Field notes, v1472

Marshall, Joseph T.

Unknown

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

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Image from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Contributed by Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. | www.biodiversitylibrary.org

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

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Marshall, J.T. 1941-1945 1. El Salvador, 1941-1942 Species accounts (additional accounts written 1942-1944). 2. Oregon to Eastern States, 1943-1944, miscellaneous. Catalog general account 3. Southwest Pacific, 1944-1945. Catalog Sight records of birds Species accounts

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from CLIR https://archive.org/details/fieldnotesv147200mars

Marshall, J.T., jr. El Salvador - Birds 1941-42 Additional Species Accounts written 1943-1944

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Marshall, Joe T., Jr. June 11, 1944 Species Accounts of El Salvador Birds Every bird species seen by me in El Salvador has a species account written. The localities where each was seen were checked off in my copy of Van Rossem, in June August or Sept 1942 I believe. Accounts for Mt Cacaguatique were written in field as much as possible but many were completed & all birds seen there included when I wrote them up at the hotel in San Salvador & between Lake Olomega and Los Esmeriles. Accounts for Los Esmeriles were written up entirely in the field even including birds observed on return trip. These are the most reliable notes therefore. Lake Olomega, Volcan de Santa Ana, Chilata Accounts of species seen or collected in those localities was written up after returning to this country. Cryptures [illegible] to Amazona blue ink written up by Summer of 1943 I turned into MVZ & placed with Cacaguatique & Los Esmeriles notes I believe. Piaya to Sparrows completed by June 1944. Some of these latter species have been forgotten but could (over)

as to habitat be remembered if I could look up in the catalog the other birds did that some day. This last group is all in blue ink and with the date" (1942)"at the top indicating written up after 1942 . There is not always only 1 sp. per page. at the time of listing localities in Van Rossem I remembered clearly the occurrence of each bird. My copy of Van Rossem, Zool Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. vol 23 1933 is a very important catalog of the collection and should by considered a part of the notes.

Marshall, (1942) Piaya cayana Mt. Cacagnatique - common in oaks J. Olomega - mixed woods, common Volcan de Santa Ana - A male singing clearly during hot parts of day from tall dense hedge cypress back of house. Always concealed - sometimes on top twig. Series of strong whistles. Chilata Noted along a wooded stream-curse, one pair - in area where vines & thick growth along stream. This bird was most common at Olomega in mixed brush & openwoods and Cacagnatique exclusively in oaks. At all times remarkably secretive and silent - the only time heard at all was the singer at V. de Santa Ana. Never seen on ground - always creeping about in foliage in such a way that despite their length they were always well camouflaged. tail rarely L to branch - they kept lengthwise. Therefore despite striking color and form very inconspicuous.

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Marshall (1942) Tapera naevia X Lake Olomega Heard only - from same tree every day - not as common as Dromococcyx. Called from a large dense tree standing in the midst of a very large area of low scrubby dry tree growth in flat land at Wedge Lake. Song consists of 6 whistles: - | -|-2|-2| the 3 & 5th short & 1/2 step higher than rest. 4 slowed Time intervals: 4 equal parts as shown. I never went after this bird because the low growth mentioned was swarming with ticks. The 1st 2 notes identical with the 1st 2 in the song of Dromococcyx, and in both have a very slight inflection like an unsteady record. Some mornings this bird heard up on dry hillside indicating wide terr. Could have been different indiv. At this time surmised identity only by similarity to Dromococcyx. Vide Santa Ana (Cerro del Aguila) The south slope of the east spur of Cerro del Aguila has been cleared

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Marshall (942) Tapera naevia V. de Santa Ana about 1 way up for castor bean & coffee but some has grown brushy like similar spot on Cacaguatigue and here as a Cacaguatigue arid lower tropical birds invaded at an altitude normally upper tropical i.e. art shrikes and the present sp. Every day it was heard whistling (only one india) on the dry slope east of the main canyon & steep & inaccessible. One day however I heard it in brushy tract on west side where I got to it and for almost 1 hr. kept in conversation with it. It answered my whistles every time and often came so close that I could hear it walking around on the ground in the dense brush but could never see it. It changed the intensity of its calls very much often sounding very far away. Finally I got on a road below it and in answer to my whistles it got up on a top twig, standing upright, tail down, crest raised, looking from side to side. Collected. Calls same as at Oloaga - Very wide forage area but

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Marshall (1949) Tapera naevia Vide Santana. usually sticks to same song area. A very widely-spaced species therefore seemingly rare. Chilata Only one seen and collected. Ran along a wide road & flew straight to a fence-post by a farm - people all around - I first thought it a pet bird & cleared out fast after my "reflex shot". It had come from dry brushy front edge of Balsam grove.

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Marshall (1942) Dromococcyx phasianellus Lake Olomega Habitat: dense dry brush with frequent medium-sized trees - 3 pairs within half mile of camp on S. side lake . more common & closer together than Tapera - only on flat lowlands apparently. Usually heard from interior of tall brush patches. 1st spec. taken by calling up in brush patch several times perched for an instant on top of brush. 2nd spec. heard whistling in large tree in farm yard. I went under the try & whistled at it & it was very curious & tame & came within 2 yds. Skulked about in the foliage - often high up and answered my whistle. A striking bird and not well concealed (like squirrel cuckoo.) Call: 1st 2 long whistles, sparsly same as in Tapera; these followed by trill like a blast from a police whistle.

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Marshall, (1942) moscovyx erythropagus Lake Omega I saw only 3 ps.- all intral at edge little brush patches, surrounding open fields. they would usually retire in the brush & one was seen creeping around on the ground in brush pile. Not much obs.- apparently strilty ground-forager, and in sparse brush where open trail or field available. Very tame, slow-moving. Only saw near camp in flat co.on s side lake.

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Marshall (1948) Geococcyx velox V. de Santa Ana Only specimen seen was shot as it ran across plowed field on logged-off n. slope (base) of V. de Santa Ana. There was much brushy area here due to removal of original forest cover. W slope Los Escamiles Cls. 6 One taken as ran from patch, dry leafless brush patch lower edge the pine forest - across plowed field.

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Marshall (1942) Crotophaga sulcirostris Lake Olomega The most abundant bird in the flat country on S side lake around camp where flocks up to 50 around edges of fields or boggy pastures. Always a flock along stream bank of camp - drift along thin brush & low trees and in midday perch in long rows on branches 5' from end shoulder to shoulder. Always a lot of conversation in low soft tones : a single "nick" and longer clucking phases. Fly very slowly and always low from bush to bush - short dist. only members of flocks keep close together. Walk on ground a lot. When pursued, a flock can remain very silent & inconspicuous. Never far out in open away from brush or sm. trees. L de Santa Ana - Laguna de las Ranas This lake bed was about 5500 ft high & was heavily forested all around except for one logged patch where there was some brush. Cows pasturing around grassy edge. A flock of about 25 ans was foraging among the cattle at edge this clearing & when pursued retired into edge of the heavy "cloud" forest where

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Marshall (1942) Crotophaga sulcirostris Laguna de las Ranas They were very silent & well concealed - each indiv. getting into densest foliage & one by one slipping farther away. Very wild compared to those in settled regions. Had been foraging in grass with cattle. Chilata abundant - flocks looser this trio of year - in brushy gullies around farmyards. Only around settled areas where open ground.

Marshall (1942) Tyto alba Lake Olomego seen flying over flat land at s. edge lake in early evening. Heard several other times. San Miguel at every stay heard their shrieks at night as they flew to & from lg. church tower across st. from China Hotel. San Ignacio {heard at night. Chilata

Marshall (1942) Otus trichopsis Sandgnacio April 6, 1942 Heard whistling at night in pines - 2nd story Apr. 6 Bubo same night Cerro de los Naranjos N. side base at 4500 ft where coffee finca at edge open field. A pair trilled at "finca" at dusk.

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Marshall (1942) = Otus cooperi cooperi Otus choliba ? ? 1. Olomega Faint Otus trills heard by several members of party and by myself 3 times various nights. Once heard call 3 or 4 times at stream track of camp but could never "call up" nor would birds ever continue calling long enough to locate. Last night at Olomega station heard some notes similar to Otus but rather gruff and changing in pitch low in trees at edge town along railroad track. I kept in conversation with it for quite a while but was never certain that it was actually an owl as the notes came from so close to the ground. Didn't have a light or gun.

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Marshall (1942) Rhinoptyns olamator Lake Olomega 1st night at Olomega, native hunter brought back # #1768 - said he had taken it from woods on mt. side but he had difficulty understanding our spanish & he probably didn't understand what info I wanted. probably taken near grassland. Jan 26 Stuit & I stalked a a bird hooting from top row of bushes 10' high in tall grassland near swamp s edge lake - all open country. Gave single hoots, 8 or ten with several seconds betw. then long silence. Responded to imi, itated hoots but didn't move. Quality & form I call identical to Long-eared Owl. We stalked it & saw it by flashlight a long way off because it showed up white against dark green brush. Shot at long range. Call always same pitch & uninflected. No moon. February 6 Moonlit PM Same open g rassland. Heard 3 & 4 in conver- sation out near edge lake. Gave

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Marshall (1942) Rhynopteryx clamator L. Olenega Feb 6 imitated calls from where I was - an avenue & lg. trees across the grassland - and both members of the pair came high into the trees over my head. Conversed for long time attempting to shine them. It's call higher then it's. They flew back to over the grassland, but I finally got the & to come back & perch upon dead branch 15' above grass - looking at me ears str. up, hooting vertical body position. Looked just like Long-eared Owl. Good eyeshtine.

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Marshall (1942) Glauclerum brasilianum Lake Olmaga Often heard late at night esp. moonlit nights on W side lake where mixed veg. including very large trees. Usually paired - a high & a low voice calling near, together sometimes in same tree. Coll. one in growth approaching swamp forest type. A pair often heard up dry wooded ridge above the lake. One morning saw two in broad daylight flying from one small "mimosa" (some kind of leguminous small nated tree) to another in grassy area on S side lake. I Pairs here, habitat extremely varied San Ignacio One seen in evening by Stirton & Garley daytime

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Marshall (1942) Cicada virgata Lake Olonega Not nearly as common as at Caraguatigue, but pairs heard almost every night. One pair would roam this area around spring (where C. nigrolineata pairs stayed) about the same time every night. One shot in early evening flew up a canyon above the spring - from high in tall tree. ? (?) taken by spring under lg tree edge swamp forest one early evening. Calls atypical. Perched 6' from ground. Los Esesmites One ♂ heard on 2 moonlit nights from camp. Call came from below cloud forest. Only 1 noted. V. de Santa Ana Pair followed & called into trees right overhead - followed me long way in thick planted cypresses up hill n. camp. One ♂ called up & seen very close 10 ft perching close to ground (4-6') when still light at edge forest at base Cerro de Los Naraijos. Chilata Heard from Balsams at night.

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Marshall (1942) Ciccaba nigrolineata Lake Olonega for several nights before Jan 29 and at same time each evening (10-11 pm) I would call from high on ridge se camp for 1/2 hr. or more then move into the canyon above spring I call there & ? would also join some performance with gt regularity. Call ~ C. virgata - percussive bark but preceded by 4 barks ascending in pitch thus: hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo, hoo, ?A. crescendo towards the 2 main hoots which were exactly like those of C. virgata; in both sp. there give the impression of 2 shots of a remote & muffled shot gun - "both barrels". ? definitely higher than ?. On Jan 29 I went up to the spring when ? started hooting & gave a few calls. Immediately both birds came & flew back & forth between 2 trees perching in each & coming at over my head where I was standing.

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Marshall (1942) Cicaba nigrolineata J. Olmenga Jan 29 in open space along creek. They called often & were very excited as if nest close by. Eyes were like great red lights - beautiful shine even in flight. Hard to see when perched & I had to work over an hour before I finally shot the ? Chased them several hundred yards among the great trees on the hillside & confluence of creek beds around the spring. But then I shot at several wrong things: a cat in the coyoles, a whippoorwill, & C. virgata but despite the shots the 2 owls always stuck around the usually perching very high & on top of densely-foliaged horiz. branches so I couldn't see them. Jan 30th Same performance & I took the male this time. Habitat: Very definitely the large dense trees in ravines on hillside above the lake. The same spot where all the other hawks and owls taken i.e. trees surrounding Stirt's mammal live trap. No others ever called up - tried many places.

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Marshall (1942) Pulatrix perspicillata Lake Olemera 1st spec taken in eve. when still light from trees along a road across the grassland on S edge lake. Very tame & sluggish flight. Perched conspicuously in bare branches halfway up in trees. 2nd taken late at night in heavy mixed trees & bushes on slope SE camp between camp & spring. I stalked it a long while - attracted by its very peculiar calls & finally saw it on top dead stub. Call: 9 gruff grunts in even rapid succession very breathy in quality of very un-owl like. More like a noise made with wings than vocal. Shu-shu-shu-shu- shu-shu-shu-shu-shu... Very low and hard to place. Sounded very close although bird 50 yds or more away most of time. Not in big trees - just mixed dense growth. 3rd taken in daytime when I saw it sitting on 1st branch large tree at over trail at boat landing. Flushed several times-going to big branches near trunk dense trees each time.

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Marshall (1942) Nyctibius griseus Lake Olonega. Spec. taken by Davis #1063 in woods. #85695-b taken by Sturton in grassland. Both at night

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Marshall (1942) Caprimulgus vociferus vociferus Lake Olomoga Frequently seen- could select one in every night of intensive collecting. Could be told by very red eyeshine & always up in trees - sometimes even top or conspic. branches. Nyctidromus almost always on ground & larger, yellower eye. Collected in avenue of trees across grassland, in small tree edge of grassland or marsh, large tree out in "_". Often seen (red eyesline) sitting still for very long time 15-20 min in high dense branches in lg. trees up canyon above camp when looking for owls. Never heard calling at any time. The next commonest Caprimulgiform at the lake, perhaps one to every 30 or 40 Nyctidromus and 4 or 5 to every Texas nighthawk. One flushed in daytime in ravine above spring. Perched lengthwise of branch blended well - flew very rapidly - no white - ♀ collected. l.g. trees in mixed woods; Not in Swamp Forest.

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Marshall, (1942) Nycticorax albicollis Lake Olomega The most abundant nocturnal bird but limited to open country, fields, edge of lake, canyon to dry washes and road across open country or of camp where bare ground for sitting. Along the road mentioned above, could see or hear one every few yards. Very bright yellow iris. Always on ground-very ground and very tame. Hop up in the air a foot or more. Any eyeshine seen in trees or slot at would prove to belong to Texas nighthawk or Whip-poor-will. Great ant calling every evening while we were there almost all night on moonlit nights. Very loud & rasping call altho pleasing when heard at a distance: "quint, quint, quint, coo-weee rolling ooo" Only time seen in woods was 9 or next near base tree at edge woods (10' from road) on W side lake which was only a few yards

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Marshall (1942) Nyctidromus albicollis 2. Omege: from open c. at edge lake. Only a depression in bare gnd. 2 eggs. I allowed very close approach but I couldn't touch her. Visited the nest in daytime - often in full sunlight. Found in middle of Feb. Hadn't hatched when we left. Colima - heard moonlit night when we were crossing Rio Tenga on way to Los Escumles. Chilata Heard at night.

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Marshall, (942) Chordeiles acutipennis L. Olomega Not as common as Caprimulgus but once Two taken, one or 2 others seen. 1st taken from perch in tree along road then gun co. W camp or 1st evening at the Lake. 2nd in morning as it perched in broad daylight in lg. dead tree in dense woods just E camp. At this tree I had just shot a Micrastur and he which had stuck up there; then the nighthawk alighted & I shot it. Then I went back to camp for a rope - left my gun there (!) & arrived at the tree where a Crane Hawk was now sitting. Sto startled one from a roost in dry thin woods W camp one afternoon.

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marshall (1942) Chaetura richmondi? Luke Olomega jan 22 several noted at olomega landing in am. small - black. V. de Santa Ana : See Gordon article. Courtship took place over fixed circuit along main canyon up Cerro del Aguila & around through certain large trees there - at terrific speed. The flocks of Streptoprocne and Chaetura never mixed here as far as I could tell, altho they would appear at the same places at different times. Charles: Chilata - Courtship flight by pairs only, seen among balsam groves. Flocks would mix with Streptoprocne over grassy knoll in late afternoon. Call note - vigorous staccato 'kip, kip, kip, trip,' given especially when chasing each other in circuits around trees. Call heard overhead before swift come into view. Becomes more intense & twanging in courtship - almost like call of Eutamias. Only single notes.

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Marshall (1942) Aeronauts zapatilis Los Esesmile visited several times along crest. Summit Volcan de Santa Ana - 8-9 in loose formation would fly close enough for shots at the rim of the volcano but I didn't hit any.

Marshall (1943) Streptoprocne zonaris noted only at Mt. Cacagnatique, V. de Santa Ana, Chilata, but common & conspicuous in each place. Our camp at V. de Santa Ana was located in sort of a wide pass between two cones and thru this pass the large flock (501) Collared Swifts would stream majestically past at about the same time each afternoon, and often on cloudy afternoons - always same direction - saw south. The flock would always be in fairly close formation and the birds always flying in perfectly straight lines with no deviation for foraging. This made a very impressive and dignified show like a squadron of airplanes passing in review. Gradually they would come past as low as 150-200 ft. but I never succeeded in killing any. At other times small groups could be seen foraging very high over camp & their

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Marshall (1942) steptoprope V. de Santa Ana high-pitched squeals you could be heard when the birds were too high to be seen. Chilata - see Condor article. Often in the am. the flock would appear from lustre up (announced by squeal) & forage over a cleared ridge or Cerro del Aguilas for a short time.

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Marshall (1982) Trogon violaceus Chlorostilbon canivetii V. de Santa Ana χ 2287 coll. as sang from high in lg. fig tree in heavy-heavy forest here Cerro del Aguila cleared & undergrowth (for planting coffee).

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Marshall, (1942) Trogon melanocephalus Lincoln [illegible] Rather common on the wooded cut, slopes back of camp. Dry mixed growth. 1st pair seen in trees on dry ridge above the spring; male "singing" succession of twits of same pitch.

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Marshall (1942) Amazilia rutila Trogon elegans Lake Omeaga - (Like T. melanoptyla) mummig I what little strictly confined to the natural cover on the slopes and dogwashes + ca in the Colinas de Juenavan - this consisting of the dry riped woods. At the head of one canyon first heard their low croop & thought them cries from very high in some large fruit- bearing trees & thought them to be Penelopes, & the next day we tried to track them down. They called regularly *to* one every 10-15 minutes & I finally by giving an imitation got a bird to come low & saw & heard it at some time - a T. elegans! Call as deep, in Van R. very deep and harsh, sound like a mammal. Feeding on fruit in their high trees Probably. Chileta noted

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Marshall, Joe (1942) Mecerylo aleyon Jotera, Dept Morazan (i.e. SW side Mt. Ceraguateque. Davis & I saw this Kingfisher perched on a wire over the stream or edge of the town the 1st day I joined expedition. I shot at it with a slingshot but missed.

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Marshall (1942) Megaceryle toquata I. Olomeza Bill Gealy, 2 believe, coll. this specimen along the Rio San Miguel.

Marshall (1942) Chloroceryle americana 2. Olomega First seen about Jan.22 the first day I was there about 100 yds. upstream from camp. The stream is & only about 3' wide but has little minnows in it. The kingfisher flew from farther upstream, thru the dense growth along it & perched near me for a while. Feb.15 Collected Later found to be common around edge of lake where in low lowest branches of very large trees overhanging the lake - shady situation, and close to dense trees. Chileta A pair noted at river near camp. River about 10-16' wide, and little growth along it where the kingfishers were. None other seen in region altho. I went along all streams looking for Mango Flycatchers.

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Marshall (1942) Chloroceryle aenea Lake Olomega noted at edge of Lake (near landing) where trees overhanging water providing shaded & protected foraging places.

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Marshall (1942) Momotus lessonii Megaleryptor torquata Vide Santa Ana noted occasionally. A pair watched in dry forest at edge Laguna de las Ranas 5300 ft on April 16. Chilata - noted.

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Marshall (1942) Ennemota superciliosa Lake Olonaga Occasionally noted singly in flat grassland W camp where leafless shrubbery 20' high and few large trees. Usually in the shrubbery. Chilata - noted.

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Marshall (1942) Pteroglossus torquatus Lake Chomega a most repulsive looking and sounding bird. Bills always caked with fruit. Seen several times in sm groups (4-5), in mixed open woods of large and small trees as along stream back of camp and area on sw edge of lake.

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Marshall (1942) Chlacorhynchus prasius V. de Santa Ana Large noisy flocks encountered in small scrubby tree growth at edge or above main forest. These birds were responsible for destroying much of the passion fruit crop. They always decoyed readily to stuffed owl.

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Marshall, (1942) Ceophleus lineatus Lake Olomega, Chieleta - not as common as at Cocagnatique but common in mixed woods and edge clearings in dense swamp forest of Olomega.

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Marshall (1942) Centurus aurifrons Lake Olomega, V. de Santa Ana, Chileta . As at Ocaguetique found commonly in trees around habitations, clearings, & coffee fincas . Not in virgin "cloud" forest at V. de Santa Ana, only in fincas. Very rich conspicuous on exposed bare limbs and in groups.

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Marshall (1942) Piculus rubiginosus Lake Olomega: Heavier timber such as at [illegible] in Colinas de Jacuaran + swamp forest. Chilata: Only in the few areas where heavy natural cover still exists. Calls ~ flier.

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Marshall,(1942) Venlorinis ferrigatus Lake Olomega, Fairly Common, but only in dense swamp forest at W side of lake. Always paired. Males located by their drumming fs by tapping. Very wild, hard to approach, very quiet. Foraging on small Dryobates - On trunk & larger branches of medium-sized trees.

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Marshall (1942) Phleocaster guatemalensis Lake Olomega Noted in [illegible] large tree-growth. Drumming often heard from hillsides in Colinas de Jucuarán.

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Marshall (1942) Xiphorhynchus flavogaster Lake Olonega Common in heavy swamp forest where pairs seen; noisy, pursuing each other. On large branches a bigger tree.

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Marshall (1942) Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Lake Okeechobee Common in mixed woods

Marshall, (1942) Synallaxis erythrothorax Notes: 3 aruding; 1 lower; or 2 up, 2 lower Lake Olowaga – Restricted to patches of dense brush around edge of marsh or sloughs of lake either with or without open tree growth but not where dense forest. Always paired. No nests seen. Was certainly not as common as we had expected and it was a couple of weeks before Davis got the 1st one. At certain times all would be calling together after thus in early am. Call very distinctive; Petulant and “snapped” out. Most common in brush patches along banks & winding slough or west side lake where slough went thru very open forest.

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Marshall (1942) Thamnophilus doliatus Lake Olomega Pairs common in densest scrubby forest, of low trees and high bushes in flat country on S & SW sides of lake. Commonest in dense growth just E of camp where almost impenetrable & scrubby trees formed continuous roof of foliage about 20' high. Will has peculiar "subparine" wooden quality, slightly ascending in pitch, next to last note accented, last lower in pitch. Very tame. Crest loose & erected when trilling; tail vibrates with each note. Volcan de Santa Ana Several pairs present in dense brushy areas on S slope Cero del Aguila where forest cleared off. Same place where Tapera found. Chilata - Noted.

