clay of about 4 acres confined to flat (<5% slope) where 30+ mesquite trees to 15' tall, 12" diam. Tusk plaster. Notable was foot some burrows under trees in shade, even in shade between trees, & some within 3' of tree trunks. Lawn-like (mostly dry) cover of Bld. (about 75% cover), Bld. 3-4" tall + mowing up 95% of plants. On roads, was usual Amaranthus blitoides, & Ambrosia. Some lefts Andropogon, cropped to 3" height. Small ants. Aristida + grew in central area. Pasture Cynodalis on bare area near mound. Aristida mainly at periphery area where no C.L. active burrows. Area surrounded by Sturneria, increasingly thick away from town, 1/2' tall, giving dry light green aspect to rest of pasture. Cattle grazed nearby. A small

Roford 198 Cynomys ludovicianus August 30, 1955 Wichita Mtns. W.R., Nr. Cache, Oklahoma, dam + pond, 4 shallow streambed. Much of C.l. plot of same slope & aspect but not occupied, having Buntingia. Do this a barrier to C.l. movement northward? No signs of cutting but the B grown seedstalks cut nearly, (Asa, Age, Asa) Andropogon & Bout. centip. common in profiled tract. area. In peripheral zone of Bde no apparently much used a well-wounded burrows. Nearly all burrows among mesquite or within 20 yards of it. Antida at edge some miles, 4-3-leaved prostate (fall (?); Plantago & bunch Eryngium (?) also not to bore areas. Some Phlebidi on abandoned mica. No obvious use burrows within 100' of edge of Bde zone, the same old burrows to 15 yds. from but. zone. Do Cynomys eat seeds or seedlings Buntingia? - much of it near under mesquite where no C.l. No mesquite young trees, except 6" high, in C.l. area here meanwhile (due grazing or C.l.?). August 31, 1955 Visited reputed mine along NE of Brana Lake (see p. 187 map), about 200 yds. leaning 12.8" from windmill, a dead mesquite with 5yd. dam. area Bde, very shot, around it. 3 burrows in this clearing. Perhaps made this year but not currently used. Apparent C.l. droppings next tree. Clearly located by tall Andropogon and Androp. sacc. 11 Grace Mtn. town. Area B, shown in Col ogy 30: 224, 1949, rim where car trail crosses bottom. Muddy water holes & heavy stock use of this bottom. Other wallower + a few mesquite trees included. On W. side bottom, 50 yds. up slope, depression apparently indicate old burrows. 2' Here Androp. sacc. dominant, 1' tall seedstalks. Mixed with edge, jumpy Ery- gronia, Chloris, Androp., Bout. cent. When flattin, nearer bottom, partly closely grazed. Same plants + Age & Bar. Asa. Moderate Brundelia, areas of Bde, occas., witchgrass (?), woody fab. This has much Bde now & still rather open. Mean bottom near Bde, + Asa, tall dropped (?) their. Probably much advanc- ed in succession since C.l. present. Jean Mather, SCS, Lawton, went our ground here with me. He thought area B had much more tall grasses on it than in

Koford 199 Cynomy s lodovicianus August 31, 1955 Nr. Cache, Okla. about 1948 when he first saw it (no C.L.). Very short grouping of Age + other apparent spots of soil square feet (Matthews says this common with stock; return again & again to grazed spot + bars up tall tufts nearby. On this area J.M. says Andropogon. has increased greatly since 1948. He believes, given time + light grazing, all of this bottom could go to grass. In bottom near center of Area A (calm, alls aitile), a dense patch several square yards of Panicum obtusum. Some Tridens (allenean?) also present. In general, J.M. says that more deterioration this year than for a long time, even in some good pastures, without as cattle food. He also says that denudation by grazing is rare. Area usually goes to Bda. Bottoms deer areas with heavy grazing. We looked at area of Baker Mtn. Town. Mostly Area A, but considerable Area now, & greatly better than Brea Mtn. Town area we thought. Probably neither yet a "good" pasture condition by SCS rating (soil in bottom of Brea Mtn. is deep sandy loam). J.M. knew of no slope except cliff. in range vegetation here. We looked over "official" town. Common prostrate forb here is sensitive briar (fair mosquito-like drop). Much dead Plantago sisiflorum or W. slope, & little Aristida; some Schizachyrium; patchy Area; many potter Opuntia (possibly C.L. wills fruiteralis this spn). Many large grasshoppers are (3" wrigglers). J.M. estimated that adjacent diluvian pasture to N. of NW part colony + upslope to E. of it as a "high good," with spots "excellent". He said this had always been Aristida on S. slope of main part colony. Sphacel- ariae found but rare. Saw C.L. eat tip of Bda. stolon. In bottom of fish digging (3") found stub of root 1/8" drain, smooth surface, thin tan skin. J.M. then showed me town about 600 yds long & 200-300 wide in mosquito grave bordering alkali flat, 4 mi. S. of Cache (NW of road corner), at SE end, ground slight slope & a potter of 100+ yds. where Spri [no = ?] Sphacelariae dominant (= Sai). This Matthew said was on

Koford 200 Cynomys ludovicianus August August 31/1955 Nr. Cache, Okla. alcohol flat. Main food-over town was a flashy 3" plant, [illegible] like, narrow leaves, rattling at tips. I did not eat any of this to be eaten by C.l. Many mesquite seedlings a few inches high. Tips & leaves of many seemed to have been nibbled, probably by C.l. Now from 1' to 5' tall. C.l. eliminate? - perhaps eat in winter, a eat seed. Other common foods: prostrate Euphorbia (aspid or mammillata?), Oenothera (graecizans?) (especially munda.), Aban dum portulacum (green; some in flower), Phytolacca, Crotan, Amar, Heliotropium (huge, 1/2' across, on mts.), Phleum (pseudocarpi?), Oster [illegible] (possibly called woody Euphorbia or [illegible]), nod [illegible] (slopes species), much Hoffmannseggia Schottiana. Large patches Bla 1/2" tall. Aristida occasionally; not large solid stands. Many ants. No cattle present apparently (Sporobolus, etc., otherwise would be grazed short). Some burrows on naked soil where heavily water washed. Many C.l. seen (6+ /A?). New burrows in nearly pure Sair 4" tall. Some abandoned mts., had much Portulaca, Sair, Euphorbia on them. Many wounds at low mesquite trees so soil round part bare, many holes alongside base trunks. Many trees with 3' deep ditch around base 1/2 to 3/4 of the way, evidently dug by C.l. (dropping?) (for food?). In pure Sair, flow burrows, the grass shot. Apparently favor bare areas for burrows as 8" in one bare spot had two spacing of 4 yds. only. Many handsome symmetrical 4' tall crests. Out of mesquite, above most burrows, they contained up on E. slope (possibly 10 %) where much dead Linum, & Bla, Aristida, Asa, [illegible]. Vegetation in state 30' outside peripheral burrows (Little no wounds); 4/10' farther out is 1 1/2' tall (this uplope side). Soil a

Roford. Cynomy s lodovicianus August 31, Sept 4, 1955 Nr. Cache, OKla, 16". silt loam of tan color. Some erotion to 1/4" tall, 6' or more. Near a west bottom Cypah. mang. 2'-3' tall & not set, associated stones; Under mosquito some sticks incorporated into burrows - 1/2" diam + 1' long common (probably fallen sticks scrapelonts etc.), Now one Leprez calif. Some rounded mds. 8' across 4-6" high around base of 3-4 small thunders together, each 3-4" diam. Many mounts had 6' radius area around, worked, bare of vegetation. September 1, 1955 Took block & white photo. Official colony, Cabin-all on study area at Bruce Mtn. flat. Counted bugs at official colony 8 a.m. of clear fine day. With fewer dots, got count of 206. Estimate 2.25 ± 70. At official colony, rare on fields in area Andropogon dominans. Some burnt area in area that grazed Andropogon, where range condition "high good" as based on composition. Four C.L. seen outside fence - betas, fence & paved road; retreated thin fence, climbing over bottom rows of loganite. Especially just E. of E. fence, some burrows (4-5 feet deep) surrounded by 50' n + of Aristida, 8" tall (Flos Ambrosii, night). On mds, principal plants Amm. Albit, Polyg., Ambrosia ptile. N.W. section, N. of fence, had adjoint Bess culms apparently pulled out (prob. by C.L.). The N. part of W. arm has ring and Beta, about 40 x 50 yds.; only 2 C.L. seen thus; 14 used appearing burrows. Counts at Official Tamer: Grass up to 5' tall at single burrows. [illegible] 12 51 450 24 7 8 9 Brought in. flat - C. Brennert Believes more used since 1946 than before. Heavily overgrazed cabit. 1936-38. High rainfall '44-'45 may have been deleterious to colony or be responsible for condition Cabin-all observed. / Arthur Halloran, biologist, has since last August. He

CynomyS ludovicanus September, 1, 1955 Nr. Cache, Okla. said surely no c.l. at Fullington Flat last August, but present June 29 1955. He saw 3 burrows and two C.L. at dead mesquite 200yds. ESE of Chisholm Windmill on July 21, 1955 (when I found 3 burned burrows). Possibly he was same or seen by him in Antelope Flat, 1/4 mile N. of Good; on June 3. He knew little of official town C.L. He says Everett Murray, Ft. Worth service, Channing, Ariz., is well up on any new Cygnus + has visited several colonies in state. Victor Cahlan has old records of ferrets that he did not publish, says A.H. Julian Howard (Austinwell, Texas, formerly at Wichita NWR) & may have photos showing vegetation on C.L. towns. I noted that O.J. Murie had collected plants on this refuge 1935; Allan - Salam trees. Out of seats. III gone close to old stock watering trough 20 naturally wet there; meadow growing (Jerome in their amount !). On Baker Mtn. flat when (grass composition, low) formerly C.L. town, main area now in Asq (40%), Ace (5%), Beda (50%), Age, Soughart, Bem (total 5%). Fala < 3%. About 75% ground cover. || E.G. indefinite about former extent; knows Mtn. town; up slope toward water trough he thought. Photo taken of Area A shows mesquite increased much near center old dog town. September 2, 1955 My traps took two adult q q from W. arm of Official Colony by 8:30 a.m. These q 140 and 141. One in N. spot of W. arm, other 50 yds from tip of W. arm. Both paws. These dog areas fringed with thin stands Baja between Beda zone & Ace zone. || I visited Salam - Allen town ran 300' of their line #1, as near as I could judge location. Central area bare with Shrubia, Doryphrithum (?), + Pental sea common. This bordered by zone where And. race. Some in part the Beda present. Then upslope, broad area of Beda with much Erudelia, ground cherry (Sol. a Phyzalis), dead

Roford 203 Cynomys ludovicianus September 2, 1955 Nr. Cache, Okla. Carey (filifolia?). Then vervain gone when much Bgrs instead of Bda, & Asa again common. Then talla grasses: Euphorbia asper, Asa, Sorgentrum, Panicum virgatum. Table made offist 10 plants encountered on line after each 10' mark. Tufts counted as (single plant). Plants within 5' each side line noted. ½" angleiron stake 2' high put at each end line. Little Aristida found; no gration? Believed due to C.L. rather than to grazing. No signs of bunnaws encountered except occasional shrub area in area B, & vegetation not different there (slightly more vigorous?). At 8 p.m. of area A, several wallawin; apparently buffalo congregating spot. Line 3 not run as W. and close to overflowing water through, which would affect vegetation. Nr. Canadian, Texas (Hempmill Co.) September 3, 1955. A town of about 10 acres on gentle slope in "tight" soil among low sandhills (sand dropped, sand bluestem, Atriumis millif.). Soil fine sand with little or no apparent cloy. A so muddy bottomland pond in central area. Town crosses barbed wire fence to grazed pasture adjacent. (Here much more grass, especially Bda, Bgrs, than on reservation; dogs pursued on this adjacent private land & few dogs present). Town has Amaranthius (greeneanus?) dominant, covering all C.L. area with large spreading plants of very little grass (3% or less). Amaranthus retro- florus 3' tall on bordering slopes is heavily cut, evidently by C.L., to height of sectioner. She saw areas Conchum pauciflorum (sand lund) 8" tall also much cut below holes, & lying on ground near foot slopes. Other grasses present are: Amar. litutider, Verb. Bract., Liat. pemet., Euphorbia [illegible]

Koford 204 Cynomys ludovicianus September 3, 1955 Nr. Canadian, Texas, prostrate), Fracilicia, bruidelia, Solanum et salicognifolium, (?-ground cheny; Chypoli?), Argynae, Daphnelea coccinea, Proborcidea, Onchirus, Bda, Opuntia (bunif.? ), Lorryp.(?), Loripy Pancein, Enognium, Mollugs, Munroa squammosa, Spod, Cryptandrae, Oston, Shrankia, Hoffmannaggia, Bgr, Bout. Shisuta, Cucurbita, Ambrosia. Coyote tracks seen on road, drop sping an road (no C.l. in). Ate for Two lurneurs seemed to have been dug out for 2' lay coyote. Another 2 lay Travidia (one seen here Jan. or Feb.). Possible badger dropping, fresh, found near a lurneur. Family of coyotes warnin this area paid Jack Dingle's, a woodcreed often as runway lay them. Specialty to present. // Afford: 5."Jack" Jackson, apparently in charge of the Gene Nome Wildlife Management Area, said no C.l. in this colony on refuge side of fence until May 1954. He & others believed "tight" soils were of fine sand, no clay. There were other colonies near Canadian in tight soils; Jackson said that in Throckmawto County, Texas, in early 30's, there were many coyotes, mostly in C.l. Tawns. He said they caught C.l. dug waiting, then running to intercept the rodent as it ran toward lurneur. He also said that country said to be prairie once, but invaded by mosquitoes. At One area where mosquito thick, it con- tained a clear area with dog town. Old timers there, Jackson said, attributed mosquito to lack of prairie dogs & lack of fire. He also said this was once a fire pasture of Bout. curtip. In a ranch just west of Matador or area where thinly popu- lated C.l. Town. // A friend of Jackson's was worried about the prairie dogs on his ranch & was going to shoot them. He

Koford 205 Cynomys ludovicianus September 3/1955 Canadian, Texas said there seemed to be no more C.L. than before, but that they were spread over a larger area. ] Mesquite favors C.L.? Possibly seedlings +/or seeds are winter food. Cattle are shod, rub at trees, make wallows near, & water stands in wallows. This cattle use seems to shut grass, has ground weeds, & perhaps amount of succulent food for C.L. Nr. Wellington Colorado September 4, 1955 Burney Crawford, game warden, showed me that "Charlie," his pet rat, was reserve at Wellington, had disappeared, & it seemed that many flower locari in area when they had been fed. Spread out? Shot? He said he had trapped an occasional weasel in vicinity; thought possibly one got Charlie. September 7, 1955 Arrived Wellington, presume colony 8:45a.m. N/o overcast, calm, warm. In the N. census area I counted 17. "Charlie" not present, & most appeared to be juveniles. Five are on mound. One Estellin - green. 13-livestock. Kochia drying, panicle hit, 20 suspect yellow sprouts. No recent sign north of brushline at N. edge census area. No diminution noted in area near elevation, 100yds. S. of census area. In census area one mound much dug up as if body may have dug it (the no Tatera known here). No Canisius dropping seen in presence (one coyote ? in Horse Pasture). Marsh hawk present over down ground near colony. 1 to 5 of Horse Pasture I counted 26. There were 15 in western 1/3 of area, 6 at one burrow. Generally C.L. when much bare ground showed among weeds (Kochia, Salsola 1-2' tall). Much fresh cut Kochia, low tail stub cut. No spread to E. evident at, but on N. side some E. burrows seen. Much Aperolus urbisides mixed with Distichlis, & baled out. Two or 3 Speotyto seen; less evident than earlier this year. Two dug flies from burrow in ploughed ground, where dog? Had apparently dug

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus September 7, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Colo. out month burrow (4-2 adjoint). Beets of owls are insect - beetle & groshopper mostly. (One set old coyote? nests). Kochia main plant growing on mounds. Many burrows in SW area not used. Some fresh signs SW of fence corner, but some 30 yds. to W. of it. when Kochia & Das afillaris mixed, only Kochia (taller) cut; the two 6-8". || In ploughed field to S. of S. force, several burrows used and mounds repaired over a distance of 200 yds. Dominion burrows 30 and 50 yds. out into ploughed ground (up gentle slope), the rare small Dalsole only greasy, & old dead Dalsole main plant (ploughed up). Near saw burrows as several shallow holes apparently dug in search for food. Old burrow now 60+80 yds. out in ploughed ground possibly used, but dry out (by dog?) at month. Wire & in loose pasture I saw none at close range - not tame so probably not from in reserve; No fresh scatting Destabilis found; this grass starting to cure. Old burrows in it have Kochia virginea surrounding mounds. || In present some mounds large. One 12' diam., 1½' thick, with hole top center. Dirty loam with some gravel. || Area where much small Kochia & 13 seen are growing in spring; when Kochia day now has fur or no C.L. When annual weeds used for food, location dogs changes much with season! Perhaps not on perennial grassland. Chrysothemum & atrophy cutting, old & dry; none found fresh. Chipo, in bloom. || Echium veg. probably will grow no large. Salvia inside to 2' tall; none over 1' for distance of 20' around sclerome. Chenopodium (?) 1' tall inside, to 6" outside (in flower). Cryptantha 6" tall inside, 4" about same outside (the rare there). Kochia 18" max. inside; 8" outside. ||at 256 see p176

Koford 257 Cynomys ludovicianus September 7, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Colo. many spate the hedged Chrysothamnus & atriplex bushes have pail sediment around them by C.L. (such shode?); this adds to destruction shrubs. Denver, Colo. September 12, 1955 Visited Pred. & Rodent Control Dir., Ft. WL Denver, Headquarters, 2202 W. 32nd Ave., Neghland Station; talked with District Agent Roy Fugate and Asst. Dist. Agent Lebald Bowers, Most control of rodents finished August. Many shrubles and badges in state now. Formerly many C.L. in Kit Carson county. Now most work is "cleanup," there being no large number any county, white-tailed deer dogs being greatest problem. No diminution effectiveness 1080 on black-tailed prairie dog found. 1080 (made at Pocatello, Monsanto Chemical Co.) is going out of manufacture. Stockpile on hand, however, other companies may supply it. Fugate said company will sell only to goat agency because of dangers. (Don Spencer says that 1080 poisoned grain being distributed from planes in California, & that very high concentrations being used (2 oz./100 lbs. grain max. here).) Control of prairie dogs by salt thallium to 1946, then 1080 monthly; saw thallium still used. WPA & CCC camps did much rodent control work in Colorado, probably using strychnine poisoned grain mostly (to about 1940). With strychnine about 50% of bill on top of ground; 1080, 10% on top; thallium slower, mostly deliver ground (6-8 hours to kill says Spencer). (Spencer said 1080 poisoned dog shows no peculiar actions after eating poison but heart reaction is great at early stage. I secured literature on 1080 at Wildlife Research Lab.)

