Journals of expeditions to Mongolia from 1919 to 1930

Andrews Aug 1919

Journal II Mongolian Trip. 1918-1919 Ray Chapman Andrews Namugin 納木鏡 hunted at Wu-shi-t'ao 37 120 32 45 111 1.00 100 6.00 owre chai 58 crp. Chai unes 1/6.5 3 £ 19.5.0 1919

219 K&T, [illegible] 3 Aug. 20 II " [illegible] Aug 21 - 6'4" - 5 1/4" - 24" - 9" - 17-8 5/8" III " 8jrs " " 55 - 4 - 19 1/2 - 7 - 40 1/2 IV Reckmark [illegible] Aug 22 - 46 1/2 - 1/2 - 14 3/4 - 5 1/2 - 31 F[illegible] Beck 9 " 24 33 1/2 - x - 12 3/4 - 4 - 23 1/4 Reckmark [illegible] 25 49 1/2 - x - 14 1/2 - 5 1/4 - 30 1/2 7 " 3 Aug 25. 8 " [illegible] 9 " q jrs" 10 II [illegible] 11 B[illegible] [illegible] 27 49 1/2 - 7 - 12 - 4 - 29 3 1/2 mngr of bunnies came Aug 16 - to Aug 28 3d mngr of bunnies came 19 - aft 9. m 4 aug 23 hunted 4 Lags Pancakes 10 table spoons flour 2 " sugar 1 teaspoon baking powder 3/4 salt mix together make batter with milk Aug 16 - Aug 7 . 1919 [illegible] Administrative Office Oggt. 3757 JUN 12 1953

Oct. 7 - Kang $30 Oct. 7 - Chai $25 Oct 20 - " Nov.18 - " Nov.20 - " 11.27 - " 2 Nov.12 5. 16 20 Nov.27 - $20 amort 2.70 + 5 + 2 - 1 Finalled to Dec.15 So owes me 10 400 R 4 Carnt Oct.11 -$30-Oct.27-$10-Nov.12- $30- House 26 Dunkey Dec 4-LM chairs at abt $19 $3 trap $50- = $1 = 165 cents Nov 1 day = $ = 159 corp 43 40 17.20 10 19 30)130|43 1200 100 19 30)25-0| 20 30) 43 1200 100 19 17.90 165 cash at 18 sh

The land rolled in placed waves to the far distances on every hand. There was like a calm sea which is disturbed only by the lazy progress of the long-wear swell. To my eyes, could be seen like the sails of built down ships black against the sky near where it met the earth. The earth itself seemed at first glance as flat as a table for its swells merged indistinguishably into a level while it was only when approaching ranges dropped for a little out of sight and these depressions swallowed, like the magic probits of engines, swallowed them up that one realized the movements of the lines scope. There is a charm about every day when we can walk into my let 't rain. When we hear the rain on a tent roof its pleasant sensation of eminently escaping nature's discomfort. There is not pleasure in being warm unless the day is cold; there is no fun in being cool unless the day is hot; and there is no fun in being dry unless the day is wet. This day was very wet wintered Starlight lay on the slender river. The pines raised their branches against a purple sky gloriously befriended. The chill air was sweet with nature's sustained exhalations, where surely breathed her richest merciful perfuming her waking place.

Aug 16 About 10 days ago three famous ride into our camp and after we could not figure out from his English explanation what they wanted we did learn that a contri-bution would be acceptable. We supposed that it was some sort of religious use. many while we were invited to contribute to such as football it was good policy and to become a patron of the activities of the community during which we had cabin up our temporary dwelling. So I gave them some money. It was not until three days ago that we discovered what it really was all about. The hunters had told us that they must return for two days hence when we started out. So explained by saying "Young give Sarva money. Ride jump all dance Poling - This men catch hold each other fall down" By a flash of intuition I decided that our attempts not to rally were threw a field day; that there were to be pony races and wrestling contests. I was rather pleased with myself for during the day it became more and more evident that I had guessed correctly. In fact confident that whatever was to take place would be well worth seeing a photographing because no matter how an event itself insignificant the actual subject matter

may be itself of any gathering of demons is certain to be present photographic possibilities, because of the picturesque costumes which are sure to be in evidence. The morning was a wonder of brilliance: a blue sky above, a dazzling sun and no wind. No day could have been more perfect for field sports. I went to eat up early with the movie camera + & accompanied by them, Kang & Lu Tanna. The boys were delighted for this holiday and went off as happy as children. My wife followed an hour later but when we arrived at their bachelor apartment we were told that the festivities would take place further up; the racing at the other sports & not begin till noon. So we rode both for Tiffani, at 12.30 I left alone. My wife for my. was very tired. I found all the monkeys gathered on the flat plain just at the base of the hill on which our end camp had been placed. Part way up the slope sat a row of Lamas in brilliant yellow robes with plates and ceremonial dishes before them. Fifty yards away, & there was a semi circle of men dressed in even more brilliant robes, among whom I recognized Samma Dorjie also he was red bedecked, but what I mentioned that I had to could hardly realize but was the same old fellow with whom we had first encamped. (A presumption of the same

use with assuming clothes of civilization. He would be even more as greatly surprised. Ordinarily if these garments representing the party of the community, were heaping bowls of cheese cut into tiny squares, The spectators who between the two ended from a yellow flag fluttered fairly from a tall staff. The spectators had consisted of two groups of women of half dozen each who sat in comfort means their but horns almost interlaced. Every one was dressed in festive costumes and it would be impossible to describe the costumes alike, they all followed the usual nymph feminine attire. Sure enough, wives and other girls were there of course. The young ladies I -- -- passed looking very much dressed up in their peaked hats. Why the two groups of women should have been so exclusive and kept so com- petely themselves, I cannot imagine for they sat a long distance apart and had no more intercourse with each other than as that they were not speak- ing terms. The first race was by about a dozen jumping boys boys from 14 to 16 yrs of age. And came up the field they swept by me on their way to the starting line, each one yelling in a --

uttering a wailing yell, indescribably barbaric. A few moments later they came back in full run, beating their horses and wailing even louder. The winner was led by two old mingles to the rows of yellow flowers before whom he knelt three times, while the men around a beautiful yellow flower its bowels in front of them. Then the scattered broadcast as he was conducted ceremoniously to the opposite semicircle of the earth where he was again knelt carried away by booping returned with palms shining with bits of cheese. The most interesting part of it however, was at once when all the men stop all lined up on their horses facing the towers and each one chanting singing a numinous chant. Then forming in line they circled about the towers, slowly at first, then faster faster until their horses were in a full run. After the race came wrestling contests, which as themselves were of little interest. The contestants separated for holds and when finally no grips endure to them each other by grasping the waist bands of their trousers suddenly hearing it was practically the same as the Japanese manner of wrestling.

As in this race the winner was conducted to the caravan where he made his two obeisances and then went to the Sumundurhi circle to receive his reward of cheese. The scene was in actual parts of themselves were neither remark able or very interesting but the scene as a whole was one of the most barbaric and picturesque that I have ever witnessed. The setting for it was perfect, with the grass covered snowhill on one side & on the other the dark forest clad mountains raising their uprisings in dark green masses. The bay circle of brilliant yellow carvans, faced by the old men of the valley dressed in yellow their brilliant robes & black turban hats, the women in their grotesque hair dress & flashing silver caps on the dark sandh of the jannies ridden by half wild boys; altogether all had a barbaric touch that well was thrilled of animation. I could picture this same scene 6 or years ago in the days of Kublaikhan when his name the mongol empire was the greatest that the world has ever seen. These same peaceful rolling red hills must have gazed down upon just such scenes in the peaceful valley at their foot when the white

8 sailed yachts day like gulls floating on a sea of grass. Even into the great Khan's empire was none of it held by force of arms in the ritual of fighting these new peaceful days when the wild riders followed the pursuit of peace. Effect and as the most rigid system makes effect as this had been, the customs of long years had suddenly been lifted and held to grant me a glance a glance behind the customs of 60 years with the privilege of carrying away no recent pictures all that I saw in that drama of mixed life. And for it felt that I was none than a spectator for we have all become identified with the life of the valley and been accepted by its inhabitants, we are animals just as they are. We come in to their summer meadows and pitch our tents more forest as they erected theirs amidst the open meadow beside the river. When the cold winds of approaching winter sweep down the valley they will move with all their flocks & herds and we will seek new hunting grounds. All the little community of our little valley are familiar & us now and each man on woman has a fair of greeting when we pass them. Not all had been contented at meeting another and have received the Krak canes or other adventures

To make them happy, and I have devoted many of them for real or fancied ills. Could I have really been able to bed, P. D's little daughter that had a bad case of - typhoid - whose zine treatment speedily cured. And my spirit has since never- fully affected by bruises & gunning for several attacks of fever. It supposes they are grateful, also we can never tell. They accept us all without a word of thanks other than 'sai', but their cordial acceptance of us as members of the community - is probably their way of expressing thanks. When the last wrestling match had ended the sports were over. At all things raised its flag, leading a procession of all the male population of the valley who rode in a circle about the seated Tawas, giving faster & faster with their barns and air canal galleys. Then all adjourned to the front of Mt. by the rebent men of the valley where a feast had been prepared. I was invited to attend but knowing from experience of Oriental feasts that the food would be ineatable & the drink worse, I begged to be excused and started home. But before left the old

Mandy who was born lent me out a great chunk of boiled mutton, a slice of cheese and a piece of dough fried in mutton fat, shaped like the sole of a shoe. This were helped on my hands and ride off with many "sais" of farewell. Aug 17 I rode up to S D's to make definite arrange- ments for the hunting trip & they agreed to go next morning. It is a continued source of annoyance true for he is so informally independent that I never can tell whether he will go or not when he says, he will. Day 18 We started at 9 p.m. with Mr. Chen Juma, S.D. the young hunter and rode up, the rovaly into north, for about 3 mi. then turned west over the net range (Kagasis) rasta. We came down an immense forest while studdles in an almost numberless line to the south went as far as we could see it was almost as dark as a wall and would be an impossible place in which to hunt for one could not see more than 50 feet in any direction. After Mr at last turned until now a wide valley and at once the country changed, on the east side of it was [newground] [illegible] hillside well patched with [forest?] an ideal place in which to hunt rapiti's. we followed it for about 4 miles and camped in a pretty grove of spruce on a little island formed by a division of the stream. it was evidently a favorite spot for them

new the remains of many fires and as the Trees were being felled, some of which were full hearts. This maples sheds a drag of long- tail from its branches of a huge spruce, which put a bit of old horns strewed the ground. S.D. indicated that it was the correct thing to draw a new a contribution of this sort at the end of a profitable hunt. It was an ideal camping spot, high dry with plenty of dead wood and also secluded as a camera. A hundred feet away or rather rather than it was invisible and sure for the stout wings of blue smoke which offered my from me fire one night there was no sight of our friends then. In note camp, furnished dinner by 7 o'clock and S.D. shouldered his rifle & a pack of skins & went out to spend its night watching at a salt lick in a meadow on the west of camp. There were three licks in the field, and about 250 feet away from each one a pit had been dug, but not with margined with grass & bushes & with a comfortable nest for the gun - for no man would attempt to shoot off hand. Then said that S.D. just said he was put in the licks but and then was certain that they had been frequently used. Aug 19 In the A.M., at 7 o'clock while I was drinking my coffee, S.D. came in & said that he had heard a noise.

back during thought that I had not come too late. I decided the young jungle came & go to the north on its rid, side, so started I went along the side of the valley show its patches of woods stretching the hill sides, while the younger branches striking over its rid. later next. I had not been gone more than an hour that just crossed across the lower end of a deep ravine when I heard a rapid bark close & whistled me. It was a harsh deep toned bark exactly like one I had heard in Korea and caused by a switch of riverigators called a 'transport' of bungle'. I turned almost to be naturally thrilled as due by an electric shock, and worked cautiously drop its rid side towards the sound. I believed it to be some distance away, further than it really was, & as I kept latter trips of the ridge bordering its rivers while I had crossed lower down a splendid bull wapiti rushed off down its trees. He had been standing on the very bottom of the ravine feeding on its tender grass. There was no chance to shoot because of the heavy cover from when I saw him again running along the side of its front on the hillside, there was such a screen of branches between us that a shot would have been useless. Cursing myself for all sorts of

but because I had not crawled more carefully to the summit of the ridge I found the animals trail until it was, and in the heavy forest. Also utterly disappointed it was encouraging to have seen a buck at so short a time, but I found no others during the morning; neither S. D. nor the young hunters had seen anything. Auntie managed herself around during the a.m. She went off with the young men to stay 2 or three days while I remained with S.D. at this camp. Aug 20 At 4 o'clock I was awakened by the patter of rain on the tent. It soon became a steady downpour and I turned over in my sleeping bag for another sleep, because there would be no hunting while the rain lasted. At 7 o'clock Chin who was cooking breakfast excitedly ran out to say that two rapids were mile half mile opposite camp. I got up rushed out to see countless sky but a doe & a fawn rapids just disappearing over the summit of the hill. Half an hour later they returned & I tried to stalk them but unsuccessfully. S.D. had seen them disappear in a patch of woods and at 10 o'clock we tried to drive them out. Instead a fine buck suddenly appeared down the red man and he killed it with one shot. It had begun to rain so earnest and we knew we were in for a day's storm.