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Marshall (1942) Chiotiphia linearis Lake Olmego Only 2 seen, [let a time] these perched 6-10 ft in small trees in mixed oof woods on flat land S side lake. Flight very darting and rapid. Chilata Common Groups containing 4-8 generally encountered in undergrowth or lower in forested ravines. One evening heard "Toledo" note in a baobab grove and thought it was some kind of goatsucker, exactly same full penetrating quality of potswell. Turned out to be 2 manikins sitting side by side their calls just a very slight bit out of phase so that it sounded like a single call with reverberation. Found in cooler shaded wooded areas.

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Marshall, (1942) Attila spadiceus Lake Ohomega On the west side of the lake was a flat area with a very luxuriant mixed growth of large trees small trees and patches of dense brush. A great variety & number of birds always encountered there. Some, like the Attila, and even Best-killed flycatcher were found here only. Both my Attila specimens were shot here as they perched high in the taller trees. The male was singing - a very fine performance of descending series of doubly reflected whistles. ~~~~ Little activity - sat very quietly & motionless. Posture upright like Kingbird.

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Marshall (1942) Platyparis aglaiae Lake Olomega Pairs common especially in trees near farms or clearings. Look like flycatchers except much chunkier, slower, and very phlegmatic. Calls varied & harsh. Generally quiet. Very open country only. Chilata Only 2 pairs seen. One in balsam group, one at nest on or soft large lora tree in ravine on mt slope. Nest bulky sphere 1' long, opening a hole in one side.

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Marshall (1942) Tityra semifasciata Lake Olomega Small flock noted one day in tall bare Tree in camp. Volcande Santa Ana Flock of 25 or so always present in largest trees at base of Cerro del Agila. Same place where colony of Turdus assimilis Feeding on fruit. Harsh loud notes. Chilata tall trees.

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Marshall (1942) Sayornis nigricans Chilata A pair about every 1/2 mile along the two largest streams in the area generally where steep-walled rocky gorges. Strictly limited to watercourses of good size Very quiet at this season - only the single call note heard. Always paired.

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Marshall (1942) Muscivora forficata Lake Olomega - Probably 1000 individuals, very loosely flocking, ranged throughout the open scrubby woods at the boundary between the grassland and dryfoothill forests at the SW corner of the lake. This particular area was overrun with larks at the time. San Salvador February? Each evenings, birds would come w over the hotel and perch everywhere on wires - apparently bedding down. April? Thousands upon thousands present each evening flying generally westward toward center of town perching row after row on all available wires. There were several large dense trees in the square below the hotel and hundreds of the birds were attempting to alight in them. Each one fluttering in would fight one already there because every available twig was taken. This

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Marshall (1942) Muscivora forficata San Salvador made a striking picture like corn popping or a geyser of birds. May - none present. Flight halting and zig-zag. Absolutely no organization as flocks.

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Marshall (1942) Tyrannus tyrannus Chilata One collected in fruit trees in most level & open place in the area.

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Marshall (1942) Tyrannus verticalis Mt. Cacagudjine - small groups - not flocks Lake Oloromega - middle of February 1 day a flock of about 20 came to a tall live tree at camp. Do not fly & pereh close together as do warblings. Volcan de Santa Ana loose flocks or individuals noted daily flying to top dead snags on denuded area S slope Cerrc de los Naranjos - Chilata Sm. Loose flocks occasionally seen. Not seeing - only single call heard.

Marshall (1942) Tyrannus melancholicus Common, but Lake Okeechobea - only in trees in open grass or marshy country near edge lake. Single or paired. Liked to hunt from trees at very edge of lake. Calls and activity "saldred" compared to preceding as K.B. state.

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Marshall (1942) Myiodynastes luteiventris Volcan de Santa Ana - Only tall trees in Coffee fincas or flat country shown in photo in Cordoba Antioquia. Shade trees had been thinned and the zonal appearance of the fincas was thus more like 'lower Tropical'. These birds occurred in 2's or 3's and were noticeable around tall dead snags. None were seen prior to date of 1st specimen & became more abundant after that. Very noisy always chasing each other, varied calls. Besides congaire perches often alighted in dense foliage (fruit eating?) lower down. Variety of postures - not the usual stiff erect flycatcher pose turning head side to side. Chilata: Pairs frequently encountered in tharbarns next to open fields.

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Marshall (1942) Myiozetetes similis Gotera Dept Morazan December. Numerous in park feeding on fruit in palm trees. Lake Olomega Abundant everywhere in open country. Conspicuous and noisy, gregarious. Volcan de Santa Ana In cultivated areas - fincas, etc. upto 5000ft. Chilata Abundant seen everywhere. Especially along creept in dense cool woods.

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Marshall (1942) Pitangus sulphuratus Lake Okeechobee Probably the most abundant as well as most noisy and conspicuous bird in open country. Even in hyacinth bogs or E edge lake, perched on stakes to mark canals for their flycatching.

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Marshall, (1942) Myiarchus (except tuberculifer) Lake Olomega All the Olomega birds were silent, solitary birds taken from middle parts of leafless trees growing along road across grassland w camp and along wash same area.

Marshall (1942) Myiarchus tuberculifer, Lake Olomega, Vde Santa Ana, Chile; as at Caraguatire & Los Escobis, in tall timber. pairs occurred almost everywhere except in dense pure cloud forest. or swamp forest.

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Marshall (1942) Myiochanes cinereus Lake Olomega Pairs common in arid woods & Colinas de Juncuvaran, noted especially in timber, along washes. Behavior much like our pewees. Call remarkable for flycatcher: a rolling "preeet" exactly like the call of a canary. Like our pewee, 1st to call in am & last at night. As I recall at these times it gave a call similar to the 4 syllable call of the W. wood pewee. Very doubtful for Clutata - Pairs common in balsaan groves. Often confused with Empidonax as it when it perched at middle height of trees. Noticably darker than any other Empidonaxes or Myiochanes. Appeared much smaller than "cineus.

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Marshall, (1942) Empidonax flaviventris Chilata Taken along streams in small trees below forest growth.

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Marshall (1942) Empidonax traillii Lake Oloregan Edge of Lake at our camp had a large flat marshy area with short willow-like growth. This P. was quite common here and I coll. 2♣ there next to last morning there. Gave typical calls, so V. de Santa Ana. On open forest N base Arco de los Narvijos where cleared for coffee-planting.

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Marshall (1942) Enjidoras flavescens V.de Santa Ana - Common in Cloud forest. Occurance same as at Los Ecesmiles - generally at high elev. and denser larger trees.

Marshall (1942) Onychorhynchus coronatus Lake Olomega 1st spec. perched in sm tree below dense tall trees at stream near spring. Looked like a Myiarchus. 2nd spec. taken in shady gully under large trees up a ravine in Colinas de Jucavan. Also was foraging in small growth 10-20 ft from ground. Both in very well shaded localities localities. 2nd was only wounded when shot and it fanned out its crest & held it vertical when I picked it up. Myiarchus seen in most exposed leafless trees in open.

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Marshall (1942) Telmomyia sulphurescens Lake Olomega Understory of swamp forest up to 50 + above gub. Habit like Empidonax Chuleta in balsams and lower parts of denser natural forest.

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Marshall (1942) Rhinocoryphus brevirostris Volcan de Santa Ana Foraging, color appearance habitat like Enypidorax difficilis Both specimens taken same place, different times days (I on way up mt, other on way back) from middle upper parts, large trees in heavy dark forest on south slope Cerro de los Naranjos - about 1/3 way up. Remarkable in that could probably have been same spot where VanR took 2.

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Marshall, (1942) Todirostrum cinereum Lake Olowega - Seen along stream from camp to lake margin where it preferred interior parts of large dense green trees. Also in such trees (edited) along lake front. Taken in dry, dense high brush across stream from camp.

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Marshall, (1942) Oncostema cinereigulare Lake Olomega in interior of low dense brush patches in swamp forest as slightly similar situation but more open forest where Attalea or Attiles were taken on Wind Lake. Chilata Brush in a shaded telos balsams.

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Marshall (1942) Elaenia flavogaster Lake Olomega on outside sm berry producing trees in openings at edge lake. single. Crest raised, forming actions similar to Phaenoptila. Open country.

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Marshall (1942) Elaenia obscura Vide Santa Ana Common in cloud forest and not as much in open brush as at Los Eermites. Was more towards summits of Jeco and Santa Ana and in trees.

Marshall (1942) Elaenia viridicata no notes or calls heard I. Olomega Open forest at w end. Chilata quiet, solitary, humid forest "island" in shaded ravine where Turdus assimilis found.

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Marshall (1942) Tyrannicus irissimus Chilata 2472 skel collected am one of a pair staying close together (same brush or sm tree) in the humid shaded gully where so many sp. made their only appearance at Chilata (ferns, springs, dense humid growth and under tall dense trees). Here were Todus assimilis, Catharus aurantiurostris, Ant-Wren, Y-gr Vireo, Blue Honey-Creeper etc. The pair pitched from brush to sm tree at edge of understory of forest with feeble flight like Gratecatchers. Stayed in outer foliage 10 ft up (but acted like Vireos & looked remarkably like them) ie moved around in foliage - did not stay on a single perch, looking for flying insect. There was nothing in my brief look into the behavior of this pair to suggest that they were flycatchers. 2505 taken at midday along creek on N side of range 1/2 mi before

Marshall (1942) Tyrannicus vilissimus it leaves the mountains Stream Bottom 30 yds wide & flat low trees or bushes at stream-side well-lighted. A very open, sunny habitat. Saw a small bird perched on a horizontal twig 3' above stream as in this ill.

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Marshall, (1943) Mionectes leagines Chilata for habitat see Condor 45:1943:27 bottom. This particular gorge is the biggest deepest and wildest in this whole part of the Balsam Range and is the only place where this sp. was found. After reading Van's account of the colony of nesters in vine tangles draping the walls of a narrow ravine at Chilata, I personally and

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Marshall (1992) Micronetes leagrus Chilata above. Zealey has a picture of the sight which is a great cavern or cavity in the side of the south wall of the gorge : really it is an overhang of 20-25 ft. There were crevasses here filled with droppings, pellets, feathers & prey of Falco albipennis (the pair of Falcons spent the day on the mt above the north wall where the swift foraged). From the middle of the ceiling hung a short stout 3/4

Marshall (1942) Mionectes leucurus Chilata: Near the last day of stay, shot the nest down! cliffhangl overhanging 6"? rbst 12" en Only got one glimpse of this sp in life. One morning when walking back from nest sight up gorge to camp (about 300 yds up stream from above sight). Saw a little bird like a sm W Flycatcher flutter with nest material into a fissure in the side of the gorge. In this cleft about 6" wide at the back was a horiz. boulder with water dripping around it into a pool a short dist. away. A partially built nest was suspended from some roots on the under side of this boulder making the bottom of the nest about 18" above ground. The bird flew directly to nest and hung onto a strand and flew backwards a

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Marshall (1942) Mionectes oleagineus Chilata little half suspended by its bill, half supported by its flight. Then darted out of the cleft and into some rank growth on the adjacent wall of the gorge. It darted from bush to bush & finally sat long enough to be collected. No other bird seen at the nest nor anywhere else nor were anymore nests seen Britt nests in overhangs on S Wall Canyon S wall deep cleft Boulder pool spring perpendicular cliff 75' nest stream

Marshall (1942) Tidoprocne albilinea Lake Olomga: 15 Feb. On my "birthday cruise" in a dugout, the sad day when I collected too much. Got 4 swallows. They were available only over the water, & I never saw a chance to get them over land. Common around edge lake. Foraged 5 - 25 ft above water. Perched on stumps and branches of submerged trees.

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Marshall (1942) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis J. Olmegg Noted probably was over swamps and grass at SW corner lake Chilata Only in the same deeep gorge with the Collared Swift After discovering the swifts roosting crevice under a large boulder over which the entire stream fell I went back in the daytime I noticed a r-rw swallow cling below a little hole on the lowest vertical face of the boulder and about 10 ft above the pool. This was a round hole about 1 1/4

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Marshall (1942) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis ctulata locomotion (as described in Zool. 113 notes) and (as in Warner '70 notes) their striking habits in foraging ie: same circuit time after time & identical for both birds.

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Marshall (1942) Humida April San Salvador noted in city. V.de Santa Ana a couple seen over the summit of v. de Santa Ana Were in straightaway flight to the north-west.

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Marshall (1942) Progne chalybea San Miguel (Dec. 1941) Jan (1942) Common about largest buildings in town. V. de Santa Ana : about 10 seen in loose flock over summit of V. de Santa Ana. Did not return. San Salvador : Abundant along streets and perched on roofs & inches of buildings. Foraged over traffic from 20' to 75' roughly. Frequently perched. Present at every stay in the city. At our last stay in May the rainy season started and one evening at sun-set a cloud-burst occurred. The Martins all got under cover in recessed windows and under eaves and especially under the enlarged eaves over shop entrances. They crowded every available perch and sat side-by-side in rows within reach in the doorways. I could not determine where they went to roost after the rain when it was dark. Probably spent next.

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Marshall (1942) Cissilops melanocyanea V de Santa Ana: Didn't pay much attn to these jays except in the dense timber near summit Cerro del Aguila where I was trying to get Quail Dove that was hooting (from some perch day after day) Everytime I tried to stalk this dove on his high perch, one member of this flock of about 12 jays would always squawk an alarm note and the dove would shut up. When the damn thing did hoot I wasn't much better off because owing to its ventriloqual quality I could never get an exact enough direction. The jay episode happened regularly. One of this particular flock was taken. They hung around edge between dense forest and cleared field and made trouble for me generally.

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Marshall (1942) Caloitta formosa Lake Olomaga: Very open mixed growth with occasional large tree at SW corner lake. Flew with straight look slow flight with regular slow wing beat, generally from one large tree to another. Seldom seen in little growth. Great variety of sounds. Wide Santa Ana - Civilized areas. Chulata noted -

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Marshall (1942) Thryothorus infallurus V. de Santa Ana: Cerro del Aguilá: conspicuously song) in densest brush patches under the largest and densest trees ie brush under heaviest forest. Paired. It's singing pairs close together. Never more than a few ft off and shared this habitat with Catharus aurantirostris and I. maculieutus. Call (song) easily imitated yet it's seldom paid attention - or would come str. to edge of brush, take a look & disappear again before I could shoot - then keep on singing in co. with a out of sight. Song quality & pitch of (A. Sreech-Owl but at close range has some higher notes; ends with a delicate liquid up slurred "whit". Each song is very song & has a few hoots on one pitch, the rest 1/2 lower. A given pair progresses slowly through quite a large area of brush. Cerro de los Naranjos 2297, 2298, 2299 coll at dusk within at edge forest on

marshall (1942) Chrythemus rufalbus V. de Sant'Ana N. base hill where dense brush under large trees. Apparently 2 pairs in one brush pile & they all turned out when I gave screech owl notes & clamored around me uttering harsh alarm notes. Coll. at close range with #22 shot. It's noticeably bigger than G's. Chilata recorded in my copy of Van R. Probably heard it in one of deeper shadowy canyons

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Marshall (1942) Thyothorus plumostictus Chilate Only in that deepest gorge where every thing else of importance at Chilate has found. One pair building a nest in short tree in bottom of gorge, at least 2 males heard on N slope where dense thickets and larger trees were plentiful. Stands out as first men song in whole show - as I recall, a sustained varied song but don't recall exactly. If this is tree would be an exception along with T. infallus to usual pattern of double phases characterizing T. modestus, T._[illegible] and Henicorhina 1st spec. taken at very long range as sang from rocks in steep shady ravine on the N slope. I had to chase it for a long way up this hill - apparently was up in trees much of time, always singing superbly. Late another heard here. 2566 & 2567 were taken as they built a nest in bottom of

Marshall (1942) Thryothorus pleostictus Chulala gorge in fork of prickly large-leaved tree about 6 ft up & absolutely in open. Narrow neck, walls so thin could see right through. Tree right in open. Nest preserved by squashing flat. This nest was very new, had no eggshells in bottom, not even a thickening in bottom the weens certainly appeared to be working on it & it was in the rock chasm where Tolmomyias never seen nor expected, not pendant, I say the weens built it themselves. Were very tame, nest right in open went to it freely - After ($), st collected, #F became very shy & was almost impossible to locate in the rocks & sparse growth

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Marshall (1942) Thryothorus manupertus V. de Santa Ana Heard often but only one seen & coll. in dense brush under heavy forest trees (?) on Cerro del Agila. This one squeaked up to brush at edge of road. A very loud and excellent song which came often from this brushy home of the rufalbus x C. amantissimus & thought for a long time to be the latter. Chilata Heard??

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Marshall (1982) Heleodytes rufinucha Gotera: Dec '41 Also in trees & bushes along road - around trunks & larger limbs. Very wary & much unusual posturing with head per bill pointed upward, tail spreading, wing givvering etc whenever 2 together. Olomega: Abundant around farms & along roads where favored large dense trees, climbing around on bark like muthatches. All the headquarters in these large trees foraged near and in other bushes & trees - Occurred generally in most open flat country wherever a few good-sized trees or where houses, fence rows & trees, roadside rows of trees. Its posturing became very familiar accompanying squawls when ever 2 birds together. V de Santa Ana - 1 pr. at our house 5000 ft. Chilata Common esp farms.

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Marshall (1942) Turdus rufitorques Colonizing only diff. front mtns. V. de Santa Ana 2276 taken at extreme summit of cleared bump of "Jeco" back of camp. This summit had one tall snag left, ground covered with dense brush. Robin came from overhead, alighted on top of stub, gave a lot of loud alarm notes & began to sing. Coll. all alone. 2390, 2391 from breeding colony at Summit of Santa Ana - in As descr. in Van Rossem - a prairie with a few trees - foraged on ground in grass & sang from trees - and from trees in heavy brush on the outermost wall of crater. Very definitely a colony - close-packed in small area - perhaps several hundred birds - extreme amt noise, fighting, singing etc. Old J's very tough to get. Very wild. Great nos. after some kind of berry in the brush patch. Cedar Warbler & many other birds in this Creek.

Marshall (1942) Turdus migratorius V. de Santa Ana: Behavior, notes, song, feeding, all identical to T. migratorius. The main difference was the fact that the birds occurred in what seemed to be a breeding colony. They were actually breeding and the pairs were crowded much closer together than you would ever find T. migratorius could hardly be even territories here. Were they together and limited to this one spot because of peculiarity of habitat requirements satisfied time only or because really a local and colonizing bird? Evidence from Los Essimiles indicates (occurrence only in one colony there where orchard trees & bare ground or short grass - not unique habitat) colony. At Santa Ana, any other suitable habitat would also be around habilitations, + clearings of would be recent & not stable i: could be limited to summit by necessity, not settling colonial instinct. Small trees - bare ground. ??

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Marshall (1942) Turdus assimilis V. de Santa Ana : Cerro del Aguilá— See Fig. 12 Cardos 45, 1943:32 Canyon between the 2 peaks of had very large fig or other oak trees etc. large tract & on left-hand (W) side underbrush cleared near bottom preparatory to coffee planting. This left a noble hillside of tinjietrees & bare ground underneath, except this was where T. assimilis trogons, Atilas, Piranga leucoptera etc. living out in the tops eating berries & fruit. Definitely a restricted colony of T. assimilis. Almost never seen stayed in densest high foliage for feeding & singing. Cloudy dark days sang from lower large branches 60' up in view but never moved so couldn't find them then either. Very peculiar frog-like call: Kerrrrrrr— reminding one of trogons. Judging from these calls, were lot of birds in every tree, but when I tried to talk them,

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Marshall (1872) Turdus assimilis they would leak out the backs of the trees unseen & soon be heard farther uphill. The song is the best robin song of all. It includes phrases from the best migratorius songs plus mellow whistles and other phrases of the mockingbird type - but uttered in separate phrases like regular robin song. Remarkably powerful song - none of the notes are muffled as in T. migratorius, each of great beauty and of deliberate tempo. A scale of Turdus songs might be erected thus: I. plebejus humming like English Sparrow-monoronus I. migratorius & T. rubritaque, a little less hurried, moving between phrases, more musical, and less monotonous, not full toned. T. grayi : takes its time, variety, beaty good full tone. Strictly a T. mig. type though, no "tricklingbird" T. assimilis Deliberate, full, great variety but still recognizible as debel. for ever phrases of mig. song. T. infuscatus No semblence of T. mig. song, no adherence to truing of phrases; pattern like a mockingbird but much better quality and good mellow whistled phrases.

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Marshall (1942) Turdus assimilis Cerro de Aguila cont... #2325 taken from this "colony" - large trees, open or bare and free from undergrowth, this of course artificial her- man-made. Never seen on ground. Closest to ground was on foggy evening when singing from bare limb (perched alongside it) about 40 ft above road. Heard daily at this locality. April 16 p.m. Laguna de las Ramas (Vde Santa Ana): 2366 & 2367 taken in extremely tall, park-like forest on S side of lake bed, fairly level ground. A north-facing slope although hardly any rise to rim bordering lake - perhaps 50'. On this side the trees were very tall and immense, widely spaced, yet interlocking above to produce heavy shade below. Ground absolutely open & bare of brush, only mosses ferns, and occasional small symmetrical shrubs. Crown foliage 100 or more ft up - a magnificent grove of T. assimilis only here.

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Marshall (1942) Turdus assimilis Laguna de las Ranas: Elsewhere in the area of the lake were steeper slopes & dense underbrush under the forest or at one east-facing hillside the trees were low (25-30') & no undergrowth, only leaves. Still not the same as above habitat. Again this could be a colony, actually was in a sense because many individuals here in a [illegible] limited area, or a restriction to particular very local habitat. Birds almost impossible to see, harsh calls & occasional singing (midday) from high in foliage. Could see only after alighting from flight - generally ran along branches and per stood lengthwise of them thereby keeping generally out-of-sight. Calls and actions remarkably like Tyrens. One I could get singing several times by imitating call and song - but would never come close enuf for shot. Very few seen & 2 shot at extreme range. T. infuscatus here in same trees.

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Marshall (1942) Turdus assimilis V. de Santa Ana: On our 2nd day of trip to summit, found another "colony" at coll. 2385. Detected by Hylo-like calls in dense vegetation along steep narrow ravine with creek in it. Many birds here & could see them often by looking into the thickets would come close to imitate notes. Sides of ravine had rather dense tree growth, a few yards away was clearing. May 2 Chilata: 2477 taken from another "colony" - only birds located or heard in entire Chilata area were in edge of a balsam grove and in adjoining ravine where there was a unique luxuriant growth. The steep hill from ravine to balsam grove had bare ground & tall snags & foliated trees. The Robins were singing from the latter snags & trees. The birds were very noisy & conspicuous, singing from bare branches in the snag & flying back & forth to the ravine.