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus September 12, 1955 Fugete + Bocus say boddgers rarely killed by 1080 poisoned meat, but sometimes tunnel under the bait (Barnes, S. Dely says likewise). // [illegible] parts of typed History of Predator and Rodent Control, Colorado District, compiled by Fugete, 1910-1916; field parties of Biol. Survey did some prairie dog control, especially on National Forests, 1920 (fiscal yrs.) Survey showed 13 million acres rodent infestation, 10 million being prairie dogs. 1921, 10,540 lbs. rodent bait distributed. A Letter reported that in Douglas Co., 1921, they were "near the goal in the work of exterminating the prairie dogs..." [Control still going active] (Stanley Young in charge predator control 1921). Organized rodent control started Nov. 1, 1919. Joseph Keyes supervised in Cb.-Kansas district then (1924 left). 1925, 157,965 qts. bait used, 643,809 acres treated, in 53 counties. 1928, 121,241 qts. bait used on 593,108 A., for rodents. Thallium used on small scale. Ca CN used for cleanup work (1780 lbs. used), a Carbon Disulfide (100 lbs.). (Ben Candell started or Austin; now is agent at Montana). 1929, 101,735 lbs. bait put on 498,510 acres (11,480 for ground squirrels; most rest for prairie dog). These figures include all 4 forms of prairie dogs. Counties & wood growers association, 4 state contributions. 1930, more thallium used. 6,237 lbs., + 44,444 lbs. strychnine oats. 1931 (Dow Brown Leader, prod. 4 rod. control). 220,073 lbs. bait distributed on 737,627 A. 1934, E.C.W. and IMPNIRA funds supported rodent control. 1936, still control by ECW camps of USFS, Indian S., Reclamation Service, Soil Cons. Service; 170,402 lbs. bait on 568,144 A. 1937, now thallium seed. ZOB 258

Ro ford 209 5 Cynomys ludovicianus September 12, 1955 Denver, Colo. 1938, largest organized county-wide rodent control program to date. CCC crews used. WPA project for no prairie dog control in Weld Co. 1/191,385 A. treated for field rodents. 1939, 1,556,011 acres treated. Cayote-getter tried. Gas cartridges & cyanide flobber used as cleanup. 1941, CCC program discontinued June; this handicapped rodent control. 1942, plague found in prairie dogs in Colo. 1,121,286 acres treated for prairie dogs. (Maynard W. Cummings in charge). 1944, plague in Laramie & Neuerano counties [in Colo.?]. Thallium treated bait stations used for predator control. Supervised prairie dog poisoning 300,715 acres, non-supervised 226,119 acres, in Colo. (brown squirrels about 1/4 these acreages in addition). 1945, supervised 227,364 A. of prairie dogs; non-supervised 208,731 acres. 1946, 1080 used two counties under direction F4WL Research Lab. Sup. p.d. control, 648,882 A.; non-sup., 237,504 A. 1947, 1000 monthly. 1,210,234 acres treated (all-time high)- sup. p.d. 1,114,158 A.; non-sup. 164,210 A. 1948, more 1080 bait stations in most counties. 1948 monthly 1080 by sup- ervised crews. 1948, unsatisfactory cleans of ginnies, gyuri, white-tailed prairie dogs. (One idea to mix grass seed with poison bait; reseed or poison). 1949, supervised p.d. control 671,664 A.; non-sup. 40,418 A. 1950, rodent control in 50 of 63 counties. Good results only on C. lud. 1952, acre- ages loosened; supervised p.d. 189,742 A.; non-sup. 12,777 A. 1952-3, moor grass used, especially SW Colo. where poisoned grain acceptance poor. || Dr. Spencer says when bait not accepted, (canine) change of bait more important than change of poison.

Koford 260 Cynomys ludovicianus September 13, 1955 Mr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony 2:15 p.m. Saw at least 10 C.L. out. Warm, 9/10 overcast; about to storm. Buffalo grass & dam mostly brown now, so general aspect green-brown. Salvola, Sphaerula, Chrysothamnus allr., an aster, Liatris punctata, Baccharis, Eriophyllum, Applopoppur, Eriogonum (?), Crugonium, are green. In blow: Aster (crucifer?), Lactuaria, Chrysothamnus, Lotus, Applopoppur, Eriogonum (white flawn). On mds. principal plants Salvola, Sphaerula, Chrysothamnus, 4 on low ground around mound. Fresh dog or coyote droppings one mound (fruit, hair). Dried up canons of jirv, C.L. found on mds. Aristida rare on main colony, but much on SW slope in area over past to 5, where an extension of colony now. I saw a Berti's flying low on colony. At centre large root of Salvola dug up (by C.L.?). Map of extension. [hand-drawn sketch with arrows, measurements, and labels such as "278°", "90 yds", "2500", "62 yds", "road", "slope", "draw", "off the dirt road", "center of pass", "Aristida 30%", "Bda 50%", "60% Bda", "170 yds", "200 yds", "5, 170 yds wide", "slope about 50%", "principal vegetation is Bda", "relatively few lumana & flowers", "Aristida zone (W-shape)"] Expansion zone about 200 yds. to 5, 170 yds. wide. Bda occupies slope about 50% where principal vegetation is Bda, relatively few lumana & flowers used in Aristida zone (W-shape). I saw at this C.L. near center expansion zone. (PER Weld. Co. Colo September 14, 1955 Area of colony here now drier appearing. Much Salvola starting to dry or flawn, & Bda drying. Bgras

Koford 261 Cynomys ludovicianus September 14, 1955 (PER Weld G, G10. Asm generally green. Bottom of Bgr green, 4 at least 3 C.b. seen feeding there. Much cut Bgr seedstalks in + at edges colony, + for- spiciously more of them outside colony area. No expansion, tho possibly some new burrows dug within limits old burrows during last month. I dropped limits old burrows + put in all recent found from vicinity 00N 20W to 00W 20S. An open rain upslope in much of this area, but most these recent per- ipheral burrows not currently used. No recent cutting of Salsola noted. Some growing 1ft. high adjacent to mounds. I saw a coyote run from Cotton at N.Word colony at 9:30 a.m. (eas- ily drinking thine). Saw Salsola, Eriogonum, Chrysothamnus, Aster tenacet., Applepoppies. No sign in area I saw near 245. I set 5 traps to E.of N-5fence at E.end; saw 4 C.b. in area II. Much succulent Patulaca still present. One burrow appear- cently dug out by Tapidae in CA. I made overlay maps with notes + location recent burrows. Several appearance of dog area is short grass without Bgr seeds to the + no continium area Slea. She may be barriers to spread, or no recent burrows measured where continium. She (thinner earlier). II Visited area of colony a Orange ranch that was paired last year. No prairie dogs left; the same burrows seem to have been used by smaller rod- dents. Areas as 4 around many old mounds show conspicuous green area, mostly of Salsola 2' tall, on 4 for a few feet around them. In mound areas are Slea, Chrysothamnus (3' tall), Ant. frij., Sphaeralcea, Asm, Chenop. album, Polygonum, Aster, Scebromedus, Plantago (purbii). Large Slea plant often grows in mouth old burrow. Slea region around edge

Roford 262 Cynomys ludovicianus September 14, 1955 CPER, Weld G., G.10. Area around moends, where were also seen. Bgrs main grow this area & grows right to edge old burrow clearings or holes. (Bgr. & Salsola ingrown around Pogonomyrmex clearings.) Took Koda- chrome + black & white photo. September 15, 1955 My 5 traps held 1 Cynomys (?), 1 Sylbil- aguer, 4-2 traps held a foot of Sylvir. Obviously many Sylbil using burrows. Catalor taken on colony yesterday had died in stomach. Took photo snake. Chropodin album in bottom mush set. One C.L. seemed to be eating seeds from ground next to this plant. Scratched a few times with foot, then picked up food, ate. || Met the range rider for this area of L.U. project. He told me there were still a few C.L. in S.243, T^N, R65W. A new colony (or old?) near Art Warren place in NE part of T10N,R64W. Other men told me of going to 3 mi.W., 1½ S. of Raven, in Sec.9, on property of Rothroff sisters. Another 4 miles north of Carr. Crouch had told me of their cabin. Rock, De || Visited James Laurence ranch (S.2, T9N,R66W). He had moved in about 1949, about 40 A dog town on slope bordering stream lied there. Repeated control by Crouch but a family (?) of C.L. left. No control lost summer, 4 dogs present. This year 4 apparent gives, +2 adults minimum present same area. Occupied area about dozen burnt over near center farm town, near break in slope, 100yds. E. of streambed, where still large patches Bda & some Bgr. Most of area Salsola, much sifted out by C.L., & much low prairiote Portulaca (juicy, red), now shedding many tiny black seeds. Many a-trudo, much Munroa squarrosa. Some Chrop. alb., Atriplex. Rather fine sandy soil that blown + washer much.

LoFord Cynomys ludovicianus September 15, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. Jeni says c.l. had eaten down to bare ground (winter), area of weed lumours about 70 yds. diameter. Visited them: V.W. Mcintosh (S.14, T9N, R64W). His father, old settler M.L. Mc, lives across road (a ¼ section town just W. of his home; moved last year). V. Mc. said a few lumours dug near center Dec.14. Buried by brush but some survived, grazed this summer. I visited the site. Silt-loam soil, 2% N. slope, blue grama pasture (50% rest cover), A milo field adjacent to N. now. In a 50' drain, area where sod gone & weedy ground a few "below rod level," one 4 well developed craton. Weeds: Sis., E. phaenolepis, Chno. all., Verb. bract., Xanthium (lumns grew), Amars. delt., Dys. poppy, Salvia asteraten. 2 other lumours 60-80 yds. upslope, two roe (c.l.? ) 100 yds. from main group (in lowest area pasture), 41 hide 20 yds. from main group, at least two Speotyts present (also at Lawrence). Diggings suggested many Cet.13-levistius here too, using old lumours & nearby bare spots. Their spot evidently an invasion of typical spot (but Bgn., not Bda pasture; due light soil?) from at least ¾ mile distance. (Brother town ¼ mile S. of windmill, 4 in NW corner S.25 (T9N, R64W). This apparently old, new coming locale. Located along bottom & swales of thick Bgn.-Bda on slopes up to nearly 13 70 grade. Moderate population now. Soil silt-loam, barely enough clay to pack hard when dry at rim mounds, & generally loose. Cattle grazing here now. Bottom green, luable, with isolated tall Organum & Cerinum plants. Bottom may 50 yds. wide. Nearly all lumours within 50 yds. of edge bottom or bottom of swales. Mod. Opuntia here. Speotyts seen. Four groups

Koford 264 Cynomy3 ludovicianus September 15, 1955 NW Weld Co., Colo. coyote-sized crate contained large blocks beetle almost entirely, but some grasshopper parts. On mounds: Sba, Aman, Elet., Sphaeralcea. // Little Aristida, this being usually upslope from area C.L. Much Aristida in next pasture to W. just across fence, & apparently no C.L. in that area the old burn areas also. Counters about 40-7g 90% Aristida longiseta, giving light ten aspect to vegetation. Is this poor for C.L. as compared to perennial short grasses? // Some Aman at edge Bgrs bottom. T. of forbs: Sila apillaris, Verb. bract., Penstemon, Acq Asterton., Platago (perehii?), Eriogonum (white), Lygodiumma, Cheno. all. A few burn areas & mounds, now well grazed & apparently not currently used, in Bgrs bottom. // Clay galeade about 300 yds. up bottom from N-S fence < wilt- - queen some under mostly Bels, only 5 yds. too wide, in bottom. Curtinertia in bloom, corpie- more on dry slopes, Applop. & Chryso. also in yellow flower, No browse over 10" tall. // Shite 5.26 pasture, burnarea go about 40 yds., but not currently used the many used within 40 yds. to E. of this fence. Still- ing contrast between short grasses 5.25 & Aristida 5.26, In area Sba- Aristida, old mounds love Sba principally. September 18, (1955). Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Visited Sec. 4 postpistle 1 mile S. of county dumps. In April planted barley field, in one area 4 well-devel. mounds in area 40x60 yards where barley had been cut by C.L. & Salsola cut law. In area 50 yds. radii around deer

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus September 18, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. now, Sha 95% of green veg. (few other weeds); dry barley had heads sweeten, but oat heads apparently eaten. Some oats (raw seedstalks) green leaves, not low, spreading. Some shallow diggings. Sha still green, often looks dense stand, but no fresh cuttings found. Many green leave oats still within; Polyg. avic. grass (all green), green Sha, anying Convolvulus, 5' burnow. Tracer, Chenop. will., Sal. pistig. in stubble. In a low pile of boulders, two burnows started are 10" deep going between two boulders 3"-4" apart (boulders 10-12" diam., 1 hoy- per-thick). Several burnows new since last rain. Pasa not not cut, no fruits eaten. Out green oats at mouth some burn- ows; eaten to node. Culms of oats raw (pulled by C.L.?). Polyg. avic. may have had leaves eaten, so some missing (plot in flann). In old stubble area many Mbs. have new constructing, so still much activity. One strip of Sha (+ dry barley + green oats) 100' wide separator opening around two groups of burnows (veg. 1½-2' tall). // She area of milo planting to W., some fresh cut near base, apparently grain not test- net of er from fallen stalks. Some erect stalks brown now. Much Aman. lilit. grows same area. // She unfallowed zone, much Sha 1' tall had been cut (now dry) at C.L. side of dense stand Sha. Half of green shoots, including flower heads, of Chenop. thamn. bunch had been cut, so most bunch <1' tall (recent cutting). // At N. side milo field too, many green stalks cut at height 3"-8". Some Cuph. marginata also cut this site, about same no. burnows used in milo area here as before. Possibly some shooting C.L. here lately, car trocks, targets. // Visited Dec. 3 horse pasture. On some mounds: 265

Koford 266 Cynomys ludovicianus September 19, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. Lava, Sha., Cynap. all on some. Cyn ap some abandoned (only grou). Dr. girt Cyn leaves dry, & Brgn seedstalks. One about 2mm. bed, their Sha., + Sphacelaea, Polyg. avic. Bde. Hoffmann. Applop- appus, Chrysothamnus, Deterenigia, Liatris in lbson. // along irr- igation ditch bank (mud'd water bottom) much Sha., tall Xanth- ium, green Cyn, Cuphal. mang. But little evidence foot-seeking by C.l. thus now. Burrows in ditch bank rare, but are be- tween two tall Cuph. mang., 1½' tall & 1½' apart, 4 much cut Dyga. paps. next to it. // No evidence recent cutting Sha.; low palatability because starting to dry? Many areas of Bde scratched up, Apparently by C.l., with much loose cut grass blades on (these can be scraped off with fingers, show- ing stiles of bones beneath, & rare stalohs). This go sommar that Bde evidently the sought food near, Brgn near here. This on slope where most C.l. // Burrows on upslope side ditch only at W. end, Towns road, when slope less than 10%. Much Brgn - Bde on this upper slope. // When Helianthus near burrows, not cut. In local area much down Lug apill. or purple Solanum ; in low-areas Aster ericoides (7) + Balia oppositifolia . // Some burrows apparently dug out when wet which, for wounds covered with hard dried mudballs ½" to 2" diam. // Much Cyn leafage dried up wreater near c.l. burrows. // Two burrows about 1'diam. used, or shown by new cavities. or mds. Some burrows had old Xanthium leaves on wounds, end a side cut off - probably eaten in winter, the now 40 yds. from X. plants . Chrysothamnus about 6" tall on W. ¼ ton; cut by C.l., evidently; just

Koford 267 Cynomyx ludovicianus September 19, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. 2' tall at periphery, 4' thick beyond (why no C.l. there?). Many old lava on records; some of june. 11 One caninian dropping 1/2" diam. had hair of C.l. prominent. Contriches along irrig. ditch. Lower southeast lower slopes have much shea, little or no C.l. activity, the much in spring. 11 Burneau repair scratching to 8' distant; old she scratched up, 4 nearby Chrysochamnium undermined by this activity. Much dead veg. incidentally scratched into mound. 1 No Systylea seen in bar. 3 or bar. 4. No expansion area of colony noted. 11 At Spring Canyon Dam colony, 4-7:30 p.m., counted 4 N. of fence (2 near #9, 2 near #22), 4 11 to 5. offence (including 2 near #20, 2 near #25), 4 2 over crest To 5 in expansion area. 17 seen; doublets were present. Now dry brown color Bda contrasts with surrounding shea, 4 it is obvious that burnaurs are in Bda areas. About 1/4 of Bda blades are green; mostly 1" tall. Bgn common higher on slope than Bda. Lawn dry, 4 Bgn seeds others (seed rare). No digging for food or new burnaurs noted. Light rain 4 p.m.; two repair- ing me around 4:30. 11 The dry pond bed, she their but no scent see their apparent. Burneau #74 #36 show no current use. Mrs. low she, Chnop. alb., Sphaleraceae as. #84 area to S. of it not currently used, 4 #2 + #21 area not currently used; #27, 29, 30. No use high old burnaurs on slope on E. side colony. At pass at N. 5. end, currently used well-developed mound, however. September 29 1955 Rain morning; clearing & windy after- noon. At 4:30 p.m. made count at Spring Canyon Dam col- ony. I counted 19 to S. of fence, 6 to N. of there 6, two in bottom near #9; two near bottom E. of #23, but feeding