but except for the fact that I was anxious to be at my hunting camp we had a delightful time of it. There is a charm about a raining day where one can sit comfortably and let it rain. The steady patter on the tent gives me the pleasant sensation immunities escaping extreme discomfort. There is no fun in being warm unless the day is cold, there is as much fun in being cool unless the weather is hot and there is as much fun in being dry unless the day is wet. This day was very wet indeed. We had several new "cat line boots", "slippers", "stairway monthly" from O'Henry's book on the men who told that age to keep us from being bored, and we could always eat. Then made us "chow chow" boiled beans a stewed fruit a perfect delicious new potlucks to be just where we were. Aug 21 to Aug. 2 The following days was a succession of delightful breaks in the morning and evening. After about 11 days of pleasant weather we would have a full day of rain when there was nothing to do but lay in camp & sleep or read. Never have I seen such remarkable weather, such calendar page changes from clouds and rain to brilliant sunshine. This morning the sky would be like a vast blue curtain

Y's noble Aug 26 a. m. fetched my with a half dozen billowy masses of snow-white clouds. Five minutes later the dark blue will have given place to a gray blanket stretched far over every inch of celestial space, darkness almost that of night will have filled the forest, and a flurry of rain drum on its tent. Hardly have I covered our drying skins—made all snug, fast when the clouds were have broken away and the sun will again be flooding our valley with the golden light of early autumn. For it is already autumn time, even this it is said only mid-August. The season corresponds with early October of a temperate climate, and we are already having nightly frosts which make the leaves sometimes flower and turn the leaves to yellow & gold. In the morning when I cross the valley to the mt. forests, this glass is white with frost and crackles beneath my foot like delicate shivering threads of spun glass. My moccasins are white with powdered snow-frost but at the first trick of the sun, valley & forest become shifting are dripping as from a heavy rain. My feet & legs, waist though are cooked in half an hour and I retire to camp at the end of the hunt as wet as tho' I had waded a dozen rivers. One can not move in foot in northern Mongolia without the certainty

of a thorough wetting. Even when the dew has dried there are innumerable springs & streams in every valley & in the most arid places on the hill side. The whole country must be full of springs from the valleys to the very out community. It is thus I suppose with heavy rainfall & short season which is responsible for the luxuriant grass and the host of magnificent flowers. From June to August the valley hills & mountains are covered with life a marvellous garden and the woods ablaze with color. Blue bells, clustering so thickly that their stalks bent under the weight of blossoms carpet the open spots with a sheet of azure - to score of other flowers, plowers of every rainbow hues racing about like sparkles among the grass. Of them all I think I think I liked best, the wild poppies. Their pale yellow faces are so they have a delicate fragile beauty also which is wonderfully appealing. They are like the alabam poppies which look up so happily from the storm swept hills of the Priverfields. At Mega on the Argun - we there are said to be countless berries, but I have not seen them here Save for a diminutive patch of strawberries.

and few raspberries on a hillside near our main camp, the little fruit which the country has afforded us has been red currants. But even those are so exceedingly sour that they set us to work and require with a quantity of sugar to make them pal- table that they have given us little pleasure. But for all its lack of fruit it is a country of exceeding beauty. The dark spruce forests border now them by a grove of poplars or a silvery birch, the beautiful valleys and the rounded and summits are as wild and prime, as nature made them and seem untrodden by its devastating hand of man. Only the blackened trunks of fire swept patches indicates that a human has ever trod the wilderness. In certain spots a few trees have been felled for lumber but these are few, far between, and the beauty of the forests have not been marred. I wonder how long they will remain untouched! Certainly not many years after the Grubi Desert has been crossed by dunes of steel and [illegible] railroad sheds have replaced the gold roofed temples of Therga. I hope I shall not have to see it then, for there are left

18 far too few of the glorious cities of ancient days and the salt tax have scarred the faces of nature's most remote children. A dozen years ago, I saw them on the edges spite vast Mandarin forests rain forest borders along the Yaloo River, I saw the beginning of their devastation. I am told that today, but the slopes were passed long ago and that the very heart of the wilderness is yielding up its aged trees. To stand in the summit of a hill as I did last night and gaze across the miles -- miles of wild man- whim green it would seem that here there was an inexhaustible supply of wood. But no more precious than was ever coined than "inex- haurisble supply"! There is only so much water in the ocean and every bucket full which is removed, makes it so much less. But I can enjoy myself that this certain death of these glorious forests will not come while I am still young enough to roam the wilderness and perhaps our children's children will have done through force of circumstance the restless spirit of the wild which dares not cut enter the great unknown. In all our wandering in Mongolia

these fruits of have seen no evidence of occupation by its neighbours than ward within except from chance pits why should any one thought have come to this minute spot to become clearance for the thrum in thga market I can not imagine; anyway they certainly decided that it was a waste waste of energy for its pits had been aban- doned only ago. One morning while I was wandering than its works far up for the valley I heard a trapiti bark, instantly it was answered from across its opposite nut. nut and again from another far away. The first me was near me - behind them, I stalked the animal breathlessly but only had the pleasure of seeing it come for to fly opening in its front & disappear so into a ravine. A few moments later he barked again far below; he was on his way to answer that challenge of his rival across the stream and that was hopeless, I went to the edge of the forest, if for a long ten minutes of the road's opposite slope, but there was not another sound of the animals. That same a.m. only a short dist ance from where I sat S.D. had come upm a cow 'trapiti' feed with herself. He had killed them both and returned to camp. Finding me gone the others

sound asleep, he had gone out again. When he returned at 7 o'clock we sat about the fire for 1½ hr before he made known his good fortune. Then he became quite excited and was beaming, as much as it is possible for his marble like face & beard, when I returned. We had breakfast and all went to the spot in the woods where the animals lay, to skin them & prepare them. It was a four hours job and I did not return till 3 P.M. The animals had almost finished shedding given us their short gray winter coats; this was Aug. 21. The Northwick shore already begun to shed or that there is very little time left in summer for a collector to obtain proper skins. The new coat has not come on till June 15 & begins to go by Sept to mid Aug, - only two months of purple hair. S.D. very carefully saved the stomach parts of the intestines. From this portion he makes a bag in which to carry milk or other liquids & the re- estines he inflates, dries & uses for containers of butter. The teatums he dries & sells also. Others sell to Chinese. Our big Chin, was greatly interested

Trekki Swiss dogs 21 in obtaining them I also lost the fat tail with speckle ears. The latter he says is an esteemed foot delicacy in Padding - worth 3 per sausage! and it was a most remarkably looking object. In due P. M. the young hunters who the morning had gone off to hunt by themselves returned empty handed. The young fellow was made even faster because he said they had found a bear & he had badly wounded it. His gun jammed on the next shot and the berrard had escaped. I spent a night at a salt lick just on the valley meadow outside the camp but nothing came to sight's the night before a big maphile had been there ased dug up its ground. The animals just sorta, not salt, in the licks - A mat that has been dry amid its grass 40 feet away from its lick, a framework of sticks built for a genrest and it's while concealed in grass and bushes. I put myself with my four sleeping bag and watched all night. It was an intense sky and the valley was as dark and silent as a tomb. There were none of the usual night sounds - not even the note of a sleepy bird. Strangely enough there are remarkably

few birds to be seen in this region. The forest is almost deserted except for the jays, a few small birds, "hazel grouse" and esperracelle. The latter are really very abundant. I have found them feeding in the openings around the forest near its reel. Sometimes about every 9 or 10 The males are always alone -- that is, the f's are not with them. Sometimes two or three f's will be near each other to get up with each a war of wings that it sounds like an eagle going turn the forest. They are not specially wild and I could have good sport with a short gun. The f's are usually with their young in the valley bottoms at the edges of the woods. The chicks are now strong on their wing and the size of franci group. The hazel hens are the size of a ruffed grouse and both here with heavy feet -- these birds of the two birds are very similar. When flushed they will usually fly a short distance alight on a tree top. The f's have a gray body, lurched with black points, a whitish breast barred with black & a black band on the tail near its end. I trust I have seen a few black woodpeckers which I believe to be the Arctic 'White' Peck - I saw two big black fellows with a red crest

probably the European species is similar to the one I got in Kenya. Black grouse are rather rare but it bare of course no hunting them, I have seen about half a dozen. I left the selfick at the first sign of dawn (3.30 a.m.) and by Hoilsh was on the N. side across the valley from camp, I heard a crapier bark but did not find it and after oilsk began to work down the side of a deep ravine. When I was 2/3 rds down I suddenly saw a roebuck on the opposite site quietly feed, he was entirely unconscious of my presence and dropped into the bushes toward till he felt sure moved into the open. When I saw his red body appear from behind a bush I fired. The buck went three times & kicked viciously then got his feet certainity. I fired again & he went down for good. Rather the second shot was unnecessary but I have lost so many wounded animals in this heavy forest that now I never take a chance and if a deer runs off at all I shoot again for safety's sake. The deer was a splendid buck with large antlers, one of which had been slightly injured in yester gves but to the side. I smoked a cigarette while I admired his beauty & then bended

slowly homeward. Later I rode out on my ponies short in the deer. We had two days of rain which were superfluous except for a mule deer- The animal was in poor condition for its long summer coat - brown with indistinct white spots - was only partially shed. When I cleared Sam D. Other hunters went off for a two day hunt while I stayed hunted at the old camp. I did some hard work but heard only my captive birds saw two mule deer. These little fellows lay on the summits of the ridges in heavy forest. I could catch a glimpse of one or two as it leaped behind a bush, constantly dropping to the ground. I remained motionless and soon I heard a loud pop squeeze - then another from a little to my side. I could hear its deer circle about squealing excitedly but even though it was only ten feet away it was invisible in the thick brush. Finally its curiosity seemed satisfied, and it ran off without giving out another sight of it. The same thing happened the next day and again the little deer ended about within underbrush where I could not see it. S.D. Other hunters returned after two days with a mule deer. Good luck, and I lost four three of them were shedding badly but one

dog was still in good pelage. We moved camp that day to the juncture of the valleys 3 or 4 miles away. It was fine weather but the next day it rained hard. S. D. The y, however went off up a branch valley to hunt about within the forest. So heavy that it was useless & I saw nothing. They returned finally with a fawn roebuck male, & a yearling wild pig (female). She was a perfect gemmer and in fine pelage this; the roebuck had lost all but a few split red hairs in his short brown winter coat. We decided that it was necessary to go to Uiga to find out about returning to Peking and so returned to camp on Aug. 28. We expected to go to Uiga on the following day, but S. D. promised to go there meet us there & our young lamas we discovered had been making such a wholesale squeeze from us that we could no longer talk them into it. He had played his game too cleverly and not content with squeezing us had ex- tended it to the Chinese servants also. In fact everything they purchased from us he gets out of him a commission. He made a fatal mistake in this for while the Chinese were perfectly content to have us work, they did not relish its extent or its terms. The result was that Chen ordered our entire

story and I had it again from S. D. The little wretch had told the hunters that he insisted upon knowing the number of a deer they had killed after I had expressly said I did not want it. He had charged me double for everything he had purchased a merrier transaction with the hunters, which we had had done before. Moreover, he had neglected our horses, tied them so they could not eat, lost one saddle & in short, had become a thoroughly useless little devil. I have never seen such a complete debasement in the value of a man. On the plains he was all that one could ask, eager, interested, brisk working reliable & a pleasant companion. The day we left Unga for our trip into the woods this slump began at once since he has been getting steadily worse, but his end is near for when the trip is over we will have a final reunion and while he will learn the value of being honest + of treating a foreigner squarely. When we left the hunters to ride into our main camp it was 3 o'clock of a lowering afternoon. There had been rain about a m. but we trust it had ceased for that day, so were hardly slowed however before the sky began to darken. On the next summit which rises one could see a grey veil while rapidly drew near. In ten minutes it reached us and we were in a deluge of hail. The stones were the size of peas and fell on an