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Marshall (1942) Turdus grayi I. Olomega Not uniformly distributed. A loose flock 50+ stayed in lower farmyard, along the creek there and fed on fruit in the adjacent dense trees. Towards end of our stay would sometimes hear an chorus of faint songs. Rather noisy birds called with all call-notes same as T. migratorius. Didn't forage on ground. Sometimes bathing or drinking from rocks or edge creeks. Kept in upper foliage of trees at edge forest or along creek or isolated trees. Fruit-eating in company with several kinds of Orioles and a multitude of Hylocichla ustulata. San Ignacio Apr 6 Noted in Pines. Vila Santa Ana April Common in planted coffee finca, especially around our camp. This finca had well-spaced very large trees for shade; the robins sang & called from them. 23 93, 2394 taken later in April when in full song, but not yet paired, still in loose flock. On this day was a rain and the robins came to the pools along in the road to drink and bathe

Marshall (1942) Turdus grayi Y. de Santa Ana up to a large at a time. Much more noisy this time of year, very inconspicuous in winter at Alomega & Cacaguatigue. Fond calls and much community singing. Song loud, clear, of same structure as T. migratorius but with fuller tone more varied phrases - much superior in every respect. No whistles or mockingbird-like notes, as in assimilis or infuscatus, however. Cowl: Occurred in great numbers, semi-flocks, every where except Los Esesmiles. Abounds particularly around settled areas, and since most of the country is settled this is of importance. Not in densest cloud forest on Cerro de los Naajos, Cerro del Aguila, Santa Ana.

Marshall, (1942) Turdus infuscatus Apr Volcan de Santa Ana (Laguna de los Ranas) Apr. 16 On Apr. 16, day of trip to the dry lake to the n-w this sp. was encountered in the tallpark-like forest along with assimilis described under T. assimilis. Also stayed very high up in the foliage and distant limbs. Some singing in midday ** Heard Seen generally in denser cloud forests on Santa Ana, C. del Agujas.

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Marshall (1942) Catharus occidentalis Volcan de Santa Ana North Slope near summit in tract of rich heavy cloud forest with great variety of undercovers. Late in afternoon as passed this grove (returning from summit) heard several Catharuss singing. Apparently quite half a dozen pairs breeding in this favorable habitat. Another example of a species common on Los Esesimiles, extremely local at this area.

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Marshall (1942) Catharus aurantirostris Vide Santa Ana: One of the commonest and least conspicuous species in the area. 1st sp. Taken on top Jeco in a ravine choked with sm cypress trees & vines. I thought I was trailing a Mountain Chickadee from the song which was similar to the chickadee's 3 note song except very faint and lisped. Of the hundreds heard subsequently, there were rendered every combination of 3 or 4 week lisped notes & little twangs or thrush-like vibrations in between but never anything better than this squeaky faint performance. The birds give a great deal of singing all day long but the song can't be heard for more than 50 yds. Van R. has it confused with Myadestes botteri. pg 454. Birds gained generally. Can tell sexes in field. Found them in great variety of habitats but always in dense brush and vine tangles and usually in open. However in the spacious park-like forest of Carriel Azuela they were abundant in

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Marshall (1942) Catharus aurantirostris V. de Santa Ana: the inferior fell dense undergrowth along with Thryothorus rufulus and manglipes. The most typical habitat was that described under Empidonax albigularis, - along brushy gulleys running thru cultivated areas. (The brush grows in and at the side of these gulley because nothing is planted there.) These brushy areas are absolutely open - no trees. But Catharus stays under cover very well; forages & hops ~ Hylocichla & can be heard rustling the leaves. Singing usually not from a special perch but from ground and interior of bush - sings as forages ~ H. guttata therefore song always from different spot. Top of page is only interior where in brush under, real forest cover because the trees were very high & widely-spaced. On cloudy or rainy days wandered away from brush- on C. del Aguila a pair worked

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Marshall (1942) Catlarns aurantiiostris Vide Santa Ana far out into the Castor Bean plantation but always within range of cypress hedges where they would go when startled. In this Castor Bean area, ground is almost bare. This pair ran about on it like robins but always kept a hedge, or tree or boulder between themselves and me. Ozute May? Chilota Only one place in entire area - is the humid shaded valley with the spring, ferns, luxurious growth where I. assimilis was. Several males singing in denser wetter part of the valley. In brush.

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Marshall (1942) Hylocicla usulata (ustulata) Lake Oloomega abundant locality locally; as in fruit-bearing trees toward lake from camp at edge forest where foraged in crown foliage (eating berries) with Oriole, and T. grayi. There was a special trailsides enclosure of trees at edge forest near camp formed by a circle of 30-40 trees meeting overhead. Every am would be 10-20 oids up to 25 T. grayi & about as many H. ustulata in crown foliage. Never on ground. Usually silent. So when called, used only the low "whit" note. Not in the (almas) Valle de Santa Ana most abundant birds in thickets under forest cover everywhere. Greatest numbers occurred in the habitat of Thryothorus maculicinctus descr above. Here they were encountered in abundance everyday & there was much calling and singing - almost full song in loudness). Noted & shot Laguna de las Ramas many at Summit Santa Ana in berry prod. brush Chilaka Common where shade

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Marshall (1942) Myadestes obscurus V de Santa Ana noted in abundance together on Cerro del Aguila where underbrush cut and all along the road. I nest found in road bank near saddle. Birds very tame, easy to approach and in open woods where easy to see. Sing from middle freights of large trees which means the lowest branches 60 or more ft up. Sit on little peripheral twigs very motionless. Sing just about all day. Behavior much different from Los Eses miles where only in densest low trees.

Caney Mt. Refuge, Ozark Co., Mo. May 14, 1944 Blackpool 27/4 ? tecta 3.5 mm.

Marshall (1942) Anthus rubescens Figs.16 V de Santa Ana - Only one single bird on the dry lake bed Laguna de las Ramas - cracked mud or considerable [illegible] grass. Would flush from edges tall grass patches at y distance. or was finally shot on wing with heavy load. Lake bed about 300yds across afternoon.

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Marshall (1942) Polioptila bilineata Lake Olema always paired. In tall high grass and scrubby mimosa or short 2nd growth - is the most open conditions not actually meadow or marsh. Requires low scrubby trees. Therefore noted only in lowlands, w camp around to Wend Lake. Chilata Common, paired in 2nd growth low scrubby timber or hot ridges.

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Marshall (1942) Ramphocaenus infriventris Lake Ohonega Open forest of large widely-spaced trees at W end Lakes flat bare ground with occasional dense patches of brush 6' high. In these, Cincostoma and Ramphocaenus, above them, Tolmomyias, and in similar patches but out in the open not shaded by tall trees was Synallaxis. 2 M's heard singing in this brush - Songlean describe only as a "dribble" like blowing tiny bubbles rapidly out of a pipe. Very fine delicate, high, yet sweet, A descending cascade. A descending trill. The bird was seen in far side of brush patch as it hopped around in twigs within 6" of ground & shot. Chulata Humid glade where Tyrannisers, Turdus assimilis and Catharins found. Was in darker deeper part of ravine foraging in shaded sparse brush under trees hopping around in twigs picking off insects? Looked just like Wren-tit in life at (over)

that distance which is surprising when its far different proportions were noticed upon collecting. Was fraying up to 6' & in fresh

Marshall (1942) Boulycilla cedrorum V de Santa Ana Several feeding in high dense clust at N edge rim where there were many berries and many kinds gathered to feed upon them.

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Marshall, (1942) Cyclarhis flavivestris Lake Obomega Coincident with Ant-Shrike - i.e. in dense "Elfin forest" E camp. So Common not much noticed. Vide Santa Ana on tall brushy patches where grown after logging on S-facing slopes and brush gullies in same terr. with Ant-shrike and Tapera and other definitely low-zone birds in this non-original habitat. Chulata On high brush or low trees.

Marshall (1942) Vireo flavifrons Lake Olomega / coll. Vde Santa Ana / coll. in new coffee-grove (recently cleared of underbrush) at N base Cerro de los Naranjos.

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Marshall (1942) Vireo solitarius V de Santa Ana Probably a base Cero de Los Naranjos when all the vireos were migrating. Chilata At least two singing males established on permanent territories in balsams at edge groves & next to main river gorge. Heard daily and never collected. Very high in top foliage & always missed. Song characteristic diagnostic, however.

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Marshall (1942) Vireo olivaceus flavoviridis Chilata The most abundant, noisiest, most conspicuous birds at Chilata rep. around plantations is growth along streams woodland and everywhere where green veget trees medium-sized or small occurred. Everywhere but along rocky gorge and in hot open fields. A great variety of notes songs, scoldings and chattering - sounded much like English-Sparrows. All calls very loud. Always much fighting. Generally 2 or 3 birds in same sm. tree foraging lazily and calling fighting and squawling very noisily. Stay in green foliage where blend At time of writing (June 1944) having become familiar with the quiet, receding olivaceus I can see gt. diff. in notes & behavior. Song and notes louder and more varied in flavoviridis.

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Marshall (1992) Vireo gilvus V. de Santa Ana - In deep woods on gentle slope N base Cerro del Aguilá where undergrowth cleared for coffee planting & sunlight occurs on ground in large spots, there were a great many migrants, esp. vireos. Gilvus there every time I passed the area, not always singing, but could always turn up some by waiting long enough. Sometimes full song, sometimes scratchy whisper song; perched high above ground in crowns of green trees. Often 2 in a tree or vines. singing.

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Marshall (1942) Hylophilus decurtatus Feb. Lake Olomega Found only in dense high crowns of large trees at lake edge of swamp forest and in small trees in mixed swamp forest farther away from lake where Piculus Venilornis found. 1st area in crown foliage with Tennessee W and Bl & White Warblers, etc.; Ganexps 2nd place a breeding pair in dense vines on tree 10 ft from ground in mixed large Y sum tree growth, but still definitely swamp forest. Anxious about a nest & came very close.

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Marshall (1942) Cyanerpes cyanus Lake Olomega - 2 birds seen in top bare tree along road W camp (road thru fields) perched like siskins a few circles apart. Call both, a ♂ & ♀ both in green plumage, #1918 & 1919. #2016 shot from crown foliage of birch tree for edge swamp forest w edge lake foraging with Warblers, Hylophilus, etc. Not aware of flock of Cyanerpes. Chilata Abundant very active and noisy in low humid palto ravine where Turdus assimilis & Catharus found. Foraging high in crowns of tall trees or in bushes near gnd.

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Marshall (1942) Diglossa baritula Vide Santa Ana - Common - often met with heard squeaked out of dense brush at foot large trees edge cloud forest or Jeco, C. del Aguila, etc. More noticed than at Los Esesmes.

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(1942) Marshall Mniotilta varia Lake O[illegible]ega mixed Swamp Forest - crown foliage with flocks. Vde Santa Ana abundant esp. in Cypresses planted throughout coffee fincas kept to trunks & branches. Verivora peregrina Verivora peregrina Vde Santa Ana Numerous in roving flocks Several seen and one collected in dense deep brush on rim Volcano at summit where feeding with at. variety of birds, mapwings, robins, etc.

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Marshall (1942) Vermivora superciliosa V de Santa Ana much more numerous than at Los Escondites. Almost every large tree had a singing pair the rule, sometimes several in one tree. Easily attracted by squeaks & owl calls, tame. Song from low trees or epiphytes as well as high in trees. Only in heavy timber.

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Marshall (1942) Dendroica aestiva I. Olomega Several collected from trees around mouth of stream thru camp at lake margin also open marsh with isolated clumps of large trees, & willow-grath. A common species around edge lake. Vde Santa Ana Several in trees around camp where same song post day of several days is now # 2466 taken in cypress hedge where had been singing for several days (a a different bird each day singing from same sound of perches?) Chilata #2487 taken. Dendroica magnolia I. Olomega - Almost always noted in sparse tall brush understory of swamp forest w end lake generally paired. Vde Santa Ana # 2396 Summit? Noted often in coffee bushes in shaded parts of plantation - singing. Chilata Noted. Dendroica virens Vde Santa Ana - common in large trees

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Marshall (1942) Seiurus auropallatus Vermivora peregrina V. de Santa Ana Numerous in roving flocks of migrant warblers & vireos in crown foliage of larger trees. L. Olmega Seen one or twice in patches of clean ground covered with leaves in dense growth edge Lake NE camp - walking on ground. V. de Santa Ana 1 coll #2314, 1 shot in cypress grove on way to L. de la Pena Apr. 16 alarm note. Gorornis tolmiei Noted at Chilata & V. de Santa Ana. See also Cacagnatique and Los Esesules. Jothlypis trichas L. Olmega Abundant in cattails or tall grass & willow thickets, edge lake where no trees & own water. V. de Santa Ana #2337 One coll. undoubtedly of brushy gully with Catharus & E. albigularis.

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Marshall (1942) Chamaethlypis poliocephala Lake Olomega # 1913 coll as sang from top clump of grass & from a vine-entangled sm. tree at edge grassland. Pleasing song. V de Santa Ana # 2304 & 2305 coll together as they foraged in chaparral grown into old clearing on E base Ceno de los Naranjos. They looked & acted just like Tolmie W. to my opinion, tail much longer & held up at angle, however. This was edge of chaparral area - this brush followed course of little creeks and gulleys across cleared cornfields & along these straggling lines of brush. this sp. was abundant and everywhere heard or seen. Paired. Other gulleys mentioned under Catharus, Geothlypis, & E. alligatoris were thin coffee shrub plantings of Castor trees. The present sp. not there - only next to corn fields, often singing abundantly in cypress hedges next to fields - hard out in fields but always fly to edge when approach. Call note very slightly but haunting & very distinctive reminds of calls of other open-field birds. Sparrow sparrow, lared larks, etc. Heard from fields on 1.

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Marshall (1942) Jateria viriens Z. Olomega coll #1887 willow shore. Wilsonia pulilla Z. Olomega - common in shaded areas among dense tree growth, edge lake, etc. de Santa Ana - abundant in the dense humid brush growth under the large cloud forest trees on Cerro del Aguila where Chrysolomus maculipertus shivered and where tree quail foraged. Setophaga ruticilla Z. Olomega - common along st. thru camp and elsewhere. Seen bathing in creek. In shaded brush & trees.

Marshall (1942) Myioborus miniatus Vde Santa Ana I thought this of more common here that at Los Ejes. Many turned up on way up N slope volcanos in places where bare ground & under park-like groves. These birds would be in vines & low branches at edge these openings. Not seen in other coll. areas, however. Euthlypis lachrymosa Lake Oloomega - This sp has the most striking and beautiful song that I have heard from a warbler kind. Only along rocks of beds of dry washes in actual foothills where dry leafless vines & root tangles, scrubby forest cover. Forages in these rocks fanning tail. Seen only at distance. Not in places where creek bed clear of bordering growth under large trees in steeper-walled ravines. Individual widely separated along rock course - also a parody on lists, of the ouzel.

Marshall (1942) Basileuterus delatirii Lake Olweya - 1800, 1801 taken in clump brush over pool edge lake NE camp where dense [illegible] forest goes clear to lake. Very lone. Apr 6 W slope Los Esmeriles 2261 shot in tall growth brush at trail-side or W slope. Cover where geocoryx, Melozone, etc also found. Volcan de Santa Ana 2412 x 2413 taken in brush patches under tree growth in flat-land forest NE Base Cerro de los Narajos on same ground with B. culicivorus. Paired, it's singing. Also in coffee bushes back of camp when shaded by cypress etc. Chilata noted. Basileuterus culicivorus V de Santa Ana Pairs males singing in brush patches under forest cover NE base Cerro de los Narajos - very common pairs close together. Also in shaded coffee brushes.

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Marshall (1942) Agelaius phoeniceus Lake Olonega 1805 shot in tall grass edge lake - One of a flock of 500-1000 seen every night going to roost in huge dead leafless tree edge lake in open treeless area. Heard for miles (clamor or calling) 1925 all alone shot in dry grass several hundred yards from lake. Icterus pectoralis, slateri, gularis Lake Olonega Common and conspicuous in trees around farm- yard creek where berry trees feeding with R-b Thrushes & Robins. pectoralis least common. Pectoralis found down trail thru dense scrub forest & Camp. V de Santa Ana pectoralis x slateri found in hedges & trees planted around fields or coffee groves . absolutely in open. slateri: nest in dead may 75' above sea Chilata Pectoralis & slateri found along open streamcourses, nesting near or along canyon walls. Common in openings where no dense cover. These three orioles had clear, distinctive notes but I never took time to separate them.

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Marshall (1942) Icterus maculi-alatus V de Santa Ana . ♂ 2410 shot as sang from bare stub tall tree in heavy forest on flat ground NE base Cerro de los Naranjos Very shy - long time following & stalking. Singing from tops trees. A slender, graceful shy bird. Fem in most exquisitely fresh plumage (skel) This forest actually rather open - large & small trees - few but foliage dense. Was the area where migrating warblers & vireos found, also all the Basilentorus an oak association looking just like live oaks in Pasadena. 2441 ♂ 2442 a pair in im plumge described in catalog were shot together in cypress (10') hedges separating tracts of castor bean trees. Shot "soutinely" with other oriole & until compared with Van's skin thought to be new sp for El Salvador. There were many immature orioles wandering about these orchard. Icterus spurieus Lake Ohomega An abundant bird in SW lake where sparse minoress in blossoms in flat grass area. Feeding here with hundreds of hummingbird. 50 or more individ in dense spot 15 acrs.

Marshall (1942) Icterus galbula Lake Olomega / shot in woods sw end lake from high tree & given to Hildebrand who prepared a skull of it. Amblycercus holosericeus Lake Olomega found in limited numbers only at w edge of lake before coming to swamp forest or flat dry area of clear ground scrubby low trees, clumps of bushes, winding sloughs. These birds taken in brush patches under the sparse higher trees along the slough. Cassidix mexicanus Lake Olomega seen only at the town of Tierra Blanca Blanca where end civilization for this bird. None around farms where we stayed except I saw one fly high overhead toward Tierra Blanca one day.

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Marshall (1942) Cassidix mexicanus V. de Santa Ana - Abundant throughout farms and fincas - nowhere far from habitation lowers. I especially recall the adaptability of this bird as I watched hundreds of them (throughout a large area of finca) feeding in the air about 30' above trees zig-zagging around and catching locust which were for about a week very abundant. Made very fine eating. Very noisy. Chilata Common around habitation, nesting in tall palms. Tangarins aeneus V. de Santa Ana - Found at Laguna de las Barras (cattle there) 2373 I believe. A large flock of 100+ in open plowed flat area & base Cerro de los Naranjos very hard to sneak up on. Feed close together. Chilata noted. Open areas agric. San Salvador Common around government station.

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Marshall (1942) Chlorophonia occipitalis (Heard by MH at Los Esesmites) V de Santa Ana Common in the heaviest, densest, greenest forest trees on the North slope of Cano de los Naranjos where feeding in high or medium high foliage but could get close to them on steep hills. In groups of 3 or more per tree. Call remindful of Sayornis say a plaintive long pure whistle, but in this species is lower & fuller & rounder tone. But very pathetic and slightly inflected down. Feed among light green branches & foliage & blend very well. Hildebrand camped out on Los Esesmites & heard these calls, probably in early am or evening. I don't recall having heard them although I was there for the "dawn chorus" of Bram Robins.

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Marshall (1942) Tanagra lanta Chilata Call similar to Western Wood Pewee but Call a high whistle like canary downward inflected but not rough like W. woodpewee. Found only in trees on wall of dep rocky gorge where Colored swifts found. Same place 2 different days got one each time. Only 2 or 3 birds seen. Looked and acted like green-backed goldfinch. I think I found them when they were coming down to stream to drink. Saw at very close range. Tanagra affinis Lake Olwega Common, paired in larger dense trees along road thru fields W camp. All within 300 yds camp. after that tree small & scraggly. Were 6+ pairs. It was several weeks before I shot one and was surprised to find it wasn't a green-backed goldfinch. high Mount Calls, size, pattern, color, shape all identical in field views. Usually in highest parts of tree but once or twice a few ft. from ground on fence and adjacent mesquite beneath the tree. rarely Chilata Pairs occasionally heard or seen. In shot or road inland side of range. 1 pr. on hill across canyon from camp.

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Marshall (1942) Thraupis abbas Volcano de Santa Ana #2382 on N base main cone & - several in tops trees along road thru farm area. Rest taken where finally found to be common, namely, finca shade trees in gap 4500 ft around camp. A very characteristic call, I could spot them a long way off. Feed in top foliage largest trees. I don't know whether they arrived during latter part of stay or I only noticed them then; but they proved to be common - groups 4 or 5 - around camp. Fly for long distance high off ground (like warblings.) Chilata Common around habitations where large dense trees. A pair nesting in roof of our house. Perched in tall tree near it. Thraupis cana 1. Olenga Davis skin Chilata #2467 skel. Several pairs around house & settlement where we lived in higher parts of trees. Again nesting on or near our bldg. Abundant & together with abbas.

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Marshall (1942) Pranga leucoptera Chilata # 2540 from Chilata - look up location in catalog Volcano de Santa Ana Contrary to Vank's account, this bird was very common and occurred in loose flocks or groups wherever found in dense cloud forests. 1st in dense trees on N slope Cerr. de los Majojos in same trees with Vermivora superciliosa, Chlorophonia, Rynchocyclus, Oreopelia. Feeding in high foliage with Chlorophonia in small flocks but easily attracted down by owl calls. Both sp. in groups throughout this homogeneous cloud-forest area on rather steep slope. Not a noisy bird - rather quiet. In the forest of very large fig-oaks, etc. on Cerr. del Aguila (N & S slopes) they were flocks of 8-9 birds occasionally flushed from bushes under big trees, generally worked up very high into trees. There was a bird about 4 or 5 singing M's on their top twig in full view out that sang from tops, highest densest trees - same song perches every day (several nearby trees, the indivs. birds widely spaced) sang exactly like house finch. Never could hit. One fired into top foliage where one was singing - altho many bird foraging up there I brought down a Pranga leucoptera ' '. Circumstantial evidence that

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Marshall (1942) Piranga ludoviciana Lake Olomega # 1883 taken probably swamp forest. V de Santa Ana 2 taken - probably cypress trees in finca. Piranga lidentata (See separate notes for Cacagnatris Los Eses.) Volcan de Santa Ana # 2320 look up location from catalog. Probably among large planted trees in finca Piranga sulra Lake Olomega Found in large trees in mixed woods SW end lake. "plit-ick" 2 syll. loud & sharp. not long roll like P.ludoviciana. Piranga flavie Lake Olomega SW end lake. also W slope Los Esesmiles 1 pair # 2246 taken. A very clear call Habia rubica and Habia salvini Lake Olomega In field I got to tell these apart by calls, but have forgotten them. In flocks, salvini more numerous, working very close to ground. Found (1) 4 iscoyol palms under giant trees head canyon in Colinas (2) Brush in or vines on stone wall swamp forest (3) Brush in heavily-shaded mixed wood SW end lake (3) Brush in heavily-shaded swamp forest. Usually on ground in this brush.

Marshall (1942) Saltator atriceps Lake Olomaga Mixed Woods in lowlands Not frequent, but in small flocks V de Santa Ana Flocks often heard or seen on portions of Canode Los Naranjos where 2nd growth low forest (here also were green Toucan flocks) Chilata Noted - # 2491 Saltator grandis Lake Olomaga 1st lone specimen taken in sm tree edge wood at lakeside. Next found only in open low woods with bare ground, occasional brush, patch, winding sloughs at W end lake (not swamp forest - this is dry ground). This mixed habitat had more kinds of birds than anywhere else around the lake, but they were hard to get and stayed in interior of sm dense trees. Call a whistle: -- 4 clear notes. Chilata Call or song incessantly rendered, pair in our yard, stayed concealed in dense small trees. Rather Common throughout in mixed large & small trees.