Koford Cynomy s ludovicanus September 29 1955. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. near #11; two near #19. The 19 rather evenly distributed over farm area, not more than 2 together. None seen to 5. of possil (cattle frightened them?). At 4:30 p.m. W. 1/4 colony in shadow of mountains. Estimate min. 28 present a colony. No evidence shooting here. Nr. Cheyenne, In Colo. September 21, 1955 Stopped at Terney Ranch of Warren Livestock Co. in Colo. near State line S. of Cheyenne. This so had-quarter ranch of semi Colo. rancher of W.H.S. Co. Talked with Murphy manager there. He said F.W.L. control man had been out twice to supervise prairie dog control works, but still some left. In general C.l. few, due control. Some new colonizer had started, 4 efforts made to kill early. Murphy said some new in poor pasture, some at edge of sheep corals. He agreed that new generally in swales or bottoms while grazing heavy. He said new colonizer had started at least 3 mi. from old known ones. Offind to show no dog towns in mid-October when cattle shipping less pressing. Mostly Byrs gross here, said Murphy & C.l. eat it down to ground. // Scotts Bluff Nat'l Monument, Mr. Leering, Nebraska, visited. Sept. Anderson absent at camp, but said to be very interested in C.l. (old yellow stone man). Secretary there gave me info from files. She said area a monument since about 1919, but not developed until 1935. No grazing since 1935, & probably not since 1919. // A memo from Cabalone had requested yearly map of C.l. towns. Maps made in 1941 & 1942 (about 100 ours in town). I copied these maps on topog. maps. In 1940 not by on a flat (very gentle slope) near gully about 1 mile V.H. 2+8 268

Koford 269 Cynomys ludovicianus September 21, 1955 Scotts Bluff, Nebraska. cost of headquarters. 1941, crossed one gully & started in flat clos- en to headquarter, & enlarged boundaries somewhat upslope to N. This trend continued neptyn; the new area of flat near headquar- ters showed less activity an N. 1/4. /Bead reports of wildlife said some decrease in 1942 over 1941, except near boundaries (food law center). Maps & reports seen by Merrill J. Matter, Custodian. 1941, cotton- tails noted on C.L. town. Coyote often seen in movement. 1944 report said population appeared to be stable. 1945, stable but low. 1946, decrease; thought due poisoning by ranchers. 1947, only 3 or 4 seen; believed poisoned. Badgers saw; coyote occasionally seen. 1948, no scatbook [probably gone]. // Monument personnel would like to see start a colony well inside monument, near head- quarters. They had heard of large colony near Lyman, Neb. (1/4 mi. W. of monument). // On lower ground just outside old town, Androps, scrap common, Bait. Lest., Cragrostis ?, 1/4" tall, some Bgr. On flat where old lurnours, main part town, Carey (filif ?) estimated 80%; Stipa scabrosa 15%; Bgr, Asm 5%; Tree weds - Spharolea, Santeninae sarothrae, Liatris, Aster, 4 others. Soil of fine tignite & loose when kicked - a light clay of buff rala (like bluffs) with little rock. // Many old lurnours still open, 8 or + yrs. after use by C.L., with spider webs montho. Most holes 10" diam., probably sealed. Mounds from now at all to 6" thick. Bards are around most lurnours, & weeds carspinian at site. On some bare areas around mounds. Are clumps Aristida (fendelini?) - seems too shot for largeite); clumps Bgr (lunch dabit), Asm or Stipa scabrosa in single bunches, rare Oryzopsis bunch. No Bda seen.

Koford 270 Cynomys ludovicianus September 21, 1955 Scotts Bluff, Nebraska Woods and dude. Bare and adjacent: Sphaerulae campana, & Sika (not prorata) Others: Agropappus, Liatris (blooming), Panicum, Kygosbun, Cuph. (geyri?), Phleu (hoodi?) (no sweet clover), Cryptandra, Schism; Another area of main colony on plot had 50% Carex, 4 5% Stipa Can., 5% others. Mid. areas about 80% bare in grad. Photots saw in Kodeshane 35 mm. II Bare areas of prairie often surrounded by wrigman Bout. groe.- many 4 tall sedetalks - the other grasses don't invant a few feet away. II On a lower bench near grillly bottom also old dude, but Asm dominant (60%), Carex 20%, Bgr 10%, weeds & fels (Sika, Art. frig., pramint) 5%. Stipa rare. II All areas have 1/3 to 1/2 bare ground between tufts; lose bare where shot passes trifle lie. II In NW arm many Art. frig. Bushes, 2' tall in brenaw area. C.l., probably kept these down, Occas. Attriply canne, bush, Ant manfrs rare & low. Many Gophus mounds in some parts old tainisiti; No communs droppings found, no vocke, licit rabbit droppings present, NW area has Stipa dominant, & Art. frig. Area old mound stops at upslope side about where afr - Stipa zone stops. Upslope in area 2' tall Cryptostis ?, Carex 20%, Bout. cut, 5%, And. spp. 5%. # Slope stripew many ydo. Beyond when there midgrose become dominant. II N E arms of colony also ascends slope. area of C.l. about 80% Stipa, + Bgr, Bcm, Asm. Common Attriply & Artensia bushes. Just beyond dog area, where slope stripew but also alongside dog area or E, Androp. Slope dominant, 2' tall, with somewhat less Cryptostis?. There 2 species seem to indicate area when C.l. did not penetrate (where water on slope ?), but what there 10 yrs. ago? Are now red-brown,

Koford 271 Cynomys ludovicianus September 21, 1955 Scotts Bluff, Nebraska. Headed out, & conspicuous at a distance. I) Bemisquam habit Bgr), single-stalk habit Arm, & both prototolmen in faler an old meadow are very apparent (no prototole am another). II) 1941 invasion area near headquarters required crossing of gully 50yds. wide, 15' deep, but now vegetated most of distance. In this area much Sba near old burnours, & Aristida. Bgr'd area characterized by Stipa & Arm, the Bgr is 50% compass, some sites. Burnour sites conspicuous with Sba, white Malestis, Art. frig., Lautierieja, Lygodonia, Many Thonanyz wounds. I think it is probable So that stands Arm or Stipa canata as seen here could prevent establishment of migrating C.L. I believe that a stem density that makes it impossible for C.L. to walk without striking stems will prevent such establishment (but can walk into afforable condition adjacent). Stems must be seed "high, of course, as C.L. walks are closely grazed dense soon. September 22, 1955 Wind Cave Not' Park, S.Dak. Rain. Grass dry appearing now. Red-brown Androp. scop., stands out strongly on slope & hilllochus, but flattens over mostly Bromus in dense stand 1' tall. II) Esta Suter says he marked limits some trains with stakes years ago. Dogs that went out & dig new holes always old ones, & that later they came back in 4 abandoned autumn burnours. II) Visited Basin Flat colony in mid-afternoon. In arm to W. of road I counted 13. Two of these separate from rest (along foot of hills), 150yds. N. of hills + 50 yds. W. of road. These two at a round atop a large old mound 2' thick & 40' across. Bigird, covered mostly with Bda, but also Bgr, Arm, Aristida, & 5% weeds. Alongside

Koford Cynomys ludovicianus Sept. 23, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota large mound a fresh hole, 20' from top edge ind.; dry cam cut around it - 90-90 cut to 2' distance. Much cam cut (below node) at other sites - could pick up handful of cut stems - but one area of few sq. ft. or ind. not cut (5' from hole, 1/2 tall andsteller). Observed many cam holes, 4 half leaves cam green. Bola has four green leaves. In bloom as Acta commutata, Gnidia, Solidago, Chrysopris. No sycamore W. rimmy last visit see'd when ago - farthest about 150 yds. W. road, near foot of hills (on S.). Upslope area from C.L. this year is solid dry Baja. A ravine where C.L. are on slope has no Baja apparent. Baja probably barren; no better comfortable lawn slopes that would appear suitable, from standpoint slope & soil, for C.L./On opposite W. rd. a coyote dropping, fresh; their sin is not C.L. But 5 yds. E. this burn a fresh C.L. body, skin turned inside out cam bones, Old P. Grew in much as probably quick death. but bone open edges jagged not broken; bowed joint, femur (p.147). 3' from it was intestine & cecum, not stomach, spread almost intact on ground. Upon my arrival I had flushed a marsh bawle from the site - had it a coyote made kill? White bawle found at site. Meat fresh; probably kill today or yesterday.//In this W. arm burn area guilly in potsher Bola, with about 4:30-58% cam at distance 10'-15'. Nearwood, in area when presumably longer occupied, much less cam & now Bola away, bawles, //Visited N. part colony to E. of road. Here again much Baja just outside area of C.L. Characteristically peripheral bawls, surrounded by silt, grasser & weeds; than cam, rarely with andsteller, rye prominent for a short distance; then 12" tall cam leaves, 4 redstella present; then mixture Baja - Bola, Baja dominant. Some old burn area at sites 50 to 75 yds. N. into Baja area from peripheral occupied burn areas. Site resident from distance by lack Baja thus & shortness of vegetation (shorter than Baja), Grass of 8" tall cam (Bolde) seen in Baja - nearly pure Bola. Some have bawles in but not current.

Koford 273 Cynomys ludovicianus September 22, 1955 Wind Cave Nati'l Park, S. Dakota (insulating) Dry grass except where blown to Bda area (some bare paths 3-4" wide thru this grass between burnours. || To N.E. a group of about 5 burn. atytone perishing in abandoned, but a group 50 yds. shot of them being used now. C.l. characteristically in area Bda, surrounded by Aem, then Bja. There are scattered sites like this not yet occupied by C.l. || On a circular area of about 1A (at head of draw leading SE) about 250 yds. ENE of dam, I saw count- ed 15 C.l. alarmed, as many as 5 now to some mds. & stood. Feeding seen to be mainly at upslope edge of area. Some small Still. Area had Bda cover about 90%; Bja & Aem 5%; forbs 5% (green Arctep, prunula with hood; Solidago grisea; dry Medeuma & Plantago purshii). On mds: Arctep. prun., Solidago, Verbena bract., Poly. avic. || On area oldest part along near dam, from 5-15/A. No general decrease there (some possibly low spots). Two fed in green bottom above dam. || A Sylvilogen seen 3' from a C.l; both quiet, on one mound. || Near road W. of dam I saw diggings to 4" deep among Aem roots. One site had buff-eatin potatos-like root about 2/4". diam. (sourd-potato smell) [not Prion, ten., or Sphaerula). September 23, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota. Cold night. Sunrise about 6 a.m. No C.l. out by 6:30 in Wards A,B C. of Shertail Canyon. Ward B - large areas dry Dpa, papp., Nek. Hisp., Chenop. lept., &c. Plantago purshii, Aristida bilt at N4 S. edges of area. At 8 a.m. I saw 2 out in E. 1/4 of ward, at edge Dpa zone. || Counted 13 on Ward A 8:10 a.m., 4 at one mound, apparently jires, + 2 apparent jires. another nd. Evidently an influx of jires since July. N.I. of old Ward A a slab striking break from shot grass to tall Bja at N. edge. Dyspodiia papp., red bran transpiuous, 6"-8" tall, dominant over much of old ward A but little in afterd area to W & S.W., but old area flatter so maybe soilor

Koford 274 Synomys ludovicianus Sept. 23, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dak. Xbt (5w of King's area 5) moisture difference. // Area 4 had 3 c.l. out. On bare parts much Dpa, widespread. Brown Arm in belt inside dry Baja matrix. (Baja has lost seeds long since). Isolated lumours 100+ 's of Area 4 show no current use; one at edge of Y, 10yds. into Baja, used. // Area W shows no use. 1/2 Arm & Baja grew in it, + tell Afa ; much Ephedraea, Dpa, & Am. lilitaider too. Not recent this year. // Area Y shows no current use; abandoned ? // Area Z, bottom S. extension of C'; may have few or no dogs - no sure c.l., diggings 4 none seen. Same at S. tip of C', only to N. of streamlined. Sure construction only to 50's. of road across bottom. // Much Ephedraea carinie in most c.l. areas here. Many leaves lost, + some partly eaten, per- haps by c.l. Occasional Cleome serrulata near c.l. lumours, + not cut down. // In Ward F I saw 9 out. Fewest where Dpa thickest. 5 in east 1/4 area. Scattered Arm and around area, but no fresh cutting of it seen (green, but tough ?). Checked slope - 20% as max. having lumours (SSW slope ). // At S.W part Ward C, much repair work on mds. On bench at optimum 5' E.S. Ward C, near constr. at peripheral lumour 30' from tree at creek edge, but lumour where family seen in July was closed & mound flattened (rolled n ?), + no activity sign close to it. // Isolated holes near streambed in SE of Ward D, were abandoned. There were at openings in Baja area, 4 one at another last visit. // Ward D, I saw 11, including several jeeps. None seen in E. 50 yds., E. of Cole pipe stable, + no recent sign apparent there. Area in gully is in brown Dpa, + short Verbena bracteata. Belt of Aristida at both N+S (upslope & downslope) sides. No grass in central part of area. // N. 1/2 of Ward D, higher on slope, mainly in Verbena bract., mostly dead. Upslope Aristida - Dpa Lietwher

Cospostri ? at Scott's B. = prairie Sandreed sp. woody aster : A. canadensis (most - 1/2"drii, white flower A. ericoides Salvia sp. = S. set lanceolata.

Roford 275 Synomys ludovicianus September 23, 1955 Wind Cave N.P., S. Dakota. Slopa stepens. Schetronia apparent in curdy area; sift loam soil. On S, lower & flatter half Ward D, Dpog dominant + conespineous red-brown; Ward E. has low population, but occupied to near upslope limit, 15% slope. Aristida, Dpog, + Mag = 90% of vegetation. Dpog dominant; Aristida in patches (soil diff. probably). At N.Wedge, edge of plants from in colony area to grass outside is: weeds; Sheldonwaker-Aristida in open stand (weeds too); Baja-Canm (+weeds); Baja (+other grasses), Weeds throughout major area until Baja wall starts, 1/4' tall. Much Sphaeroclea throughout area ward E. Bada rare here (too steep?). Area extends 100 yds. up slope, bring 310° from Coke pipe stable, to edge pinee. // SW part of E. has about 70 yd. long area old luminance where Canm dominant (Cordamalone side) suggesting C.l. kept out surrounding Baja (upslope steeper; Ace present). Patcher Bada in this Canm area. // S half of D (N. of dirt road) mostly Dpog, dry. Oto Chrop. Lept. (= Cle) common, not recent- ly cut, & green where not dense. Patheia Bada seed yards across show little evidence C.l., lawn eating (2" tall). Bada mixes with Aristida at some sites (going which way in succession?). Less two spots many yds. across where Cle thrives, it is 5" tall's dead. In parts SE/4 of D, Mag dominant, 90% of density composition, where density plants 50%. // Generally there has been abandonment of peripheral luminance, or possibly groups with seed dogs. Large moor Word A suggests there went into areas low population, not out. September 24, 1955 Rapid City, S.Dak. Visited Lee Alber, Soil Cons. Service. He identified plants for me & repeated info about albis prairie dogs at east side Paw Neile near Ludlow. He Regarding Aristida-Bada mixture he said

Ko ford 276 Cynomy s lodovicianus September 24, 1955 Rapid City, S. Daki that usually when range going down tristicha prominent when Bda increasing & Bgy decreasing (but also when recovering from heavy utilization). In girl'd be thought rare in Wind Cave N.P. only fair to good. Best on slopes when little shrubflees grazing & much bee, but usually Ase would not cover flats & bottom areas (due low rainfall). (about 10 mi. S. Sturgie I saw good stands bee on very gentle slope suitable for C.l.). I asked Lee about growing season in years of being study. He said 1946-8 green in Black Hills most afriunun compared with hotter, drier years 1949-1950. So summer drought food shortage possible to 1949-50. 1951 was favor colony given from spring on. Fall shortage food produce, especially in spring? Growing season had to judge from temperature - precipi- tation records. 1949 was very dry summer (at Cottenwood, for example). // p277* 3 mi. S. 1 ½ mi. E. of Ludlauw, S. Dak., visited Ralph Jacobi ranch. R.J. long time interested in wild- life. One prairie dogs from ranch to the river," an area about a mile wide, R.J. said. He told me of town with about ¼ allenis prairie dogs about 3 mi. airline W. of ranch. One had been shot for eam.- had pink eyes, white belly, rear - white back. Allenis seemed to stay together in part town. He offered to ac- ccompany me to site (a few days honor). Town only recently known to R.J. Owner had requested poisoning, but no action yet. This area in 4th yr. of drought. Sharp-tailed grouse here - a 1914 pull.m. Nutting Co. says their nest on benches in bottoms; Cynomy characteristic of September 25, 1955 | this area too. | T.R.N.M Park Medora, N. DakoTa Bob Morey told me C.l. here had not changed population notably since my visit in May. In town near Headquarter & Paddock Creek, whose population very low compared