Horses till they were frantic with pain & fright, & their wild faces they didn't need from the icy pellets which were driven like a gally wind. Fortunately the storm was almost over and we could go on till we reached the shelter of the heavy forest half mile ahead, Almost as suddenly as it had swept upon us the vast game place & rain and our feet's legs were drenched. —————————— under the skirts of our rain coats. It was a deadly cold note & camp and almost black night when we reached them at 7 o'clock, we had let the Lama stay around an hour later. then drove on with its pack animals and how they ever managed to find their way thru the swamp, across the river & to the camp is mystery to me for the darkness was so intense that it seemed almost like a dead black wall, To Kang had gone to bid welcome arrived but we rounded them out & warmed ourselves in their tent while to make comfiters corn meal pancakes. There we seemed to have been a bottomless pit in each of us, which no amount of food could ever fill and until we were satisfied did we pitch our tent & crawl into our fur bags. The next day, white was bright and cold windy we spent in preparing specimens to take to the city. In fact we, a jungle where we had formerly employed as a boatman but in a young cow moose which we purchased for $7. The Lama tried to extract 20 from us, half of which he

would have hurt himself, but he went on to his career and conducted negotiations success fully by means of signs + the few words of English that he had learned. We left camp at 5 o'clock in the morning of Aug. 30 for our ride into Ilija. Chen T'ang who looked good to us with them at the small cart loaded with specimens which we were to leave at A.T.M. Co's gardens, it was as perfect a fall day as one could wish - warm sun, cloudless sky & no wind. The grass had just begun to show a fringe of yellow mixed green but among the trees patches of vivid gold & red glowed in the sunlight among the darker green of the juniper species. Our day was as uneventful as the last time we travelled there, and had been freed of trouble + discomfort. The area where what was then swamps a series of mud pools was now hard dry ground. Even with the cart we made the 40 miles to Mai - ma - chen in one day + reached the manors house just at dark. There we found Mr. & Mrs. Sudauer who had come up for the water, and the manors hastily put us up for the night. S.D. had already arrived, having come by a short cut on the mts, + he'd gone on to visit Ilija. The following day we sent the cart on to Ilija & my 2 went on also. I found S.D. at Ahyasun and Sudauer but in both cases tiresome. There to my delight + intense surprise, I found

Mr. Mrs. McCallee who had arrived ten minutes earlier from Kelgarn. They had joined the, Coltmans, who had not at our moment's interest in the Kingdome Trading Co., and were to spend the winter in Vega. I struck it has never been more delighted to see any one than I was to see the McCallees. He is a regular fellow' and she is a 'regular girl'. They had lost my manuscript & some other things, for us from Kelgarn and I felt like hugging my little gun, it is a wonderful thing there's a rifle which you know without when you hold at a rest gives after critical moments for that is the time when a gun always goes game, if it has the habit at all. I pulled in their car went me to Vega with St. Mac's. Susander had rented a house not far from A M & Co for the M.T. Co. and we all met there, but They invited us to camp and with them as long as we were in Vega. Olphen was giving a lunch party but without characteristic hospitality of the Far East he included us four new arrivals and tho' he came only half an hour before time. Mac was fresh from the desert with a week's growth of beard this field clothes offset noise which would otherwise have appeared rather conspicuous among the white colors of its other guests. Before lunch I had a talk with S.D.

'Manner & Colson Jensen. The old devil wanted such an enormous price for the skins of the animals he had killed, even though he had given them all their meat that I had to quit him. He asked $2 per day wages & $20 for every large mapiti; all the skins are only worth 4 or 6 on the market. The old man was as independent as usual and preferred to quit the greed meantime we had found a way rather than reduce his demands by a single dollar, it certainly is an impossible person to work with. Manner says he is late among mapiti hunters, & in the first place they will rid themselves of any white man to the best hunting grounds no matter what wages they are paid. He would not have shot a bull mapiti; on all probability none if he had seen me. When the mapiti horns are mature velvet they are worth about 20 dollars. He would argue that it would be foolish to let me get one when the next spring he might get it himself - and so it is with other things to a certain extent. The smaller antelopes out there are not valuable as medicine, as are the mapiti; but nonetheless the Kanyaga prefer to keep their own hunting grounds for themselves. It is hard to deal with men who care so little for money as J.D. does and yet he is a regular Jew when it comes to

charging for his services. Old J.D. got himself into a fine scrape a few years ago, he decided that the crape in the Prado de must be of a superior quality & no smaller for a hunt, he built a fine flag but it was some guards heard the shot and surrounded him, the old fellow ran --- into a ravine piled with huge boulders, when he heard them approaching, and hid himself so completely that the farmers could not find him. So they tried a ruse which worked successfully. Knowing that he could probably hear them, they called out that it was merely to hunt for the old man, & that they would go back. They withdrew into the forest but kept the ravine surrounded & after about this J.D. ventured out only to be caught by the farmers. I think He was buried several times carried mechanics M.G., for some days he remained with --- --- --- --- --- but it is crazy & did a lot of work and eventually he recovered. He was almost sentenced to a year in an asylum for terrible murder, coping but upon the intervention of Salmon Jensen, he it was committed and except for the fact that he had to go about with a wooden thing around his neck for several

weeks, he escaped. I doubt if even his narrow escape dastened his independent spirit and I would venture wager almost certainly that he will shoot other deer or forget to wipe the dice. Speaking of coffins reminds me of what I saw one day about a hundred yards from his house. It was attracted by 3 big heavy wooden boxes—about 6 x 4 by 2 feet standing beside the road, in each was a round hole about 6 inches in diameter. As we stopped we saw a human face appear at the hole in the split box. I was tormented to find that each coffin contained two men. Not only was they confined, but each one had wrists manacled palms together and an enormous chain about the neck. The links of the chain were at least 4

which are not nice, when wandering around the world but both Mac and I were found to risk at throught and the hurt of of this torture those poor watches are undergoing. These coffins men we were told could consider themselves lucky that their coffins allowed to remain out side in the open air. Some few grams of persons, some men are confined in similar coffins in a dungeon under the jail where in pitch darkness. Here they have to remain one or two years and in some cases for life. Even in winters the coffins are left outside in temperature which falls as low as -60 F. Of course, the minutes often die, but what matter! There are so many less charges for the guarders to attend to. The jail itself which is only a short distance almost the Ministry of War and Foreign affairs as a most awful looking structure from the out- surrounded by a high strokeary of sharp railings side, and if reports are true its interior of the devices for permanent whirls it contains are worthy its but efforts of Louis XI of France That charming king had cages, not decent ones, in which the prisoner could neither sit upright nor lie at length. Nor did he prefer in these confined himself to members of his justiced list of minerals could mediate upon their

sins. But they could not have been worse than the jungle coffins in which the inhabitants sit with chains about their necks in perpetual darkness. I have seen few if any foreigners in Unga who have ever seen the interior. I am a privileged visitor and I for me would care to go. The sight of these prison inmates in open air coffins - privileged prisoners as it was - was quite enough for me. It is quite another matter to view the implements of torture which we see in the ancient prisons of Venice, for we realize that those are all things of the long dead past, and their real rig- oripience hardly penetrates thru the veil of years. They make us shiver rather delightfully but did not stir any curiosity until the Germans showed us that barbarism in their race, at least, is only covered by a thin veneer of culture, that I could not feel that such things belonged to the present anywhere in our living world. But here in Mongolia, where we see such beastly devices for punishment openly displayed upon its streets, one can not but shiver to think of what implements of torture are hidden from the light of day. I see, in China, its deadly, no cuts where a living man was slowly gaspedly carried to prison, has only been arrested for a dozen years or so. And the banner case when atrocities

slowly has his neck stretched until he expires in mirth agony, the one is still a very real part of the present. And only last November I heard of an extraordinary story from a British Press Corps Recruiting officer at Hanbury Park. The father of a Chinese recruit who had recently re- turned from France, one day appeared at the office to obtain the money due his son. He was asked why the boy himself did not apply. He remarked casually "Oh he burnt him yesterday" Upon investigation the recruiting officer discovered that the corps was known as a "bad egg" in the village; when he returned from France the elders of his village and his father had counselled them. They decided that the boy would probably join the brigands who were managing the country and lead them at an attack against the his home village. Therefore he should be restrained in some way. But how to do it was the question, for they objected to purely killing him. So it was decided, that the boy without consulting the principal and the same, that the best way was to bury him alive. Therefore, with the sanction of the village elders, this our points, he was forthwith returned.

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Kiwi barn ching trip Friday Oct. 90 Left Peking with Harry Caldwell at 8:30 A.M. on the Peking-Sanyuan line for Feng-tung. The trip was like all other travelling in these trains and we rode mostly in the dining cars. At Kulgan where the train halted for 15 min., we were met by Chas. Colman who had a new model tent for our servants, which had been made at Kulgan. We reached Feng- tung the end of the P.R. at 9:30 P.M. in a drizzling rain. After being questioned by three Chinese soldiers as to the object of our visit we went to a good inn a few hundred yards from the station. The soldiers were extremely pleasant and polite, a great exception to the general run of the breed, and seemed satisfied when we told them we were on a shooting trip for ducks & geese. Our passports had not been vised for Shansi nor did we have gum permits (a new regulation) but we were confident that we could bluff our way. I have learned after considerable experience that the least effort to do with officials when travelling in the interior of China, the less one will suffer from annoyance. The magistrates are so fearful lest some harm befall a foreigner travelling in their district & they themselves will thereby get into difficulties with those 'higher up' that immovable and usually fictitious objections are forthcoming.

as to why the foreigner should not proceed into the interior. About half a dozen years a band of robbers had been reported from the Kwei. Monthly Kwei hwa drug stations were burned without ships. There was some truth in the report as I cearned for Mr. Colman that he had deadly wounded away by the brigands when they were hunting there 3 or 4 years before and the soldiers had had several battles with the brigands. The result was that the district was considered to be exceedingly unsafe and neither the Chinese Foreign Office nor the district magistrates would grant permits for travelling in the Kwei hwa cheng region. Therefore we were careful not to cross the boundary. Our plan was to give a wide berth to any place where officials were quartered. The Fung ching yamen runners seemed satisfied with our explanations, since a number of people were arriving from the north and a number of foreigners were taking short trips away from the rail road. We had hoped to get away the day following our arrival in Fung cheng but bad weather had not affected it, for my experience had taught me that there is an inevitable delay on gaining costs or making arrivals whenever

52 overstarts for a trip into the interior. Saturday was a lovely day, a pouring rain and freezing cold. The streets were rivers and lakes it must have been. The landlord of the inn had promised to obtain a cart & riding ponies but said none were far away coming. He kept assuring me that they would arrive soon at any moment but at noon when I finally pinned him down he admitted that he had made no efforts to obtain any. "It is raining too hard" was his excuse. -The usual thing- instead of telling me that he did not want to bother, he had to do about it, typically Chinese! So we started out to dig up the animals for ourselves. We finally found three riding ponies which we purchased for 100 after two hours of hard haggling. They were not bad animals but of course we had to pay more than they were worth. We expected that if a Chinaman knows you want anything in a hurry, it is not too bad. But there he does not differ much from other races! The horsemen agreed to have a cart with 3 mules ready for us at 10 next morning. We were to pay $3.50 per day. I knew of course that they would not arrive at the hour agreed upon & was equally surprised when they turned up at 1:30 P.M., But they had those 'claws'! Then I had an hour's chat & around up them for the afternoon, so we did not get away till 4 P.M. until bad, considering

the way things usually go in China ! I had really not reflected to get started until the next day. But even if it was late P.M. a start of some sort was desirable for otherwise it indeed all * have had to be done over again in the A.M. Getting out of the city with the cart was a problem for the roads were unbelievably bad. Simply lakes of liquid mud on which our cart sank to its hubs. Outside Beyond the city the plain was almost as bad, but we splashed along until 7.30 at night. If I had been dark [illegible] for an hour when we finally reached an inn. The doors to the compound were shut barred but by dint of pounding we elicited and answer from the far interior. But we made a mistake by allowing them to talk before the cart arrived. This Peking dialect showed at once that he was a stranger & the inn keeper would not open the door. Finally he simply retired & left us hammering four heart's content. Fortunately there was another inn not far away where our cater was known & we were given entry without difficulty. We had long day over bad roads and just before dark crossed a pass then a low mt. range. On the very summit we discovered a flock of chukkar but our guns were on the cart. The mist lay so close that it was

almost impossible to put them up. We came down the pass on the other side feeling our way and finally reached a long winding cut between the rocks which took us out upon the plain, north of the Tai Nai, Lake Lhoo. Thence we came than the pass fine rows of geese passed over, flying low, the black wedges showing black against the star lit sky. We were ahead of its cart and tried vainly to run only to find them full. Finally we managed to beat ourselves a small room in the last inn, close by the lake and went to bed after a late supper with the musical clamor of thousands of wild fowl lulling us to sleep. Tues. (Oct. 14) At daylight we turned out and hurried to the lake shore. Harry took a station away from the water at the base of the hills while I dropped behind some clumps for the evaporation of salt. Hardly had I got in position before two geese came straight for me. I waited until they were almost above my head and knocked both down with a right & left. The shots set thousands of birds in motion, flock after flock of geese rose into the air and long lines of ducks skimmed close to the water settling away from shore or on the mud flats near the waters edge. Passant birds came near me and

after 15 minutes returned to the inn for breakfast, Harry appeared shortly after with a mallard duck. We got the carts started by 6 o'clock & with them behind our horses rode down the shore of the lake to the south. The mud flats were dotted with hundreds of muddy sheld ducks, their beautiful red brown bodies & white glowing patches shining like patches of autumn leaves in the sun light. Half a dozen swans drifted a hundred yards from shore dropted about like some floating snow banks and ducks: & geese by thousands rose & settled on the lake. I saw a flock of ducks alight in the short grass on a marshy spot and when I got to stalk them 50 or 600 teal green teals, yellow rails and pintails went up in a brown cloud. For two hours, crawled behind the salt mountains we had good shooting and then rode up to join the carts, one pony's loaded with ducks & geese. The real swing about the north end of the lake and across the mountains farms we saw as whole army of geese coming in from their summer breeding grounds in Kingsha & far Siberia. Regiment after regiment swift past, circled away to the west and dropped into the water as two following the commands of a field marshal: The ball