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Marshall (1942) Atlapetes gutturalis Volcan de Santa Ana - (1) In loose, continuous brush cover under widely spaced large trees on SE side Cerro del Aguila (pairs) forage on ground. (2) In continuous brushland on summit of Jeco (above camp) on same ground with Dendrocygna and Volatinia jacarina (but not in lowland weedy brush). Singing. Very local. Common in the brushy area or summit Jeco however - several pairs. Another example of high zone bird common at Los Esesmiles, rare or local on Santa Ana. Melodzone bicruciata Wslope Los Esesmiles Dry brush along trail. Volcan de Santa Ana Coffee finca - only certain spots - where a pair or more close by. Hear same pair every day in same place by scratching of leaves under coffee finca, shade trees. Members of a pair stay close together. As far as I could determine, only in flat areas of finca. Like to forage along agave ledges. Call from coffee bushes when alarmed. Chilata Rather common in dry brush.

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Marshall (1942) Zonotrichia capensis Volcan de Santa Ana Only Summit - heard throughout this prairie land even down in the flat parts of the crater dotted with low shrubs as shown in the MH panorama. Songs heard from all parts of this summit area where flat brushy areas. Very abundant here. Aimophila rufescens Volcan de Santa Ana Common on dry brush cover grown on S slope Cerro del Aguilas subsequent to removing original forest. A place occupied by lower zone "non-native" birds like Lapara, Thamnohulus, etc. therefore rather peculiar for Aimophila. Often hopping right in road - same spot every day - a pair here. Chilata Rather common in dry brush or hillside; forages on ground - likes bare ground of road or trail as at W slope Los Escaniles, or Cerro del Aguilas. Grassland only at San Ignacio. Same bushes as A. ruficanda at Chilata.

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Marshall (1942) Arinophula ruficanda Lake Olomega - abundant but only where patches of brush stand out in open fields of grassland or edge these fields on SW corners of lake. 8 or more birds together in one patch dry brush very noisy hard to approach. Were in same brush piles with Mourcocos + Colins but not green brush near water but where Synallaxis was. Long rachety calls distinctive. Chilata Dry brush patches along fences edge dry fields on level ground. Several birds together usually or else a pair ? & ?. Only around cultivated flat sunny fields. Not where trees. Volatinia jacarina Lake Olomega Great flocks several hundred birds mixed with seed-eaters in grassland & wet grass at edge lake. Fly to brush patches when disturbed. Perch on grass stems or drop on ground. Usually only in not open country V de Santa Ana Common brush summit Jeco (6500 ft) & bushy gutches where E allbigularis found. Chilata Common in plowed field and grassy areas.

Marshall (1942) Passerina cyanea V de Santa Aug # 2433 look up cat. I think along brush gullop in Castor Bean plantations where E. alligibilis. Lake Olomega Abundant around edge lake in grassland & taking cover in brush patches or sparse mimosa in great mixed flocks with grass-grunts, seed-eaters, etc. Passerina ciris Lake Olomega In mixed flocks mentioned above. Many more to themselves in grass around mimosa areas - take flying into " when flushed. Cyanocorpsa parellina Lake Olomega look up cat # 1981 Probably in brush at spring edge mixed woods S side lake. Guiraca caerules Rare Lake Olomega Trees edge grassland. Chilota Balsam trees edge fields. Common and paired. Hedymeles ludorciannes In trees. Not common, but noted & shot both at L. Olomega & Cacayuti

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Marshall (1942) Sporophila morelleti Lake Olomenga edge lake in dry grassland & extending into wet grass composed of many Volatinia & S. minuta & Passerina they would be a few of this sp. around edges or entirely dissociated from flocks. M's were hard to find & when they were seen were apt to fly great distances. .: very hard to collect. Apt to be by themselves. Forage on ground perch in highest available brushes in grassland area. Volcan de Santa Ana - Paris established along weedy brush gulley or S-facing slope or (base) Cerro del Aguilas these gulleys running thru castor bean plantations where no large trees. Here were E.alligularis, Catharus auranturiostus, Passerina cyanea, Volatinia jacarina, etc. The M sings from higher tree or top Cypress hedge near gulley is very shy & hard to approach, and sounds just like a goldfinch song. Sings in same place every day. heard only very early in A.M. Chlata Accidental

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Marshall (1942) Egophila minuta Lake Olonaga Flocks of hundreds occurred around edge lake in grassland & edge swamps. Smaller flocks throughout and spotted throughout grassland. Forage on ground close close together. Perch on tall stems sidewise, very curious - great numbers will come around if a few squeaks are uttered. When a flock surprised would fly to brush & Mimosa growth edge swamps.

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Marshall (1942) Spinus psaltria Volcan de Santa Ana - 2383 taken in trees along road thru farm lands N base volcano. 2465 I believe was found from small flock found in small trees on road near lower limit cloud forest or S facing slope Cerro del Guila.

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Zacapu 1587 Jolera 1588 mt Caraguatigue 1589 - 1758 - 1766 Olomega 1769 1771 - 2030 Los Esesmiles 2033 2050 2055 2076 - 2269, 2270 V de Santa Ana 2271 Laguna de las Ranas 2366 - 2374 Summit 2381-2391 Chilata 2467 - 2564 2567 2568 2 Taragars 16 Sparrows.

2. Marshall, J.T., Jr. Miscellaneous Notes Oregon to Eastern States 1943-44 Catalog General account

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Marshall 1943-4 Catalog 2700 Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon MVZ 2700 ♀ Sorex vagrans Rockwoods State Res., St. Louis Co., Mo. " 2701♂ Melospiza melodia Washington Univ. Campus, St. Louis, Mo. skel " 2702 ♂ Starling St. Louis, Mo 1944 " 2703 ♂ Regulus satrapa " 2704 ♂ Certhia familiaris Lawrence, Douglass Co., Kansas Kansas Univ. 2705 ♂ testes 5mm Vireo bellii " " 2706 ♂ testes 3.5mm Empidonax minimus " " 2707 ♀ Dendroica palmarum " " 2708 ♂ testes 8mm Spizella pusilla " " 2709 ♀ ora large " " 2710 ♂ testes 6mm. Zonotrichia querula " " 2711 ♂ Spiza americana testes 7mm. skel " " 2712 ♀ Spizella pallida skel " " 2713 ♀? Empidonax minimus Caney Nut Refuge, Ozark Co., Missouri Univ. Missouri 2714 ♂ testes 3.5mm Dendroica striata

Virgin stand hardwoods in E-Central Kansas owned by Whiteford, a banker in Fontana. Whiteford Ranch are piledated wood Fontana, Kansas. there. Pigeon Lake Area.

Marshall 1944 Catalog Mountain Home, Baxter Co., Arkansas May 18 MVZ 2715 ♂ Dryobates villosus oaks lower branches oak no fat " 2716 ♂ Myiochane virere tests 5 mm. sledge. singing high in oaks over " 2717 ♂ Thyromanes bevirki tests 6mm. grass fields May 19 mayun oaks & trees along dry creek " 2718 ♂ Pantheste june " 2719 ♂ tests 7 mm. Vireo white-eyed broad-leafed trees in patch cypress iris white oak edge pasture " 2720 ♂ Myiarchus crinitus tests very large May 20 gainesville Ozark Co., Mo. sycamore in stream valley " 2721 ♀ or small Dryobates pubescens " " 2722 ♂ Cardinal less to 10 mm dead sycamore in valley " 2723 ♀ Centurus may 21 yellow-billed log oak on wooded hill from 3 m. May 21 2724 ♀ Ceceryus from 5 m. trees along pasture " 2725 ♂ Cyanocitta cristata tests 5 mm. base cypress or littoral no trode path " 2726 ♀ Antrostomms caprimulgus carolinensis laying over 20 m. (still light) 6 pieces of white sharp gravel about 2-3 mm diam in stomach - shining empty except for few insect hard parts. shine and chip 9x5 mm cut end stomach no gravel or stone on after dark " 2727 ♂ Antrostomms carolinensis 15+ beetles in stone tell snag floor of valley " 2728 ♀ Melanerpes over 3 mm.

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Marshall, 1943 Melospiza melodia May 21 MU Bldg., Ore State College, Corvallis, Ore. at noon watched bird on short cut lawn foraging for insects Would run after a fly one foot at a time then stop and draw itself up like a robin. Feet would twinkle and body remain very stable. On slow walk would jerk head back & forth ~ blackbird. Mixed hopping fast & slow walking continually. 270 Ore State Coll Campus, Corvallis, Or. give new consecutive number vagrans May 23 1943 2700 Sorex P 91-935-11-6 Sept 11, 1943 Passerulus rostratus, Rifle Range Santa Ana, Calif. Lg, brown, unstri. back streaks below & central spot. Group of 4-5 very tame. In tuft low weeds on grand dunes Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore. April 15: only about 8-10 birds on entire campus May April 22: late afternoon - flocks 8-10 high in air going NW - loud calls. 9t reduction in numbers. May 16 Lewis Woodpecker on campus Evening Grackles diminishing Peak numbers May 21 around 1st wk & May (when seeds fell.) see (over)

Evening Grosbeak May 23 Many left May 24 almost all gone dozen or so left May 25 only a handful left

general account

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Marshall, 1943 General Account Redwoods State Reservation, 1 mi S Grover, St. Louis Co., Mo. December 19, 1943 Hitched out from St. Louis 25-30 mi due West to Grover on Highway 50, then walked 1 mi S to the reservation. several sq. mi. in extent, consisting of a broad stream valley and heavily wooded side canyons cut down about 200-300 ft from the surrounding flat country side to the north. Grover mi N Farming Country Open Forest? Piloated Woodpecker? Dense Woods Dense Woods Scrubby Open Forest with "Red Cedar" Scrubby Growth Tree Sparrows Occasional Large Trees Road between Highways 50 & 66 Meadow Brush Spring Pond stream RR > 66 Large Trees Stream = Song Sparrow 100+ Tree Sparrows Dense Woods No Underbrush? Scrubby Open Forest with Red Cedar

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Marshall, 1943 General Account Rockwoods State Reservation St. Louis Co., Mo. Cold slightly overcast. Was Dec 19 in Res from 10 AM - 3 PM. Greater activity among birds (vocal) in AM. Flocking: In dense forests on N slopes mostly juncos with few Tree Sparrows. In brush land along stream (shown on map): Upstream mostly juncos, in cleared area where much annual flowering plants composites & other seeds were flaks mostly of Tree Sparrows - with Song Sparrows, Cardinals, English Sparrows, Fox Sparrows. Red-tailed Hawk 1 Circling over Meadow Dike flow Pileated Woodpecker?? 2 Very loud "wick-wick" flicker-like calls heard & 2 birds seen in large trees shown on map; but only for a moment & in flight. White on wings appeared to be 2 gies! Probably Red-head - but very loud & certainly seemed almost large as crow. Couldn't trace or follow at all. Flicker 1 Heard in lg. trees in open SE corner of map: single Hairy Woodpecker #3 In dense wood on N slopes & 1 in large trees by the houses. Downy Woodpecker single Common everywhere

Marshall 1943 General Account Rockwoods State Res. St Louis Co., Mo. except in meadow. Dec 19 One in brush & pecking on weed stems, one working on a house! Blue Jay, 3 in woods In group-notes 5 minutes Titmouse 25 Mostly in trees lining stream & edge meadow but also general thru open forest. Chickadee 20 Always with Titmice White-breasted Nuttatch 10 Only in denser or forest. Paired Thryothous? 2 Rolling loud calls - Deep reddish-brown color, wide white superilary. Paired. On brush along stream. Calls same as the modestus Hermit Thrush, 1 Typical "tip" call. Watched it feeding by short flights from ground on black berry growing on dead vines edge brush along highway. Bluebird - 6 Small flock up & down stream & overhead. English Sparrow 15 Flocks generally distr. in brush & trees around meadow. More near the houses. Not as rusts to the houses as would expect. Cardinal 10 Either high up in trees or on ground in weeds & brush.

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Marshall, 1943 General Account Rockwood State Res. St. Louis Co., Mo., Dec 19 Cardinal (10) Every environment except meadow. Single or often paired. Goldfinch 50+ Flocks along stream - mingled with juncos & tree sparrows. Also seen in woods at edge. Junco 100+ Flocks - edge woods, and along stream. Tree Sparrow - 100+ A few small flocks in woods. Occasional individuals in tops dense timber; largest flock in weeds land near houses. Feed close together on ground. Loud clear robust notes. Fox Sparrow 1 in weeds. Song Sparrow (12) Only dense brush along or near stream, as marked on map. Two males were singing snatches of song at noon. ? in 2701 Taken with sling shot. Dec 20, 1943 2702 Starling 260 shell. Taken as singing on lawn. Flight reminds me of a swift!

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Marshall, 1943 Stris name Dec.2 Washington Univ., St. Louis, Missouri. Dark, Cloudy day, cold. No wind. At noon walked S across campus to Chancellor of Univ Throop's property which includes a large heavily wooded (deciduous) gulley. Here were many Crows & Jays. Gave Stris hoots to attract them. Instead of coming to me they all flurked excitedly around a real barred owl which appeared presently on the side of a church, then chased thru the woods & around several city blocks each flight about 80 yds. When I first saw it it was about 50 yds away in a lg. tree - looked at me when I hooted. Crows dove sts. at it & when I moved it flew. Flight low & heavy with much prolonged gliding. Went whole length of woods, & broke thru town, finally went into a house chimney at 20 Wydown Terrace. Didn't come out into the house. Gardener said he saw it try to get out but it couldn't. Saw during the chase, For squirrels, Titmouses, Jays etc. Other birds seen on campus: Starling, Downy Woodpecker, Flicker, Eng. Sparrows, Cardinals, Sparrow Hawks in afternoon. Dec 11 Freezing in Am. clear. Starlings bathing in icy puddle!

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Marshall 1949 Hylocichla mustelina Apr 22 O'Reilly General Hospital, Springfield, MO. 10:30PM Whistles going over head. Rainy night, little wind. Haven't heard them last night. Went out of doors heard none, gave whistle and many answered. Going north. Apr 23 Dead specimen picked up on lawn at main gate. Very grey. 1st yr. sex? Maimed may have run into wire. Seen commonly in trees Eastedge town until we left April 29, 30 May 1 May 2. Foraged in trees more than I've seen before - fly to trunk & cling sideways ~ solitaires & pick off insects. Much more active as gets dark. Mt. Home Baxter Co., Ark. May 16 Great numbers going N overhead at night, answer whistles. Clear calm. Heard call like Grey checkered Thrush also. Gainesville, Ozark Co., Ark May 20 Many answered my whistles at night, going overhead.

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Marshall 1944 General Account April 29 30 May 1 East side Springfield Mo. this area was beyond the edge of town, included a wide expanse of fields, some wet meadows, a creek flowing in a storm drain and then along a road bordered by trees, several patches of medium-sized trees, and in the field, a large patch of dead umbelliferous stalks. Cooper Hawk 1 over field Sparrow Hawk 1 field Bob white 2 brush along creek Killdeer 1 field Dove fields 15? Chimney Swift in Flicker 10+ trees in open Red-headed Woodpecker 2 trees in open Downy " 2 trees in yard Kingbird 1 field Martin 2 air Crow 3 over field Titmouse 6-10 woods Nuthatch 3-4 woods House Wren several pairs along creek in trees around home Bewick Wren several pairs in trees & brush St-billed Murrelet Wren 1 wet meadow Mocker 2 trees in open Thrushes 2 " " "

Marshall 1944 2 General Aert Springfield Mo. Robin several pairs on lawns Bluebird 1pr tree in open field Veery 2 1 on lawn 1 in trees edge road foraging in tree flying to trend + perching or it sideways Olive-b. Thrush same as above 15+ C. Warwings 2 or 3 perched top tree nr stream Apr 30 Starling - 5 overhead - lawns. Philadelphia vireo? trees 1 Warbling Vires - edge stream Solitary? " belted? " Yellow Warbler 2 trees along creek tennessee " 10+ trees Palm Warbler 2 Umbelliferae stalks - jump tail easily Yellowthroat 6+ stalks of wet meadow. Meadowlark 8 field & singing tops trees in open Redwing 2 + brushes along creek in open Jackle lawns Cowbird fields Cardinal 15+ trees everywhere Goldfinch many trees in open towhee 2 trees around yard. Chippy trees edge fields Field Sparrows " in open bushes in field. Wh-thr " bushes nr trees Lincolns " 2 Umbelliferae stalks & meadow Swamp Sparrows 1 " " wet ".

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Marshall 1944 3 General List May 1 O'Reilly General Hospital Springfield Mo. A M Clear Sunny. A large flat fingillids on lawn between ramp and offices mess. When startled moved toward edge lawn & bushes planted along ramp. Could see them clearly out windows of ramp. 1 tree at edge lawn filled with singing white-crowns & Clay-colored Sparrows. Tennessee Warbler 1 feeding on lawn crawled very low picking seeds off grass stalks - moved near a White-crown who walked up to it grabbed it by the folded tail and tummy or for 3 & 4 sec. while the warbler fluttered & hopped trying to get away. Then the sparrows let go and both continued feeding within a foot of each other. Indigo Bunting 5 or 6 bushes grass Chippy 7 or 8 Clay-Colored Sparrow 30+ singing & buzzing White-crowned " 15+ squatting and spreading themselves out in sun. Lincoln's Sparrow 12+ feeding well out on lawn with other sparrows.

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Marshall 1944 General Aest Springfield Mo. April Other birds seen: Nighthawk, Horned Lark, Jay, Chukada, Ruby-cr. Knight (at hospital April 11 or 12), Warbling Vireo? May 24 Park and County east of town: in addition to those listed previously: yellow-billed cuckoo, Crested Flycatcher, Phoebe bridge Trail Flycatcher willows Perce, Crows (woods edge forms), & Dickissel fields along highway) May 9 Tri SW Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas This area consist of wide flat fields with central meandering stream heavily lined with trees and low flat ridges - 50 + ft high with very gradual slopes and heavily wooded. See Catalog for places where specimens taken. Along W slope of ridge when woods petered out into sparse trees and then orchards were where most birds were - everything imaginable and in great numbers and profusion.) Great mixed flocks of migrating sparrows (Harris, Clay-colored, with Chipping).

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Marshall 1944 General Acct May 9th mi SW Lawrence Douglas Co Kansas tried to get Grasshopper Sparrows which I heard about once every 15-20 min. Dickcissels very abundant & loudly singing. Lark Sparrows, Lincoln Sparrows, Least Flycatchers, Chippys, abundant. Both E. & W Kingbird in fields See "Check list of Kansas Birds" for birds recorded in lawm Kansas about May 4-9 marked o. 5th or 6th Witnessed at flash of swift disappear into chimney of large bldg in town 8:30 PM About the 6th saw a Strip warble in town chased by jay, etc. In the country the birds are much more abundant and varied than in the west. Attached is "Check list of Kansas Birds" WS Long, 1940

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Marshall J. 1944 Check-List of Kansas Birds W. S. LONG, Salt Lake City, Utah It has been more than twenty years since the publication of a complete list of the birds of Kansas. During this time a great many new forms have been added to the list, and additional information has been gathered as to the status of many subspecies which interbreed within the state. Much still remains to be done before a complete study can be made, but it is felt that enough additional data have been gathered to justify publishing another list at this time. Western Kansas still offers an open field of study for someone living there who is willing to devote a great deal of hard, but pleasant work, and most of his (or her) spare time to it. Information as to the winter birds of western Kansas is particularly desirable. Kansas is approximately four hundred miles long, from east to west, and two hundred miles wide. For the most part, it appears to the casual traveler to be a wide, flat monotonous plain, without a break except where the infrequent streams have cut deeply into the rocks. However, there is a gradual rise in elevation from 750 feet in the east, at Kansas City, to more than 4,000 feet in Wallace county, near the Colorado line. In the early days most of the state was covered with a growth of prairie grasses, but during the last twenty-five years wheat has become an important crop, and much of the prairie sod has been plowed up. In certain sections of the western half of the state one can drive an automobile for an hour at a time and see nothing but wheat fields as far as the eye can reach. As a result, many of the prairie birds which formerly abounded no longer exist in the region. The western two-thirds of the state is largely treeless, except for narrow strips along the streams, where scattering groves of cottonwood or willow are found. Drainage is to the east and southeast, except in the extreme northwestern corner, where it is to the northeast. The rivers, for the most part, are wide, shallow streams, with a very slight flow of water, except in infrequent times of flood. In the extreme southwest, the Cimarron is dry for the greater part of the year. In the east, however, the rivers are large and fairly deep, carrying a good volume of water. The most important rivers of the state are the Republican, Smoky Hill, Kansas, Arkansas, Cimarron and Neosho. The Missouri river forms the northeastern border of the state, but has little effect upon the fauna, except in a very limited area. The Arkansas and the Cimarron are the most important to the bird life of the state, since they form broad highways from the Rocky Mountain region, down which a very pronounced wave of western birds comes every winter. Not enough work has been done in this region in winter to determine the full extent of numbers and species of birds which move down these rivers into western Kansas. Geographically, Kansas is in the zone of intergradation of most of the eastern and western subspecies, as well as some of the northern and southern Trans. Kansas Acad. Science, Vol. 43, 1940. (433) 28-5301

434 Kansas Academy of Science forms. As a result, it is almost impossible to classify many of the summer resident birds to subspecies with any degree of certainty. Such birds as nighthawks, red-winged blackbirds, robins, mockingbirds, and lark sparrows are so variously intermediate that any attempt to place certain specimens in one subspecies or another must necessarily depend upon the personal equation to an unwarranted extent. Only by a careful study of a large series of breeding birds from every section of the state, and by comparing them with typical eastern and western forms, can one hope to outline and map the ranges, and the zones of intergradation with any degree of accuracy. At the present time, our collections are inadequate for such an undertaking, since specimens from the most critical localities are usually lacking. As a result, the range of most of the birds is known only in a very general way. In this list I have attempted to give a short and concise statement, in a single sentence, of the present status of each bird, and if the status has changed in recent years, of the former status as well. Names enclosed in brackets are considered as forming a hypothetical list. Such a list is a difficult undertaking, since ornithologists do not agree as to the best criteria for it. Some urge that any species occurring within fifty or one hundred miles of the state line should be listed. Others take the opposite extreme and exclude everything not supported by known specimens. I have not included anything in the hypothetical list which has not been reported seen or taken in the state. Very few pure sight records are included in the list proper, but a number which have been reported as killed in the state are included if the authority seems good. Thus the black vulture, white-necked raven, American raven, Mexican cormorant, ruffed grouse and a few others are included, even though the specimens have been lost. In the preparation of this list I have examined a number of collections in the various institutions of the state, both to check up on rarities reported in published records and in the hope of finding species and subspecies not re- ported: The following collections were examined, and I wish to express my thanks to those who have charge of them for the very courteous treatment which I received at all times: University of Kansas Museum of Birds and Mammals, and the Wetmore collection, at Lawrence; the Goss collection, at Topeka; the Rinker collection at Hamilton; the Matthews collection at Wichita University; the collection of the Kansas State Teachers College, at Emporia, and the collection of the Kansas State Agricultural College at Man- hattan, including the Blachly collection. The present paper is a condensed form of a thesis prepared at the University of Kansas. Acknowledgment is here made to all of those persons who have helped in the preparation of the paper. Mr. C. D. Bunker, assistant curator in charge, of the Museum of Birds and Mammals, University of Kansas, has lost no opportunity to be of aid in this study. It was he who suggested the work in the first place, and who gave encouragement throughout. He turned over the entire collection of the Museum to my use, and made possible several field trips without which this work would not have been as complete as it is. The following persons have helped in the identification of specimens: Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Dr. Harry C. Oberholser, Dr. J. Grinnell, Dr. Herbert Friedmann, Dr. Alden H. Miller, and Dr. James L. Peters. In addition, I am