Koford 277 Cynomys ludovicianus September 25, 1955 TRNMP, Medora, N. Dak. To 1954, he had noted no young & believed dogs remaining were concentrated one area. A juv. albino had appeared at S E entrance town, & probably still there. Several ranges had seen 2 bobcats hunting in that town this summer. Adult had little difficulty catching C.L., but young are clumsy at it. This a dry summer here!! Today cold & overcast & windy. // *Allie said: 1949 driest summer & fall since 1949 in SW S.Dak. 1950 spring slow. // Visited town in lane Paddock Creek. Saw 9 C.L. spread over 200 yds., only 2 per site, & wakeings indicating a few more present. All in area 200 yds. long & 50-75 yds. wide on about 5% slope, generally near upslope & up-canyon edge of burned area, but not in extreme peripheral burn areas. Grasses & weeds mostly dry & dead. Sha prominent on some sides, but shot. (Some stock grazing; droppings.) No bones found on sites. Dogs appeared large & very fat. One seen to eat green leaves of Cucurbita, growing as mound. No apparent jaws. Much Pego some sites, & Oen & Stipa ? (not com.) Loose spots. Much Artemisia frigida (still had been cut [now dry] & left lying; perhaps 9/10 of it at some sites). Many shallow-diggings not near mounds, as if for food - perhaps roots of falso. Little silver sage among Afg., but 1-1/2' tall when present). At up-canyon end of group, where holes lowest point toward bottom, 3 holes appeared to have been lodge dug this summer, one (No rain since late July; only one appears to be dug since rain). No carnivore scats or loose feathers or C.L. remains found atop ground. Apparently gopher works around base some sites, & even filling mouth of burrow at some sites (some dry or

Koford 278 Cynomyx ludovicianus September 25, 1955 Th eo. Roosevelt N.M.P., S.Pak. reds. may be gapeler). Apparently in pairs of adults will separated from each other (check this). // Peaceful Valley town now mostly in mid-grass (Arm 1/2' tall crestedella) & Pigs, weeks <570. Schedenmerker on some reds, & some after near present C.L. C.L. in two areas 40 yds. apart. On these areas Pigs turflide, but can (to U.) springer areas Plantago punedii standing. Area nearest road, (= area 1) food to C.L., at least 5 apparently jims. These fed vigorously, after scratching with forepaws several alternate sticks, then pecking up in pairs a tooth & eating while settling up. Eaten material appeared dry. At site I found many digging 1/2" deep, & tops of 1/8" deep, chewed off root fibre (some apparently Epharoleea, saved roots; little Epharoleea present in leaf form). Occasional stunted Chervopodum (lepts.?) green, but in good green food now (critical now?). Picked up skull of jin.(appear, did this summer). No carnivore sign noted. Area #2 (to SE of #1) had 7 days, at least one adult appearing, Area #2 about 50 x 50 yds., area 1 about 100' X 100'; the areas gross generally short Bystery. Some are mounds & burrows outside areas and between these spots for oddballs many yards. // Viewed site of dead Lawson town. Conspicuous black dead Slaq at linea on and close to mounds & sometimes areas between. Arm to 2' tall between burrows, after borders edge mound area of many abandoned burrows in grassland (20 C.L. from afar?). Burrows comparatively close together here & on relatively steep slope. // 1953 (click) was year of especially good grass line; coincided with disappearance of C.L. in 1954? // Beef Corral town thinning. A cattle & prairie dog skeleton had been put in now Lawn. Potentianate in silver N.E part town. Remnants of large sideoor sage, made low by cattle or

Koford 279 Cynomys ludovicianus September 25, 1955 Theo. Roosev. N.M.P., N.Dak. lay c.l., included in it. // I saw two c.l. out a pull-up 4" dry forb (other?) and eat base or roots. Many shallow diggings on many mounds and an intervening ground. Stub of root (many Sphaeralcea sage) found in several, top of root eaten. Areas of turf - like Brg. dotted with seedlings, + most of grass blades thin loose, cut or broken off near ground sur- face level: One could scrape up loose grass with fingers, leaving mostly stolils & few blades growing. Apparently food is getting short for c.l. here. Green forb rare < 1/4 % set. 0 case, Sphaeralcea, but Daw gey & silver sage (to 6" tall) may provide some food. Upslope, to W. of road, greens more false, stuper. Many c.l. here apparently jive. // Badger seen at 2 p.m. near SW corner colony. It strid into dug out c.l. burrow. Another dug out 10 yds. distant. About half of mound leveled on 180° of it on side of digging. Many evident badger - dug hole in other parts of Beef Corral colony, apparently dug this summer. + such in 50 yd. distance (line); 5 in 50 yd. drain; 6 more found in 20 min. of search. But no bones or other remains seen. // Badger made heaviest of any colony I have seen, but colony huge & proportion of burrows dug perhaps 5 % in main area. Bobcats, eagles, coyotes also appear- ently hunt here some seasons. // At Paddock Creek I had set 3 still traps this morning. Foured one with prairie dog foreleg in it, pulled off of dog set scapula attached. Probably taken by carniver (bobcat ? coyote?). // At site many yds. drain within main area w/o. of Beef Corral town, Asim in high proportion, 4-40" tall, erect, & Brg. seed- stalks, dry, erect. Probably do not cut often start to dry, & there areas not cut earlier in yrs. (due too much tall grass?). // Does cutting seedstalks in summer change plant habit (to turf) and make more favorable for winter food? // At Beef Corral, at site old corral (50 yrs. ago) mostly

Koford 280 Cynomys ludovicianus September 25,1955 Theo.Roosevelt N.M.P., N. Dak. Schoellom. & Plantago pennsylv.; different from surrounding area where much Bgr. Bgr generally lacking in lower Badford Creek town in area of abandoned ploughed ground, the Arm common there. September 26,1955 Soil scientist of SCS, Dickinson, told me that in this region prairie dogs mostly on Moreau clay loam. Commonly on "scotland." But on any soil that will' pack, hardly on immature soils, or park or fewer other soil washed down from bluffs. 1) At small town near S.E. Antone, pop- ulation moderate. I saw 15 in W. 1/4, in area 50x50 yds. Less elsewhere. Now seen upslope from road. At roadside slope, many shallow digging for roots. On colony grows mainly Bgr turf 1" tall. Much of it cut at base, about 50% bare ground before cut. No apparent spread of town. At E. side, old widely mound fortheast E., in short grass area, but 5 yds. Eight mid-grass (Bgr-arm) 1" tall & thick, the soil & slope same. No recent eating cottus leaves. (Ernie's shed & saddler, but mice probably ate). Bgr turf areas near colony to E., & downslope to S., but no mimivars. Slope 5-10%, to S. A group old mostly dead Artemisia tridentata shrubs at downslope edge activity; latest 4: Low silver sage stellar (0" tall) cut, probably by C. L. 1) In middle colony, some burrows downslope 10 yds. into Arm & other mid-grass 1" tall & Thick. Three templed rod trails thru, near burrows. Most of these, & some 20 yds. into mid-grass, apparently not currently used. An occasional large Aman. lit. on mound but nearly dead; a few aside, on ground near - food for C.L. Some green leaves remain on Salsify. 3. Fresh appearing dodger dug burrows in W. part colony. A few old mured burrows to W. of W. edge colony. 1) On upslope side of road 8" burrower within 20 yds. road, in one 25

Koford 281 Cynomys ludovicianus September 26, 1955 Thco. Rooser, N.M.P., N. Dak. yds. wide. Apparently no current use but used earlier this year, [illegible] 4 lodger dug probably under this year. || Spreading Argemone (in C. l.) has all leaves cut off at base in some C. l. towns (dig around here at Shittail Ward A). To break when dry. Dye, pop., don't prevent include zone of highest population here. Leptura mounds on same slope as C. l. (within said fat burrow). || At 12:49 took 2 99 fan still hope set 15 yds. apart on Paddock Creek town. Saved for spawn (B & 148, 149). One taken when dug in trap yesterday. Even plate, including shrubbery, 45% in areas captured. || I saw one eat dry Schoenandrus (cut; cat from box), green shot Salsola, green Sphaerocarpos, some dry folia, all in 5 min. Green plants: Butteriæzia, Sphaerocarpos, Ant. frig., Sika, Convolvulus (also sides on ground). || In all about 14 C. l. in colony, some separated 100 yds. from neighbors, all in about 5 acres of old raley in area former ploughed ground. Two within 100' of road. Apparently no tendency to form compact colony. Apparent activity- cutting of Afra - to 50 yds. from some presently occupied burrows. Much digging for roots some sites 4 on same side. In grail estimated 2% of veg. is green. || On upper Lawson draw town, wide thick 4-6/10" tall some areas - (Nedema), Plantago p., annual Oregen, Erodium, Butteiæzia. Slea thick all over maunde. Occasional Afra 1½' tall, Mustard 2' tall. Larreae about 5% of floor - Schoenandrus, worths, 4 Aem, some Begr. Begr. nearly pure in sivales & lawn sites. Begr. common only at upper canyon part colony. Black ½" diam. Lichen (?) common on ground. I saw one C. l. at Dunour (old lodge pole) well up slope a few feet from Arc & Age (10 C. l., probably not there

Roford 282 Cynomys ludovicianus September 26, 1955 TRNMP, Medorg, N.Dak. long. No new construction or burrows. I set steel traps there. Saw (5) old badger dug holes vicinity. (Brooks of Spalke Thomas holdem 1or 2 c.l. their gen'l area earlier this yr. - no survivor, not invader?). No other sign here (town dead). || On 15% slope where Arm-Pegs dominant, much Art. fig. I'll tall grass in circle around abandoned mound. || Lawn (W.) Lawson town mainly Arm-Pegs in bunchgrass habitat (turf habit favored by c.l.?), Apparently previously this summer of burrows to 50 yds. from present center activity. || Chester Brooks says that he has seen a badger or bobcat at Beef Corral town several times since spring; on almost every trip there. He said seasonal range saw bobcat catch c.l. on S.E. entrance town this summer. || Before sunset old dogs apparently in burrows. Shortly after sunset I saw 1 badger on Beef Corral town. Alarmed, ran by degrees 150 yds. distant. dug a fur stoke a few ft. from two c.l. mds. (for food?). At seal burrow put head in, then turned about & looked rear end into burrow, then a few seconds later traveled on- terminating in burrow? A small appearing badger. I also saw a porcupine among burrows at upslope edge of town. This "flat" about 5% slope to W. || Over hill to E. of Beef Corral town (to) a few hundred yds., a group of about 15 burrows with mds. (46+ without) in area 40 x 40 yds. on gentle 5E slope. I saw c.l. here in May, now evidence of use earlier this year, but apparently no c.l. now there. Two remains dropping containing hair in our mound. There is wide & long slope of Arm-Pegs & midgrass, thistle, lot

Roford 283 Cynomys ludovicianus September 26, 1955 TRNMP, Medora, S. Dak, areas Bgr turf too, Few weeds; sage shrubs common. I have seen several ferrug., roughly low-crest marsh hawkshrikes, but personnel have seen no biles. September 27, 1955 Clear morning, at 8 a.m. tube 2/150 frontiers in E. groups lurnour in W. Lawson town. In E. Laura "ghost town" (same 2 at same hole as yesterday (8:10 a.m.). In W. Laura town, 5 (all surely juveniles) of W. groups ran to same mound in alarm; others one possibly adult. At Beuf Coral town, about 75 yds. in from S. edge dead kit, c. 3' tall, 4 at S. edge much dying, lurnour dug at boxes many, 4 pounds cover boxes many dead. No new intermediate sized shrubs (over 6"). Beyond SW edge salagy Asm, Bant. cent., Bgr mainly, in mod. density, scitotella 1½' tall. On lurnour, well-devel. mod., (order crown of elm (12' above), 10' from 12" main trunk. Same lurnours, not currently mated, among plums Bushes 3-5' tall when limbs 1' apart. || On Beuf Coral bottom, density 15-20/A. of C.L. at many sites, 4-5 apparent juveniles on one mound not uncommon. Brooks said some people had noted decays in adults at S. end after juveniles above ground. || March: Bgr turf remaining, but our soil square feet are loose, grass cut at base (grass 1-2" tall). || At 9:15 a.m. I saw an avian, Agriola c., swoop low over NE part town, fly gliding in from behind a bluff. Soon thereafter 2 eagles pushed stop that bluff. (In evening saw 48. + 2 juveniles on bluffs to W. of town). Saw apparent prairie falcon dive at perched coyote. Saw 1 Merle's hawk over edge of town. || On C.L. lurnour at W. center of Beuf Coral bottom I saw a badger & photographed it. It appeared to be sleepy, or possibly sickly, didn't alance approach to 10' distance. Phased badger. (Brooks' camp he noted little badgers as "loafest activity" here until August; then often saw one or the other in this

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus September 27, 1955 TRNMP Medora, N. Dak. Town, the no actual kills of C. l. witnessed. //At 10:15 at Paddock Creek (lower = Holiday) Town & counted 18 crit., 3 being at 2 sites; total, spreads 400 X 100 yds., gps. 2-3 gently 50-100 yds. apart. Estimate! 25 present. Two that I trapped there (9/14/49) were join, the large, 4 very fat. //At 10:30 a.m., W. group in W. Lawson were spread to W. across road to 80 yds. from area concentration. This general area had much Bpr. tieff & doubleless often used (9/151 trapped; fat join.) //I saw 1 cheet, not catch, a butterfly. //At 11:30 a.m. at E. Entrance town I made several counts. 33 counted; estimate 40 ± 5. Most in center 1/3 of colony. All in area of 2 A. [sketch of terrain] Decorinal bottle of Bany, cut at 1/2" (buy C. l.?). Dry Dys. pap. in tallest forb. Bpr. stella grew to 10" tall in Opuntia clumps. Sol. triff. greens large on one mound. Green food about 19% of total present: Opuntia, Eunotia, Ant. frig., green forbs. More green forbs by edge road, 4 a few C. l. seem to feed these. //Beef Coral town extends E. up canyon for 14 miles from main town on flat! In this arm extends upslope to 20% slope, 4 nearly to bed of the draw. Density high then. Much Schedonanis, Dys. pap., Ant. frig. Estimated 5% of burrows dug out by lodger this year. Many small diggings for food. In one section of 2 A, 90% cover in Ant. frig. & (less) Eunotia. Bpr. tieff 50% round at some sites. A few C. l. out until 5:35 p.m., 20 min. after sunset. Clear, calm, cool. At 5:15 trapped 9/15 2 m central part of 5. and colony. //Chetan Brooks says that he & wife saw bald eagle ad. 4 inm. at Johnson Station town in late July. The sun. flew from ground carrying a prairie dog in claws. Albino at E. Entrance town not seen since mid-Aug. next. Seasonal range at E. gate was T.P. Lambert of Belfield. He

Roford 285 Cynomys ludovicianus September 27, 1955 TRUMP, McDoug N. Dak saw a bobcat catch one on Aug. 21. Jim (Neil J.) Reid also saw a bobcat catch one at this town area. ||Barnawing owls occasionally seen at Paddock Creek & Johnson Plateau towns earlier this yr. (1 or 2). Red & 1/4 bison saw lions, and share lodges. Rattlesnake present but not especially on C.l. towns. Badger seen, 4 young digging up, on Scout. 1 day. Creek town after poisoning with strychnine grain. September 28, 1955. Arrived at Beef Corral town 6 a.m. of clear cool day. Sunrise 6:05 (or 1/3 of town). First C.l. out 6:20. Many out, many being in shade, lay 6:30. No predators seen at town by 7 a.m. September 28, 1955. Visited small colony to E. 200 yds., from main Beef Corral colony (100 yds. S., upslope, from Beef Corral Wash). There about 15 bison in 50 yd. square on 1070 N. slope in short Bgs. Counted 6 C.l. thin, 4 prob. juv., a detached group 50 yds. NE of there (4 rnds.) had no C.l. visible. Took photos one. ||C. l. extensiv W. of road, when I counted bison. Sept. 26, had 3 C.l. (prob. adult). ||At 8 a.m. saw large brownish Tailed fox lying on mound 50 yds. NW of exploration. When I 50 yds., distant it into hole. Half ground had been flattened. ||Visited peak where eagles seem to perch yesterday. Rodent tooth & shell (Dipodomy?) found there, but no casts or other remains. Took photos of Beef Corral town from there. ||Took one juv. (153) intake at 7:30, another lay 8:30 (154). There in near dry Bgs + new green feed. Evidently much smaller & thinner than those taken at towns when population low. There two taken 30 yds. apart. ||On Beef Corral town I saw as many as 11, all apparent juv., go in close burrow in alarms. ||At E. Entrance town at 9:24 a.m. I counted 35 (est. pop. 40), most of which were at edge

Roford 286 Cynomys ludovicianus September 28,1955 TRNMP, Medora, S.Dak. of road (when most green food). || As live Cynomys tamm in N. side Highway between a few miles W. of Belfield; another a few miles S. of Belfield to E. of highway 65. Both in gentle short grass slopes.|| Clear day with mod. breeze. Drove 6. to near Ludlow S.Dak. to Ralph Jocobi ranch to see allivio prairie dogs. There was in colony about 1/4 mile long (E+W) +1/4 mile wide (N+S, N. exposure) on 5% slope where Bunkler d. dominant. Ground cover 40-60%. About 20 white prairie dogs, some whiter than other, scattered thin colony, but about 1/3 in E. 1/5 of area. Ralph Jocobi says they nearly all allivio in E. half in early in summer. They had shot many but generally not the white area (one shot, looks not quite pure white; eyes pink; says R.J.). Areas of many green yards of short dry Bda cut at base, as at TRNMP. Forbs + brownie little. Opuntia, Art. frug., Euph. (Geyeri?), Cheno. bypts., Spharangy - Trees all. Sol. triflorum - green, 4 usually on C.l. mds. Asm scattering <1%. Many shallow diggings in area Afa, 4 even in Bda turf. At S. edge some Art. cana, 4 some cut (apparently by C.L.). Many bones darker. No coyote scats found. One group 5 lodge bug burrows (recent) prominent. A jirv. was shot. 345-78- 65 measurements. Tister 6 x 4 mm., old. Serotum no pigment. Tails more freshly molted. Caecum 80 gms., stomach 30+ (saved for exam.). Much fat (5 mm. on thigh). Another similar jirv. 7 shot. 700+ gms. Some fleas. Evidently prime large + fat. || Pop. density max. 12/A, but are. about 4. Fairly uniform area - no prominent swales - but foot, at stream bed end, dropped 10' down sloping bank to bench, where some burrows. appr. antly used adjacent land similar, + suitable for C.l. spp.