56 There was no time for more shooting, and indeed we had all the game we needed, some kept in after the carts. Oct. 18-16-17 Wed-Thurs-Fri These three days were misty steady travelling varied now then by excursions into the fields after a stray flock of geese. The country through which we passed was continuous but the village life was interesting; in almost every hill side were colonies of cave dwellers - houses dug into the brown loam, with a door window to get light & air and there less caves are dry warm and certainly the most satisfactory dwellings possible while to live. They spread all the way from Fung-cheng to the end of our journey and beyond are exceedingly picturesque. They are exactly like those in Hunan, and indeed the whole region in its general aspect was like that interior province. The inns were not bad, as inns go, and are a wonderful improvement on those of Honan and southern China as are all the inns of the north. When we used to speak of the filthy inns of Central & Western Southern China the people of Peking seemed greatly surprised that we found them so very bad, and after travelling in the north

57 we learned the lesson. The last day (Fri.) we reached the Kumri - Ma - ching plain which stretches away in undulating waves like the Aereal Monghla, except for its extensive cultivation. Wheat, millet, + Barley are the chief corps but near every village there are vegetable gardens in which cabbages, carrots, potatoes & turnips are grown. On the plain we had good sport & excellent collecting; shooting gerbils - little sand rats which make their holes in every mound or field dyke along its raid. The holes are about 2" in diameter and close together. The colonies are usually separated by a considerable interval but the animals are exceedingly abundant. The little fellows were playing about out the sunlight, running out & out of their holes & industriously carrying food & straw into their dens. We killed them with our guns, bands or they would let us approach to within 20 or 30 feet. Before they whisked under ground. But almost immediately their heads would appear from another opening & their bright little eyes would stare at us unblinkingly,

At the first sudden moment they were murdered again but if we raised our guns very slowly they would remain quiet but the next, then it was needed quick work to save them before they struggled out of the holes. At 3.30 we reached the picturesque walls of Kumi-hua-ching and swinging about to the north across the plain beyond the mountains where we could see a white trail zig-zagging up into a ridge, this trail had been visible for ten miles at least and at its base we had been told we would find the village of Wu-Shi-tzu where the Chinese hunters lived. Harry, Chai & I rode ahead to the village, and reached it which is about 25 li from Kumi-hua-ching. I found a miserable little man, The first house in the village, and together made arrangements for the night. While waiting for the cart we went up the hill to the house of the famous hunters of whom I had heard from Sir Richard Dane, Captain Boothby. We found them easily enough and he agreed to go with us the following morning after sheep.

Sat. Oct. 18 The past week had been one of beau- tiful days and we expected a sunny bright morning, but instead the light broke on a gray cloudy slowly gleaming through a heavy blanket of gray clouds. Transit of all a severe gale was blowing and it was as cold as an arctic winter, I knew it was more less a blight but when the range around, we started set up the rothy rain bed on the wall opposite valley toward the white trail. Sometimes the climb would have been cloud's play in a quiet day but with the wind in our faces it was well more impossible to walk at all. When we finally reached the [illegible] of a spur met a gale from the other tide which literally lifted us off me but blew us back against the rocks. It was like the wind which always sends upward from the sea in the Pali in Honolulu and we could not breathe when our lungs were dry. The cold was terrible but we struggled on for we have been to have our first glitch of the ship, of which we had heard so much. We stood it until 1 B.M. when it was evident to hunt.

Emge was unders, the sun well might freeze when we turned back along another ridge which running off to the north, would bring us back to camp. On the way we separated and in minutes afterward Harry this young man I hunted sent up a goral which he killed after shooting it three times. I accidentally learned how much goring a goral needs for I believe it can carry as more lead than any other hoofed animal of its size. Sunday Oct. 19 We railed today for it was another cold raw morning and failed to settle where we would camp permanently. We had planned a partition tents in the courtyard of a half ruined temple at the base of the white trail but the question of fuel was a difficult one to solve. I had asked me had been told in the village that we could buy plenty of wood and no problem where to earth it came from for the mountains we had seen no signpost of anything resembling even a bush. When I asked for have a load of wood sent to us, he discovered that the word 'concrete' is busy

bundles of tiny twigs about 12" long, which had been gathered in the mud, in other words into the bed. While the villagers burn grass, rather much strips which are marked by a willows, The twigs were little more than grass & it would require tons of it to cook 4 sheep nor warming our tent, So the idea of this shall be ab- andoned and I decided to rent some rooms in a Chinese house in the village & send me to somewhere else for coal. I found a small house at which we got 3 rooms and moved there quite afternoons. This morning was little better than yesterday--in the way of weather for a strong wind was blowing from a lowering sky. We started out nevertheless on the direction we had taken & at, but further up the path I saw no sheep until some when my horse glimpsed a big rain just as it disappeared over a peak opposite of us. We never saw it again. We have reached some grassy uplands a few moments later in which patches of snow lay in the

hollows them separated, Harry put on over the uplands while my hunter swung sharply to the east along the summit of a ridge, still hunting for the same he had seen --- before. He It had a hard climb but saw no deer. On from the summit of a knife like ridge I dropped a stone into a deep ravine and out leaped that roebuck which had been feeding directly beneath me point of right. I snapped at the buck as he disappeared around a corner of rock but missed. It was a great surprise to me to find roebuck in country such as this where there is no cover of any kind, in Korea and Burma where I have hunted them they have never been far away from heavy point but here exactly the habits of the Virginia deer at home. But here they frequent the bottoms of the deep ravines when there is not a bush area 2 feet in height. They seem have totally changed their mode of living partially having gradually adapted themselves to the decreasing forest.

until now they live under conditions as unlike their normal habitat as could well be imagined. It is this adaptability which has preserved the species under the advance of civilization. Not long after that part out the three rebels we descended to the river bed and climbed the opposite ridge. Suddenly the hunter stopped as two finger prints in tracks a whispering

except other animals and I killed them I fired again, the deer leaped into the air turning a complete back summers ault, it fell in a heap. At once fine dew, the back white shiver shimmering the animal, the buck whose I had just missed circled about us with the summit of the ridge but would not give a shot. Even the most exacting person could not have asked for a more perfect day than was given us when game and ride both crowded at half past five. The air was sharp fresh and the sky was cloudless, there was not a breath of wind, we rode across the rocky foot of the ravine standing our horses at the base of that into began the long climb up the slope. We were two thirds of the way to the top when my hunter stopped, pointed upward and whispered "Pan-yang". There on the very summit of the ridge stood a magnificent tree silhouetted against the sky. Its great horns curved about a head as firmly held as that of a Roman warrior, as it gazed down into the valley to the dark blue ridge of its opposite mate. Crossed mountains on the trail we watched the same for half an hour. He was far beyond

Splendid scenery 65 the range is even our high-power rifles but through binoculars we could see even the spots of his yellow tawny of gray patches upon his hump and shoulder, which age had flecked when many summers had marked with gray. It was my first sight of an argali and I marveled at its size. The animals body was half again as large as that of a drubby and infinitely more powerful. Placed side by side with any of our Rocky Mt sheep, it would have made them look like half grown babies. At last the splendid rain turned slowly and deliberately tracked along the crest of the range and disappeared. We were mucky but instantly making our way up the steep slope but it was half an hour before we reached its summit. The sheep was nowhere in sight but I found his tracks leading down on a trail which led down a knife like ridge to the bottom of another valley. My hunter said that he presume the rain had crossed to the opposite cuts and so my course then was no recourse except to follow him, altho it meant a stiff climb of at least 100 feet. At the creek we separated, Harry

66 and his young hunter [illegible] heading for a ravine which ran up little clefts, but a little to the left, while my orange [illegible] myself climbed to the crest halfway of a ridge. He had not been parted for more than fifteen minutes when Bang bang bang went Harry's rifle, 3 times in quick succession, the reports rolling from and the gorge in majestic drains of soundless [illegible] drawing them selves and countless echoes among the jagged rocks across the stream. A moment later my hunter made out three sheep scrambling over the crest of the ridge above where Harry stood but they were too far for many [illegible]. Then after an interval a voice fluted distinctly from out the canyon limit, "I've got a fine ram" it said, "a beauty" and I could hear the happy ring in it even at that distance. "Good for Harry" I think he certainly deserved it after his [illegible] last shot" for he had come his half dead only after dark. He had seen eight sheep, [illegible] an exciting chase but not being accustomed yet to the clear atmosphere he had

find at impossible ranges and draw a blank. Just on this way home his hunter had seen a large white ram, which was age carrying his enormous pair of horns climbing to a mid-side they had followed it to the summit only to lose it in to gathering darkness. I did not go over to where Harry had killed his sheep for it was already 10 o'clock and if I expected to get a ram it was high time to be about my days work. Mr climbed to the top point peak, after downingly glanced at the lower ridges off with lift, and there found a trail which led about along the mt side of just below the crest. It I am hour and kept on, stopping now then to scan the passes ravines & valleys which radiated outward in all directions. At half past eleven as we rounded a broad rocky shoulder I saw four sheep feeding in the bottom of a gorge far below me. In an instant my hunter & I dropped behind a crest a watch them. They see quite our conscious of our presence they were worked out of the ravine across a low ridge & into a deep gorge where the grass still showed a tinge of green. so we last modifed and over thridge

me dashed down the slope I came up just along the sheep. With my glasses I could see that the leader carried a pair of horns, but that the other three rams were small as angels go. Lying flat I pushed my rifle over the crest and aimed at the biggest ram. There was four tiny bush stalks there directly in my line of sight and fearing that they might turn the bullet, I drew back shifted my position a few feet to the right. One of the rams must have seen something, as they were almost directly above them, and instantly they were off. In four jumps they had disappeared around a shoulder of rock giving me hint as to why a hunted shot as the last one vanished from sight. The bullet struck a few inches behind the ram, and the belly was empty. Looking down where they had been so quietly feeding only a few moments before, I called myself all known varieties of a fool for having shoot when the shoulder was good cover this the twig might have deflected the bullet. I felt very badly.

needed for two, now it was my first chance at an argali. But the sympathetic bed hunter patted me on the shoulder and said "But you go in your mind. They are small restaurants -- not worth seeing" But they seemed very much worth taking to me and all the light seemed to fade out of the world." I smoked a cigarette or two but that was no consolation in it and I followed the hunter around the peak on a well beaten trail to the opposite side of the valley with a heart as heavy as lead. I was very keen for a sheep I had not all hope of getting me that day. I half an hour we sat down for a look around, I had gone over every ridge & ravine without seeing any sign of life. The hunt had found that dead disappeared as completely as did me of the yawning gorges had swallowed them up. The great valley, bathed in golden evenlight, was deserted and as silent as the tomb. I was also just tearing the wrapper off a piece of chocolate when the hunter "touched" me on the arm & said quietly "Pan-yang-li" (a sheep has come). He pointed down to a ridge running out at right angles to the line in which we were sitting but I could see nothing. I still