Long: Kansas Birds 435 indebted to Dr. A. Wetmore, Dr. W. L. McAtee, Dr. E. R. Kalmbach, Dr. J. Grinnell and Dr. Louis B. Bishop for the use of specimens for comparative purposes. I have had the use of notes, and various field reports from observers in all parts of the state, which were invaluable in compiling data showing distribution and migration. For these I wish to thank Dr. Jean M. Linsdale, Mr. A. J. Kirn, Mr. Ralph J. Donahue, Miss Florence Barth, Mr. Wilfred Goodman, Mrs. O. B. Baldwin, Mr. Frank M. Alexander, Mr. G. A. Whitney, Mr. R. T. Shanstrum, Mr. P. B. Peabody, Mr. C. W. Hibbard, Dr. A. B. Leonard, Mr. J. D. Black, Dr. J. M. Porter and Dr. H. H. Lane. I have drawn freely from the literature, but too much space would be required to list all of the references cited in the original thesis. LIST OF SPECIES 1. Gavia immer immer (Brünnich). Common Loon. Rare, transient. An unsexed specimen in the Wetmore collection (No. 1,653) taken at McPherson, is the only one known from the state. 2. Gavia immer elasson Bishop. Lesser Loon. Uncommon, transient throughout the state. Specimens have been taken at Neosho Falls, Leaven- worth, Burlington, Douglas county, Wichita and Morton county. 3. Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan). Red-throated Loon. Accidental. One specimen, now in the Museum of Zoölogy, University of Michigan, was taken on October 20, 1925, on the Marais des Cygnes river, near Ottawa. 4. Colymbus grisegena holboelli (Reinhardt). Holboell's Grebe. Acci- dental. Logan I. Evans took a specimen on the Kansas river a few miles east of Lawrence on October 29, 1910. 5. Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. Horned Grebe. Accidental. The only au- thentic record is of one taken at Manhattan on September 30, 1878. A speci- men in the Matthews collection at Wichita University was probably taken in that vicinity but has no data. 6. Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heermann). Eared Grebe. Formerly common; now a rare migrant. There are many records for the state, but none in recent years. 7. Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence). Western Grebe. Casual vis- itant. Only three specimens are on record, and none have been seen since 1901. 8. Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus). Pied-billed Grebe. Common migrant; irregular summer resident throughout the state. It occurs in the state between March and November. 9. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. White Pelican. Common migrant throughout the state. This large bird is most often seen on the larger rivers and lakes in the fall and spring. 10. Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Linnaeus. Eastern Brown Pelican. Accidental. The only specimen is one found dead near Parker, Linn county, on June 6, 1916. 11. Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson). Double-crested Cormorant. Occa- sional migrant. There are many specimens, most of which were taken on the larger rivers of the state. 12. Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus (Brandt). Mexican Cormorant. Ac- cidental. A single bird was taken four miles south of Lawrence on April 2,

1872. The present location of the specimen is unknown, but it was properly identified by S. F. Baird and Robert Ridgway. 13. Anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus). Water-Turkey. Formerly an occasional straggler. Records are as follows: Rooks county, August, 1881; Meade county, May 1, 1888; Missouri river, near Kansas City, in 1882 and 1898. 14. Fregata magnificens Mathews. Man-o'-war-bird. Accidental. One was killed on the North Fork of the Solomon river, in Osborne county, by Frank Lewis, on August 16, 1880. 15. Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus. Great Blue Heron. Common sum- mer resident, breeding locally. This race is probably confined to the north- eastern part of the state, intergrading with the next race in the central part. 16. Ardea herodias wardi Ridgway. Ward's Heron. Probably a summer resident in southeastern Kansas. Specimens referable to this race have been taken in Douglas and Labette counties. 17. Ardea herodias treganzai Court. Treganza's Heron. Probably a sum- mer resident in Western Kansas. An immature female was taken in Seward county on November 1, 1934. 18. Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin). American Egret. Occasional sum- mer visitant. There are a number of records in July, August and September from the eastern half of the state. 19. Egretta thula thula (Molina). Snowy Egret. Rare summer visitant; formerly fairly common. Like the American egret, this species occurs in late summer. Specimens have been taken in July, August and September in the eastern half of the state. 20. Florida caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). Little Blue Heron. Common summer visitant in southeastern Kansas; occasional farther north. There are many late summer records of this bird in eastern Kansas. Most of these are the white immature birds. 21. Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus). Eastern Green Heron. Com- mon summer resident in the eastern half of the state. It is found in wooded sections along rivers and creeks. 22. Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin). Black-crowned Night Heron. Common summer resident, in suitable localities, throughout the state. Dis- dtribution is local and spotty, for this heron nests in cottonwood groves near marsh land. 23. Nyctanassa violacea violacea (Linnaeus). Yellow-crowned Night Heron. Occasional summer resident in southeastern Kansas. There are a number of breeding records as far north as Greenwood county. 24. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu). American Bittern. Occasional sum- mer resident, common migrant, in all parts of the state. 25. Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin). Eastern Least Bittern. Probably an irregular summer resident. Many specimens have been taken in the summer months in the eastern part of the state, but there are no records of nests found. 26. Mycteria americana Linnaeus. Wood Ibis. Casual straggler. There are three records as follows: Chetopa, 1883: Ellis, March 26, 1885; and Good- land, October 1, 1913. 27. Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus). White-faced Glossy Ibis. Occasional summer visitant. There are four Kansas specimens, as follows: Douglas

Long: Kansas Birds 437 county, October, 1879; McPherson, April 29, 1891; Pratt county, September 15, 1916; and Johnson county, October 6, 1923. There are other sight records. 28. Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus). Roseate Spoonbill. Accidental. One was taken in Butler county, March 20, 1899, by Dr. R. Matthews. 29. Cygnus columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan. Formerly a common migrant; now rare. It occurs throughout the state. 30. Cygnus buccinator Richardson. Trumpeter Swan. Formerly an occa- sional migrant; now almost extinct. Two Kansas specimens are in the Kansas University Museum, taken on March 23, 1888, and in April, 1888, at Lawrence. 31. Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Common Canada Goose. Fairly common migrant throughout the state. 32. Branta canadensis leucopareia (Brandt). Lesser Canada Goose. Un- common migrant. Four specimens are known. 33. Branta canadensis hutchinsi (Richardson). Hutchins's Goose. Rare migrant. Only two specimens are known. It is very probable that all forms of geese are more common than the few specimens indicate, since compara- tively few geese find their way to museums. 34. Branta bernicla hrota (Müller). American Brant. Very rare migrant. There are a number of records, but only one specimen is known. It was taken in Leavenworth county on November 15, 1879. 35. Anser albifrons albifrons (Scopoli). White-fronted Goose. Occasional migrant; formerly common. There are many records and specimens from the eastern half of the state. 36. Chen hyperborea hyperborea (Pallas). Lesser Snow Goose. Common migrant throughout the state. This probably is the most common goose in the state at the present time. 37. Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus). Blue Goose. Occasional migrant. There are a number of specimens and sight records from the eastern half of the state. 38. Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Linnaeus. Common Mallard. Rare summer resident; common migrant throughout the state. There are a number of breeding records from all sections of the state. 39. Anas rubripes rubripes Brewster. Red-legged Black Duck. Occasional migrant on the Missouri river; rare elsewhere. Four specimens, taken in Douglas county and Doniphan county, have been referred to this subspecies. 40. Anas rubripes tristis Brewster. Common Black Duck. Rare migrant in the extreme east. Two specimens, one taken in Dóuglas county and the other in Pratt county, are known. 41. Anas fulvigula maculosa Sennett. Mottled Duck. Formerly an occa- sional straggler. There are four specimens of this duck on record, taken in Douglas county, Neosho Falls and Emporia. It has not been recorded since 1890. 42. Chauleasmus streperus (Linnaeus). Gadwall. Occasional migrant; formerly a rare summer resident. It occurs in all parts of the state. 43. Mareca americana (Gmelin). Baldpate. Fairly common migrant throughout the state. No definite breeding records are known. 44. Dafila acuta tzitzihoa (Vieillot). American Pintail. Common migrant. One of the most common of the waterfowl, which is found in all parts of the state. 45. Nettion carolinense (Gmelin). Green-winged Teal. Fairly common migrant; formerly abundant. Found in all parts of the state, but does not nest.

438 Kansas Academy of Science 46. Querquedula discors (Linnaeus). Blue-winged Teal. Occasional sum- mer resident; common migrant throughout the state. 47. Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot). Cinnamon Teal. Rare migrant; formerly a possible summer resident. It is seen most often in the western part of the state. 48. Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). Shoveller. Common migrant; formerly a rare summer resident. Found in every county in the state. 49. Aix sponsa (Linnaeus). Wood Duck. Rare summer resident; formerly common. This beautiful duck was reported only from the eastern part of the state. 50. Nyroca americana (Eyton). Redhead. Rare migrant; formerly com- mon. It occurs in all parts of the state. 51. Nyroca collaris (Donovan). Ring-necked Duck. Occasional migrant; formerly common. Found most commonly in the east. 52. Nyroca valisneria (Wilson). Canvasback. Fairly common migrant. This bird is found in all parts of the state. [Nyroca marila (Linnaeus). Greater Scaup Duck. Reported in many state lists, but no specimens are known. Placed here in the Hypothetical List.] 53. Nyroca affinis (Eyton). Lesser Scaup Duck. Common migrant through- out the state. One of the most common species in both spring and fall. 54. Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonaparte). American Goldeneye. Uncommon migrant throughout the state. Seven specimens are known. 55. Glaucionetta islandica (Gmelin). Barrow's Goldeneye. Uncommon migrant. Six specimens from Douglas and Leavenworth counties are in the Kansas University museum. 56. Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus). Bufflehead. Rare migrant; formerly common. It occurs throughout the state. 57. Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus). Old-squaw. Rare straggler. There are a number of records from the eastern part of the state, and one from Coolidge. 58. Somateria v-nigra Gray. Pacific Eider. Accidental. One specimen of this eider was taken on the Kansas river near Lecompton, on November 3, 1891, by A. L. Wiedimann. Identification of the specimen has been checked by Doctor Wetmore. 59. Melanitta deglandi (Bonaparte). White-winged Scoter. Rare straggler. Eight specimens were taken in Leavenworth and Douglas counties between 1927 and 1932. 60. Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus). Surf Scoter. Rare straggler. Six specimens have been taken in Douglas and Sedgwick counties. 61. Oidemia americana Swainson. American Scoter. Accidental. Two specimens were taken in Douglas county in 1908. 62. Erismatura jamaicensis rubida (Wilson). Ruddy Duck. Occasional migrant; formerly common. This little duck is more common in the west, but there are many specimens from the eastern part of the state. 63. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus). Hooded Merganser. Occasional migrant throughout the state; formerly a rare summer resident. 64. Mergus merganser americanus Cassin. American Merganser. Common migrant throughout the state; occasional winter resident.

Long: Kansas Birds 439 65. Mergus serrator Linnaeus. Red-breasted Merganser. Occasional migrant; rare winter resident. All records are from the eastern part, but it probably occurs in the west as well. It is often confused with the preceding species, especially in the winter plumage. 66. Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Turkey Vulture. Common summer resident. It is not as common as it used to be, because farmers no longer leave dead animals in the fields. 67. Coragyps atratus atratus (Meyer). Black Vulture. Formerly common; now extinct in the state. Probably exterminated before 1900. 68. Elanoides forficatus forficatus (Linnaeus). Swallow-tailed Kite. Formerly a common summer resident; now a rare straggler. This kite has been reported only as far west as Manhattan. There are a number of specimens, all taken in the early history of the state. 69. Ictinia mississippiensis (Wilson). Mississippi Kite. Common summer resident in Barber and Comanche counties; rare elsewhere. There is one breeding record from Douglas county. 70. Astur atricapillus atricapillus (Wilson). Eastern Goshawk. Rare and irregular winter visitant. Ten specimens in the Kansas University collection were taken in the winter of 1916-'17. There are other specimens taken in other winters. 71. Accipiter velox velox (Wilson). Sharp-shinned Hawk. Fairly common winter resident throughout the state. 72. Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Cooper's Hawk. Common resident throughout the state. There are many breeding records. 73. Buteo borealis borealis (Gmelin). Eastern Red-tailed Hawk. Common resident in eastern Kansas. Winters abundantly in the southern part of the state. 74. Buteo borealis krideri Hoopes. Krider's Hawk. Occasional winter resident. There are a number of specimens in the Kansas University collection and several in the Rinker collection at Hamilton. 75. Buteo borealis calurus Cassin. Western Red-tailed Hawk. Common winter resident in the west; occasional in the east. 76. Buteo borealis harlani (Audubon). Harlan's Hawk. Common winter resident. This subspecies of the red-tailed hawk winters abundantly in southern Kansas. 77. Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmelin). Northern Red-shouldered Hawk. Rare summer resident in extreme eastern Kansas. 78. Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot). Broad-winged Hawk. Uncommon summer resident. There are two breeding records from Douglas county. 79. Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte. Swainson's Hawk. Common summer resident in the west; occasional migrant. During the fall migration this large hawk occurs in flocks of thousands on the open prairies. 80. Buteo lagopus s. johannis (Gmelin). American Rough-legged Hawk. Common winter resident in the west; occasional in the east. 81. Buteo regalis (Gray). Ferruginous Rough-leg. Common resident in western Kansas; rare in the east. This is one of the most common hawks in the state in the winter.

440 Kansas Academy of Science 82. Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (Audubon). Harris's Hawk. Accidental. One shot near Wichita on December 14, 1918. Another was taken near Law- rence on December 25, 1918. 83. Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (Linnaeus). Golden Eagle. Formerly a common resident; now uncommon, except in winter. This fine bird is very seldom seen except in winter in the western part of the state. 84. Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus). Southern Bald Eagle. Occasional winter visitant. Like the last species, this eagle is so reduced in numbers that it is no longer common. 85. Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus). Marsh Hawk. Summer resident locally; common winter resident. This is the most abundant hawk in the state, year after year. There are a number of breeding records. * 86. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin). Osprey. Occasional. There are no breeding records; it is found only in the eastern part of the state. 87. Falco rusticolus obsoletus Gmelin. Black Gyrfalcon. Accidental. One was killed near Manhattan by A. L. Runyon on December 1, 1880. 88. Falco mexicanus Schlegel. Prairie Falcon. Formerly a common resi- dent; now uncommon except in the extreme west. A few specimens have been taken in the east. * 89. Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte. Duck Hawk. Formerly a common resident; now rare. 90. Falco columbarius columbarius Linnaeus. Eastern Pigeon Hawk. Rare migrant; formerly common. There are no breeding records. 91. Falco columbarius richardsoni Fidgway. Richardson's Pigeon Hawk. Formerly a common migrant in the west; now rare. There are a number of specimens, most of them from Ellis county. 92. Falco columbarius bendirei Swann. Western Pigeon Hawk. Accidental. A single specimen was taken by Dr. Louis Watson in Ellis county in October or November, 1875. * o 93. Falco sparverius sparverius Linnaeus. Eastern Sparrow Hawk. Common summer resident in the east; occasional in the winter. 94. Falco sparverius phalaena (Lesson). Desert Sparrow Hawk. Probably a summer resident in the extreme west. Not enough skins are available to de- determine the exact status of these two subspecies, but it is probable that the desert sparrow hawk does not occur east of Trego county. 95. Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linnaeus). Eastern Ruffed Grouse. For- merly a common resident; now extinct in Kansas. The last one was killed be- fore 1900. 96. Tympanuchus cupido americanus (Reichenbach). Greater Prairie Chicken. Formerly an abundant resident; now rare in the east and uncommon in the west. 97. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway). Lesser Prairie Chicken. For- merly a common resident in the south and west; now rare. 98. Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse. Formerly a common resident; now probably extinct in the state. None have been reported for fifty years. 99. Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus). Eastern Bobwhite. Fairly common resident in the east, but not as abundant as formerly.

Long: Kansas Birds 100. Colinus virginianus taylori Lincoln. Western Bobwhite. Common resident in the western part of the state, in suitable localities. Probably occurs as far east as the Flint Hills. 101. Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster. Arizona Scaled Quail. Fairly common resident in southwest, at least as far north as the Arkansas river. 102. Phasianus colchicus torquatus Gmelin. Ring-necked Pheasant. Introduced; common in northwestern Kansas. 103. Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot. Eastern Turkey. Formerly an abundant resident; now extinct in the state. Formerly it probably occurred along all of the timbered streams. 104. Grus americana (Linnaeus). Whooping Crane. Formerly a common migrant throughout the state; now almost extinct. 105. Grus canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Little Brown Crane. Formerly a common migrant; now rare. 106. Grus canadensis tabida (Peters). Sandhill Crane. Formerly an abundant migrant; now only occasional. 107. Rallus elegans elegans Audubon. King Rail. Common summer resident in suitable localities. 108. Rallus limicola limicola Vieillot. Virginia Rail. Irregular migrant; sometimes common. There are no definite breeding records. 109. Porzana carolina (Linnaeus). Sora. Rare summer resident; common migrant. 110. Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmelin). Yellow rail. Uncommon migrant. Because of its secretive habits, this rail probably is more common than the few records indicate. 111. Creciscus jamaicensis stoddardi Coale. Black Rail. Rare summer resident in suitable localities. 112. Ionornis martinica (Linnaeus). Purple Gallinule. Rare straggler. About five specimens of this southern bird are on record. 113. Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs. Florida Gallinule. Rare summer resident in suitable localities. There are many specimens, but only one breeding record, from Coffey county. 114. Fulica americana americana Gmelin. American Coot. Common summer resident in suitable localities. 115. Charadrius melodus Ord. Piping Plover. Rare Migrant. Four specimens are known from Douglas and Stafford counties, and there are one or two additional sight records. 116. Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris (Lawrence). Cuban Snowy Plover. Occasional summer resident in Clark and Comanche counties; a migrant, only, in most of the rest of the state. 117. Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte. Semipalmated Plover. Occasional migrant throughout the state. 118. Eupoda montana (Townsend). Mountain Plover. Common summer resident in western Kansas. This plover occurs only on the native grassy prairies of the extreme west. 119. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linnaeus). Killdeer. Common summer resident throughout the state. 120. Pluvialis dominica dominica (Müller). American Golden Plover. Formerly an abundant migrant; now uncommon.

442 Kansas Academy of Science 121. Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Plover. Occasional migrant. 122. Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus). Ruddy Turnstone. Casual migrant. Two specimens have been taken, at Topeka, and at Hamilton, Greenwood county. There are a few other sight records. 123. Philohela minor (Gmelin). American Woodcock. Formerly a rare summer resident; now an occasional migrant. 124. Capella delicata (Ord). Wilson's Snipe. Common migrant throughout. Occurs in every county where suitable habitat is found. 125. Numenius americanus americanus Bechstein. Long-billed Curlew. Rare summer resident in western Kansas; occasional migrant in the rest of the state. [Phaeopus hudsonicus (Latham). Hudsonian Curlew. Reported only by Goss, who mentioned no specimens. Since none has ever been taken in the state it is placed in the Hypothetical List until more information is available.] 126. Phaeopus borealis (Forster). Eskimo Curlew. Formerly an abundant migrant in eastern Kansas; now probably totally extinct. 127. Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). Upland Plover. Common summer resident in southern and western Kansas; occasional in the northeast. This fine upland bird has been increasing in recent years. 128. Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper. Common summer resident in suitable localities. 129. Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson. Eastern Solitary Sandpiper. Common migrant in eastern Kansas. 130. Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster). Western Solitary Sandpiper. Probably a common migrant in the west; occasional in the east. [Catoctrophorus semipalmatus semipalnatus (Gmelin). Eastern Willet. All specimens examined proved to be the next subspecies. Placed in the Hypothetical List until specimens are obtained.] 131. Catoctrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster). Western Willet. Occasional migrant, more common in the west than in the east. 132. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs. Formerly a common migrant; now rather rare. 133. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). Lesser Yellow-legs. Common migrant throughout the state. 134. Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson). American Knot. Casual migrant. There is one specimen taken at Hamilton, Greenwood county, on September 19, 1911, and one or two other indefinite records. 135. Pisobia melanotos (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper. Common migrant throughout the state. 136. Pisobia fuscicollis (Vieillot). White-rumped Sandpiper. Occasional migrant. 137. Pisobia bairdi (Coues). Baird's Sandpiper. Occasional migrant, locally common. 138. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper. Common migrant throughout the state. 139. Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot). Red-backed Sandpiper. Occasional migrant. There are a number of specimens from Douglas and Greenwood counties.

Long: Kansas Birds 140. Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin). Eastern Dowitcher. Very rare migrant. The only known Kansas specimen was taken on April 26, 1919, near Lucas, Russell county. 141. Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus (Say). Long-billed Dowitcher. Occasional migrant. There are a number of specimens from localities in the eastern part of the state. 142. Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte). Stilt Sandpiper. Locally common migrant. 143. Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus). Semipalmated Sandpiper. Common migrant throughout the state. 144. Ereunetes maurii Cabanis. Western Sandpiper. Common, but rather local, migrant. 145. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot). Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Occasional migrant. About six specimens are known. 146. Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus). Marbled Godwit. Very rare migrant. Three specimens, taken in Shawnee county and at Neosho Falls, are known. 147. Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus). Hudsonian Godwit. Formerly a common migrant; now rare. Most of the existing specimens are from the eastern part of the state. 148. Crocethia alba (Pallas). Sanderling. Very rare migrant. There are only three records from Kansas as follows: Lawrence, October 7, 1874; Douglas county, October, 1881; Little Salt Marsh, Stafford county, July 18, 1925. 149. Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. Avocet. Formerly a fairly common straggler; now rare. Has been reported a summer resident in southwestern Kansas, but there are no nesting records. 150. Himantopus mexicanus (Müller). Black-necked Stilt. Rare migrant, except locally, in southern Kansas. 151. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus). Red Phalarope. Casual migrant. There are two records, one from Lake View, Douglas county, November 5, 1905, and the other near Ottawa, Franklin county, on October 25, 1926. 152. Steganopus tricolor Vieillot. Wilson's Phalarope. Formerly a rare summer resident; now a common, but irregular migrant. 153. Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope. Specimens have been taken in Wallace and Greenwood counties. Observers reported it from Salina, Blue Rapids and Wichita. 154. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus). Parasitic Jaeger. Accidental. A male in the Kansas University collection was taken on the Kansas river, Douglas county, on October 10, 1898. 155. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. Herring Gull. Occasional migrant. Specimens have been taken in Douglas and Leavenworth counties. 156. Larus californicus Lawrence. California Gull. Accidental. A single specimen was taken by Goss on the Arkansas river, in Reno county, October 20, 1880. 157. Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Occasional migrant, common locally. 158. Larus pipixcan Wagler. Franklin's Gull. Common migrant, locally, throughout the state. Most common on the high plains west of the Flint Hills. 159. Larus philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull. Occasional migrant. Several specimens have been taken at Yates Center, Burlington, Doniphan county and Douglas county.