Koford 287 Cynomyx ludovicianus September 28,1955 Nr. Ludlow,NW S.Dakota. Soil silt loam. Ypslope Bgs. become dominant. White & normal C.L. seem to go into same burn areas several times. Town said to have been here since about 1936 (but albinos since?). Black fat roots raw apparent foods. Land of colony owned by James Clark- son, Buffalo, S.D. He had requested dogs be poisoned. Jacobi would like to keep in cheekily shooting. September 29,1955 (=1) Devil's Tower, NE. Woming. Densensus area 2¼ A. near road, counted 53 C.L. This area mainly very short buffalos grass, now yellow-brown, but parts have more or less Aristida, & mills below culverts have thick 'tall' Bromus near them for several yards. C.L. truelt than this Bromus for 20' at several sites. Some areas Aristida just S. of road are 100' across, but patches Bda interrupted and a few % of Dcm persists in Bromus & among weeds. (Some Dcm still green. Veg. much greener than Ludlow or TRNMP). SEY3 off better part colony S. of road is mostly Aristida 1' tall & pale yellow-white. Old mounds 1½ ft. tall allow dogs to see our grass. Population 5 to 10 per acre even in thickest area Aristida, where it covers (local area) 50% of the ground (wetland n.d.s., of course, & some Bda weeds among Aristida). Population in thick Aristida apparently lower than in Bda zone, where slope starts to steepen, just S. of road. Cypryp grumps on n.d.s. 58 yds. out in gentle slope that is a area of 8"-16" tall Aristida. Green fobs on tower: Sphaerolin, Vbr, some Polyg. avia, Melilotin (yellow), Aster eric., Solidago, some Drilop. pum., Artemisia. Dry are Plantago purshii, Lepidium, Balogunum avicularis, Baclop. pumila (many seeds with cotton tufts scattered). Polyg. avia common around in Aristida zone (See this Aristida indicate breakdown of

Koford 288 Cynonyms ludovicianus September 29, 1955 Devil's Tower, NE Wyoming. Beda Primace Arist. ?, this situation being somewhat unfavorable for C.L. In SW part of main flat, green Aspalis, Vlar, Sol. tiffl., & Arten ericoides prunneit. About 10/A. in most of area. |Counted 20 C.L. in census area # 2, most lying in weedy rather than Aristida zone. In 1 A. near fence I counted 16. In weedy area where many dogs, about 5% Belat Aristida; much Plantago punebii, Iselip, pum., Applop., Eutropha arboria, Sphaeralcea, (white, blooming), Euph. geypii, Sol. tiffl.; 95% weeds. Zone of their Brown border on 1 side. A lawn spot well feet across nearly pure Androp. scop., but cut to only 6" (buy C.L.? ). A similar spot had no parts over 4" tall. Melilotum cut at about 5", so spreading habit. Probably feed on seeds or roots much now. On N. (upslope) side, about 50' belt where Plantago punebii dominant, then Aristida Much Plant. punch. cut at base as if root-eaten. In this area, 5 of flame calay left under 100'; then abrupt small 1-1½'tall Brown borders weedy zone. No expansion here this year. About 5 holes dug by badger this SW area (more probably Calay?). Fewer dog near display sign near road, 2 near road 200 yds. W. of origin, 4 about 5 at extreme W. Ext. main. All digging apparently in a series summers. 11 Where many dogs in census area # 2 (4 near road too, to N. of it), much Sphaeralcea crecivia, but many kinds of weeds. Cycles: no striking difference in composition inside & out. Main difference is lack of least down + trampled effect within, & Aristida, Indur- ica, Plantago, & other plants about 1/5 taller inside than out. Arist ida also has more seeds on plants in cycles (C.L. not?) Notably about 5 seeds to the Byr./'tall in Sphaeralcea - none apparent outside or in C.L. town in general. [illegible]

Koford 209 Cynomys ludovicianus September 29, 1955 Devil's Tower NE Wyo. W. edge colony Cynomys minor near toward pinyon. When Aristida green + not dense, many plants out to 1" in lean, probably by C.L. I saw an eating seeds from the arms. One rod. had Salsola 2' tall growing on ball of it. She now fell in flatter tough + probably not eaten by C.L., much (saw uncut leaves). / In NW corner of main flat, nr. road, 24 in 1 A. This a weedy area (much Sphaerula) bordering drop 15' to bottom on W. Many bones gone on arm + storm apparently cut, probably much eaten now. / Diggings common on edge mound + on roadbank at many sites, but generally much less than at TRNMP. / I saw some eat dry Polygonum curvularis, cutting at base, picking up, eating from base + also eating leaves (green) without cutting. / Apparently no weedy area sought or preferred to point of eliminating them. Dego. pap. common in only a few sites, soil yards across on this term. Where 24 C.L. in 1 A., dropping average 12/sq. ft. for many sq. yds. / Roadside Melilotus in ditch on bank. I saw 3 C.L. eating leaves. Other dug dam + streets. Plants spreading + about 4-6" tall now. / To N. of road on 5% slope, shrub scrape, prominent red-brown. Fairly quickly replaced by thick Aristida; no intermediate veget. stage. Aristida here due C.L. activity? Population generally low in thick Aristida area - perhaps 4/A - but 10/A when thin + green + some Cynomys mixed; near road (damp slope). (Corn apparently found in whirling under dampa.) Beld pitcher moderately cut by C.L. near Aristida dominant areas. Aristida changes to Assat about 10% slope; with players from Assat (soil texture differs?).

Ko ford 240 Cynomys ludovicianus September 29, 1955 Devil's Tower, NEWyo. One census area #1, false 5% maximum. / N. of road at autumn W. end, when some invasion earlier this year, now in mixed zone (in beyond old Cole trapped area) to W. of ridge, + lodgepole burrows at this ridge. One at hummus in [illegible] + string saw- ute is farther W. line (few made; much care good). / At N. side of main flat, census area #1, good census 1" tall Bole between humus. Will none of area go to this? / S. of road at W. end of colony, lawn level: mostly [illegible], bent potatine [illegible] feet across. Some hummus in [illegible] 1" tall to thick. Density 2 to 5/A. line. No expansion to W., or change from when I wrapped earlier this yr. Saw 2, about 58 yds. S. from where grassland penetrates into woods (50 yds. wills apart). / At E. end, area of river bench apparently little or not occupied now. Unused burrows were among Rosa [illegible] 3' tall. Some humus on 20' long rod. (30% ext.) slope line, 1/4 recent reutting of any bushes, a Melilotus, In Melilotus patch at E. end, about 250 sq. yds. kept 4-6" tall apparently by C.L. Dried out stalks lying at edge tall (1 1/2') amount parts. September 30, 1955 Wind Cave Nat'Park, SW S.Dak. With Steel traps took #5 from area King's original ward A in Shitail Canyon. In addition to then, 8 seen on this ward, 17 in extension to W + SW, 4 in area K, 7 in area Y, #6 at S. end of ward C', none of streamed. Two Syllebius in ward A extension to W. First animal trapped 8 a.m. (# p/158). / Clear, a cold moderate wind from W. / Area Y, about 70 yds. from streamed, 100+ from recent site C.L. 7 seen here (no boxes since July?). / Ward C' occupied 1951. About half of bottom vegetation strangely modified by C.L.(or

Koford 241 Cynomys lodovicianus September 30, 1955 Wind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dak. different from surroundings). Unoccupied part show thick Bgrs, especially mid- way between centers activity. // Word A: some Vbr + Dpa still green, & some Asm. (bait.), & much Asm. Potentilla penn. also green, Bda patches partly green, but solid, recent, apparently not yet had used by C.L. Adjacent to Bda patches some Echelodon & Cristida. // Ad. #156 taken 9:05 a.m. in quadrant Ng (King's map); no extra factor out of (King's mark?). // Much Ephedraea grows in Word A still. 9:15 a.m., took adult #157 in L.H. // Word B, I saw 2 at after W. end, & one at E. end in evening. Decrease here. One burrow suddenly plugged here by C.L. (to shut off light?). // At a site on Word C when group joins, often seen June & July, no activity within 50 yds. now. // Nobal Dam town. Colonized 5/A on Bda areas; 10-12/A. upper from there when slope steepens & veg. mostly as folia (Ephedraea, Chev. lept.) & more Asm. None seen in area for 75 yds. receive be- hind sign. In part of area Cristida prominent in yaw downslope from Bda zone. New sign, more Asm. prominent; ground low, flatter. No digging for food or badger dug holes seen. One area town on slope, 50 yds. drain, has Dpa dominant (= more de- midied? grows in around wallows). // Lower Sanctuary town. 5 freshly badgered burrows one site. 5. slope near bottom mainly solid with dry Dpa. To 10/A. density. On N. slope, C.L. mainly on area where Dpa dominant. Then upslope Bgrt Asm dominate, then Asm dominates (Bda, Bgrt mixt). Some Stipa canata & thin Androp. steep higher yet on slope (grade 10%). // Sylvan town. Area C.L. has brown Dyp. popping red-brown & solid. Seven C.L. seen, a few at least being juicy. Area of used burrows 120 yds. long & 75 wide - about same as in summer. Most

Roford 292 Cynomyx lodonicanus September 30, 1955 Wind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dak. Dpa + Vlr are dry. C.L. feeding among weeds, when grass rare, not at edge. No recent badger dig (se'd perhaps lost gro.). Many false with green: Salvia lanceolata, much Vlr., Art. fig., some Amur, blit. At upslope edge bedrock under bannert for about 10' width, then the convenient, then Ase, Sidel, probably 1 stone higher than forbs. Here (from Narbath town or ward 13) a small annual drift starting in profusion (= Vlr ? or Polyg. amii.?). || Left several traps set but no catch 2 hrs. || Shot a giv. (157) at Sylvan at 3 p.m. Bothin tame a second to be eating heads of Dpa. Found fairly nut green Vlr in two burrows. || Grew about 1/70 in woody part colony. No evidence activity to N. of stream, when some seen in June (or May). || Upper Sanctuary town. Counted 15 in 2 A corner area, but 5 of these just outside NE corn. really. Basket of rain are now gray due dead Vlr, that caused it. In grassy area I watched me. It scratched with forefoot in Cdg., then picked up dry bone of grass cat. Repeated. Also ate leaves Euphorbia, holding stem in one paw, not cutting stem. Also pulled up one stalk 2" tall Panicum repens - one, took 1 bite, discarded. || Feeding more punched along ground. Did not eat Carey plant encountered. At W. edge on grassy slope 4 burrows in new worked dug badger, 3 being plugged & mound demolished, Sambell on with 1/2 cu. yd. earth dug out, probably within 10-2 days past. || On part of upper Sanct. Town vegetation is 50% Andropogon scop., but grazed shot, 1-3" tall, 4 burrows among it. Where Lappelle had been there for many square yds, now dry, beaten down by buffalos. Gentleston driven by buffalos, but repaired by C.L. (leaving large sheds). No digging for food noted. Above old fence line of why one acre, but Ase dominant & especially grown there (not choice at this season!). 50' W. of old fence, in weed area, grasses <1%. No Seldam, a Dristida belt on this colony. [illegible]

Roford 243 Cynomys ludovicianus September 3 q/1955 wind Cave Nat'l Park, S. Dak. comma downslope from 8se on many slopes where no C.l. //10m on arm of Lower Sawat. town, 2 or 3 acres have after damage but appar- ently kept to a few "tall" by C.l. //In park in general, denaster over 10/A rare & local. // Seen down 4 waters in Lower Sanctuary town, on W. slope near bottom, 11 C.l. in area 100x100', near north side bare but having had (5% plant cover here) much spreading Convolvulus growing (ate?). From area thll Dpq many apparently went onto bottom (where grass & green falter) to find, to 100' out from limnow refuge. // Wdr 4 A area on Norbuck town counted 27 at 4 p.m., most being on steeper (10%) slope at W. of flat. // Ward A, counted with slope from more canyon to E. at 4:45 p.m. Saw 2 slightly migratory deer. C.l. scattered in weeds, even in areas Vbr, a day Nedelowa, not at areas (Cym or Bda) abundance. Heard 2 coyotes near ward G at 4:45 p.m. An antelope lay down on Ward A. // At 5:05 p.m. summit shadow on W. 1/4 of Ward D. Counted 5 only in stream area on E. half that ward. October 1, 1955 Visited Bankin dog town. at head (NE t wes) fairly lodge dug C.l. burrows, in 50' drain. 3 plug gap & mounds demolished, 3 dug 1-2' deep, 2 dug very deep. 40 yds distant 2 dug deep & 4 shallow in area 30' in drainin. Probably all dug within last 1a 2 days! // C.l. scattered in several spots in area, where after somewhat thin, ner than elsewhere. Saw 25. At foot of town near edge of grass, 4 grass (Bgr, & other) were limnows. Others where no grass but many cereal weeds, many still green (Vbr especially; baa, amaranthus; Dysaspa mostly dry. I shot a jire that was objectively small, & saw another 100 yds. distant that appeared to be 60 small (No.161). This

Koford 294 Cynomy5 ludonicianus October 1, 1955 Wind Govc N.P., S. Dakota. town may have 50 C.l., a even way but not thriving. Acres of asp apparently cut by C.l. during year, but apparently not recently or seedstalks growing up from low shrubs 10" not cut. This + pine woods town isolated by slope except at foot. Took photos. // At Nalech town I counted 30 in 4 A census area at 10:10 a.m. (second count) at 10:30 in Shirttail Canyon. I counted 12 on Ward D census area. The three in weedy areas principally (Vbr area), not edges. Saw a badger at SE corner town; it went in an of 5" badger dig by holes there. Apparently badger activity on C.l. towns increasing (due to failure other food?). // At Mule Creek junction (3mi. S. of) stopped at C.l. town that was passed earlier. Still 5 C.l. per acre in much of it. Begr, Carey, + Opuntia poly. make up 95% of veg. on town. Saw Sba on many mounds, + saw Selen + trilflora (not eat this much?), green. Sba flowering, sticky. No digging for food found. Acres. Art. trident. shrub seed under high in C.l. area. No eating scatter deer. Bare patch of Bda. + bran still partly grew. Population widespread, not concentrated. Done in flat bottom at burnarea with well developed mounds, where heavy rains would probably flood this on acres of sin. Saw a Batis regalis on ground in town. Found at site carcass of C.l. with skin mostly turned inside out; fresh meat. But, raccoon, a starved (nearly empty) lying 5 yds. from carcass. Shell showed age adult. (On previous occasion I flushed hawk from this colony). No Spestyto seen. The deal C.l., a large 87, tail 103, hind foot 65, femur 56. Spine separated 2 places + most ribs cut; 4 viscera gone, but most meat find quarters around. No claw marks on

Koford 295 Cynomys ludovicianus October 1, 1955 Nr. Mule Creek junction, E. central Wyo Dead, but apparent talon marks at small of back. Scars in mouth indicated sudden death. Descended remains. Skin of head, neck, + forelimbs intact inside out. 4 mm. fat thigh. Apparently October 6, 1955 CPER, weld G., G. lo. At 9:45 a.m. at Sec. 22 colony. 3/10 cumulus clouds; cold W. wind 25 mph. Vegetational aspect brown because of drying solely. Much sod tumbled & piled against fences. Bgrs blader green, Bgrs drier, grass green. Some foals still green - Vly Sphandelea, Sol. rota. (in and); much Ska (low) still green. Butinirja & Chrysothamnus in bloom. None seen feeding out on flat bottom where much green Bgrs. (Everywhere many Bgrs seedstalks, erect, 8" tall). || None seen E. of E. fence, where saw topped earlier. One burrow (in A'K) dug out for 1 1/4" or if by coyote. Saw 1 coyote at N Wind colony at 16:40 a.m. Many burrows showed recent repair work. No diggings for food apparent on colony. Apparently plenty of green food available. Light diversity in areas of burrow near 10W 43, 18W 103, 20W 83. Saw 12 in second swale. || D set 10 steel traps at burrows at took one C. l. (162) by 2 p.m. Made aerial map showing location; traps + some of C. l. seen. Cytisus at 20W 103+ in area II still used; + 2 seen in area III, within 2 chains N. of fence. || Took photo of skelcune. Inside Ska must tell them out (3-4" tall), + Bgrs seedstalks in general were numerous than outside (but many outside in area away from nearest active burrow). || At Jim Lawrence Road I set 6 traps at road appearing burrows in area 70 yds. long. Also Seven burrows appeared to be surely used by