70 with my glasses I scanned every square inch of rock but still no sight of life. Then the hunter said "There standing on that trail - he will come right to us" I tried again following the trail as it wound from us along the side of the temple like a ridge, and just before it vanished miles off I saw the shape, a splendid rare standing like a statue of gray brown granite, gazing squarely at us. He was fully half a mile away but the hunter had seen him the instant he appeared. Without my glasses the animal was nearly a blur to me and I doubt never have dreamed it was a living creature but the marvellous eyes of its nostril detected its every movement. "It is a very large one" he said "and has big horns much better than those others". That was quite alright but the others had given me a shot & this ram, splendid as it was, seemed as unattainable as the stars. For an hour we matched him. Now & then he would turn about & look across the prairies on either side or behind and once he came a dozen feet toward us along the trail. The hunter seemed quite unconcerned anyhow & gave him then looking through my glasses

"It is the same name we saw this morning" Said he "after awhile he will go to sleep, then we can shoot him" I must confess that I had little hope. The ram seemed too splendid, too unattain- able, and much, much too far away; But I could feast my eyes on his mag- ificent head and almost count the rings on his curling horns. A flock of red-legged partridges occupied my attention for a few moments. They rallied across from the opposite ridge, alight- sing uttering their rapid fire call, and alighted almost at our feet. Then each one vanished under a bush seemed to melt into the net side vanishing like magic among the grass or stems. I wondered why they had concealed themselves so suddenly, but a moment afterward there was a subdued whirr like the motor of an aeroplane far up in the sky. Then shadows drifted down and I saw three huge black eagles swinging in our lowering circles about our heads. I knew then why the partridges had alighted so close beside us. They had seen their mortal enemies, the eagles and had sought the protection of our presence. Even if the beasts had not been waiting half a mile away I could not have shot my rifle with, no matter,

how today we might have needed meat. When I looked again at the sheep it lay lying down squarely in its trail easily raising its head now then it looked around. The hunter inspected it then my glasses and prepared to go. Marvelled over the ridge until well driven in its fibre side, then hurried around to the projecting spur at the end of which the young one was lying. It was: the going was very bad indeed, Precisely as I grasped were continually crumbling under foot and at times we had a cling down like flies & a sheer wall of rock with a sheer drop of hundreds of feet below us. Twice the dog had cautiously passed by, looked & looked over the ridge but each time shrunk this head I maintained he would follow further. At last he took a quick blink & turned me to slide up beside them. Pushing my rifle over the rock before me I raised myself at tremendous rate & head of the same a hundred fifty feet away. Its body was behind a spur of rock but it was looking squarely & in a second would be off. I was perfectly cool & remembered first how & then at the very end

high-power shell, its name leaped back- ward & disappeared. "You hit him" said the hunter, but I felt he must be wrong. The animal had not leaped like me with a death wound if the bullet had struck where I had aimed for the neck; he would have gone down like lead. Never in all my long years of hunting have I had such a feeling of utter despair with myself & of sudden intense surprise. It had been as sure of its flight as it's the skin was already spread upon the ground & it was impossible to believe I had missed. Yet the game had not been killed & I knew the little Mannlicher bullet will enough to be sure there would have been no need for a second shot if it had found its way into the animal's neck. A lump rose in my throat which almost choaked me and I balled down hard to keep the water out of my eyes. I was in the uttermost depths of dejection. And just then the impossible happened, why it happened I shall never know, except that a kind Providence had reserved a special decision for as I raised my eyes I saw again that enormous hind & neck appear from behind a rock.

a handful yes, away, just that head with its crest of massive horn and the neck. Nothing more. Almost as a reflex I raised my rifle, let it take the little ivory head with first right center blow on that gray neck. I touched the trigger. A thousand bullets crashed back up my shirt was stirred, but a confused vision vision of a two-jointed buck heaving off the rock -- and all was still. But it was enough for me. There was no mistake this time. The game was mine. The sudden change from utter rejection to the greatest joy to a sportsman left me set me wild. I yelled with delight. I pounded you, too, old buck, on this rock would be cruel for mercy. I wanted to leap from the rocks to the spot where the game had disappeared but the thump would hold your arms let us go. For ten minutes we sat there waiting to make sure that its sheep would not get away while we were out of sight in the ravine below. But I knew in my heart that it was all unnecessary. My bullet had gone where I wanted it to go; that was quite enough. No deer, why should it crash with a mambcher ball squarely in the neck? When we did of from the ammo cap half way down its steep face.

kicking and was dead long before we reached home. What a huge brute he was, and what a magnificent head! I shall never believe that an animal could be so splendid! His horns were perfect and my hands could not even meet around them at the base. Then he raised his head it has set me back, with such a feeling of satisfaction, made a thrill of delight, let set the blood rushing through my body. It was the most wonderful trophy of a sportsman's life. They, of course I wanted to know what had happened at my first shot. The wound was then upon his right cheek. My first bullet had gone high struck him in that corner after mouth, and emerged a few inches further on. The second a painful wounded but by no means fatal out the rain head would not have been lying there had some strange impulse directed him back again to see what had so badly stung him. The second ball had been centred in his neck as if in the bull's eye of a target, and had done its work as I knew it would be done. There is no argument with a man whicher bullet well placed.

After the photographing and measuring were completed we resumed the sheep, a two hour job. The head, skin, & leg bones weighed at least 100 lbs and the old wolf carcass as we tucked it up in Bruce Mingle's back we looked at the ants we had seen a grizzly. It was only half past three but we were a long way from camp. I went on ahead hoping to put up a rebound or a wolf but we reached the summit of the first ridge with not seeing anything save a flock of chuckares. On the summit we found the trail over which we had made our way in the morning. Half a mile further on, it was walking freely to hunt until when he jerked me violently behind a ledge of rock--"Paw yang" he whispered "there in the woods Can you see him" I could not, and he tried to point it with my rifle. Just at that instant what I had supposed to be a brown rock, came to life in a swirl of dust & vanished into the ravine below me. For two minutes we waited--it seemed hours--then the head & shoulders of a sheep appeared from behind a boulder. It came low, fast and the animal crumpled out his tracks. A moment later three other sheep, two rams came dash out from

the same spot stripped upon the hillside, 100 yds away. I looked at them instinctively I sighted on the largest, but dropped my rifle without touching the trigger. The ram was small, even if we did need horns for the group we could not carry him back to camp that night. If we left him, the wolves would surely devour his carcass before lay by light. So I let them go, with the mental reservation that on the morrow they two would be added to the list of specimens for the group. It took careful climbing down an almost perpendicular slope open to reach the spot where the first sheep had fallen. It was a fine young ram, just what we wanted for the group. We skinned him quickly, cut off the best parts of the flesh & packed it to go upon my shoulders. The bundle weighed about 40 lbs and I two groaned when I looked at the two mt. ranges between me and camp. It was already five clock & in an hour or would be dark as we hurried down to the bottom of the valley, made by my rifle. the night drove follow the stream bed and in the plain other it was four or five times as far as across

the nuts. But before we had finished with that trail I wished we had gone the other way for slipping over morasses and sliding into the water in the dark because lost all its fascination before we reached camp at 9 P.M. But, however, to my heart was light & I would gladly have spent the night out in the nuts if it had been necessary to get the rand. Harry was beginning to be very wonder- when I reached the village. After bringing in his sheep he had walked over to a beautiful temple 4 miles away killed 8 hares. The skins of this ram & the rabbits were spread for inspection on the floor of our room, when he had killed a really mag- ificent specimen with larger horns than mine; I afterwards found them to be a record in circumference being 19 3/4" at the base 47" long. A Mr. Surrency had recorded the previous record as 19 1/2 " on a head which he pointed up for at this same place 5 or 6 yrs ago. As I struggled into other parts of my sleeping bag that night, it seemed to me that it had been one of the most satisfactory hunting days of my entire life, not only was my hand a magnificent splendid trophy but others and others were captured from the bushes.

depths of disappointment to the heights of bafflement in less than a mere 60 sec- onds, Wed Oct,22 I remained in camp today to superintend the preparation of this specimen but Harry went out to the same region where I hunted yes- terday. I returned at 4 P.M. without hav- ing seen a sheep. The hunter said that they had been frightened by the shooting & gone back into the rocks to the north. Today I took a great hunt, we got away at 7 P.M. and after climbing up the white trail to the summit of the rocks west by north of camp, it was our first look at the great gorge cut by the river thru the granite peaks, resplendent sunlight, and it was a sight well worth climbing high to see. There are very few gorges out there, or in fact in the world that vary for surpass it. The cliffs rise almost sheer cliffs for 1000 feet along the stream which shows like a tiny silver ribbon in the depths below. The little river doubles back & forth, twisting & turning about upon itself, cutting & slashing & foaming over rocks or [illegible] swiftly in calm green sheets between vertical walls of granite. At Tarator starting on the summit of the pass one sees a wonderful Pandemonium of saw tooth peaks ragged

ragged spires and granite outcrops traced with delicate shades of pink & lavender. Butter too. Beneath our feet are slabs of pure white gray marble, great blocks of greenish gelspar and Far to the west the peaks give place to a among the peaks are deep ravines the bottoms and steeply sloping sides clothed with grass, now brown & dry. Where the sheep are found. There they can graze or sit sleep with the granite boulders around them, where they can take themselves when danger threatens. Far to the west the the peaks give place to rolling uplands, patched with snow. In these grassy meadows we always found herds of game wild not there guarded by a male or two, but the larger herds were other solitary, wandering about among the roughest sections of the hills. On this morning Harry and I climbed the white trail together, at the summit we separated. we now both making for the uplands met by different routes. Harry followed up the bed of a stream while the old hunter I continued along the ridges. He evidently did not expect to find sheep in the ravines for he kept straight on mile after mile

81 without a stop for rest, at last we reached the beginning of the uplands, were were circling a grassy hillside just below the summit when three splendid rocks deer jumped to their feet and stood looking at us not 100 feet away. Then with a smart the three bucks dashed down the slope o of the other side. Hardly had they they had not yet disappeared when two others crowded into the bottom of the draw. It was a sore temptation to let them go but my old hunter had his hand up in my arm for fear I would readily shoot. Crossing the summit trip ups hill we sat down for a look around. Almost instantly 3 Before us that nearly a mile away lay three shallow grass filled valley dropped steeply down from the rolling uplands. Almost instantly only glasses caught the moving forms of three sheep in the bottom of the central valley. "Pan young" I said to the Pan young "Yes yes, I see them" he answered "we has very big horns" He was quite right for its largest carried a splendid head + its others was by no means small. The third was a tiny ewer

82 After the sheep were wandering about nibbling at the grass, but did not move far out on to the valley bottom, the hunter remarked "Soon they will go to sleep. We'll wait till then. They would hear or smell us if we went over now." One of the three bears I ate had had a for tipping and pulled a cigarette. The hunter pulled away at his pipe and stretched himself out comfortably upon the grass. It was very pleasant there as the sun warmed me, protected from the wind. The sun was delightful fully warm. I could not take my sheep down! They grazed and watched if that afternoons' rain would be splendid rain to carry home that night. Finally she lay down and the others followed her example. We were just preparing to go when the hunter touched my arm, "Can you" he whispered "then coming over this hill." And more. Just enough a sheep was trotting slowly down the hillside in our direction. Why did not see or smell us? I cannot imagine for the wind.

was in his direction, but he came on, front within, or just I stopped on the summit of two opposite swells. What a shot! He was so close that I could have counted the rings on his arms; I can see out any time good home to, just the size we wanted for the group. But the hunter would not let me shoot. His heart was set upon the big fellow as some sheep - fully sleeping a mile away. Had I flicked the shot it would have seemed futile. "To me "a bird on the hand is worth more than two in the bush" is a motto which I have followed with good average success in hunting; and I was loath to let that Argali go even for the prospect of one big one across the valley. But I had learned to have a profound respect for the opinions of my friend's hunters. He usually guided right where I had found it safe to follow his advice. So we watched the sheep walk slowly over the crest of the hill. The Mongol did not tell me then, but he knew that the animal sheep was on his way to join its others and his silence cost me the big ram.

84 You may wonder how he knew it. I can only answer that what that negro didn't know about the ways of sheep was not worth learning, as almost as far as he seemed to think as the sheep thought. Tutwull was a most intelligent and delightful comp-anion. His ready sympathy, his keen humor and his interest in the finest specimens of the animals I wanted entered him to me in a way which only a sportsman can understand. His Ghana dialect and my limited Mandarin made a curious combination of the Chinese language but we could always piece it out with signs. We never misunderstood each other as any important matter. I had many friendly differences of opinion about the way to conduct at talk, his child like glee when he was proved correct, was most refreshing.