Kansas Academy of Science 160. Xema sabini (Sabine). Sabine's Gull. Casual migrant. Only two specimens taken at Humboldt on September 19, 1876, and at Hamilton on October 3, 1909, are known. 161. Sterna forsteri Nuttall. Forster's Tern. Occasional migrant; fairly common locally. Reported only from the eastern half of the state, but should occur in the west as well. 162. Sterna hirundo hirundo Linnaeus. Common Tern. Casual migrant. Two specimens from Kansas are known; one was taken in Anderson county on May 11, 1878, and another at Hamilton on September 2, 1912. There are two sight records from the Missouri side of the Missouri river, near Kansas City. 163. Sterna antillaram antillarum (Lesson). Least Tern. Common summer resident, breeding locally. On July 1, 1936, Otto Tiemeier, of the Kansas University Museum, found five nests on sandbars of the Arkansas river at Coolidge. 164. Hydroprogne caspia imperator (Coues). Caspian Tern. Accidental. Two specimens were taken on the Kansas river, near Lawrence on September 27, 1928. 165. Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin). Black Tern. Probably an occasional summer resident; common migrant. 166. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus). Eastern Mourning Dove. Abundant summer resident; occasional in winter in the south. 167. Zenaidura macroura marginella (Woodhouse). Western Mourning Dove. Abundant summer resident in the west; occasional in the east. Intergrades with carolinensis in the central part of the state. 168. Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus). Passenger Pigeon. Formerly an irregular summer resident; now totally extinct. Only a very few specimens from Kansas are in existence. 169. Conuropsis carolinensis ludovicianus (Gmelin). Louisiana Paroquet. Formerly a common resident; now probably totally extinct. 170. Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linnaeus). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Common summer resident in the east; rare in the west. 171. Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo. Occasional summer resident in eastern Kansas. 172. Geococcyx californianus (Lesson). Road-runner. Resident in southern and southwestern Kansas. Walter Colvin found this bird breeding in Cowley county in 1934. 173. Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson. Groove-billed Ani. Accidental. A single specimen was taken in Lyon county on November 1, 1904, by a farmer. 174. Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte). Barn Owl. Common resident throughout the state. 175. Otus asio naevius (Gmelin). Eastern Screech Owl. Common resident in northeastern Kansas. Limits of range not worked out. 176. Otus asio hasbroucki Ridgway. Hasbrouck's Screech Owl. Resident in southeastern Kansas. Included on the basis of two specimens from Greenwood county, identified by H. C. Oberholzer. 177. Otus asio aiken (Brewster). Aiken's Screech Owl. Common resident in western Kansas. Exact limits of range not worked out. 178. Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmelin). Great Horned Owl. Common resident in eastern Kansas.

Long: Kansas Birds 179. Bubo virginianus occidentalis Stone. Montana Horned Owl. Common resident in the west. Exact limits of range not worked out. 180. Nyctea nyctea (Linnaeus). Snowy Owl. Rare and irregular winter visitant. There are many mounted specimens of this large owl in the state. 181. Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea (Bonaparte). Western Burrowing Owl. Common summer resident in the western half of the state. The distribution of this owl is dependent to a great extent upon the prairie dog, and as that rodent becomes less common, the owl does also. 182. Strix varia varia Barton. Northern Barred Owl. Common resident, except in the extreme west and the southeast. 183. Strix varia alleni Ridgway. Florida Barred Owl. Common resident in southeastern Kansas. Based on a specimen taken nine miles south of Columbus, on June 21, 1915. 184. Asio wilsonianus (Lesson). Long-eared Owl. Occasional resident, common locally, throughout the state. 185. Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontoppidan). Short-eared Owl. Uncommon resident, breeding locally; common in winter. 186. Cryptoglaux acadica acadica (Gmelin). Saw-whet Owl. Rare winter visitant throughout the state. 187. Antrostomus carolinensis (Gmelin). Chuck-will's-widow. Fairly common summer resident in southeastern Kansas. 188. Antrostomus vociferus vociferus (Wilson). Eastern Whipoorwill. Common summer resident in eastern Kansas, in suitable localities. 189. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Audubon). Nuttall's Poorwill. Occasional summer resident throughout the state. 190. Chordeiles minor minor (Forster). Eastern Nighthawk. Common summer resident in northeastern Kansas. 191. Chordeiles minor chapmani Coues. Florida Nighthawk. Common summer resident in southeastern Kansas, as far north and west as Greenwood county, at least. 192. Chordeiles minor howelli Oberholser. Howell's Nighthawk. Common summer resident in western Kansas, probably as far east as the Flint Hills. 193. Chordeiles minor sennetti Coues. Sennett's Nighthawk. Common migrant throughout the state. Taken in Douglas, Cherokee, Morton, Barber and Lane counties. 194. Chordeiles minor henryi Cassin. Western Nighthawk. Probably an occasional migrant. Three specimens in the collection of Dr. Louis Bishop were taken at Hamilton, Greenwood county. 195. Chordeiles minor hesperis Grinnell. Pacific Nighthawk. Probably a rare migrant throughout the state. Oberholser lists a single specimen taken at Hamilton, Greenwood county, on September 10, 1913. 196. Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus). Chimney Swift. Common summer resident throughout the state. 197. Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus). Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Fairly common summer resident in eastern Kansas; occasional in the west. 198. Megaceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus). Eastern Belted Kingfisher. Common summer resident throughout the state. 199. Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Northern Flicker. Common resident in the east; occasional in the west.

446 Kansas Academy of Science 200. Colaptes auratus auratus (Linnaeus). Southern Flicker. Common resident in southeastern Kansas. 201. Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker.1 Common resident in western Kansas; rare in the east in winter. 202. Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola Bangs. Northern Pileated Woodpecker. Formerly a fairly common resident in northeastern Kansas. 203. Ceophloeus pileatus pileatus (Linnaeus). Southern Pileated Woodpecker. Formerly a common resident in southeastern Kansas. 204. Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus). Red-bellied Woodpecker. Common resident in eastern Kansas, as far west as Comanche county. 205. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus). Red-headed Woodpecker. Common summer resident; occasional in winter. 206. Asyndesmus lewis Gray. Lewis's Woodpecker. Probably a rare summer resident in the western part of the state. There is one record from Lawrence on November 7, 1908. 207. Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus). Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Occasional migrant in eastern Kansas. 208. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird. Red-naped Sapsucker. Probably a rare winter visitor in extreme western Kansas. Two specimens were taken by Goss at Wallace on October 12 and 14, 1883. [Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae (Malherbe). Natalie's Sapsucker. Dr. J. M. Porter reported that he saw an adult male at Concordia on April 4, 1935. In the absence of a specimen this species must be placed in the Hypothetical List for the present]. 209. Dryobates villosus villosus (Linnaeus). Eastern Hairy Woodpecker. Common resident throughout the state. 210. Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swainson). Northern Downy Woodpecker. Common resident throughout the state, except Labette and Montgomery counties. 211. Dryobates pubescens pubescens (Linnaeus). Southern Downy Woodpecker. Common resident in Labette and Montgomery counties. 212. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus). Eastern Kingbird. Common summer resident throughout the state. 213. Tyrannus tyrannus Say. Arkansas Kingbird. Common summer resident in the west; occasional east of the Flint Hills. 214. Muscivora forficata (Gmelin). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Common summer resident in southern and central Kansas. It occurs regularly as far north as Chanute, and occasionally as far west as Coolidge. 215. Myiarchus crinitus boreus Bangs. Northern Crested Flycatcher. Common summer resident in the east; occasional in the west. 216. Sayornis phoebe (Latham). Eastern Phoebe. Common summer resident in the east; occasional in the west. 217. Sayornis saya saya (Bonaparte). Say's Phoebe. Common summer resident in the west. 218. Empidonax flaviventris (Baird and Baird). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Rare migrant. Six specimens, all from Douglas county, are on record. 1. Most of the red-shafted flickers found in Kansas are hybrids between Colaptes cafer collaris and Colaptes auratus lateus, and may exhibit almost any combination of colors between the red of cafer and the yellow of auratus.

Long: Kansas Birds 447 219. Empidonax virescens (Vieillot). Acadian Flycatcher. Occasional sum- mer resident in the east. 220. Empidonax trailli brewsteri Oberholser. Little Flycatcher. Rare migrant. Specimens have been taken at Neosho Falls, in Labette county, and in Douglas county. 221. Empidonax trailli trailli (Audubon). Alder Flycatcher. Occasional summer resident; common migrant. 222. Empidonax minimus (Baird and Baird). Least Flycatcher. Common migrant throughout the state. 223. Myiochanes virens (Linnaeus). Eastern Wood Pewee. Common sum- mer resident in the east; rare in the west. 224. Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson). Western Wood Pewee. Rare migrant. Two specimens have been taken at Wallace, and one at Hamilton. 225. Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Occasional migrant. 226. Otocoris alpestris hoyti Bishop. Hoyt's Horned Lark. Occasional winter resident in the eastern part of the state. 227. Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linnaeus). Northern Horned Lark. Oc- casional winter resident. 228. Otocoris alpestris leucolaema (Coues). Desert Horned Lark. Com- mon summer resident west of the Flint Hills; abundant winter resident. 229. Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw. Prairie Horned Lark. Common resident in the eastern part of the state. 230. Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. Common migrant; summer resident along the Missouri river. Linsdale found many nests in Doniphan county. 231. Riparia riparia riparia (Linnaeus). Bank Swallow. Common summer resident in suitable localities. 232. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis serripennis (Audubon). Rough-winged Swal- low. Fairly common summer resident, breeding locally. 233. Hirundo erythrogaster Boddart. Barn Swallow. Common summer resident throughout the state. 234. Petrochelidon albifrons albifrons (Rafinesque). Northern Cliff Swal- low. Common summer resident, breeding locally. 235. Progne subis subis (Linnaeus). Purple Martin. Common summer resident in the east; occasional in the west. 236. Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linnaeus). Northern Blue Jay. Common summer resident; resident in the south. 237. Aphelocoma californica woodhousei (Baird). Woodhouse's Jay. Oc- casional resident in the southwestern corner of the state. There are five speci- mens from Morton county. 237a. Aphelocoma sieberii arizonae Ridgway. Arizona Jay. A stray in Clark county in 1906. (See paper by Keith, ahead in this volume)—Editor. 238. Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine). American Magpie. Common resident in the extreme west. 239. Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler. American Raven. Formerly a com- mon resident; now extinct in the state. This bird disappeared with the buffalo.

448 Kansas Academy of Science 240. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. White-necked Raven. Formerly a rare resident in the west; now extinct in the state. 241. Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. Eastern Crow. Common resident in the east; occasional in the west. Migrates through the center of the state in untold millions. 242. Cyanoccephalus cyanoccephalus (Wied). Pinon Jay. Occasional winter visitant in the west; rare in the east. 243. Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson). Clark's Nutcracker. Occasional winter visitant in the west. 244. Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Linnaeus). Black-capped Chickadee. Fairly common resident in the east. 245. Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris). Long-tailed Chickadee. Common resident in the west, north of the Arkansas river; occasional in the east in winter. 246. Penthestes carolinensis agilis (Sennett). Plumbeous Chickadee. Common resident in southern Kansas. 247. Baeolophus bicolor (Linnaeus). Tufted Titmouse. Common resident in the east. 248. Sitta carolinensis carolinensis Latham. White-breasted Nuthatch. Common resident in eastern Kansas. 249. Sitta carolinensis atkinsi Scott. Florida Nuthatch. Common resident in Labette and Montgomery counties. 250. Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch. Has been taken in Morton county; exact status unknown. 251. Sitta canadensis Linnaeus. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Occasional winter resident throughout the state. 252. Certhia familiaris americana Bonaparte. Brown Creeper. Uncommon winter resident. 253. Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audubon. Western House Wren. Common summer resident in the east; occasional in the west. 254. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis (Vieillot). Eastern Winter Wren. Occasional winter resident. 255. Thryomanes bewicki bewicki (Audubon). Bewick's Wren. Accidental. Dr. C. E. Johnson collected a specimen of this wren two miles south of Lawrence on April 10, 1920. 256. Thryomanes bewicki cryptus Oberholser. Texas Wren. Common summer resident, occasional resident, in the southern part of the state. 257. Thryomanes bewicki niceae Sutton. Nice's Wren. Common resident in extreme southwest Kansas. 258. Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus (Latham). Carolina Wren. Common resident in eastern Kansas. 259. Telmatodytes palustris dissæptus (Bangs). Prairie Marsh Wren. Rare summer resident; occasional migrant. 260. Cistothorus stellaris (Naumann). Short-billed Marsh Wren. Rare migrant. 261. Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say). Common Rock Wren. Common summer resident in western Kansas; rare in the east. 262. Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linnaeus). Eastern Mockingbird. Common summer resident in the southeast.

Long: Kansas Birds 449 263. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors). Western Mockingbird. Common summer resident in the west. 264. Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus). Catbird. Common summer resident throughout the state. Most common in the east. 265. Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus). Brown Thrasher. Common summer resident throughout the state. 266. Turdus migratorius migratorius Linnaeus. Eastern Robin. Common summer resident; occasional resident. Confined to northeastern Kansas. 267. Turdus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder). Southern Robin. Common resident in southeastern Kansas. Occurs as far north as Lawrence. 268. Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridgway. Western Robin. Common resident in western Kansas. Sometimes occurs in the east in winter. 269. Izoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson). Northern Varied Thrush. Accidental. One was taken in Finney county by H. W. Menke, on October 17, 1891. 270. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin). Wood Thrush. Common summer resident in the east; rare in the west. 271. Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis (Belding). Sierra Hermit Thrush. Rare migrant in the western part of the state. One was taken in Lane county, September 27, 1912. 272. Hylocichla guttata faxonii Bangs and Penard. Eastern Hermit Thrush. Irregular migrant, sometimes common. 273. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). Olive-backed Thrush. Common migrant throughout the state. 274. Hylocichla minima aliciae (Baird). Gray-cheeked Thrush. Fairly common migrant. 275. Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway. Willow Thrush. Rare migrant. Several specimens have been taken in the eastern part of the state. 276. Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus). Eastern Bluebird. Common resident in the east; uncommon in the west. [Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway. Chestnut-backed Bluebird. This bird has been reported as a winter resident at Coolidge, but in the absence of a specimen it is here placed in the Hypothetical list.] 277. Sialia currucoides (Bechstein). Mountain Bluebird. Common winter resident in the west; rare in the east. 278. Myadestes townsendi (Audubon). Townsend's Solitaire. Occasional winter resident in the west. 279. Polioptila caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Common summer resident in the east; migrant in the west. 280. Regulus satrapa satrapa Lichtenstein. Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet. Occasional winter resident; common migrant. 281. Corthylio calendula calendula (Linnaeus). Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Common migrant; occasional winter resident. 282. Anthus spinoletta rubescens (Tunstall). American Pipit. Common migrant in the west; occasional in the east. 283. Anthus spraguei (Audubon). Sprague's Pipit. Common migrant in the west; rare in the east. 284. Bombycilla garrula pallidiceps Reichenow. Bohemian Waxwing. Rare winter resident throughout the state. 29-5301

450 Kansas Academy of Science 285. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing. Irregular winter resi- dent. 286. Lanius borealis borealis Vieillot. Northern Shrike. Rare winter resi- dent in the east; common in the west. 287. Lanius borealis invictus Grinnell. Northwestern Shrike. Occasional winter visitant. 288. Lanius ludovicianus migrans Palmer. Migrant Shrike. Common sum- mer resident in the east; occasional in winter. 289. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Swainson. White-rumped Shrike. Common summer resident in the west; occasional in winter. 290. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris Linnaeus. Starling. Common resident in the southeast. Spreading rapidly westward. 291. Vireo atricapillus Woodhouse. Black-capped Vireo. Formerly a sum- mer resident in Comanche county. Has not been found in the state since the time of Goss. 292. Vireo griseus griseus (Boddaert). White-eyed Vireo. Uncommon sum- mer resident in the east. 293. Vireo belli belli Audubon. Bell's Vireo. Common summer resident in the eastern part of the state. 294. Vireo flavifrons Vieillot. Yellow-throated Vireo. Occasional summer resident, locally common. 295. Vireo solitarius solitarius (Wilson). Blue-headed Vireo. Occasional migrant. 296. Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus). Red-eyed Vireo. Abundant summer resi- dent in the eastern part of the state. 297. Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin). Philadelphia Vireo. Very rare migrant in the extreme east. Two specimens taken in Doniphan county on September 2 and 24, 1922, are on record. 298. Vireo gilvus gilvus (Vieillot). Eastern Warbling Vireo. Common sum- mer resident throughout the state. 299. Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus). Black and White Warbler. Common mi- grant; rare summer resident, breeding locally. 300. Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert). Prothonotary Warbler. Common summer resident in suitable localities. 301. Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin). Worm-eating Warbler. Rare mi- grant; possible summer resident. 302. Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus). Golden-winged Warbler. Very rare migrant. One specimen was taken three miles south of Lawrence, May 2, 1921. 303. Vermivora pinus (Linnaeus). Blue-winged Warbler. Occasional mi- grant; possibly a rare summer resident. 304. Vermivora peregrina (Wilson). Tennessee Warbler. Common migrant in the east. 305. Vermivora celata celata (Say). Orange-crowned Warbler. Common migrant throughout the state. 306. Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla (Wilson). Nashville Warbler. Occa- sional migrant in the east. 307. Compsothlypis americana pusilla (Wilson). Northern Parula Warbler. Rare summer resident; occasional migrant.

Long: Kansas Birds 451 308. Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmelin). Eastern Yellow Warbler. Com- mon summer resident throughout the state. 309. Dendroica aestiva rubiginosa (Pallas). Alaska Yellow Warbler. Oc- casional migrant. There are four specimens, taken in Douglas county. 310. Dendroica aestiva sonorana Brewster. Sonora Yellow Warbler. Acci- dental. Included on the strength of a specimen taken in Wallace county, June 24, 1911. Identified by Dr. H. C. Oberholser. 311. Dendroica magnolia (Wilson). Magnolia Warbler. Occasional mi- grant. A number of specimens have been taken. 312. Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin). Cape May Warbler. Occasional migrant in the extreme east. 313. Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmelin). Black-throated Blue Warbler. Very rare migrant. All known specimens were taken in the western part of the state. 314. Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus). Myrtle Warbler. Common migrant in the east; occasional in the west. 315. Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend). Audubon's Warbler. Com- mon migrant in the extreme west. 316. Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin). Black-throated Green Warbler. Occasional migrant in the east. 317. Dendroica cerulea (Wilson). Cerulean Warbler. Formerly a summer resident; now a rare migrant. 318. Dendroica fusca (Müller). Blackburnian Warbler. Rare migrant in the east; casual in the west. [Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway. Sycamore Warbler. Reported by Goss, but there are no specimens. It is placed in the hypothetical list until further information is gathered.] 319. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus). Chestnut-sided Warbler. Rare migrant, in the extreme east. [Dendroica castanea (Wilson). Bay-breasted Warbler. Reported at Blue Rapids by P. B. Peabody. No other report of this species has been made. Pending collection of a specimen, it is placed in the hypothetical list.] 320. Dendroica striata (Forster). Black-poll Warbler. Fairly common mi- grant in the east. 321. Dendroica pinus pinus (Wilson). Northern Pine Warbler. Very rare migrant in the east. [Dendroica discolor discolor (Vieillot). Northern Prairie Warbler. Placed in the hypothetical list because it has not been reported since the time of Goss, and there are no specimens.] 322. Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin). Western Palm Warbler. Occasional migrant in the east. 323. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). Oven-bird. Occasional migrant in the east. 324. Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin). Northern Water Thrush. Accidental. One taken by Linsdale and Hall at Lawrence, on May 21, 1921. 325. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway. Grinnell's Water Thrush. Occasional migrant in the east. 326. Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot). Louisiana Water Thrush. Uncommon summer resident in the east.

452 Kansas Academy of Science 327. Oporornis formosus (Wilson). Kentucky Warbler. Common summer resident in the east. 328. Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson). Mourning Warbler. Occasional migrant in the east. 329. Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend). Macgillivray's Warbler. Probably an occasional migrant in the west. One was taken by P. B. Peabody at Blue Rapids on May 22, 1923. 330. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson). Northern Yellowthroat. Common summer resident in the northeast. 331. Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linnaeus). Maryland Yellowthroat. Common summer resident in the southeast. Specimens have been taken in Cherokee, Labette and Montgomery counties. 332. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster. Western Yellowthroat. Occasional summer resident in the west, as far east as the Flint Hills. 333. Icteria virens virens (Linnaeus). Yellow-breasted Chat. Common summer resident in the east. 334. Icteria virens auricollis (Lichtenstein). Long-tailed Chat. Common summer resident in the extreme west. 335. Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert). Hooded Warbler. Formerly a common summer resident in the east; now rare. 336. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wilson). Wilson's Warbler. Occasional migrant throughout the state. 337. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas). Northern Pileolated Warbler. Probably an occasional migrant in the west. Two specimens have been taken in Douglas county. 338. Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Warbler. Uncommon migrant in the east. 339. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus). American Redstart. Common summer resident, breeding locally. 340. Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus). English Sparrow. Common resident throughout the state. 341. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus). Bobolink. Irregular spring migrant; taken once in fall migration. 342. Sturnella magna magna (Linnaeus). Eastern Meadowlark. Common resident in the northeast. 343. Sturnella magna argutula Bangs. Southern Meadowlark. Common resident in the southeast. Probably occurs as far north as Lawrence. 344. Sturnella neglecta Audubon. Western Meadowlark. Common resident west of the Flint Hills; migrates east in winter. 345. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte). Yellow-headed Blackbird. Rare summer resident; common migrant in the west. 346. Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linnaeus). Eastern Redwing. Common summer resident in the east. 347. Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus Oberholser. Giant Redwing. Common migrant throughout the state. 348. Agelaius phoeniceus fortis Ridgway. Thick-billed Redwing. Common migrant; possible summer resident in the west. More specimens are needed to determine the exact status of this bird in Kansas. 349. Icterus spurius (Linnaeus). Orchard Oriole. Common summer resident in the eastern part of the state.

Long: Kansas Birds 453 349a. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway. Arizona Hooded Oriole. Acci- dental. Frederick C. Lincoln (Auk 57:420) records an Arizona hooded oriole, banded in Los Angeles, Cal., January 22, 1939, and recovered about August 5, 1939, 10 miles southeast of Garden City, Finney county, Kansas. 350. Icterus galbula (Linnaeus). Baltimore Oriole. Common summer resident. 351. Icterus bullocki (Swainson). Bullock's Oriole. Common summer resi- dent in the west, wherever trees are available as nesting sites. 352. Euphagus carolinus (Müller). Rusty Blackbird. Irregular winter visitant. In some winters this bird is abundant; in others it is completely absent. 353. Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler). Brewer's Blackbird. Occasional summer resident in the west; rare in the east. 354. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway. Bronzed Grackle. Common sum- mer resident in the eastern part of the state; occasional in the west. 355. Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert). Eastern Cowbird. Common summer resident. 356. Molothrus artemisiae Grinnell. Nevada Cowbird. Probably a common migrant in the west; occasional in the east. 357. Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson). Western Tanager. Rare summer resi- dent in the west. No specimens are known, but there are two published records. It has been seen recently in Cimarron county, Oklahoma, not far west of Kansas. 358. Piranga erythromelas Vieillot. Scarlet Tanager. Occasional migrant; breeds locally in the eastern part of the state. 359. Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus). Summer Tanager. Fairly common summer resident in the east. 360. Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus). Eastern Cardinal. Common resident in the east; rare in the west. 361. Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linnaeus). Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Com- mon summer resident in the east. 362. Hedymeles melanocephalus papago Oberholser. Rocky Mountain Grosbeak. Common summer resident in the west. 363. Guiraca caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). Eastern Blue Grosbeak. Com- mon summer resident in the southeast. 364. Guiraca caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom. Western Blue Gros- beak. Common summer resident in the west. 365. Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus). Indigo Bunting. Common summer resi- dent in the east. 366. Passerina amoena (Say). Lazuli Bunting. Probably a rare summer resident in the west. 367. Passerina ciris (Linnaeus). Painted Bunting. Fairly common summer resident in south-central Kansas. There is a record of a pair of these birds which nested on two successive years at Lawrence. 368. Spiza americana (Gmelin). Dickcissel. Common summer resident in the eastern half of the state. 369. Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (Cooper). Eastern Evening Gros- beak. Rare and irregular winter visitant. A number of specimens have been taken in the eastern part of the state.