Ko Ford 296 Cynomy3 lvelovicianus October 6,1955 NW Weld G, Colo. C.L. recently. Dogs from home had partly dug out several lumours in vicinity. Used holes on flat at base of 1070 W. slope. This area had more Bola than any surrounding area. On old dog town area much Saba, 4 apparently many Sylphologue. Low bound triple shuler present in C.L. harmer G. area too. No current grazing. || Visited Wellington reserve, Colony. In corner area counted 20 adults near there. Much Kochia gone to seed. Few C.L. when their in thick, but in open stands where low & green (Kochia linear earlier in thick stands?) || On horse pasture to S., 2 or 3 C.L. at W. extremity, but remainder apparently gassed or holes filled with shavel. Several loads of patatoes dumped in portion, 4-3 horses there. A few potatoes half eaten by C.L. Thick Kochia gone to seed. Also told Boelsop- van. Siva, Styples, cam Kochia, Distribeli, still grow. Saw 1 Stypyle. Field to S. of this pasture barnowed. Two mounds & lumours apparently reopened there, & there apparently gassed & filled. In pessenum, area to E+SE of census area seemed well populated; possibly same from census area moved here. Took photos of sclerome showing mode tall & thick or compare to outside explosion. NW Weld G, Colo. October 7,1955. At 10 a.m. at Lawrence ranch took seutypes. Took two C.L., #163/164. A lag only of another in trap, bawaa dogs apparently having got it. A large Sylphologue in another far down hole, dead. || At CPER colony took seutrops & caught 4 more C.L. (#165-168). Marked location on overlay map. Two other traps sprung. At NW extreme a Sylphologue in trap, dead- fragments eaten, rils cut, stomach, gut, faecum 2"distant. ||

Koford 297 Cynomys lodovicianus October 7, 1955 (CPER, NW 4/4 d G, G10. think hawk got it rather than coyote. About 1 mile E. of Colony Draw or mine. Aguila at roadside, a Falco mexicanus flying. #65 apparently jowl. Taken at 20W 10S, part of SW invasion area. But one taken at 24W 2N, a nearly isolated burrow at optimum peri- iphery, proved to be very large or (#168). (At SE option, cabin, exceptionally large or also taken. Provenance adults?). //Frogs last night, probably first frost of fall. This may bring Cottles into den in C.L. town, the ones found here today. No Spor- tylo seen. Named leader still command leader. 167 taken at peripheral afternoon near 30W 2N. Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. October 10, 1955. Visited Don Mc Millen, County agent here since about 1945. In spring of 1950 a group of ranchers in foothill area requested program to eliminate prairie dogs. F&W L. Service assigned a supervisor, 42 men employed to do work. SCS kept brooder. Rancher paid about 9¢/A for approx. 500 A per round 1953. After 1953 few dogs. No program this year. While thus I heard of complaint of rancher near Boyd Laker; prairie dogs taking winter wheat (planted dept.). Mc M. said remain area source of trouble as not on private lands as C.L. not controlled. //Present control man is Bern B. Terrell, Box 182, Ft. Collins (a college student). //In mid afternoon I drove N. to 7½ mi. N. ¾ mi. E. of Wovely (Dec. 13) & saw 1 C.L. in area where took 2, appar- ently last only over there, last spring. New are probably as under this year. Set traps for it. Three burrows possibly used, in area 75 yds. diam. //In Dec. 24, town,

Roford Cynomys ludovicianus October 10, 1955 9 mi. N. Waverly, Larimer Co., Colo. 8 1/2 mi. N. + 1/2 mi. W. of Waverly, I set 12 traps for C.l. Vegetation Type is Muhlenbergia & Eurybia latata, thistle, arnica, + fair present. Ground cover 40% cent. No fresh carrion drop pings or fresh badger diggings noted. Saw 1 33" Catulin on ground close to burrows; stomach empty. On this colony estimate highest densities 7 per A., + 4 per acre common for many acres. 11 This area, Salix laurifolia, Much still grew. Unused burrow show conspicuous growth on muds. Chipmunk left. mostly dry now, Seen Sphairidium common. (sec. 10) October 11, 1955 Visited traps 10 a.m. Clear, but 30 mph W. wind. No C.l. seen out. One trap held a Sylvilagus (released). No others spring, or tracks badger man. I saw a Lepus townsendi from a burrow, later dry in past apparently. Several aspect-green here. Sheep grazing in Sec. 13 (no sign C.l. likewise). Set 2 new traps Sec. 10 colony. October 12, 1955 Idea: C.l. feeding not equivalent to that of cattle because death returns organic matter to soil, not removed as when cattle graze, removed elsewhere. Mint, laves, amount to considerable fertilizin. 11 Freshly dead Catulin on road near Sec. 13 burrows, but stomach empty. I scotched a raga at Sec. 13 burrows — was the mouse there a transient? Clear, cool & calm today. 11 in Sec. 10 in area where Atriplex 2' tall, I saw 2 burrows with 5 C.l. each at them. These near foot of gentle slope at edge flutter areas. Plants present: Atriplex, Eurybia,

Koford 299 Cynomys ludovicianus October 12, 1455 9 mj. N.Waverly Larmer G. Colo. Salsola, Bgr, Beta, Muhli. ton. Shambles shows recent cut- ting (Curtia 8" tall). Apparently C. l. had eaten most green Salsola leaves or on burrow. I set 3 traps where sand c.l. seen. Took up all other traps in Sen. 10. || At N. (upslope) edge along a burrow freshly dug out by lodge (lost site) + on 10' distant plugged, mound destroyed, with C. l. sized hole up thru mound. Some stones Curtia cut earlier this year still present, dry. || My 15 traps held 1 C. l. toe, (7/69), one faulty (body taken by carnivore), + 1 missing (mound larger than C.l. took drag). Saw a Lepus townsendi jump from same site where seen yesterday (today in scratched out form, 16" x 4" deep, 4' from the old burrow). || 7/69, an old large ot taken 11 a.m. at mouth 7" grain. burrow on 5% E. slope. About 3 C.l./A. then, + ground cover only 2.5% (est.). Main plants Curtia, Salsola, + Muhli. ton. for 30' around hole (there = 95% art), just traces of Dys. pap., amm, Beta, Solanum. As the ad. 7/67, super red-brown stains genital region. Would like small scars to come from fleas on chin, not oral glands. || Visited then an old C.l. town in unploughed section 5 mi. W. 2 mi. S. of Doun. Main aspect of dry dead Delosela bushes, but scatted lawn abruptly a Chrysochomus. Turn on gentle slope both sides of winding bottom containing standing water, Bgr principal grass, almost only one on E. aspect slope, but Beta present on W. aspect slopes, Sphaerulus common. I saw an C. l. cat Bgr, cutting dry red stalk + eating it, discarding head. Soil texture light. At S. edge field Dipodomya Sign. Recently planted grain field adjacent on S. side; grain fusion.

Koford 300 Cynomys ludovicianus October 12,1955 Nr.Dover, Weld C., Gla. obs. tell. No present C.l. burrows in field tho in adjacent un- ploughed ground (probably somewhat scouted by grain number). When most dogs (e.g. 2/3 of composition) Shrub not recently cut by C.l. Formerly cut atropely, even 1' above ground. I've got 2sha concentratively thin for 10yds. around mounds, so 2sha show up more thin. Apparently mice have many years. A few mice stop low broad mds. 10yds. across + 2' thick, as if C.l. had built up this mound over long period. Atropely, lodged low or some mds. Woody Aster (commutatites?) only 1-2" high but spreading on one mound. Many ant mds. in area. Ant cleanings usually sur- rounded with tall Sha. Opuntia common. Much dead Pega near mds, perhaps partly result C.l. activity (dead stubs). No graying here this year (no tracks or droppings). No badger digging. Droppings of apparent dogs on some mds. Most shrub only 10" tall. On blend near bottom, trails of bare ground then Kochia 10" tall, commutating burrows. Cercisium 2' tall not cut. No apparent con- centration of dogs or burrows near water. Digging or for food or on atropely, to 6" deep. new, the same at bare catter (eat roots?).) New indicator leaf of Peda & Pega are common foods now. No new burrows noted. See one Marsh Hawk over dog area. Kochia mainly on flat terraces, where perhaps damper, saltier. Some burrows partly roofed at entrance by Atropely. Burrows apparently all within 200yds. of lowest bottom (not streamlined). Sloper to 10% occupied. Popul- ation thin, possibly reduced or eliminated some areas by men. At N. end especially many burrows apparently unoccupied for a few hundred years. Occupied areas in field in a adjacent tracts of more conspicuous grass. I think this would be much less Sha

Koford 301 CynomyS ludovicianus October 12, 1955 Nr. Dover, Weld G., Gls. cover if high population C.l. here. Grass not vigorous & not apparently more in part of pasture where no C.l. // Idea: intro- duced falx (Kochia, Salsolea) may have greatly altered food supply & total effect of prairie sage (effect on diet? dead dieaway produced?). October 13, 1955 Harmer & Weld Gls., Gls. With Willard Brown, Range Conservationist, Soil Cons. Serv., Ft. Collins, visited Wellington reserve, CPER, Nov. 10 (ash emerald) colonies. At Wellington colony Brown agreed that evidence indicated C.l. drilling brush & keeping it low, both Chrysothamnus & Atriplex. //Bril. Brown thought Atriplex on C.l. towns might well indicate letup in grazing intensity rather than downward trend. He said that Bout. groe. dies when covered, as wind blown soil makes native range poorer on un- tilled land adjacent to ploughed. Muckl. town, he regards as an overgrazed site, coming in when Bda. depleted. He agrees that Bgr. was on slopes & lighter soils compared with Bda. or lower & heavier soils. Sheep, he says, prefer Bda. Bgr. - Bda. to Acm. so that latter may be in high age the utilization heavy. In gen'l he knows of no C.l. towns range above fair condition. // Brown considered CPER colony to be "prairie upland" in "fair con- dition." (Bgr. probably greens superabundant than Bda.). Possibly C.l. increase wilderness by increasing bare ground. Noted several spots where C.l. now cutting areas of Bda. close to a under ground surface, the whole having scratched up appearance, & grass cut (1" tall) easily scraped off with fingers, leaving few stalks showing on bare ground. Much of Bda. still

Koford 302 Cynomys ludovicianus October 13, 1955 Weld Co., Colo. green. One trapped Oct. 7 near 20W10S had Beta stolon in stomach. No evidence that Muhlenbergia sativa, at Sweetwater edge, our burner oppositely badgered this summer. Large Beta anything, much Begr, & little Beta, at edge of invaded area (each Beta inhibited spread?). // At Acon ranch near Rockport, a thin but extensive cover of Beta on ground. I had thought it would have been much more barren. Much castor bean on adjoining rancher. Ours has thin Beta in spite of heavy long use by buffalos & by C.L. "not decided at this season. Obvious eating of Beta same area. Begr present but scarce. // At Dec. 13, 8 mi. N. Waverly, took up 3 traps set there. No sign of a C.L. A Sylviolagus foot in one trap. Trapped at months burrows. // Dec. 10 Brown considered "pon" condition & going down. Much muckly & widespread Eremia, including young plants. Dawa Lepus townsendi same burrow as yesterday. // Ft. Collins, Colo. Talked with Charles Terwilliger of range dept. about nutritive value range plants. He said stage of growth + part of plant eaten of greater importance than species of plant, in protein & phosphate content. Cattle prefer fertilized plants - not know why. Strips fertilized; cattle prefer there. Also seek grass where dung fell last year (but avoid when fresh dung). Nutritive value of parts plants unknown in general. Nodes of stolon probably highly nutritious, & buds & stolon of Beta more nutritious than leaves. Don Henry has done work on this. Elbert Reid agrees that little known about plant nutrient quality, especially little in forbs.

Koford 303 Cynomys ludovicianus October 14,1955 9 mi. N. Waverly, Larimer Co., Colo. At Dec. 13 area found no recent sign. At Dec. 10 I set 16 steel traps, covered, at another burrow. Also set 15 snap traps near burrows to sample marmot population. Dog team has not expanded to E. - no occupied burrows east of section line fence (dogperson thin early this yr.). A few apparently this year's burrows high on slope above old, but those examined apparently not now occupied. Balsam oppositifolia now common green fall, the much less than Sphaeroclea. Saw some Lupinus townsendi. October 15,1955 With Paul Maslant & other men searched for Crotalus at colonies in Dec. 10 & Dec. 23 (Achenvoir), + at (Per Dec. 22). Found no snakes or reptiles. Clear, warm, light breeze. Checked traps at Dec. 10. Took 1 Omychamps (071770) in snap trap near C. L. burrow. Took 3 C.L. (#171, 172,173) in 15 steel traps by 11:20 a.m. Much snow about Sha at Dec. 10 colony. At Dec. 23 some digging of marmot. Arm grew 4+" tall, in scattered thin stand. Population thin, but 19% Aristida, 17% Acantholimon, + Sphaeroclea, Atriplex. 6+" in / A. arctica section fence at SW corner. More vegetation than but little grass. Freshly dug badger hole there - No obvious large expansion colony in that direction. Dogs rather tame at colony. E. slope in NE part of colony. Saw 1 golden eagle near Dec. 10 Colo. October 16,1955. At Section 10 colony, 15 steel traps left same places yesterday held one C.L. (174) and an adult Tapida. Badger in #1 trap held by a large spike at mouth of a burrow, T. de Burrow entrance adjacent ours not badger dug. Saw badger for stomach examination. Took up + traps left.

Koford 304 Cynomys ludovicianus October 16, 1955 N. of Waverly, Larimer Co. 11. No catch in 15 snap traps left same sites as yesterday. One still trap held jiv. Sylviolique. Not saw sites 1" big turf had been heavily eaten at edge, blades torn up, evidently by C.L. Crotta in seed now, shelling harder, but saw evidence eating by C.L. October 17, 1955. Took up still traps at Sec. 10. No C.L. taken, but one jiv. Sylviolique (this + one yesterday eaten lummus with water mound freshly built, only 3" high), both very young jives. (A Sylv. taken at Sec. 13 at C.L. burrow about Oct. 12 too). Today clear, dry, mod. N. breeze. At Sec. 10, 11 Antilocapra on colony area. 11 On Sec. 10, Bda eaten over area 1-2 sq.ft. at same sites. Bgrs eaten at many sites. Burrow in hardwort, eating mostly at edges, with scratchings there. Bda saw alone bottom, but Bgr common. Bgrs highest 70 component atop low ridge, but fewest C.L. there (ft. slope preferred). Bgrs now taller, greener, then Bda, which is thin, dry. 11 At large crotta where we trapped 4-5 apparent jives. Seen and dogs ago, many traps on seen (no sign) since. Disturbance of trapping probably caused abandonment. None of about 10 other traps on weed appearing wounds sprung since yesterday noon (to 11 a.m. today). Arm green & blades 4" tall on some clearings around burrows, but not cut (no seedstalks present). 11 Mullenburg co apparently not eaten though green & adjacent interspersed patcher Bgrs eaten. Much greener here than turns seen last month in N. Dakota & NW S. Dakota. No digging for food noted at Sec. 10. C.L. very here & rarely seen within:

Roford 305 Cynomys ludovicianus October 17, 1955 N. of Waverly, Larimer Co., distance of 100 yds. || At Sec. 23 colony, now move to E. of the gully, the same 100 yds. E. of it this summer. No recent grazing here. Some antelope tracker. Much washing down gentle slope by water - the burnow mowers seem to do not well this kind of washing. Very little recent digging for food! Only sites where much digging is in washer or near E. edge when little new-green Elea. Elea green + new, 2"-6" tall, over much of colony, this being eaten by me when I shot it. No sign of feeding on Atriplex or Eurybia recently, the three plants dominant over much of colony. Green Acan 4"-6" tall in very open stands over much of colony, but no signs of eating it. Sphaeroclea & Bahia green + underpruned but not abundant. One green Astragalus near. Chrysopodium leptophyllum long dry. Probably Salix's main food. At upslope edge of N. arm, erosion pavement of redpelt- bles covers most ground, but mounds there. One dug in shale, 50 round of shale fragments to 2"x2" size. At upslope edge N. arm, Bigs turf increases, but dominant only outside colony when slope steepens. Dabbling of very shot Bigs evident at periphery colony. Mully gather in much of colony, but vigor extremely poor, no evidence eating it. At some sites upslope part N. arm, 3 dogs gathered on one mound. Rather tame in N. arm, & I shot 6 there. Two (#175, 176) taken at upslope edge seemed to be large adults. Sly Sylvilagus apparently can dig a shallow burrow under Atriplex bush,

Koford 306 Cynomys ludovicianus October 17, 1955 11 mi. N. Waverly, Lammerg, so may add to destruction of brush cover after. Shot 175 to 181 for sterilization. Population thin but widespread, with maximum about 6/A. Average Area between workers especially low population. Most burrows on slopes are bordering shallow washes down slope. Glo. October 18, 1955 1 mi. N. Rock port; Weld 6, at C.C. deer ranch I shot 6 Cynomys for sterilization: (#182-187). Rather tame here. Mostly in lower parts slopes, many 10% slopes away from bottom not occupied. Essentially no control here. Several C.L. on S. side fence or next ranch, but no large expansion that direction. Soil vegetation very short dry turf of Bgn-Bda, some Aristida + Bwm. Short remnant Clupi thamnus + Atriplex. Butirirezia, Bwm, Ephanesia, Art. frigida, Chrysoodium (dry), Badia, Opuntia, Sha. Bda much cut at low levels some after. Saw 1 Lupus Sylviolagus common here. Soil pale gray, wounds of clay loam, surface siltty. Ground cover about 40%. No eating of cacti or digging for food noted. Dogs eat the pastine poor. || At 3:40 p.m. Arrived at CPER colony. Dry wind set. 25 mph. Saw 5 in Area II, near Sclerone. Saw a Sylviolagus on mound in M.B. Freshly dug burrow near bottom in FD, + another 30' N. of it. Sha here is dry. Bottom for their Egyptian four distome appears dry, but most leaves green. Drilling of their Bda near burrows. No apparent current activity set on Bgn Lattan. About 4 p.m. I saw 2 golden eagles