One day I got the better of him and for days he could not forget it. While sitting on a hillside, and with my glasses I picked up a herd of sheep far away on the uplands. "Yes," he said "That is a very big cow." How he could tell at that distance was a mystery to me but I did not question his statement, for too often he had proved that his eyesight was almost beyond belief. We started towards the field, and after half a mile I looked again. Then I distinctly saw a spot where the animals were dark enough to be sure of them. "Why, I saw the cows," he said "There is a big one, a very big one." He stopped and made out a native Mongol bending over cutting grass. But he could not be convinced. He daintained my glasses and would not even put them to his eyes. "I don't have to," I knew they are there," he laughed. "But I, too, was sure." "Well, we'll see," he said which is better. Your foreign glasses are wrong. So he went for it. When we looked again, there could be no mistake; the sheep were donkeys, sure enough. It has a trait on earth the hungry face and

I made another mistake for he had so often laughed at me when it was wrong. But the return to the sheep across the valley which we were stalking on that too sunlit Thursday mom. After the rain had left disappeared over the hill tops we made our way slowly around the hill to where he had come, to gain a connecting meadow which should bring us close behind to where again the sheep were sleeping. On the way I was in a fever of useless aim. Ought it to have let that run go? He was just what we wanted for the group, something might happen -- to prevent a shot at the others. It was "a bird in the hand" again, it had proven been false to the north which had so often proven true. Then the "something" that I had feared did happen. We saw a grass cutter with two darks emerge from the left -- straight along the greasy bridge first hundred yards beyond us. righthand straight across the upper edge of the that means we can't whistle for our sheep. Even if he kept right about them they might scent him.

' in letting them go, and the of the rings' face was like a thunder cloud, I believe he would have strangled great grass cutter could he have had him in his hands. But the fates were kind, left to the left with his donkey ran straight across the highlands. With even then my ringers would not hurry. His motto was 'slowly slowly' & we seemed barely crawling up the slope of a shallow valley which I hoped still held its sheep. It seemed never let me run for as he said quite truly, 'If you can't shoot when you have got death.' On the summit of the draw the old hunter noticed me behind him & could could raise his head. Then a little further. Another step & a long creak. He stood on tiptoe & quietly settling back quietly returned to rest up beside him. Just then a gust of wind swept across the hill top & raised the savine. There was a rushy beat, a clatter of sliding rock, a three again dashed into view on the oppo- site side! They stopped two hundred yards My hunter was frantically exclaiming "Come here. Don't shoot! Don't shoot!" But I was at a loss & Then were my sheep within draw. The ```</think> <think></think>The user wants me to transcribe the handwritten text in the image into a JSON object. I need to follow specific instructions: ignore faint backwards text, don't guess unclear words (use [illegible]), preserve line breaks with ' ', maintain original spelling/punctuation, and return a single JSON object with key

88 both seemed enormous two rams seemed to be the leader. I let drive at the leader. He went down like lead shot that hit the shoulders. The two ran a few yards when I stopped again I fired at the sheep while about but did not fall. Because I threw in another shell and held the sight well down, the "jolt" of a bullet in flesh came distinctly to me inside the ram's side stood without a moment. The third shot was too much and he bumped forward, rolled over, crashed into bottom of the ravine. Na-mm-gin All the little rams were practically whispering "not right, not right, the big one, the big one". As the second sheep went down I learned the reason. Out from the valley directly below us rushed a huge cloud washed with white and carrying a perfect enormity of curly horns. I was too surprised to move. How could there have been four sheep be there when I knew there were only three! Usually when perfectly cool when hunting I have all my exaltment where the work is done. But the unexpected about of that ram turned on its thrills a bit too soon and so I forgot all about what I had whispered to myself at every

"Aim low, aim low. You are shooting down hill" I held my rifle white shoulder on this graze pulled the trigger. The bullet just grazed his work. He ran a few steps to stop and again I pushed hurriedly of the ball missed him by the fraction of an inch. I saw it struck a saligo and then came to my senses with a jerk but it was too late for me the rifle was empty. Before I could cram in another shell the sheep was gone. No man gin was absolutely disgusted. Even though I had killed two firearms he wanted to big me. He did not dare "But" I said "where did the fourth sheep come from? I saw only three." "Did he look at me in amazement. Did you know that which walked by us went over to the others." He answered "Any one ought to have known that mind. Otherwise will it had but known. It was but I should have held my fire. Right? > there the ringed red me a lecture I on too much hasti. The bird I was no like any other youngner, - always in a rush. He said a lot of other things which I accepted meekly for I knew that he was right. I always am in a hurry running that race that takes most of the time out if the others and to make matters worse the magnificient

"animal station" himself on the very hillside where we had been sitting when we saw them first and with the little gun close beside him waited us for half an hour. Na-nu-gui glared at him, clenched his fist. "I'll get you tomorrow, your old rabbit," he said, and then too: "Don't you care, An-shen-shung." I won't eat -- till we kill him!" For the next ten minutes the kindly old man kept himself from bringing a smile to my lips. He told me he knew just where that man would go; that anyway, seemed as if he had carried in his head for the other two, that it would be much better to save him for tomorrow. And that I had killed the other two so beautifully that he was proud of me. He patted me on the shoulder affected and I began to feel better. I continued to feel better when I saw the two dead again. They were both fine young rabbits in perfect condition with beautiful fur, just what we wanted to get. One of them was the female which had walked close to us; there was no doubt of that.

91 For I had been able to see the details of his 'face and figure.' Every sheep has its own individual characters -- I can at once distinguish it in its carriage of head, the curve of its horns and its coloring; he is as distinct as a human being. While we were examining the sheep Harry this hunter appeared upon the rain. He had bloodshot eyes. They hurt with them on a donkey stooping to pick up a fine two year old ram which he had killed an hour earlier far away beyond us in the uplands. It fitted -- exactly into a series where I had another big ram. Two rams the group would be complete. Poor Harry was hobbling along, just able to walk. He had strained a tendon in his right leg the previous morning that haunted him enduring the most excruciating pain all day. He wanted to stay and help us shear the sheep but I would not let him. We were a long way from camp and it would require all his strength to get back at all.

At half past four we tied the skins of mule & jib meat on the two donkeys which Harry had commandeered. One bay horse lay down his nerve did in the darkness it would be dangerous to follow its trail along the cliffs. By [illegible] it was pitch dark in the gorge. The vertical walls of rock shut out even the star light & we could not see more than a dozen feet ahead of us. After I was want to have that walk again. I crossed the ravine icy stream 28 times & then I lost count. It was too much and tired & had called me to many [illegible] I scratched my hands & felt up in too many rocks & had it made the slightest difference whether or how many times more than 28 we went into the trail. The donkeys were our only guides for they by instinct, something of the trail (certainly (it could not have been right) they followed the trail along the base of the cliffs. By keeping my hand down to back of the rear most animal & the two animals close I rose, we got out of the [illegible] calm & into the stair like valley.

I would have been 'all in' if it had not been for those two names upon the bushes - the first after big fellow which was waiting for us at the river. disaster when we got to the village. I was hungry enough to eat chips for I had had only apples since a bit of it was there at night; but down for one moment believe that I am the type of tanker who boasts that 'I never bother about tiffin. I never think about it.' When I hear that from a man, I mean ally shut him down as one who has not hurled very much. Several times I have been out with one of these men who 'never think about tiffin' and have usually found that when I sit down to eat my biscuits, dried fruit sweet chocolate, he looks at it so anxiously that I divide with him if he salvages even the crumbs of the larger half. On this particular day we had left camp in rather a hurry; I had forgotten to put anything except the apples in my pocket. Harry had limped into camp just after dark and had met two guests who were having affecting Commander [illegible] Huthinks, and Naval Attatch of the Air Station Major Austin Barker of the British Army whom we had been expecting for some short time.

94 in the morning beautiful Ten o'clock They had reached the village about 10.45 M. and spent the day shooting hares near a temple which Harry had discovered. found all three of them in their sleeping bags, for it was cold as blazes out there. The great fires which in Chinese villages are used for cooking are a pretty poor excuse for real heat. But the mates seldom take off their coats and do not seem to mind the cold. The boys that I waited dinner for me, and we sat amid a gale of laughter Tom & Barker are as good com- pany for a camping trip as any men I have ever been with and the five days they were with us will be some of us will not forget. They had had a good trip up but got to the Tai Hai in the middle of Friday when the ducks & geese were nesting far out in the lake so they had had but little shooting. Tom got letters from gyette & papers, and it was midnight before I got to sleep. But my turn is I feel as fit as ever for this air is wonderfully invigorating that one needs only about half the sleep one used back in Piking. But if it is usually that may set the field for the expenditure of energy is only

physical. One's nerves get a complete rest and the sunlight & fresh air, the absolutely normal life of early sleep, ready rising combined with what we find is about the best nerve tonic we know of. the next day Fri. Harry was out after hunting for today, Oct. 24 because his foot needed a complete rest. I took Tom out with me while Parker was piloted by an old Mangre who gave promise of being a good hunter. Tom led the distinct trail to the summit of the ridge while Parker bore off to the left to gain the peak on the other side of the gorge. Na-num-gin had been for the big game which he had met the day before. He had a very definite impression of just where that sheep was in the canyon and I followed the ravines on either side of the trail. But half a mile from the summit of the pass the Mangre stopped & said "Pan-gang,--on that ridge across the valley!" He looked again and turned to me with a smile "It's the same ram," he said "I knew he would be here", sure enough when I put my glasses on the sheep, found it was I recognized an old friend. The trail and they The cattle came with him

96 had been joined by another man and horns [illegible] ionsize. for half an hour we waited them while the refugees anchored. The sheep were standing almost on the very crest of a ridge across the river, moving a few steps now and then but going far from where I first discovered them I saw that soon they would disappear and in less than they disappeared half an hour they filed down still into the valley. Then we, two, went down crossed along ridge to the river's edge. ascended decidedly The climb up the other side was pretty stiff and there was nearly an hour before we were joining into the ravine where the sheep had disappeared. They were not then in the hunter said that he came either up or down the valley; he could not tell which way. we went up first, but no sheep. Then we crossed to the ridge where she had first the argali and cautiously looked over a ledge of rocks. There they were, about 3 or 40s below, but we in the alert for they had seen Tonis hunter who had carelessly reposed himself on the crest of the ridge.

Tom but he fired hurriedly, neglecting to consequently remember that he was shooting down hill, I over shot the big fellows. They rushed off with two shots of mine ticking clear at nearly 40 yds as they disappeared behind a rocky ledge. They might have intercepted them that horrified if they had been nearer and led me a merry chase with the bottoms of the ravine up the other side. The sheep were then just standing in an amphitheatre formed by inaccessible cliffs. I advocated going to the ridge above trying for a shot but the hunter scoffed at the idea. They said they would surely scent or hear us long before we could see them. We felt comfortable and prepared to wait on Tom this time joined us in a short while of fun but an hour we lay in the warm sunshine waiting for the sheep to compose themselves. Inside the fold which we had so rudely disturbed, it was delightfully warming to sit with the admit open gate and surround of ascending heath on which I could very little looking at both the steep to settle them again. 22.30-1.5 pm-gin at last we were prepared to leave.

He indicated that we were to go below - that Trini Hunter was to drive the sheep when reached them the I me behind a north beside the stream at the mouth of the amphitheatre . NB took me half way up the slope and settled ourselves behind two boulders, D I was breathing hard from the strenuous climb and the old fellow waited until I was ready to shout; then he gave a signal & Trini Hunter appeared at the very summit of the rocky amphitheatre. Instantly the sheep seen on its near - running They seemed to be as large as cle elephants, for in whatever had been as close to a living argali. Just as the animals mounted the crest of a little rocky ledge not more than fifty yards Na-na-gim whistled sharply & stopped as that turned to stone. "Now" he whispered "shout." As I bent my rifle - then is or it I want it banged in the air, I had been showing the hunter how to set trigger and had accidentally left it on. The sheep dashed away avenue of escape and of that big ram. low down and that was down her past me. My second shot broke the hind leg The third struck him near the abdomen he staggered but kept on.

sheep there had reached the bottom of the valley where my fourth bullet and hit [illegible] and struck him with a [illegible] in the neck broke his neck. Tom had opened fired fire when the the other came threw they appeared at the mouth of the cany- intestine, but his rear sight had been loacked so the climber down the cliff this shots did not damage wound well. It was hard luck that I had my remaining two carted to kill an argali. got at the second one as he ran up, the of [illegible] hill in the range was three hours about six miles, and there was a [illegible]. The abtmen guest moved that finished the big ram eventually and I might have killed the other before it crossed the creek, but my experience has taught me that as hunt animals it is best to keep planting at chances with rough country. to take no a wounded animal such as this. fors good. I have lost too many bringing both specimens by attempting to finish them off when they were badly hit. The game I had killed was a beauty. His horns were almost equal to those of the record head which Harry had killed on the first day but one of themwas scarred by a broken tip. A the left horn, he must have lost, two or three feet it must have weathered nearly a score of winters. The old warrior I saw many [illegible]

100 have and had many battles. But his next cool was thick, fine, the most beautiful of any we had seen. lay in the bottom of the valley impressed again. as before by the enormous size of an argali's body, an animal's body, an excellent I compare it with the one as a drubby arrived before we had finished our maybe drawing two animals before him. sherp about the airship but around was at least or third larger than that of the dorkery and with his tremendous neck head must have weighed a great deal the more. after the pass had been skinned Tomod left the meat pack in the meat shed while we climbed to the fort summit of the pass and marched slowly down into the twilight. Major Barker came on shortly after we reached the village. He was almost done, or his man had taken him through drough country, north of camp. A party from the city who had been badly gassed in addition but Barker was indignant at this day. Even so he had not killed a sheep but had wounded one in the leg that seem thirty more than either Harry or the entire I during all the time we had him at our shut.