454 Kansas Academy of Science 370. Carpodacus purpureus purpureus (Gmelin). Eastern Purple Finch. Irregular winter visitant; common when present. 371. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). Common House Finch. Com- mon resident in the extreme southwestern part of the state. This bird has been taken or reported in Morton, Hamilton and Finney counties. [Pinicola enucleator leucura (Müller). Candaian Pine Grosbeak. Reported by Snow, who was quoted by Ridgway. No specimens have ever been taken, and the bird has not been reported since. It is here placed in the Hypothet-\nical List.] 372. Acanthis linaria linaria (Linnaeus). Common Redpoll. Rare and irregular winter visitant. There are records from Neosho Falls, Manhattan, Kansas City, and Lawrence. 373. Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson). Northern Pine Siskin. Common but irregular winter visitant; rare summer resident. It nested once at Onaga, May 3, 1920. 374. Spinus tristis tristis (Linnaeus). Eastern Goldfinch. Common resi- dent throughout the state. 375. Loxia curvirostra neogaea Griscom. Red Crossbill. Rare winter visi- tant. Specimens were taken at Lawrence in 1906 and 1920. 376. Loxia curvirostra pusilla Gloger. Newfoundland Crossbill. Accidental. One was taken at Burlington on February 1, 1892. 377. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). Sitka Crossbill. Accidental. Taken at Lawrence on January 25, 1920. 378. Loxia curvirostra bendirei Ridgway. Bendire's Crossbill. Occasional winter visitant. Taken at Lawrence in 1885, 1898, and 1911. 379. Loxia curvirostra benti Griscom. Rocky Mountain Crossbill. Com- mon winter visitant. Has been taken on many occasions in all parts of the state. 380. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway. Mexican Crossbill. Accidental. One was taken at Lawrence on January 25, 1911. 381. Loxia leucoptera Gmelin. White-winged Crossbill. Rare and irregular winter visitant. Reported from a number of scattered localities. 382. Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus). Red-eyed Towhee. Common summer resident; rare in the west. 383. Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swainson). Arctic Towhee. Common mi- grant in the west; occasional in the east. 384. Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger. Lark Bunting. Common sum- mer resident in the west; rare in the east. 385. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson). Eastern Savanna Spar- row. Common migrant in the east. 386. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte. Western Savanna Sparrow. Common migrant throughout the state. 387. Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Grinnell. Nevada Savanna spar- row. Occasional migrant. Several specimens have been taken in the eastern part of the state. 388. Ammodramus savannarum australis Maynard. Eastern Grasshopper Sparrow. Occasional summer resident in the east. 389. Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus (Coues). Western Grasshopper Sparrow. Common summer resident throughout the state.

Long: Kansas Birds 455 390. Ammodramus bairdi (Audubon). Baird's Sparrow. Accidental. A specimen was taken by J. A. Loring at Pendennis, Lane county, on April 25, 1897. It is now in the U. S. Biological Survey collection in the National Museum. 391. Passerherbulus caudacutus (Latham). Leconte's Sparrow. Common migrant in the east; occasional winter resident. 392. Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi (Audubon). Western Henslow's Sparrow. Rare summer resident; occasional migrant. 393. Ammospiza caudacuta nelsoni (Allen). Nelson's Sparrow. Rare mi- ggrant. A few specimens have been taken in Douglas, and McPherson counties, and at Neosho Falls. 394. Poecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin). Eastern Vesper Sparrow. Common migrant in eastern Kansas. 395. Poecetes gramineus confinis Baird. Western Vesper Sparrow. Com- mon migrant in the west. 396. Chondestes grammacus grammacus (Say). Eastern Lark Sparrow. Common summer resident in eastern Kansas. 397. Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson. Western Lark Sparrow. Common summer resident in the west. 398. Aimophila cassini (Woodhouse). Cassin's Sparrow. Common summer resident in the extreme western part of the state. 399. Junco aikeni Ridgway. White-winged Junco. Fairly common winter resident in the extreme western part of the state. Several specimens have been taken in Morton and Wallace counties. 400. Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus). Slate-colored Junco. Common winter resident in the east; uncommon in the west. 401. Junco oreganus shufeldti Coale. Shufeldt's Junco. Common winter resident in the west; rare in the east. 402. Junco oreganus montanus Ridgway. Montana Junco. Occasional winter resident. Specimens have been taken in Douglas and Trego counties. 403. Junco mearnsi Ridgway. Pink-sided Junco. Common winter resident in the extreme west. Specimens have been taken in Seward, Morton, Hamil- ton and Wallace counties. 404. Spizella arborea arborea (Wilson). Eastern Tree Sparrow. Common winter resident in the east. 405. Spizella arborea ochracea Brewster. Western Tree Sparrow. Abundant winter resident throughout the state. 406. Spizella passerina passerina (Bechstein). Eastern Chipping Sparrow. Common summer resident in the east. 407. Spizella passerina arizonae Coues. Western Chipping Sparrow. Oc- casional summer resident in the extreme west. 408. Spizella pallida (Swainson). Clay-colored Sparrow. Common mi- ggrant throughout the state. 409. Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson). Eastern Field Sparrow. Common summer resident in the east. 410. Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne. Western Field Sparrow. Com- mon summer resident in the west; in migration throughout the state. 411. Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall). Harris's Sparrow. Abundant winter resident in the east; rare in the west.

456 Kansas Academy of Science 412. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (Forster). White-crowned Sparrow Common migrant; rare winter resident in the south. 413. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (Nuttall). Gambel's Sparrow. Common migrant in the west; occasional in the east. 414. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). White-throated Sparrow. Common migrant; occasional winter resident in the south. 415. Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem). Eastern Fox Sparrow. Common migrant; occasional winter resident in the east. (Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird. Slate-colored Fox Sparrow. Reported by Snow in 1872, but not reported since, and no specimens are in existence. Placed in the Hypothetical List.) 416. Melospiza lincolni lincolni (Audubon). Lincoln's Sparrow. Common migrant throughout the state. 417. Melospiza georgiana (Latham). Swamp Sparrow. Common migrant; occasional winter resident in the east. 418. Melospiza melodia melodia (Wilson). Eastern Song Sparrow. Common winter resident in the eastern part of the state. 419. Melospiza melodia beata Bangs. Mississippi Song Sparrow. Common winter resident as far west as Seward, Trego and Lane counties. 420. Melospiza melodia juddi Bishop. Dakota Song Sparrow. Uncommon migrant throughout the state; most common in the east. 421. Melospiza melodia fallax (Baird). Mountain Song Sparrow. Common migrant in the extreme west; occurs as far east as Trego county. Probably migrates down the rivers of western Kansas from the Rocky Mountains. 422. Rhynchophanes mccowni (Lawrence). McCown's Longspur. Common winter resident in the west; occasional in the east. 423. Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (Linnaeus). Lapland Longspur. Abundant winter resident throughout the state. 424. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway. Alaska Longspur. Rare winter resident; possibly common in the west. 425. Calcarius pictus (Swainson). Smith's Longspur. Common winter resident. Taken in Douglas and Greenwood counties in the east. 426. Calcarius ornatus (Townsend). Chestnut-collared Longspur. Formerly a common summer resident in the west; not reported for a number of years. Common winter resident. 427. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus). Eastern Snow Bunting. Irregular winter visitant; sometimes common. No specimens have been taken, nor has the species been observed, in recent years.

Marshall 1944 6. General Account "Birds of Gainesville, Ozark Co., Mo." Attached : Leopold & Dalke 1943 "1942 Status of Wild Turkeys in Missouri" May 11 Gainesville, Ozark Co., Mo. At 8:30 PM Hawk about 100 swifts milled about 15' chimney & went in over 20 min per. "Whip-poor-will" called May 12 AM Hiked to edge town saw a [illegible] cuckoo, several 2-winged swallows perched on stubs along stream, went up a cypress covered slope where a few jays & chickadees. Oaks on other side : Summer Tanager singing ( sharp pli-trit ), Brdigo counting singing in burned area, many Olive-barked Thrushes foraging in trees. Red-eyed Vireo & Black-poll Warblers abundant in oaks. Bewick Wrens numerous and Thythons in family groups of 6 or 7 noisy singing, came around owl calls. PM. Went to cypress & oak steep slope of ridge across stream at 8:30. Last night woke up in middle of moonlit night - Caprimulgids calling incessantly - decided were not whip-poor-wills.. At about,

Reprinted from JOURNAL OF FORESTRY Vol. 41, No. 6, June, 1943 The 1942 Status of Wild Turkeys in Missouri A. Starker Leopold¹ and Paul D. Dalke² A recent inventory of wild turkeys in Missouri shows a population of 4,340 birds in 31 counties in the Ozark region. Their occurrence seems to be materially influenced by soil and topography, with the heaviest concentrations on shallow-soiled “balds” on Clarksville stony loam. Protection from hunting and other disturbance by man ranks high among the requirements for management. In general the native wild strain appears to be more productive than any of the hybrid game-farm strains. THIS report presents the findings of a statewide turkey inventory conducted jointly by the Missouri Conservation Commission and the Missouri Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit³ between January 1 and April 15, 1942, for the purpose of obtaining more accurate and up-to-date information on the number and distribution of wild turkeys in the state than that provided by the Bennitt and Nagel game survey of 1934-1935 (1). METHODS The basic principle involved in the census was to obtain estimates of local turkey populations from resident farmers, hunters, country storekeepers, and game protective officers. This method is applicable in Missouri because: (1) the turkey is a large and conspicuous game bird in which practically everyone takes an interest; (2) it habitually forms fairly stable winter flocks which localize their activities on well-defined winter territories; (3) its population density is rarely such as to cause confusion in identifying individual flocks; (4) the Ozark hill people live in practically every hollow and corner of the turkey range, and through their many activities have opportunity to know the local turkey flocks. Few other game species meet these specifications. The field procedure in general followed that used by Mosby in Virginia (10), but involved more detailed cross-checking of individual flocks. An investigator first obtained from each local conservation agent all available information concerning the distribution of turkeys in the county, together with a list of reliable observers in each locality. Data regarding individual flocks were entered on county highway maps. Similar county-wide records were obtained from ¹Field biologist, Federal Aid to Wildlife Program, Missouri Conservation Commission, West Plains, Mo. ²Associate biologist, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Missouri Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Columbia, Mo. ³Missouri Conservation Commission, American Wildlife Institute, University of Missouri, and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, cooperating. forest rangers, refuge managers, and others with extensive knowledge of local game conditions. These initial steps often resulted in roughly locating half or more of the birds in a county. Then the more detailed field inventory began. Interviews with residents of a given locality were pursued until each flock had been located and its size established by at least three individual reports, preferably obtained from observers on opposite sides of the flock territory. Often these figures agreed almost to a bird. When discrepancies occurred, the judgment of the investigator was used in determining the probable flock size. Sometimes eight or ten farmers had to be interviewed before a conclusion could be reached as to the number of turkeys in one small area. Many slight errors were undoubtedly made, but these would generally tend to compensate in a large area such as a county. Some difficulty was experienced in getting certain individuals to tell freely what they knew. This was particularly true of the poaching fraternity, who were suspicious of close questioning on the subject of turkeys. A few offered deliberate untruths, but these were quickly detected by the system of cross-checking reports of each flock. In general, good cooperation was received from local people. Before leaving a locality, the investigator recorded on the map the approximate range and number of birds for each flock. Areas where no turkeys were found were so marked or left blank. A test was made of the accuracy of the inventory on a sample of 220 square miles around Carman Springs Refuge in northwestern Howell County. After the inventory of Howell County had been completed, a new refuge patrolman made an independent investigation of the local turkey population by means of field observation, interviews with all residents, track counts, gobbling counts (in April), and other available methods. Three months were devoted to censusing this area, previously covered in four days by the standard inventory method. Whereas 428

THE 1942 STATUS OF WILD TURKEYS IN MISSOURI 429 the initial inventory showed 23 flocks totaling 142 birds, the much more careful second survey disclosed 26 flocks totaling 165 birds. This indicates an accuracy of 86 per cent in the first coverage, and is probably typical of the whole inventory. Since the figures which follow are based on the actual field data, they are undoubtedly conservative. PRESENT TURKEY POPULATION Table 1 compares the turkey population by counties in 1942 with that estimated by Bennitt and Nagel (I) in the winter of 1934-35. The present total of 4,340 birds shows approximately a 20 per cent increase over the 1935 figure of 3,585 birds. In terms of density, Leopold in 1931 (7) estimated an average density of 1.4 square miles per turkey, Bennitt and Nagel 2.8 square miles per bird over 9,907 square miles, and the present inventory 1.6 square miles per bird over approximately 7,000 square miles. Originally the turkey range covered the entire state. Turkeys were apparently still abundant in parts of the northern counties until long after their settlement, as indicated by the report of Bogardus (3) that he and two others killed over 50 in three weeks on Shoal Creek in Clinton County, northwestern Missouri, in 1866. In northeastern Missouri there were turkeys in a few favored localities until 1895 and in one locality in Macon County until 1908. The last deer, on the other hand, disappeared from north-eastern Missouri by 1882, 25 years before the last turkey. By about 1910, the turkey range had been reduced to the Ozark region and the southeastern lowlands, and in 1935 turkeys were found in only 45 of the 114 counties of the state. Today only 31 counties are known to contain turkeys, and of these only 17 contain more than 6 flocks each, although the total number of birds has increased slightly. It has taken a little less than 100 years to eliminate the turkey over 83 per cent of its original range in Missouri. The present occupied range amounts to approximately 7,000 square miles in the Ozark region. Only one small remnant can now be found in the southeastern lowlands, and the encroachment of settlement and agriculture may ultimately eliminate the species from that region, thus further reducing the range. Figure 1 shows the present locations of all flocks and their relative sizes. The 596 flocks recorded show the following distribution by size classes: TABLE 1.—COMPARISON BY COUNTIES OF THE 1942 AND 1934-35 INVENTORIES OF WILD TURKEYS County No. of flocks No. of birds- 1942 1942 1934-35 Taney 92 744 130 Ozark 74 569 320 Reynolds 34 326 100 Shannon 36 251 110 Howell 36 239 350 Dent 34 210 400 Texas 33 202 260 Carter 31 193 220 Phelps 21 185 50 Douglas 27 191 140 Oregon 28 172 65 Crawford 23 163 100 Barry 19 150 50 Stone 24 146 20 Ripley 12 78 90 Christian 15 77 10 Laclede 6 60 15 Iron 8 53 40 Wright 5 51 20 Mississippi 6 42 50 Madison 4 36 80 Wayne 5 34 130 Maries 3 31 20 Benton 4 24 20 Warren 2 22 25 Polk 1 19 Camden 1 18 150 Pulaski 3 16 90 Butler 4 26 30 Washington 3 10 40 Gasconade 2 2 25 Bollinger 20 Cape Girardeau 15 Dunklin 60 Franklin 100 Hickory 10 Jefferson 10 Miller 20 Morgan 20 New Madrid 50 Osage 15 Pemiscot 10 Perry 30 St. Francois 10 St. Genevieve 50 Stoddard 15 Totals 596 4,340 3,585 No. of birds Per cent 1-5 38 6-10 41 11-15 17 16-20 4 Figure 2 presents the same data in terms of population density. Information concerning the three zones of density, that were recognized on the basis of number of birds per township, may be summarized as follows:

430 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY STATE OF MISSOURI CONSERVATION COMMISSION WILD TURKEY SHOWING DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE SIZE OF FLOCKS 1942 NO. TO FLORIDA, SIZE 1 TO 5 BIRDS 6 TO 10 11 TO 20 21 TO 50 51 TO 100 KENTUCKY Fig. 1.—Distribution and relative size of turkey flocks, 1942. S O A R K A N S A S SCALE IN MILES OKLAHOMA

THE 1942 STATUS OF WILD TURKEYS IN MISSOURI 431 STATE OF MISSOURI CONSERVATION COMMISSION WILD TURKEY RANGE & POPULATION DENSITY. RECORD OF RELEASES. 1942 LEGEND 1 TO 20 BIRDS PER YEAR 20 TO 40 BIRDS PER YEAR 40 TO 60 BIRDS PER YEAR NATIONAL FOREST REFUGE STATE PARK REFUGE COOPERATIVE REFUGE RELEASES FROM STATE PARK-1938-1941. Fig. 2.—Range and population density, 1942, and record of releases, 1938-1941.

432 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY No. of birds per township 1-20 20-40 40-60 —Area included— Sq. miles Per cent 4,130 59 1,750 25 1,120 16 —Flocks included— No. per township Per cent 34 32 34 1.6 3.8 5.9 The greatest concentration is in the southwestern portion of the range, particularly in Taney and Ozark Counties. Comparison with the 1935 estimates shows that there has been a decided increase of turkeys in this region, which has more than offset the shrinkage in range and number of birds in other parts of the state. The 20 per cent increase in the state total is largely due to the high densities recently attained in the southwestern counties. Additional smaller spots of local high density in the central and northern parts of the range are in most cases associated with successful refuges. RELATION OF TURKEY DISTRIBUTION TO SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHY Some interesting correlations may be noted between the present distribution of turkeys and the occurrence of certain soil types as classified by Miller and Krusekopf (9). A single soil type, the Clarksville stony loam, now supports 79 per cent of the turkeys in Missouri. This soil, of residual limestone origin, is characteristic of the very rugged and completely dissected parts of the Ozark Plateau, and only 40 per cent of it is farmed. A distinctive feature is the occurrence of “balds,” or open-faced hillsides, whose shallow soils support only herbaceous vegetation with occasional scattered shrubs, patches of cedar, and scrubby post oak. The region of heaviest concentration of turkeys in the southwestern Ozark area conforms closely to the “bald” country of Clarksville stony loam. Extensive reaches of this same soil type in other parts of the Ozarks where balds are absent support, in general, lower turkey populations, with local concentrations only around certain refuges. This suggests some definite relationship between the occurrence of balds and the unusual abundance of turkeys in the southwestern Ozarks. Another soil of the same series and similar origin, the Clarksville gravelly loam, supports 15 per cent of the turkeys, making a total of 94 per cent of the birds in the state that occur on the two Clarksville soils. The Clarksville gravelly loam, while steep and hilly in many places, contains more broad, shallow valleys and flat ridge tops, and therefore more tillable land. Seventy per cent of this type is classed as being in farms. In general, turkey populations on this soil type are continuing to decline. Ashe stony loam and Hanceville loam together support only 3 per cent of the turkeys. The Ashe stony loam, source material of which is the granite of the eastern Ozarks, is limited in extent but, like the Clarksville stony loam, is associated with very rough topography largely covered by mixed oak-hickory forest. Superficially, the areas of Ashe and Clarksville stony loam look very much alike, and the land-use patterns are similar; yet turkeys occur on the Ashe soil only as isolated islands in the lowest zone of density (1-20 birds per township), and the populations are apparently still declining. It appears, therefore, that rough topography and associated extensive forests are not as closely correlated with turkey distribution as the type of soil (inherent fertility being perhaps the deciding factor) and the character of the vegetation itself. On the basis of present turkey distribution and of recent trends in population densities it seems safe to predict that the area of Clarksville stony loam will continue to produce four-fifths or more of the turkeys in the state. LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE IN RELATION TO TURKEY ENVIRONMENT The extent and nature of human occupation of the Ozark area has had, of course, manifold effects upon the turkey population. Hunting and other direct influences will be mentioned later. The equally important indirect effects, particularly alterations in the environment, may be briefly considered here. The agricultural economy of the region as a whole is characterized by overcultivation of thin soils and often steep fields, and by overgrazing of pastures and woodlands. This continuous abuse can result only in a steady decline in the productivity of the land for agricultural crops, livestock, and forest products, as well as wildlife. The adverse effects reach the turkeys most directly through overgrazing of the woodlands, which reduces both the variety and the total supply of turkey foods. This condition is further aggravated by recurring annual fires that sweep most of the Ozark woodlands each year (6). Much of the area was originally open or savannah-like with a rich ground cover of grass and herbaceous vegetation. The combination of grazing, burning, and indiscriminate lumbering

has converted enormous areas into thickets of post oak or blackjack oak that make poor habi- tat for turkeys and other wildlife. An abundant native flora of legumes is one source of food that seems stimulated temporarily to increased pro- duction by ground fires, but this is probably more than offset by the heavy grazing. The ex- tent to which this pattern of land use has re- duced the carrying capacity of the region is difficult to estimate, but undoubtedly it has con- tributed much to the decline of the turkey population. Two national forests, the Mark Twain and the Clark, were established in the Missouri Ozarks in 1933, and their programs of land acquisition and balanced land management will aid greatly in the ultimate restoration of suit- able turkey habitat in the state. At present, two- thirds of the occupied turkey range is included within the boundaries of these two national for- ests, but since 40 per cent of their gross area is still in private ownership it is not yet possible to appraise the effects of the Forest Service pro- gram on the total turkey population within the state. As acquisition continues, however, more and more turkeys will range on national forest lands, where wildlife receives its logical place in land management and where improvements in turkey habitat are already noticeable. With respect to fire control, the Forestry Sec- tion of the Conservation Commission is contrib- ing much on lands not included in the national forest boundaries. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TURKEYS Legal protection. The Missouri turkey sea- son has been closed since 1937, and game-law en- forcement has improved immeasurably since that date; yet illegal hunting continues to be the most important direct factor limiting turkey increases. Poaching is carried on more or less the year around by many Ozark natives and some village “sportsmen.” Its most damaging form is the killing of “frying-sized” pouilts in the early fall. The low density of the turkey population in many areas is directly attributable to the heavy kill; thus protection still remains the first and most important step in management. Sparse turkey populations often respond al- most immediately to improved protection. This was demonstrated in the zone around the new Caney Mountain Refuge in Ozark County (8), where extensive patrolling and an enlightened public attitude resulted in tripling the turkey population over a large area in two years, with- out any noticeable change in the environment. Many other spots with increased density of popu- lation are associated with improved protection. Refuges. In Missouri the five types of turkey refuges now in operation are (1) state parks, (2) state forests, (3) federal refuges (U. S. Forest Service), (4) state refuges, and (5) private cooperative management areas. Some are highly successful, while others have failed in the production of turkeys. Practically all are successfully producing deer. Table 2 lists the refuges concerned with turkeys, with pertinent data regarding each. The first five, all of which support a density on and surrounding the refuge of more than 40 turkeys per township, are considered very successful. Those with 20-40 birds per township are moder- ately successful, while those with less than 20 are definitely unsuccessful. The success of a refuge seems to depend first of all on the location and nature of the area. Three of the five successful refuges are located in the southwestern “bald,” or glade, country of Clarksville stony loam, while the least successful are mostly on granite soils in the eastern Ozarks. The second factor in determining refuge suc- cess is the type of management, one of the most essential features of which is the exclusion of disturbance. Several potentially fine refuges have been rendered unproductive by excessive human activity. Public recreational develop- ments on state parks, and activities of the Civil- ian Conservation Corps on many other areas, have driven out the wild turkey, which has a relatively low tolerance of disturbance and will not remain in the constant presence of man (4). Refuge size, as such, is not necessarily impor- tant, since some of the smallest as well as the largest are among the most successful. How- ever, small refuges in particular need freedom from internal disturbance and the cooperative assistance of neighboring residents. The type of turkey with which each area is stocked appears to have an important bearing upon the productivity. To date the 6 most pro- ductive refuges are predominantly stocked with native birds of wild origin. The degree to which game-farm birds may repopulate potentially good turkey range is being further tested. Private cooperative management areas may prove to be quite successful, particularly on nat-