Koford 307 Cynomys leidovicius October 18/1955 CPER, Weld Co., Colo. On an arm, over knoll just N. of town (another Mr. Carr as eagle now probable predator on C.L.). At 4:15 I saw a Cotteler lying stretched on ground 10' from burrow near 6W25. It was 36" long, stomach empty. At 4 p.m. I shot one (188) near 185 1 W (quadrat A1). At 4:20 shot another (189), 10 yds NE of of 18W85 (mid). Green Verbena bract. common in bottom. Solanum rotot. seen in seed then but apparently not eaten. October 19/1955 Terry Ranch, NW Weld Co., Colo. Spent 2½ hours with Mr. Murphy of Warner Live Stock Co. looking at present & former C.L. town sites. Range used by cattle summer, sheep winter. Dominant grass blue grass, the same Bda in bottoms, 4 conspicuous Asa or Stipa comata some riter (Stipa seeda weak into sheep meat; undesirable on sheep range, but excellent early feed for sheep & cattle). Range in general in fair con- dition, I judged, 4 greener than CPER. // One site invaded & about 12 burrows dug in 1953. This near a sheep conal (100 yds.) on gentle slope where much Big turf & much Opuntia (NW¼ of Sec. 26, T 12R67W). This was pounded '53. Site 2 miles from a large town 3 mi. N. of Carr, mainly in Sec. 3 (T11R67W). Visited site of this Town, about 2 sections in extent. Only one C.L. seen. Pounded for last 3 years by Crouch. Vegetation generally Bigrass than & Asa On gentle long slope going out to S. from Hills. Burrows widely spaced. Formerly many deep & little vegetation left (drought '52 to '54). Opuntia some

Koford 308 Cynomyx ludovicianus October 19, 1955 NW Weld G, 6lo. Bod of Bgr this yr. (Murphy has seen 1940-1919. Range about same now another, but poor in drought of 1930's & drought of last few years). Murphy had never seen or heard of a black-footed ferret. // Another invaded area was a bottom only 100 yds. wide where Bgr main vegetation. This paired this year for first time, but at least 10 c.l. remain. Small colony. Perhaps 3A uptown canyon, bordered by steeper slope. // Another invaded area, on a 2-5% slope where Bgr dominant. Many burrows, but paired (1953 invasion too). This 300 yds. from a wind- will, about 1/2 mile E. of Bleara on U.P. railroad. // One of invaded areas in NE¼ of Sec. 12, T 12 N R 67 W, in Wyop- ing, 4½ miles from main large town W. of Carr. // 2 areas had new towns 1953, about 2 mi. from Carr colony (most probable source). // To west of highway 07, 3 towns at sheep camps. About 1 mi. from road remnants of a few dozen holes on 10% slope where thin Bgr roam (30% ground cover), 100 yds. from sheep shed, 200 yds. from edge reservoir. A similar one said to be at another sheep camp, close to buildings & bedding ground. At one still active at Brown Plow (T 12 N, R 68 W, S 28), the second there times. Another at Lower Jack camp, near Tony Romanos place; 4 near Bulge Camp (T 10 N, R 68 W). // In general few dogs left & repeated poisoning eliminating these. Total extermination is the goal. // Another town, new, paired this year, in SW¼ of Sec. 18, T 11 N, R 67 W. I visited this one. About 50 burrows in 4A. No sign of dogs now pre-

Koford 309 Cynomys ludovicianus October 19, 1955 Nw Weld Co., GLO. ent. Bee Burrows in bottom of about 5% slope between hills 100-200 yds. apart. Brgs dominant. Ground cover 25%. Trace of Asm, Chrysotomum (8" tall), Shea, Opuntia 2%, Criocymum, Sphandus, Applepoppin, Munroa, Aster, Antennaria. Brgs substitutes conspicuous in irregular areas, to 16" tall. Sewer at burrow in fill over gas line, the only 2' wide, suggesting that bare ground where broken ground forced for burrowing. This fill also lined with Shea (summer food). Soil tephrite medium (red, to light on most of Terry Pond). A line of telephone poles thru area. One near center burrow area had 50+ splats whitewash on ground, a few eagle feathers, & a large cast (collected); good hawk perch. 1/ Much of range of W.L.S. Co. in Brgs in bunchgrass form, not appearing overgrazed. For sheep, Asm & Stipa not highly desirable. Nr. Ft. Collins, GLO. October 20, 1955 With Dr. Bridleman & his vertebrate ecology class visited Spring Canyon dam colony, Mr. F.C. Goodell, owner of pond at N. end, says C.L. there 20 yrs. to his knowledge. Water in lake until 4 yrs. ago. Then water table dropped; now about 28 feet. In morning at 9 a.m. I saw 6 C.L. to N. of fence, 4 to 5. Most on Bda areas. Well scattered over mapped area. 1/ Class dug at 2 burrows. One water burrow went down at 45° angle to 21" deep, then dropped vertically about 2 feet, then turned toward horizontal. Topsoil was about 20" deep; then gravelly layer & hard dry clay below. This burrow near no. 8. Another dug in edge

Roford 310 Cynomys ludovicianus October 29, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. fold pond. This one went down at gradual slope in straight line so about 3' underground 6' from entrance. Soft wet clay at surface, but hard dry clay 2' down. Digging very difficult. One group of students mapped burrows on a 5A plot to S. of fence on Bda slope. Others measur- ed amount of soil in mounds by filling box of known volume. Another measured slope of burrows farther up the limestone ridge at E. side colony. Artist named Dolor M. Wineland counted 17 (6+4 jivs) + perhaps 22 on this colony, S. of E-W fence, in early April 1952 Kelly (field report submitted for course). R. G. Hay & D.C. Kelly, in May, 1954, watched for 12 hours & saw minimum of 16 prairie dogs. Their plot of burrows (215 judged currently used) shows greatest density in bottom at N. end (only part 5 of fence surveyed). All called microtis. All in area of (about 26A (my calculation)), slightly over 11 burrow/A. October 29, 1955 Boston, Mass. At Amer. Ornith. Union meetings - talked with Victor Cakaline, formerly chief biologist of National Park Service now at New York State Museum, Albany. He knew little of the poisoning in Wind Cave National Park. However, he had worked there as a ranger about 20 years ago. He said that in middle 1930's the park prairie dogs were poor because of long overgrazing. He also told me that the Norfolk Dam tower extended E. of the highway even 20 years ago. He took no note on prairie dog status at Wind Cave, but even.

Cynomys ludovicianus October 31, 1955. Bar Harbor, Maine Talked with John King about his prairie dog study in Wind Cave N.P. Looked at his color slides, 35mm. prints, & raw notes. Shown him my slides of Skirted Canyon. He noted little change in general appearance of the area except that BANNER LINE had been pushed back on Ward A. He said that luffalls had been a nuisance on Ward A during his study, & that the wall- aws had been thin as now. / Sometimes prairie dogs start to fill a burrow when there is a disturbance there. Hole after Once seen to start to fill when a dog entered. / Excavation of burrows had been near center of east side of Ward D. Vegetation map (p.15 of printed report) made July 3, 1950. / King saw C.L. shrew-baum mullin stalks. He trapped some Microtus on Ward C. / Peromyscus maniculatus. King set 19 traps on Ward A on July 12, 1948 & took 3, alive. By August 6 he had marked 18 in the 5 A. of Ward A. So at least 3/A. / In 1950 some burrows in ward C, not all made then 1951. The 1950 invasion was of area where some old burrows already. / Movie shows C.L. not migrating stop snow in February. / Little vegetation on Ward A until June. / C.L. seen to eat leaves thistles; shown in photo. / King orig. notes had different grid designa- tion than printed (NE corner of TT in orig. note in Mi in printed; stolbel with 4 bands = there at NE corn- er this quad). // Snow hoaler Mar. 15, 1950, shows no con- nection between exterior territories. // Cottontail 13-14 territory - seen to enter C.L. burrow, 4 seen in Ward A. / Eagle

Roford 3/12 Cynomys ludovicianus October November 31, 1955. Bar Harbor, Maine seen low own colonies July & Aug. Just not seen to make hill. Snow marks indicated one hill (K. bar photos of track). Copy of note by J. Cates Sutin, Oct. Nov. 2, 1942, at Weird Cove, says Sutin saw eagle catch C.L. on "Custin RDA." Eagle flew low, slow. Died. Came up with C.L. Flew shot distance. Landed. Fed. Other C.L. showed little alarm. || King trapped 80 C.L. on Ward A in 1952. He esti- mated their number to be almost half population then. Some marked in 1948 recaptured 1952. || Borrowed some photos from King that shows vegetation during his study. Decrease tall grasses, probably brane, evident by comparison my photo and those of King. When much brame 1959, little or none now, in some areas. Nov. 1, 1955 New York, N.Y. at office of Conservation Foundation talked with Fair- field Osborn & Mr. Snyder concerning report on the prairie dog project. Osborn seemed interested in relation with other animals (= large mammals?). Emphasized need to reach people that could act on the particular problem, write for them (probably USFS, Ft.W.L. Serv., NPS, SCS personnel, ranchers, Fish & Game dept. men). Actually got little specific or definite from these men. November 2, 1955 At N.Y. Zoological Parks talked with John Tee-Van, Lee Crandall, Mr. Schiemann, & other about the project. Again little definite on subject matter. Tentative plan is to have paper covered report of about 100 pages, illustrated as necessary.

Koford 313 Cynomys ludovicianus November 3, 1955 New York, N.Y. to be ready April 30, 1956. As soon as practical send sketch of content for suggestions. Remain in Colo. un- til end of year, then work at Berkeley. November 4, 1955 Washington D.C. at U.S. Nat. Museum, Stanley Young told me that his black-tailed prairie dog pet had intermitted (contradicts his printed acct.? ). He says Wichita Mtns. range very much "beat up" by grazing in 1935. Viola Schutty helped me find specimens & files. There is card file with many notes by V. Bailey and others, filed by species & sub-species & state. This apparently not kept up, but old information excellent. (= the "Merriam file"). Copied many portions of these notes. (Nor original info upon which reports by Bailey, Nelson, Cang, & others have been based. Merriam has some notes in file but modest) reference to the huge C.L. town he tells of in 1902 ybook Agriculture. Early estimates numbers often based on number holes per acre, according to this file, maxima being 25 to 30. C.H. Merriam probably used this esti- mate of 25/A. and general size of prairie dogtowns. C.L. population described by V. Bailey/V.B. notes of Aug. 1892 tells of abundant C.L. about Wichita Falls and from there 51 mi. SW to Seymour in "one cantonious dogtown." They will certainly average 5 to the acre throughout this distance. "Estimated 3200 dogs/section. Along F.T.W. and Denver R.R. from Wichita Falls to the cross- ing of the Prairie Dog Fork of Red River, numerous. "This

Koford 314 Cynomys ludovicianus November 4, 1955. Washington D.C. region contains by far the most extensive population of prairie dogs that I have ever found." A 1918 note of V.B. censuring same region says dogs about 10% of farmers, due poisoning mainly. [illegible] Kellogg says that (in early 1900's?) in Travis Co., Kansas, he saw prairie dogs filling up a bunker after a rattlesnake entered it. November 5, 1955. Patuxent, Md. Dr. filed in "Mensium Bldg.", a card for food habits of Butis lagopus, Sept. 30, 1913, examined by C.R. Kalmi from New Mexico; stomach cont. 85% remains of Cyn- omyes. (In gird Butis lagopus feeds on rabbits + Peromys- cus). For Falco mexicanus, Oct. 2, 1913, E.R. Kalmi Kochs, 75% Cynomys in one stomach; Kochler, New Mex. Food of Tachida tatora. Cynomys in stomachs of 3, New Mexico, Sept. 1904, dug V. Bailey - also one (C. leucurus) from Bitter Creek, Wyo., Sept. 16, 1893; V. Bailey. / No stomach exam. finite line at Patuxent. / Rattle- snake (Crot. atrop?) - 18 examined by Bird. Denney included 2 with prairie dog remains stomach; 1 with p.d. & cottontail; 4 with apermophiles (note by Lantz). Nov. 4, 1955 Washington, D.C. Visited Doris Green & Clifford Prentall at headquarters of predator rodent control deer. They gave me recent sheet on broad policy. They said present policy for prairie dogs is to control only when there is complaint, not to exterminate. Told them of general scope of my project.

Cynomys ludovicianus November 7, 1955. Washington D.C. Richard Griffith, F.W.S. Denver says several dog towns along banks of (Little Missouri R. in Ft. Peck wildlife refuge, Montana. Fred Samtoward manager, Rough county wants area no grazing for 20+ years wherethere are prairie dogs. Ben Orsborn of S.C.S. proved to be a quiet man not sold on his interpretation of situation reported at Brace Mtn., dog town in 1946. He said he made best estimate with facts then at hand. He said he too had noted slender mosquitoes at prairie dog colonies. He had photos of some site John Dec. 1949; still much Cretida there. Compared my 1955 photos with his of 1946 & 9 showed range not much improved (but still apparently suitable for O.B. establishment). He had no leeches or range then, & no photo of official dog town. Mr. P. Allen has now the transits there. Requested copies of his photos of Brace Mtn. town area 1946 & 1949. He said that seasonal differences might produce much Cretida. I talked briefly with H.F. Drahon of S.C.S. & told him of my study & approvals. He agreed that we need many ecological research stations engaged in long range research. Seems very much interested in relation rodents & grazing. At College Park, Md., visited F.W.S. information office where black-white photographs & large color transparencies are filed (2X2 kodak chrome slides in Dept. Bitter, Baldy.). Rex Schmidt in charge. FWS 3228 by C.R. Kelmback is good shot of 2 dogs on one mound. FWS 29 is good side view coyote in blue grana, by Noddan. Some photos a data on cracks

Koford 3/6 Cynomy s ludovicianus November 7,1955 College Park, Md. providing information. Photo B24769, S.E. Piper, Sept. 19,1922, 2 mi E. Aurora, Colo. Shows C.l. burrow in area 6' tall alfalfa when cover about 50%; taller recent (by C.l.) alfalfa in background. C.l. eats al- falfa. / B30769, S.E. Piper, June 11,1926. Dan Berrin mds. said Ranch, Confer, Colo- 7300 ft. Mountain meadow. Burrows to be Cyn. lud. at upper limit range. / Same plotn alfalfa field infested by Zani prairie dogs. All show widely separated tufts alfalfa, not dense stand. / B42927, L. Knowles, 1934. Fall River Co., S. Dale. Cornfield with prairie dogs. 1/2 for veg. is weeds. Cover about 30%. Dogs cut corn stalks. / B18601, J.S. Silver, July 25/1918. Aurora, Colo. Area in wheat field destroyed by C.l. Tufts 6"-12" tall; much open ground near burrows; tall wheat backgrounds. / B18602 J S Silver, July 25/1918. Aurora Cornfield destroyed by C.l. Tall corn backgrounds. Den ora, Colo. Few stalks over 1 ft. tall standing. Lavender prominent (80% of veg. where C.l.), but only 20% cover where C.l. / B36042a. By A & Oman, 1929. Clark Co., Kansas. Wheat 6"-10" near C.l. burrows; to 2' at short distance. / B59602. D.A. Spencer 7/17/40. SW Colo. Oat field near Manco, Colo. Seed heads cut & eaten in gradually deepening semi-circle from borders field, some accompanying info. / B19716, N.H. Kent. July 2,1919. New Mexico. Burrows in wheat field. / B36696. Aug. 1, 1930. R.S. Zimmerman. Mr. Green River, Utoh (Cyn. ludovicus probably). Mds. in good tomato crop March 19,1930. Tomat.