Early entries of Journals 101 Sat. Oct. 25 I had caught a beastly cold & was feeling badly this A.M., but went out & see if I could get a game. Had a long trip over over the prairies to the west but saw no sheep. Parker went with us until more than struck off to the north. He found sheep almost at once & had several shots but got no game. Sun. Oct. 26 I was in bad shape today but went to Kwei-lwa along with Tom. Parker went for sheep. Harry stayed home. Kwei lwa is a rather interesting place but such a dust storm was raging that we saw little of it. It is supposed there some very fine rugs but the colors were atrocious but the work was good. We were chiefly interested in a Chinese store which carried a wonderful assortment of foreign groceries - with regular figa prices. I have never seen a shop like it in any native city of China. It is a Tientsin branch. Over the city gates of Kwei-lwa we saw half a dozen cages in which the heads of bandits & criminals are display- ed as a warning to the populace. They warrants now seem many --

102 not empty now. While we were at a rug shop, Chai arrived with a note from Harry saying the police would not let him devise me on the ship because his passport was not vised. We visited the police head and promised to fix it, by Tom gaining a statement as an official of the registration concerning the custom- able for Harry. As a matter of fact we had just set out most beautifully on the police. We were settled at the ship in thinking before they knew that we were there when it was too late to get us out. They did the only other thing - which was to send greeds to accompany us as when our men left the village except the next shop. This day they carried out even on the ship but the day after Tom & Barker arrived but we lost them half way up the hill - they could not stand the strain. The greeds were rather decent fellows - much better than the average. They didn't bother us any. They had a sitting standing all day by the big tree in front of our house - what for David's on Monday it was fulling.

5 pretty badly hurt himself the rugged rocks into sharp points without seeing any sheep. Barker was all out from his hard hunt of Sunday when he saw 10 or 12 sheep but got none. I am the next to Kevin him. Tues. Oct.28 Tom Barker left this a.m. gave bath to the sheep. I was feeling very sick with my cold, stayed in bed all day. Wed. Oct.29 we left for Tai Hai tonight capital. we had wanted to go into another sharp place of Li found on thi but the Chinese would not let us because of bandits. Barker there have trouble so decided not to go there this' there is no doubt that these are more danger than at our shi tu. On second day along the base of the mt. it just there seemed to be good country for sheep. Thurs. Oct.30 Today we had travelled well until about noon when the cart turned over in a deep ravine. Fortunately it caught on two rocks so did not go to the bottom but most of our stuff dropped out so far below. Clint had been riding on the cart and did not like the work after place they were from

104 A hurried off just in time. It must have been killed otherwise. Our relief escort found them - plus 2 wounded men. We had to get away 2 miles away. I finally got the cart righted & by great good fortune nothing was broken, but it was so late that we could not go on and make Mu Tai Lai that night as it was only 30 li away a month later I was feeling very tired - lungs filled up - rather worried about pneumonia. Fri Oct 31 Shortly after leaving the village we turned north into a fairly wide valley which narrowed rapidly as we ascended. The sides were high rocks, sometimes almost perfect circular cliffs of granite. We looked in vain for signs of trees & no not a bush was in sight - the sky was bare blue. We heard many chuckers and had some fine shooting on the way up. The partridges kept well up in the rocks & close together. Often we would see them standing on a rock or running up the hill. Zulus, it was hard

Shooting for the Chukars was very stiff Till once the birds were flushed. They sailed across a ravine to the other side, it was a type of or so then ran out of shells and I had unexpected Delbart no idea if the ammunition was deep down in my rifle boxes. The Chukars give a rapid fire clicking call plane while their name is choked. They are beautiful birds, about the size of a sniped grouse. The [illegible] of brown & red & hair are blend most delicately to the black bars in the wing coverts give a remarkable contrast to the dark colors. We saw hundreds of them both at one time in a water but also many flocks of bearded partridges. The latter about the size of a bob white fly more rapidly than the chukars & get up with a metallic whistling which is not startling. They are not such rock lovers as the Chukars but we found them high ups on the grassy slopes of the mts. & often both this species were flushed from the same place, but the two were mixed.

The road up the valley was very bad, just huge stones make it very difficult going for the cart and it wasnt until noon that we reached the village of Santa Maria. It is a rutched little place if small mud huts which offered a most displeas- ant place to spend our night. Then who had ridden on ahead met us at the gate of and announced "This is the American Legation". We learned later that some marine officers from the Legation had stayed there several years ago, Probably Capt. Holcomb or Level. The "Amer. Legation" was a most unimpressing place. A mud floor into the largest room was partly covered by a braided quilt and half was a pig sty - other outer portion boasted a very dirty range. There a few bits of paper was on the window and the dust blew through like also a hole of ice. After one drink we started out to find a better place, but inspected every house in the village with a negative results - finally purpose returned to the "Legation". We got the place cleaned out, paper on the windows and spread our mats on the range. It was not quite so

had then come too late for me; so I decided to pitch our tents as soon as I had had a look at the country. I spent all that very long day in my sleeping bag, Started at 7 A.M. up the valley. Taking a shortcut over which overlooked the village we came down into the stream bed between into a canyon with almost perpendicular walls of rock on the north side. It was a place of [illegible] picturesquely a jumble of rocks starting into 3 or 4 feet or more I surmounted by a tiny pinnacle. How the materials for building this shrine were ever later transported to the summit is a mystery. The labor of building it, and that of climb must have been tremendous having the feat of climbing there to worship must have given much merit to the poor builders. Farther up the valley we passed two villages when turned off to the right up a branch gorge where the cliffs were almost as tremendous as these below. I was anxiously looking for signs of forest but the only cover was a few ravines clothed

with a sparse growth of bruch and poplar bushes, the tallest more than were may 6 or 7 feet high. As we went on up the valley we could see that it ended on bare brown uplands. We got down upon a rock & wait for the hunters who were a few hundred yards behind, with a good deal of disgust we asked them Where the rabbits were & when we'd get them, "We have already arrived" they answered "the deer are in these valleys in the valleys" To say I was astonished only half expresses it. The idea of hunting traffic in such a place as this! There hardly seemed hardly cover enough to successfully conceal a rabbit, to say nothing of an animal as large as a horse. It was a similar case to that of the rebuck of our shire which were living on absolutely bare ravines - The case of a forest animal which as the trees were cut away and its natural environment disappeared had more or less adapted itself to chang ing conditions with some degree of!

success. But its owed its continued existence largely to the fact that the Chinese of the neighboring villages are not hunters and do not have guns. None they cope like the Mongols who all have rifles, the rapidi would long since have disappeared with the forests, their natural cover. We began to take a new interest in the bush scrub on the north side of the ravines (the S. side was always bare) and no sooner one came there, rabbit running about near the summit their white patches bobbing showing conspicuously as they bobbled about nearing the thin cover. But we were after larger game & the hunters would not let us start. A few moments later we separated. Harry continued up the ravine while my hunter & I stumbled into a patch of scrub on its hill side. We had not gone fifty yards when there was a rabbit crash, a rush of feet, and an enormous 'rapidi' dashed away thru the bushes. For an instant he stopped just on the crest of the ridge but directly behind a thick screen of leaves. I caught a glimpse of a tremendous pair

of antlers which leaped high alone the corner, but as I was about to shut when red bow my rifle was righted at the huge body dimly visible thru' the bush. In a moment and I would have touched the trigger, but the hunter caught my arm whispering practically "Don't shoot, don't shoot!" Of course I knew it was a long distance for the bullet could almost certainly have been deflected, but that trajectory seemed very & here a very desirable. A moment later the animal dis- appeared over the hill followed by three cows while left the J group came to the right. "They'll stop in the next ravine" said the hunter, and we ran up the hill side - I saw 'em', but I mean 'they' for I could not run. My legs were like lead & my lungs hurt ex- cruciatingly - I knew them just how vastly engaged they had to be. But 'I got red as fast as I could, while the wapiti were just in the next ravine - not quite in the next. We searched for tracks but the springy grass had let no trace, at least I gave it up and

and turned up over the hill tops. I did not know where we were going and when I saw those bare grassy uplands the best of finding rapidi seemed too ingruesome even to voice. I was getting more and more pessimistic when off to the right we heard Harry's rifle three short air quick successive then an interval and three more. Ten seems later from a distance, grapiti cows appeared on the hill crest. They were coming fast & struggled toward us. We flattened ourselves in the ground and a minute or two later another rapidi appeared. It was a bull and as the cow glanced at his antlers, there was no doubt that he was a big one. The cows were headed 2 pairs about two hundred yds. above us behind the hill crest. I could easily have reached the summit before them, that them at my mercy as they crossed the bare uplands. But the big bull was also coming to wait us, lower down, and the hunter would not let me move. Again I felt that the bull in the hand was worth two mortal bucks but the jungle whispered "we'll surely get him - wait - wait"!

we would get a shot if he kept on but there was a deep ravine half way to us & he was lost if he turned into that. The tall big fellow ran straight toward us, while the one came to the entrance of the valley, my heart was in my mouth as he stopped for an instant & looked down into the corn. Then for some strange reason, he turned toward us again and came on. Three hundred yds. away he stopped, running about and looked at the ravine again as if half decided to go both. He flashed at me & I would it went longer. At the crash of my rifle, that was too to close for the shot fired by the bullet as it struck his body, but he only swung about, came for fifty yds. & stopped again. He was half over a small rise in the ground upland & I could see only ten inches of his back and his magnificent head. Of course I would not shoot at that and that line of gray brown ridge of body was a certain target at 300 yds. Three times I fired but only either cut the dust split him out or over dust. Try as I would I could not hit him. After this --

third shot I saw it was no use. Running up the hill where his whole party was dispersed I fired again and I pleasantly heard the bullet strike but he only whirled about and dashed down to the hill. I snapped hurriedly at his redious rump patches down he went. He struggled on his knees but could not get to his feet and I knew he was done for good. With a whoop of joy they hunters dashed down the hill. The rapider was almost dead when I got there but we kept well away till he was entirely finished. My Mungel was almost wild. I had never seen him ever get excited while hunting sheep but we made up for it all on this rapider. Before he had quitied me saw Harry coming toward me from the hill where the animal had first appeared. When he reached me he said that he had finished the kill down at long range and had expected to find him dead until he heard my shooting. His bullet had struck the rapider in the shoulder passed thru the lung, yet the animal was running as tho'

absolutely marherst. Two of my bullets had passed entirely thru his body, one had broken his hips & another just broke his back. How the animal ever carried off so much lead will always remain a mystery to me. Harry's bullet alone should have put an ordinary animal down for good. This rapier was a splendid bull, whose antlers carried out points on one side & quite with other. He was in perfect condition. He could hardly have been a finer specimen. There was no doubt but that the rapier Harry found near du ves I had just just shot. They had gone directly down the hill & stopped at the upper end of a patch of thin cover & he got just time for them to meet there & after he left me. He had fired at very long range for the wind was running righty and his first bullets had fallen short. The sight of that splendid animal, which in nearly other part of its world is so typical of dense forests, lying then upon the grassy uplands where not the smallest bush was in sight, seemed as incongruous as the first automobile which I saw on the gulf coast. I could hardly believe that this large animal could really find his way in such an e-

soundings; yet the evidence was thus before me. Mr sent his skin-shirt back to camp on the back of a bundle cutter who had joined us just before we killed the bull and ourselves continued to hunt. My magnificent confidence expected to find the cows in a ravine half a mile away, but she cover [illegible] nothing save three rockucks. Mr descended into the valley while Harry worked back along the crest of some precipitous cliffs. On the way he resembled a gride hut did not get it. All I saw several rockucks my hunter would not let me shoot for fear a distinctly other rapiti. Sunday Aug 3 I left the "Cam. Legatum" in the morning and moved camp to a better house in one of the villages just farther up the valley and nearer the rapiti could byest two miles. The village consisted of half a dozen huts, with the usual mark that threshing floor in front of each (for the wheat is pounded till the kernel have left the stalk and winnowed by the simple process of throwing it up into the air when a weak wind is blowing. The chaff is carried away [illegible]

falls back upon the ground. In some villages on the way to Kent-hwa we saw threshing machines which were exceedingly highly effective. This whole country is a great agricultural region, wheat, oats, buckwheat, huling of potatoes being the chief crops. Cabbage vines & a few turnips are also grown. Back by our tents the cliffs rose in sheer walls for hundreds of feet and lunchers were always calling from some ledge or bowlder. What some excellent sport after we had made camp and also got a rabbit, a half mile up the valley there were many pheasants so we were settled in the center of a sportsman's paradise. I had a hard hunt after traplin but did not find an till late on the afternoon and did not get a shot. But we did see many roebucks all the time hunters did not want us to look any for fear of disturbing the big deer. And this day I think I alone saw as roebucks. Probably no one else saw sport in all things can be as we do, many deer of any kind as here. The reason is the unique unusual circumstances under which they live. The deer are all concentrated in the

"the very limited space of a few ravines which afford cover and instead of being spread out over a large area as in the forest. Moreover, they are easy to see because of the low bushes, which now are all leafless. But at this there are hundreds of rock rabbits there and really very few warpti's. And these are not easy to get, as we found later, even tho' our initial experience had led us to believe otherwise. The mesaless ridges are so high with rock extremely steep sides that it is killing work thrust down the ravines properly. It means shooting up & down all day over the roughest country. If one is fort- utunate, as we were on the first day, in driving the particular ravine which contains a warpti, the chances are that one will get a specimen. But the probabilities are very much stringy that after an all day's search of the hardest kind one will have missed the warpti altogether. After two more days of killing driving, when rockhuts were run- ning about us like rabbits, we decided to do some shooting regardles of frightening warpti. We wanted scores of rockhuts and certainly

118 where in China could they be obtained as easily as here. The first drive of two ravines into a meadow failed for the men did not dare to cross too much country and the redhuck escaped over a hill top without giving us a shot, but later we had better success on the opposite side of the valley; I got a doe, a friend buck & Harry another doe. The hunters didn't enter into the game with zest for they did not want us to do any shooting for fear we would get no meat-shorts at Rajpuri. Other wise we might have had several more. Friday It was a better cool morning but brought sunlight, we decided to hunt goat and went for 3 miles up the main valley to some awesome cliffs, we separated when we reached them and my hunter and I climbed to the summit of the ridge together. It was killing work - one of the hardest climbs I have ever had. When we had stations on the rocks far above the valley two of the beaters came up - me alone some below - but they just about out nothing, Nor heard Harry that time however, from another ridge someone saw this hunter then many glasses with a goat on his back. I One of my beaters had seen a goat

In his way up the rocks and he met him around just at steps. He did so but the animal ran down a cliffs about 300 yds away to meet it. It stopped in a cave under a rock & then I find three nets at the animal would not come out. Two of the beaters after an hour's work managed to get within a few feet of the cave but to a shower of rocks & yellows would not make the goat move. Suddenly when all was quiet it dashed out almost on the face of a beater. He yelled shouted swaved his arms so violently that the animal turned back town and the runner it ran like an antelope among seeming unpassable rocks and was so far from rest that it shooting was only a waste of ammunition. Harry now it got into another cave in the cliff near the bottom of the valley, and he went down after it. I would not have taken that trip down the rocks for all the goats in the net, but he was there to get it. It stuck tight in its little mouth a beater was almost next to after it. Then came out like an arrow. It flew past Harry, only it put away just so suddenly & unexpectedly that he

mind it clean. After waiting of an hour for him I decided that he was not coming up and went off with my hunter & two beaters to a ravine on the other side of the ridge where we had been hunting good. The beaters made a puzzle of the drive but put out 3 rylewk which were about 15 yds from me. I feel only one striking its bullet straight thru' the animal's heart yet it ran & rolled at least 10 yds from there. [illegible] Driving it back by my men the beaters we worked along the crest of the ridge with the other man below us. He put out four rylewk which ran about 20 yds below us, I made another heavy shot one one and broke the leg of a fine buck, it dumped over the crest by the ridge & when I was running after it then more rylewk came out of the cover straight at me. Only me was a buck and I killed him on the second shot as he turned ups the side hill about 10 yds to my right. He was a beautiful animal with symmetrical antlers & a splendid shin. He made 3 rylewk for me for the afternoon so we went back to camp. Danny had killed another rylewk.

beside his goals. It was a raw day with an icy wind when we reached the ridge this morning. The first drive for roelink in a ram when we had seen 12 deer was a failure and we got no shots except at a fox. The report just light wafuti out from above us & the beaters saw them running over the hills toward the spot where we had killed the big one the previous Saturday. It was a long hard pull over tree against the knife like wind and after drawing me name unsuccessfully Harry went along the bottom of the valley while I paralleled him on the summit of the ridge. Three bucks jumped out from a ravine in front of me two going down toward Harry & the 3rd stopping behind a thick bush. It was a great luck if it was so great a temptation to present, I fired luckly bullet went to pieces in the brush & never reached the buck. Hearing my shot Harry looked up just in time to see the buck go over the tree. He think he could head out off & ran around the base of the spur just in time to intercept three rapids while heads were running down its ravine. Harry stopped behind a rock & let a cow or calf pass him within a few yds

for he saw the antlers of a bull working along behind them just over a tiny ridge. As the bull came into view, I saw him sticking it on the shoulder; his second shot was a little behind the first. The bull went down. It got its feet again, and Harry put him under for good with a solid bullet in the hips. Looking up he saw a second bull alone, emerging from a patch of clover on the summit of the opposite hill 40 yards away. The flash point black but the range was a bit too long and his bullet kicked up a cloud of churned mud as it struck the animal's belly. I was entirely out of the race for it was nearly 50 yards away on the summit of the hill. I did not fire my gun at the animal, thinking that the bullets all fell far short. Harry's bull was not yet dead, and when I got down the hill to show what an enormous amount of killing these animals need, it was considerably smaller than the first one we had killed but had an enormous beautiful skin. I hunted back to camp after the bull had been skinned and I got another network.

Sunday Nov. 9 we did not hunt today, but laid our skins in the P.M. just and some traps for small mammals on a hill above the village. On the grassy slopes we have seen great colonies of voles but they do not, of course, come down among the rocks & it takes considerable work to get to them. We got at the following morning. Monday Nov. 10 On Monday our first drive a beautiful buck roe deer came out of a ravine and ran down into the main valley where it was stationed. I made a fine running shot getting him squarely thru the heart while he was in mid-air as he leaped over a boulder. A few moments later I saw the two beaters on the hill run toward each other excitedly and feel sure they had seen something beside roe deer. When they came down they reported 7 traps they had been disturbed by some shot and run out directly between them over the next summit. We were trying for following them of course but the climb to the top of the ridge was an ordeal. It was too high.

on that side of the valley and I every time we reached what seemed to be the summit, a new sector is loomed above us. We followed the tracks of the animals into a series of ravines which ran down nearly opposite side up the hill, and tried to drive them all, but it was taking a terrible form for our hunters and the animals escaped up the other valleys. My hunter did not sit on the hillside for an hour in the icy wind. His muscles shaking with cold and doubt growing that he could have hit a rapine even if it had stopped 50 feet from me. Harry saw a young bull go into a patch of cover on the bottom of the valley, when his hunter descended to drive it out, he saw a large bull raptine walking slowly up a ravine not 20 yards from me but over under the crest of the low hill when it was out of my sight. A little before dark we gave up the hunt and started home, we left the tops of the mountain by way of a deep ravine and which extended out to the main

valley. We were walking along in the semi-darkness when suddenly Harry exclaimed "Great Scott! There is a napipi", almost instantly his rifle banged. I looked up to structure a magnificent bull on the almost bare hillside just 400 yards away. Before I had got to unslinging my rifle Harry had fired again but he could not see the beast in his dark sight in the half darkness, & his bullets with merit high. Back than my type right the animal was perfectly invisible. & I aimed at his shoulder & at the war of my little magnification the huge animal dropped like lead rolling over & over down the hill. I tried to get to his feet but could not make it. However I gave him a second shot to finish him off. When we examined him we found that my bullet had wound him thru' both shoulders lodging against the skin on its opposite side. On its passage it had passed thru' both lungs just missing the heart. We were all delighted & very happy that day that getting one when

126 the hunt was on seemed almost too good the true. It was dark long before we got in bed and the hunters ateers were very late with the skinning meat. Mr took only the fillets, as usual, and the hunters made a good thing from selling the meat to the villagers. Tues Mr. 11 We hunted rapidly all next day. The herd had gone into the hills far down the valley & we could not find them Wed. Mr. 12 a mile or two from camp. so we went after sheep and thems near the entrance of the run tar har valley, I found nine sheep feeding on the banks of a deep valley. It would have been a perfect place to stalk them had the wind not been wrong. As it was they smelled us & when we came near them there they had run out.

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198 285- 175- /60 40/66=4/9 80 mac 35-Tom 6.53 cigarette 39 809 3-00 309 +25+ 100 card 18 26 37 16 /97 749 /60 9D7 633 117 /440 5-87 /183 80 mac 39 wa 117 12? 6- 770 5-00 /270 10 75 mfgs 40 bottle 40 bottles 3.5 mfgs /190 $ 24 club 3.50 cigarettes 3.00 heels rabbits 1027.86 160 /187 -600 3.87 270 /317 18 4 350 2.00 1.00 200 gpus 2 w 150 69 /90 569 177 /80 11 766 3-00 266 50 216 147 369 200 147 /102 653 card 97 card 80 830 5.00 300 5.00 40 30 4 10 /84 3 00 cigarette 60 Kam 300 hamlet 200 hamlet 860 60 90 150 653 84 569 120 /409 12 18 96 12 /216

Francis - Mar 35 Paris chgs to Fanny Chen Tickets to Fanny Chen hotel horses Chai's acct traveling to Kowloon Chai .. print posters telegram etc old $6 Hatters Sat to Mind Oct 27 mile -- Chai's acct, at mushi tu. House horses - chm for pommies at Kurei ma RCA for programs " " Beaters Oldhamer House wu tai dei Hampshires cart manuf other cart Ford return to Tangchen (Hotel Tangchen) Tickets Baggage Fordman hanri Carts etc to home Saddle Wirtz Breakfast laddies postage on letters to my rick 8 00 5.62.00 3.00 41.00 28.00 14.00 34.00 19.84 17.22 16.00 17.42 12.5- 29.00 18.00 15.00 114.00 12.00 8.00 3.00 54.00 460, 21 4.00 34.00 10.00 7.00 3.00 23-00 5-6 4,21 x 4.00 30.00 74.00 3- 59 8,21 199 14 17 16 47 34 29 15 78 18. 18 18 54

200 "With the Russians in Mongolia" Perry - Aupgough & Otter-Bahry N.Y. John Lane Co "Shaw at Home" Milne Cochran John Murray Ltdm 1910 Served Buried Punjab Khistan M.A. Glenn Hurst & Blackett Ltd 1904 13 Great Marlborough St. London Tartar Trails Carruthers Illness

Drug 2.50 1.50 Baggy 3.80 2.70 Tribute 6.40 4.00 Dog going 2.50 " " 1.50 " out 2.20 " " 2.30 Total 8.40 tickets ends 16.05 " going 3.20 " net 5.90 pigs 4.00 37.65 Dunbar 4.50 $42.05 Far East Review p13-7

{ "text": "4\n12\n350\n600\n24\n30.00\n34\n250\n1700\n68\n85.00\n70 qrn cart\n25- hurre\n95-\n85-\n10 maju unversie\n15 moge\n\n30.\n13.50\n147.50\n\n92.50 cart\n16.15- maju\n108.65- aar majer\n109.15\n\n30+10 4 13/2\n5.3.50\n25.00\n48.50 kaanreint mofu\n\n931.36\n784.21\n147.20\n\n10 93136\n4\n\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

AMNH LIBRARY 100103455