Koford 317 Cynomys ludovicianus November 3/1955. College Park, Md. open in hours, open ground between, to 1' tall plants. /Photo B41384, 3/5/35, H.H. Hayt, + 43557, Mar. 3/1936, WB Bell, Shaw Brosy Mtn., Wichita Mtns.; many close grazing + many cow chips apparent foreground. // Photo B26922, by L.C. Whitehead, May 1924. Taylor, Greenville. Japan book - typo ago Mr. McIntyre released 4 young p.d. about 13 mi. S.W. Greenville. Since then propagated & spread until covered 15A. 392 live holes counted. / B/19712 by NH Kent, July 3 1919. New Mexico, Moreno Valley, Colfax Co. 1872 dead Cynomys in piles. //B825M. Ariz. Pile of 1641 Cynomy s collected after one nights operation. Clumps of pile./Photos by Dar. Keyes show operations in Weld Co., Colo., in 1923. // SP Young photos of 1933 show Navajo and Zuni Indian camps on horseback. ECW camps on N. Mex. Ind. Reservation 1933. November 8, 1955 USNM, Washington D.C. (sent by S.F. Pieter) High altitude. 3 specimens in USNMuseum from Canjín, Colo, 7300 ft., June 11, 1926. /Also an alluvis specimen from San Angelo, Texas, Oct. 8/1915, 25 mi. S.W. of Donkey Bends. No. 210241 Biol. Ser. WB Kease (spell?), All white pelage. usm Muntia negrae /Note in Merriam file under C.T., concerning Areigra. W.P. Taylor, Dec. 2, 1933. Ash Flat, San Carlos Ind. Res. Ben Foster, in charge pred. 4 rod. control, Areigra, says prairie dog "population this area decreases to less than one per cent its former status within the last two years. Came, ultra dry season, weakening the dogs, followed by heavy snow-

Koford 318 Cynomy s ludovicianus November 8, 1955 USNM, Washington D.C. fall, which apparently drowned them out. / Two Burrows. A carbon Mennin file gruier compilation by Joes. Silver on burrow of 7 Cyn. ginnissani, 2 Cyn. lud. One C. lud. excavated by WH Osgood in North Dakota had 5 entrances, 61' long main stunnel, estimated volume (average 5" drain.) 8.2 cubic feet. One excavated by C.M. Yerrington, St. Xavier, Montana, Oct. 30, 1915. 1 entrance, 28' main tunnel. Nest 20"X20." Another 16"X 16" enlargement. Vol. 4.6 cu. ft. (est. 5" drain.) / One under Cyn. ginnissani but with locality Delphor, Kansas, must apply to Cyn. lud. - excavated Oct. 1910. May April 7½'. Vol. 3.1 cu. ft. Nest 10"X10"? Another enlargement 6"X8"? (?maker in Silver note). One entrance; main tunnel 18½'. // Fide gave second records rancher near Denver, Colo., with C.L. One had 24 live + 9 dead burrow, on 2 acres of cultivated land 11 mi. E. Denver; W.P. Taylor 1918 note. // Streeter collected 4 found abundant at Loveland 4 other sites 1894. [Colo.] Cary, Sterling region, May 27-June 2, 1910, wrote probably driven out or most of area settled resp. // Lantz, note for Higbee, Colo., April 12, 1910. All q.q had gruier with judging by cancers exam. Winter showed 6 scans in 6, 4 scans in 2. / Cary, 1909. Extensive term between Brower, Colo., & bluffs to east, Comman along Santa Fe R.R. track east of La Junta. / Las Animas, July 1892, very abundant. Also Trinidad. Fosler note. // Lantz note. Hugo, at Byers a colony with allivior, a dozen seen at a tunie. Sept. 1905 / Darden, Colo. 10 mi. E. Badito. Large probably overlaps C. ginnissani at about 6600 ft. Cary,

Koford 319 Cynomys ludovicianus November 8, 1955 USNM Washington D.C. Nov. 1907. // S.G. Jennett noted them abundant near Arvada, Wyo., in Aug. 1913. // Cary, 1909, found nearly exterminated in Ft. Laramie - Lusk region. // V. Bailey apparently estimated number dogs by number burrows, even in 1913. Estim. ates of ave. nor. by Bailey workers rarely over 12 dogs per acre, 4 many Bailey estimates only 2-3/A. // Math Debate has relatively few records C.L.; Jennett, 4 R. Kelly (1915) maintain notes. // Kansas: D.E. Lanty noted formerly abundant, mostly destroyed by 1905. // V. Bailey in control with Teton, San-Angels region, in 1892 & again 1918 - only about 10% of prairie dogs at latter date as former; copied some of his notes in USNM files on this subject. Ft. Collins Colorado November 16, 1955. At 2 p.m. visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. Around morning of Nov. 11, 4 cold & were snow some. No new snow since from Nov. 15, 4 about 1" fresh light snow still on ground - excellent for observing tracks. Many rabbit & dog tracks present, 4 a few mice, but only 1 burrow found with apparent C.L. tracks near - there there went no more than 3' distant from hole (#10). Apparently almost no activity above ground today or yesterday at least, 4 below freezing throughout both of these days. November 29, 1955 Visited Spring Canyon Dam colony about 2 p.m. No snow now on ground there. Counted 24 C.L. & made overlay map of location. Areas occupied same as in summer, no extension both

Koford 320 Cynomys ludovicianus November 29, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. into the northern "home", no contraction out of southern "hom." Later had 3 C.L. near are burrows, but in general dogs were seen singly. Good cover of early Bda about 1" tall, 4 cattle still grazing on part to 5. of fence. Much more grass cover than December 1954. Few mule deer (1/2% or less). Bases of Bda grew still. No signs of cutting all Bda in spots, & no obvious digging for roots. 1/10 curren, clear, light breeze, 4 near freezing, but comfortable in sunshine. Doubtful that any shot here this year, though from canons might get a fair shot at me at about 120 yds. range. Very wary in gail. Aram half green some after but no evidence current eating any C.L. Probably feeding on Bda mainly. 11 1/2 mile N of the E-W fence are old burrows that, last spring, I investigated & decided were unused. Today I saw 2 C.L. there, possibly intruders from another area. Vegetation sparse & shot there. 11 Dog droppings on many roads of the Spring Canyon Dam colony. 11 The work of old dog class deer showed are 22.4 burrows/A. on area E edge 2 1/2 acres (5 X 5 chains) just 5 of fence with E edge at lowest bottom. 8 measurements of max. slope of highest burrow at E. edge and 9 to 15 3/4 Topo. (x 1/2 for 9%), median 12 3/4-13. Near apparently active over 13 1/2 T. Penetrater measurements near 20 burrows gave readings 140 to 280. Harder (to 300) on ridge to E. above upper limit burrows. December 6, 1955. In afternoon visited Spring Canyon

Koford 321 Cynomys ludovicianus December 6, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. dam colony. About 6" fluffy snow on ground, probably no snow since morning of Dec. 3. Looked at nearly all burrows. #15 had scatter tracks at entrance; possibly 1 other with tracks 2' out. Many dog tracks visiting burrows. Cattle still in pasture S. of fence. Very cold, below 0; some recent nights. Rabbit tracks common. December 9, 1955 No snow since last visit to Spring Canyon Dam colony, but strong wind yesterday blown snow about 4" now about 1/3 ground free of snow. I visited about 3/4 of burrows but saw no signs activity above ground. Wind blown snow may have plugged burrows. Usual mouse & rabbit tracks. Basal parts of Balsam still green, so good food available. No eating Opuntia or digging of any sort seen. Snow about 1" tall + ground to N. of fence not nearly as deep as last March. ||No new snow then until Dec. 14, but temps. probably over 50°F. some afternoons. Chester Brookes writes from Medora, N. Dakota, that winter set in early, cold, stormy there. I suspect low survival in Beef Corral town if dry falls + early winter unfavorable to dogs. December 14, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Colo. Visited Wellington preserve. Only about 10% of ground snow covered. Cold breeze but clean & sunny. I saw 2 dogs out at N SE corner colony. They took down at 200 yds. + west dam same burrow. I observed much more Cynomys than outside, but

Roford 322 CynomyS ludovicianus December 19, 1955 Nr. Wellington, Colo. Snow around most peg. in explore. When most C.L. Bdg stales only remained, occasional dead appearing chumps Muckl ton. Stripes still green leaned. Kobin worthly in place, not having tumbled & fairly thick on lawn after near bottom (saline). Apparently no chance range recovery while so many C.L., other rodents, 4 rabbits present, tho no large herbivores. Saw one Lepus townsendi in loose pasture. Ground there not as lean as last March as much Kobin standing. No Opetaria in the locality. December 15, 1955 Visited Wellington to preserve town & saw 3 dogs (aly) out, at SE corner as yesterday. There at two burnours 20' apart. I set 3 steel traps then 4-2 live traps near by. Set 1:30. Returned 4:30 & found no fresh trocha at the burnours, 4 no catch in live traps (took up these, left steel taps). Apparently in wintry weather dogs go down & stay when disturbed. Clear & sunny but cold, perhaps 25°F. No greenery but forbes shrubs apparent here. Then drove to C.P.R. relay in NW Weld Co. Snow drifts about 2' deep along E-W fence line. Light snow over most of ground. My explore with about one ft. snow on it. Near ex- plorers on burnour had trocha going in, 4 another near 28 W 2N. Now N. of S. end of my line transect was only used currently by C.L.; the same open with cotton- tail trocha apparently entering. Many Sylvilagus and Lepus trocha in area. Near 26 W 25 + 24W 45, there were 7 C.L. out feeding. Inspector area re-

Koford 323 Cynomys ludovicianus December 15, 1955 CPER, NW Weld Co., Colorado. sealed much eating of Opuntia. Some clumps had 4 or 5 leaves about half consumed (out of 20+ stems), + some leaves free & cut off. This fresh works on succulent stems. Within 50' of currently used mound every clump coter had fresh chewings. Rabbite may do some of this. Some fresh repair mounds - scratching & butting - utilizing moisture of melted snow & ground. In general mounds & ground frozen very hard. // Examined fresh droppings found red nodules of Bda stolons among other materials. Tufts of Bgn about one foot across had been grubbed heavily until little left, this evidently work of C. l. Basse grass (Bda, Bgn) still grew! // One burrow at NE part colony near 4W85 definitely used & coter near coter. // Grass here utilized to maximum, both in & out of dog town. But used conspicuously less on CPER side fence. Tall weeds, such as Sha, nearly all cleared from ground by blowing. But. Sartothera about 9" high common. // An Aquila chrysa, seen flying near colony, & another atop hill 1/4 mile N. of colony. I picked up 5 eagle casts from atop this hill, when gathered on previous occasion. // I set 3 steel traps in area 5. of sycamore or used lumens where dogs feed. At Wellington colony took up traps // Examined several fresh pellet ets. Contained about 30% Opuntia shiv, 10-70 Bda stolon, 30% gross blades & brases, to 5% block series a forb (A) x-1, 10% woody material, 10% other. Grass & Opuntia principal remains.

Koford 327 Cynomys ludovicianus December 16, 1955 darmier & weld Gos, Colo. Strong warm wind melted much snow today. At Wellington presence saw no C.L., but a Sylvilgug in one of my 3 steel traps; or me at mouth of C.L. burrow. At CPER too I saw none + none in 3 steel traps, nor any sign activity since traps set yesterday. Wind inhibit activity? Much warmer (20° ma) this afternoon than yesterday p.m. || Yesterday several C.L. burrows at CPER had snow plugs but small hole as if mouse had entered. Some Several had frosty- edged opening, showing no immediate use but possibly animal respiring within. I saw 1 Buteo near Wellington presence, but none, no eagles, no carnivore tracks, at (CPER colony (Dec. 22). Nr. Wellington, Larimer Co., Colo. December 18, 1955 Left 3 steel traps set (see above) in Wellington presence. This afternoon oversprang, with Sylvilgug foot, 1 gone (wire broke). Took up broken traps. Some at C.L. outdoor lodger Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. December 20, 1955 About 2 p.m. visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. Warm, calm, snow melting fast, but sections of ground still covered with snow. I saw at least 12 out, apparently feeding, not seen 2 near at any site. No shrinkage colony extent, as fresh tracks at 5. optiminity of summer optimum. Made overlay maps showing locations where dogs seen. Many burrows open, or if by cottontails, I saw 1 Sylvilgug at mouth burrow; it now in. Still a fair cover of Buckwheat, grown at base. No digging found. In one burrow found 2-3" long section Shag stem. I set 10 steel traps, buried, at months burrows. Probably none out today after I left.

Koford 325 Cynomys ludovicianus December 21, 1955 Nr. Ft. Collins, Colo. about 1 p.m. visited Spring Canyon Dam colony. Saw 3 dogs out. One 07 (190) in trap 17. No others spring & no sign of use burrow since yesterday. Set 4 new traps no 14 total out. Apparently Verbascum and Xanthium seem to have grown little this year, the used or food here last winter. Outside of dog area many dry sudstella Bgr, the few inside. Restining of cut-off dry shea still in place - does sitting a browsing it prevent blaring? Not improbable, thinks Don Harvey of canyon dept., if so even cutting shea economical as compared to repairing fences, 11/7/90 judged free. dry tooth wear (more worn than youngest tho), & wore fat; no scrotal pigment; 950 gms.; about half stem. eat. gum pulviment leaves of fall a browse; only 25% green, including Beta stolane, old day. December 22, 1955. At same colony took 07/191 from traps no. 5 and line transit (Parker) at 1 p.m. Another trap (#14) spring. Pullled off foot of dog in trap near at pass near 5.and colony. It held so hard lost foot rather than grips. 11 set 1 additional trap. No activity at most holes when traps set, so prob- ably all not out every good warm day. Only 07/191 out? Tiny falls, mostly Sphaeralea(? & Ceniza ?) about 1/8 to 1/2" tall, common, but < 1% of vegetation. Apparently Sphaeralea main food in 07/90, the grew gross present. Buttercup & Chrysothamnus both have green herbage, but latter got browsed short by cattle. Set 1 was trap no 15 set (left 2 p.m.). 11 07/191 stomach full, 60 gms., & contained 50% dry grass, probably Beta & stolane, but about 25% green falls, apparently Sphaeralea. No odor,

Koford 326 Cynomys ludovicianus December 22, 1955 Nr. Fb. Collins, Gla. but some acrotal pigment; no sperm in cauda epid.; testes abdominal. Large fat 07. || Talked with G.E. Kleppel of A.R.S. He loaned me data on vegetation of pasture & sycloerus in sec. 22. He said that in sycloerus forage improves for a few years, then may go back. Bgrs may grow, then die back in late summer. Bgrs greens earlier than Bda 20 days early. Not increase with even mod. or light use, de- creases & Bda increases heavy use. Bda increased on range between 1946-48 and 1952-53. In heavy use pasture held own, in mod. use, lost about 25%, with light use lost about 33%. Bgrs had 25% loss with no use & moderate use, 35% loss with heavy use. || Stipa & Carex may grow up very early if they grew previous fall. Any greens up early, purplish shoots, as early as March 15, sometimes a month later. Cut low buy dogs, so harms growth (also eats only in season before Bgrs. One yr. Bgrs not grow much until Sept. Rain distribution generally more important than grazing in vegetational effect, if grazing was not heavy. Asm seed more important than in Bda- Bgrs. Bda usually starts first in hard ground. Bgrs starts fast when cactus comes, Asm may be alive but not show above ground, & able to grow. Mully Toneyi stays about same regardless of grazing; not utilized by cattle; short-lived. || Sect. 22 has moderate use, about 42 head/section average in CPER; but about 50 head/AK in SW quarter, but use out-

Koford 327 Cynomys ludovicianus December 22, 1955 Ft. Collins, Colo. side of CPER irregular, 11 Colony in Sec. 22 surely there spring of '52, may have started '51. Only invasions occurring recent years were in 1951. In late summer, about Aug., one dog found in Sec. 7, with 3 lummus at edge of a bottom. This one shot, a large ? (as large as foot first thought pregnant). Another dog found in Sec. 154, Shot. Same time. Both apparently single or more than after shot. Also at edge sunk on bottom. Both these dogs were in light use pastures. December 23, 1955 Warm again but strong wind from west, + most much dust blowing on plains. Visited (Trop #18) traps at Spring Canyon Dam colony. One Sylvilagus in trap but no Cynomys (11 a.m.), nor fresh sign. Many traps semi- coured by wind. Perhaps aircraft + wind unfavorable to activity more than cold is. Left 15 traps set. Wind diminished midday. I visited Wellington, presence town+ saw none out, no any sure fresh signs. Near my spot brows three lummus dug out, as if lay lodge, + two other 50 to 100 yds distant. Digging within past few weeks + some very recent. I took photo of my sphenome. Striking contrast inside with outside. On- Cryptantha (?) side much growth Cricogamus, Kochia, etc., sweet, but only short fobs or bare ground outside. I have much of effect probably due to protective effect of chicken wire - protects from wind, causes plant to accumulate to on ground in sphenome. Any small sphenome is found to give indiscernible picture in area where wind

Koford 328 Cynomys ludovicianus December 23, 1955 Nr. Wellington, N.Glo. is important. Several sacks of grain had been dumped in main part of colony (within last few days), but no sign of C.L. eating yet. Nr. Ft. Gilling, Glo. December 25, 1955. Checked Spring Canyon Dam colony traps. No catch. Took up 2 traps, leaving 13. Warm- calm today - more pleasant weather since early Nov. At this colony most mounds + burrows cover area 3' in diam, the same mounds 6' across. Bare area about 6' diam, + half bare area 10'. In some areas where rock scree tilted out, hundreds of fine roots protrude out of low soil 4' upward, haulike. Nr. Wellington, Glo. December 26, 1955. Another warm calm day, but 1/2 overcast. Temp. probably over 60° midday. At Wellington present colony at 10:30 a.m. I saw 4 out in census area, whom not seen since October; 3 at 1 p.m. Appears small, jowl. Then drove to CPER Dec. 22, colony, Weld Co. Saw about 25 dogs out, throughout colony. Seen seen in peripheral appearance areas, excludes such as the S. one, 4 fresh signs of ground repair at center near , at north end of expansion. So, no retraction into old part of colony from areas new expansion. One eagle perched atop hill 1/4 mile N of colony (I picked up a large cast then), + another seen flying 1/4 mile distant. / I shot a small ? near 20 W 10 S at about 11 a.m. This near edge of S. expansion. Some Bgn. Daces still green. Shot a large ? near 20 W 4 S (07/193). No dogs or sign to E. offance - so stopping out in summer keeps out for rest of year, perhaps until late spring. Russian thistle

Koford 329 Cynomys ludovicianus December 26, 1955 CPER Weld G. 6lo. piled against west side fence, & only remaining snow a long bank 2' deep on lee side of this fence. Photod thistle snow here. Evidence still too snow. carried to photos. Much repair of wounds throughout colony, using moisture of melted snow, so mounds or higher sun. Coyote tracks near several burrows at E. end colony, & droppings on mounds at extreme N.W. end, but no kill found, about 12 M. shot 7/194, near ? It had frozen in open, & died in north burrow 10' distant. Evidence feeding by C.L. not strongly apparent, but saw cotton leaves cut. Apparently 7/7 most active winter. || This posture as overgrazed outside dog town as in it. Some Sha hoe not blown away, even when no C.L. & not bruised shot, so effect C.L. in reducing blowing away of shea not evident. || At Spring Canyon Dam colony, mr. F.T. Collins (6lo.) #195 took up all traps. One fat 2 taken near S. end of John transit line. Little other sign activity. I have taken now to N. of fence the at least 2 have been seen out bay at W. side. Sphaerules growing fast & furnishes abundant green food now.

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