434 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY urally good turkey range, since they offer a solution to the protection problem on private land. Such areas are relatively new in Missouri, and have not yet been fully tested, but the prospect on at least two of the four areas now set up is favorable. Where a fair remnant of native tur- keys was already present, response to protection and management has been noticeable in two or three years. Cooperative management areas should be relatively large (at least 10,000 acres), since the danger of disturbance requires room for the turkeys to adjust their range within the protected zone. Liberations of game-farm turkeys. Since 1925, approximately 13,000 turkeys raised on game farms have been liberated in Missouri, mostly on refuges or other protected areas. Some idea of the effect of these liberations may be ob- tained from Table 2, in which all known releases on refuges are listed in two columns. The first column shows releases from 1925 to 1937 of birds of rather questionable quality, mostly raised on the state parks; the second shows liber- ations from 1938 to 1941 of a much superior strain from a private game farm in Reynolds County. For a record of early attempts at tur- key restocking in Missouri, reference is made to papers by Leopold (7), Bennitt and Nagel (1), and Blakey (2). The 13 refuge areas that have been stocked re- ceived all told 6,468 artificially raised turkeys. These refuges with their environs now support in the aggregate only 923 turkeys, and there were some wild birds on nearly all these areas at the outset. Heavy initial stocking neither assures nor precludes the success of a refuge; but man- gement of wild remnants with little or no stock- ing has proven very successful on 3 refuges where it has been tried. There are so many influences involved in the success or failure of individual turkey refuges that it is extremely difficult to evaluate the effect of any single fac- tor like restocking. However, current uncom- pleted studies indicate that the native wild strain, where it is established, is apparently more pro- ductive under Missouri Ozark conditions than any of the hybrid game-farm strains. The present distribution of turkeys in the watershed of the Eleven Points River seems to illustrate the superior productivity of the native stock. Two large Forest Service refuges, Eleven Points and Wilderness, are located in the rough breaks of this river 10 miles apart in northeast- ern Oregon County. In soil, topography, and vegetation, these areas are much alike and their management plans are practically identical in that both offer grazing control, fire control, and protection. Both had remnants of native turkeys at the time of establishment. They differ only in that the Eleven Points Refuge has in recent years received repeated liberations of game-farm turkeys, whereas on the Wilderness Refuge the TABLE 2.—TURKEY POPULATIONS ON STATE AND FEDERAL REFUGES IN RELATION TO PAST LIBERATIONS | Refuge | County | Acres | Year established | No. of turkeys—released 1925-37 | 1938-41 | 1942¹ inv. | Birds per twp. |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | Drury (4) | Taney | 4,600 | 1939 | None | None | 191 | 57.3 | Hercules (3) | Taney | 5,500 | 1936 | 74 | 82 | 185 | 55.5 | Indian Trail (2) | Dent | 13,250 | 1924 | 972 | 80 | 159 | 47.7 | Caney Mtn. (4) | Ozark | 5,500 | 1940 | None | None | 140 | 42.0 | Wilderness (3) | Oregon | 12,800 | 1938 | 45 | None | 134 | 40.2 | Carmen Spring (3) | Howell | 5,000 | 1936 | 147 | 80 | 105 | 31.5 | Deer Run (2) | Reynolds | 8,380 | 1924 | 1316 | None | 101 | 30.3 | Blue Spring (3) | Ozark | 5,920 | 1936 | 100 | 119 | 72 | 21.6 | Big Spring (1) | Carter | 4,582 | 1924 | 856 | 35 | 41 | 12.3 | Eleven Points (3) | Oregon | 15,100 | 1935 | 50 | 75 | 40 | 12.0 | Spring Creek (3) | Phelps | 7,900 | 1940 | None | 167 | 37 | 11.1 | Stoner (4) | Texas | 12,250 | 1941 | None | 45 | 26 | 7.7 | Low Gap (3) | Reynolds | 9,500 | 1935 | 120 | 25 | 16 | 5.2 | Sam Baker (1) | Wayne | 5,150 | 1927 | 904 | None | 7 | 2.1 | Meramec (1) | Franklin | 7,172 | 1926 | 1176 | None | None | None (1) State park (3) U.S. Forest Service refuge (2) State forest (4) State refuge ¹The 1942 inventory figures show the number of birds on standard-sized census areas of 120 square miles, within which each refuge or management area is centered.

THE 1942 STATUS OF WILD TURKEYS IN MISSOURI native stock has been built up through protection, with virtually no mixing of hybrid birds. The present density is 12.0 turkeys per township on the Eleven Points area, and 40.2 on the Wilderness area. Altogether 2,000 turkeys were liberated on or near the refuges from 1938 to 1941 inclusive. Of these, 14 per cent were on areas that in 1942 had 40-60 birds per township, 28 per cent on areas with 20-40 birds, 41 per cent on areas with 1-20 birds, and 17 per cent on range at present unoccupied. These data are not sufficient to prove that liberation of game-farm turkeys has not contributed to the turkey restoration program in Missouri, nor that it cannot contribute something in the future. Yet the inference can be drawn that restocking, even in conjunction with management practices, has so far yielded very limited results. Recent experience has shown that the native wild turkey can be successfully managed and is probably more productive and better adapted to Ozark conditions than game-farm strains. Therefore current plans for turkey management in Missouri will not go amiss if stress is placed on protection and management of the native stock still extant. Future releases should continue to be made on an experimental basis only, under conditions of good management, and with a careful record of the results. Live trapping and redistribution of native birds, a technique used successfully in Texas (5) and other states, but not yet adequately tested in Missouri, may be a practical procedure for restocking unoccupied parts of the range. SUMMARY A census of Missouri turkeys shows a slight increase in numbers but a decrease in occupied range during the past decade. The heaviest populations occur on lime soils with frequent "balds," the lowest on granitic soils. Overgrazing, overburning, slashing, and poaching are believed accountable for the decline of the species. Relief from poaching has produced prompt local gains. Remnants of native stock have responded much better to refuges than plantings of game-farm birds. Refuges must be free of disturbance to be effective. LITERATURE CITED 1. Bennitt, R. and W. O. Nagel. 1937. A survey of the resident game and furbearers of Missouri. Univ. of Missouri Studies, Vol. XII, No. 2. 2. Blakey, H. L. 1937. The wild turkey on the Missouri Ozark range. U. S. D. A. Biological Survey, Wildlife Research and Management Leaflet BS-77. 3. Bogardus, A. H. 1874. Field, cover, and trap shooting. J. B. Ford and Co., New York. 4. Dalke, Paul D. 1940. Turkeys need seclusion. Mo. Conservationist 3: 3. 5. Goodrum, P. D. 1941. Capture of wild turkeys in Texas for restocking. Pittman-Robertson Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 3. 6. Hammar, C. H. and R. H. Westveld (editors). 1937. Forest restoration in Missouri. Mo. Agric. Expt. Sta. Bul. 392. 7. Leopold, A. 1931. Report on a game survey of the north central states. Sporting Arms and Ammunition Mfrs. Institute. 8. Leopold, A. S. 1941. Report on the management of the Caney Mountain Turkey Refuge. Mo. Conservation Comm., mimeo. report. 9. Miller, M. F. and H. H. Krusekopf. 1929. The soils of Missouri. Mo. Agric. Expt. Sta. Bul. 264. 10. Mosby, Henry S. 1941. The wild turkey in Virginia. Pittman-Robertson Quarterly. Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 1-13.

Marshall 1944 General Acc't May 12 Gainesville Ozark Co., Mo. 8:30 th started to call. I gave imitation and a great Chuck-wills Widow immediately lit or stul 4' from ground about 4 yds ahead of us looked at us, then hovered with body motionless & wings beating str up & down, extreme song for several seconds then to a tree & started to call. Now dusk. Call: grif willow or will ow . Of the 3 accent, th' 1st is lightest 2nd medium 3rd greatest. Upon imitating th' call which is helped by a slight vocal note mixed with th' whistle, the bird apparently a & , & territory "outraged" made clo low grunts like hog. Was seen flying over trees several times When dark, shined 3 birds with flash deep amber shine. They were 50-75 from each other. Upon arriving upon the of ters, of the 1st (upon returning) he came close called (they do call in flight), perched nearby. I gave imitations, then he made some loud

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Marshall 1944 8. General Acct May 12 Jamestown Ozark Co. Mo. Clapping sounds and a rapid series of the hoarse grunts. Sounded like a bear crashing Thru the trees. Call resembles that of Whip-poor-will grunt corresponds to “group” of poorwill, Several seconds separate each song. The birds are abundant and closely spaced. May 13 Elsie & I went out to Leopold’s Cabin at Caney But. refuge, the area Leopold bought up for Turkey refuge for Mo. Corn. Corn. Met Leopold & wife Betty & son, Fritz. Sat on porch of cabin on N. slope on 50’ cliff over stream looking across broad stream valley to wooded slope on other side, all the warblers & vireos in the country seemed to be drifting past the porch – following the edge of the bank in foraging: Black & White, Black-Poll, Phelocalated etc. Hiked up stream & up to bald (exposure of limestone on S-facing ridges with sparse bunch grass

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Marshall # (1944) General Acct May 13 James Carey Mt. Refuge, Ozark Co., Mo. & wild flowers ) where Prairie Warblers & Field Sparrows. The field sparrows occurred throughout the area wherever the trees get far enough apart - usually as a "bald" is approached. Flushed a pair of Chuck-wills from near fallen log - they kept returning to it and would call in broad daylight. The bird when flushed sits very still at L or branch & will head tilted slightly upward & once seen before flushed - perched squatting horiz on a stump near the fallen log. We couldn't find the nest. Saw grey-cheeked thrush. P.M. - Severe thunder storm & cloudburst. Elsie & I at dusk hiked up to near Chuckwill's nest. Shined the birds. Called Barred Owls & returned almost to camp (1/4 mi) back when Barred Owls answered (when we had been calling). I called again, and in 10 min they were in trees near us giving all sort of groans, trunks, howls, etc. Great whistle & occidentalis.

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Marshall 1944 General Rec't. May 13 Cavey Nut Refuge, Ozark Co. Mo. Basic call: - - - - - - 2 birds - both calling together saw one in high dead tree on horiz branch. Good shine. Upright posture. Only 2 Chuck-wills heard this evening. Could find no screech owls. May 14 Staker & I got up at 5 am try to see turkeys. 2 Chuckwills still calling when light. Went up to large bald & heard 2 turkeys above cabin (to south), one North in canyon. Shot Black-Poll Warbler edge bald. Crickoo's, Summer Tanagers, Wood Thrushes in woods. Multitude J-bids singing in early clear cold am. Went down across fields & stream valley again - flushed a ? turkey from field - she got up flew boyantly and steadily rose with rapid beat, them set wings in a bow & sailed out over woods to next canyon. gobblers gobbling about every 5-10-15 min. from bald above cabin where we went & tried to attract him with hen call (nail scratching against

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Marshall 1944 General Art. May 14 Carry Mt. Refuge, Ozark Co., Mo. Whetstone - nail in wooden case) did fail. He was gobbling well into hot part of day. Skinks everywhere & very tame. Also scelopous & one beautiful collared lizard in bald. Prairie Warblers in six oaks around balds, Vires Thistle, least flycatchers bobwhites in woods above cabin. 1 pr. Phoebes on bald another n. at cabin - nest with 3 young ready to leave built under overhanging cliff. Yellow th & white-eyed & red-eyed viros common. Starker heard Ruffed Grouse. May 15 Guimerville called up flock jay & 3 or 4 & Cuckoos in cypress gulch on hill by barred owl calls. No response to Screech Owl notes. PM went after Chuck-wills. The usual 3 along face of cypress slope, chased them on up to summit while I shined several as they sat on fence post & called & chased each other around.

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Marshall 1944 General Act May 16 or 15th? Gainesville Ozark Co., Mo. Hiked along edge stream valley & through sparse woods. Woods: Myiarchus Bewees, Juniper Tanagers Titmice regularly spaced also a Mr. Baltimore Orioles 1 Mr. Downy 1 Mr. hairy, 3 Mr. Red-headed woodpeckers etc. Ear 1st heard thrushes from clear tree & brush patch singing. On way back saw & watched for some time a magnificent pair of large Pileated Wood- peckers were calling crazily. Were very tame - flew close to us. Foraged along low horiz. branches large trees or near base of other trees. Each flap of wings made loud sharp noise. Same tree with Mr. Hairy. May 16 PM Went to Mt. Home Bayt Co., Ark. May 20 Collected up a valley w/ town similar to Refuge. Large sycamore at mouth & fields & pastures farther up smaller fields and balds on hills. Nighthawks foraged 2 or more ft from end of balds &

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Marshall [faded] 1944 General Acc't May 20 Gainesville Ozark Co. Mo. Chuckwills were always around edges of balds; Had bad luck with both. I Chuck-will would lead me along - flying in circles thru woods low over and giving hoarse grunts in rapid succession. Then start calling farther away. No owls or way back but Olive-backed Thrushes heard in sky. Birds few in this valley. After passed Sycamores with their Woodpeckers were only 3 p. Summer Tanagers, 1 p. Bluebird, 2 p. of Indigo Buntings, 1 Pileated Woodpecker, twice, complete. May 21 afternoon - obs. coll. in rain. P.M. Went to top ridge across bridge from town - On cypress slope called up Chuck-will - successfully- they give the grunts rapidly & flap around 1 ft above and all thru their tour - around and around you but very hard to see in gloom. Call from low stumps & low branches.

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Marshall 1944 General Oerl May 21 Gainesville Ozark Co., Mo. shot the ? which I saw move up to a low twig in area where I was calling a circling. It attracted readily by imitated calls but too close to shoot. Went up to ridge & along road where greater numbers - all grunting & calling could hear about 6 or 7 at once. Shot it from 10' stul in opening of woods. shined another bird that kept up grunt as if bothered near nest. When seen before dark these birds fly with deep, merrned beats just above tops trees. Wings extremely long which gives butterfly- like effect. Sail a little south wing over back esp when going around over ground. Perch on twig crosswise. May 22 No owls on ridges to West- Grony Chuck-wills calling and two Whip-poorwills at dusk edge large field used for pasture. Whips' call close together as fast as possible Chucks several seconds apart. Saw only 2 Night-herbs

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Marshall 1944 General Bird Gainesville Ozark Co., Mo. Type of country - 1 stream thru town in a valley 1/4 mi wide in places with farms & pastures - wide enough for a few birds, I guess. co. like Phoebe, Phoebe, Quackle, Red-headed Woodpecker, Crow, Starling, etc. Ridges above this with systems of narrow valleys and streams between ridge systems. They are for very imperceptible slope & meanders with sm. oval pastures thus cut off on alternate sides. This is type co. at Caney but. Refuge and Valley W Gainesville Slopes gentle & heavily wooded with various oaks. When steep, high, have cypresses on S or SW facing slopes. On S feet of ridge are the balds. List of Birds: Broad valley thru town : Green Heron 2 Killdeer 2 Mourning Dove many Red-bellied Woodpecker Red-headed Woodpecker 4 Phoebe 2 Rough-winged Swallows 2 Martin 3 or 4 Swift 150+ Blue Jay 6 or 7 Mockingbird 1 or 2 Catbird, Thrasher Robin in town English Sparrow Starling Quackle Orchard Oriole Catbird

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Marshall 1944 16 General Rec't Jamesville, Ozark Co., Mo. Birds Characteristi of the Ozark Woods Vulture several Red-tail 2 Short-tail Hawk? (black + white tip of tail) Woodthrush, deep woods Bobwhite /fl. 5, 1 pair Turkey 4 Yellow-breasted Cuckoo - pairs common in dense woods. Barred Owl 2 Chuck-will's-Widow 24+ Whippoorwill 2 Nighthawk (balds) Swift occasional pairs thru woods Hummer 2 Stream Valley Pileated Wdg. 5 Stream Valley Red-bellied " 2 stream Valley Hairy " 2 pr. Downy " 2 pr. Crested Flycatcher pres. common throughout Empidonax? lighter woods Least-Wooded gullies Phoebe - 1 pr. on a bald /on stream Pewee thru lighter woods. Jay - Sm flocks. Chickadee heavy woods uncommon Titmice most abundant x (over) evenly spaced + most monitors call Bewick when uncommon Cardinal " " Olive-backed thr. migs. Gray-ch. thr " Bluebird? some meadows abundant Great-ether wood birds lighter woods. White-eyed Vireo - dense gullies Yellow thr " streams Blue-bird. " migs. Red-eyed " Common woods Bl. +Wh. Stables migs. Tennessee W migs. Parrake W. migs? Myrtle W. " Black-poll W- migs Prairie W. common in trees balds. (in open) Chat dense wet brush : : stream valleys Pileated Wd mig. Redstart mig? ? Summer tanager Woods Cardinal Woods Str.Willows Bunting

goldfinch edge valleys Chipping - valleys & around large balds Field Sparrow in and far of distance around balds spreading into sparse

Marshall 1944 Acc. 7240 #89946-89960 Catalog Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. June 4 (red eyed) 2729 ♂ Vireo Boiling Springs, Cumberland Co., Pa. July 9 2730 ♂ Spinus tristis aureolifrons Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. July 9 2731 ♂ Aegaia Melothrus ater Miss. R 4 mi E New Orleans Jeff Davis Parish, La. Aug 15 2732 ♂ Stelgidopteryx ruficollis [Plauché] Canal Planché, (near) E New Orleans Jeff Davis Parish, La. Aug 15 skel 2733 Thyrotorax ludovicianus skel Bonnet Carre Spillway, St. Charles P., La. Aug 31 2734 Ξ in Dendroica dominica (Sycamore) Sept 1 2735 Ξ ad Parus atricapillus 2736 Ξ ad Vireo griseus 2737 Ξ in Protonotaria citrea 2738 Ξ ad Wilsonia citrina 7 mi W New Orleans Jeff Davis Parish, La. Sept 10 2739 ♂ Sternula furimunda 2740 Ξ Ocybata fulvifrons 2741 Ξ in Dendroica fusca (Blackburnian) 2742 Ξ in Certhia notaquilla 2743 Ξ in Wilsonia citrina

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3. Marshall, J.T., Jr. Marshall Islands, Marianas Islands (Saipan, Tinian, and Guam), and Palau Islands November, 1944 - December, 1945 Catalog Sight records Species accounts

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Marshall, J.T., Jr. Marshall Islands, Marianas Is- lands (Saipan, Tinian, Guam), and Palau Islands November, 1944 - December, 1945 fide Bob Stebbins 7 March 80 Kevin Marx borrowed the herps and never returned them. Contents Catalog of specimens Sight Records of Birds Species Accounts

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Catalog of Specimens

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None of the rodents goto MVZ - already at USNM. Some skeletons & alcoholics still to be sent to MVZ. (28 Sept 45 pm) and 3 birds Marshall, 1944 1. Dec 0 A3 Catalog Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Isds. [Presented to Wm Brown of Berkeley Nov 8 [2744] ? in Anous minutus fat very small cold Wm Brown 2745 f Gygis alba little fat. S. and Eniwetok Isd. named 2d NW Eniwetok Isd. bill blue, not black iris black, slightly black, feet blue-y. largest own 2mm no fat web white. Nov 10 2746 m Gygis alba fat 1 testis 7mm at testis 3mm captain Isd. colors same as above skeleton 2747 M " " some fat 1 testis 5mm captain Isd. alc 2748 captain Isd. Ennetes Nov 11 little 2d S Japton roots of plant material 5-10 ft high in tree 2749 m Anous minutus testes 7mm ft brown nesting downy 2d full grain in tree. flying in fliers [Birds] Eniwetok Atoll: Black-naped tern, Fairy Tern, Noddy Tern, Little Noddy, Ruddy Turnstone Wandering Tattler, Golden Plover ] 12.5-19.5 FA 68 Saipan Isd. Marianas Isds. Filariasis Dec 3 no intestinal parasites filaria iris amber, fat load color insects in stom some 2750 f ad Zosterops conspicillata. ovicnut large fat brood patch fligibus no intest. parasites insects: beetle plant legs testes 7mm. no fat Celocalbia inspectatus intestinal parasites windows in shell 2752 ? in Surft iris dark insects in stom testes very small Streptopelia bifurcata no intestinal parasites iris light orange, bill dark brown feet night black 2753 f ad Dase longata testes 15 mm seeds much fat Dec 6 large beetles in stom Hipposoroids bill and ft black above no intest. parasites pink and flesh below, resp. 2754 f Helopar chloris at bicilis testes 7.5mm. long feathers Gecko 2755 m Notturnal lizard agt 6.5-24.5 FA 208 Saipan Dec 7 Mysonala cervicalis *alc in plant pollen? testes small no parasites 2756 skelet inselcts " very fat. " " " " " " 2757 M in insects " " " " " " " cloacal glands present 2758 f ad " no " quani bill & ft black testes 5mm 11.7-29.4 FA 256 Aplonis palto parasite. 2759 f windows in skull possible? grain & insects ovicnut visible alc 11.5-25.1 FA 213 Dec 8 *2760 in flycatcher Rhipidura ruffions ft base of bill dull pink

Marshall 1944 Catalog 2 9.9-26.7 Saipan, Marianas Is FA 259 Dec 8 Myzomela cardinalis testes 8 mm. √2761 ♂ ad prepared conspicillata saipani Zosterops fat ovary small iris grayish " " fat tytes 1 mm. " " noaproteus A 2763 ♂ im cloacal glands present fat testes 4.5 mm. " " " " L √2764 ♂ ad FA 259 12.6-29.8 √2765 ♂ Gallinula Rail song fat bill & ft yellowish-green testes 4.5 mm. No skeleton 2766 ♀ " Rail not fat aquativing instom ova 1 mm. plate brownish-shive some insects 6.3-19.0 FA 149 Dec 10 √2767 ♂ Irobrychus sinensis bill pink, upper mand black, orange at base testes 7 mm. Mesophoyx Egretta intermedic R black grasshoppers, 1 √2768 ♂ Casmerodius egretta testes 4mm aquatic dragonfly nymphs in stom. iris cream, bill yellow, tip upper mand & feet black. 13.7-26.7 FA 232 Dec 24 √2769 widower Gallinolumba xanthoura ovm 4.5 mm. in skull Wood pigeon seeds & fruit oviduct large Collocalia inspeetelag winged sphid √2770 ♂ swoff ants in stom, beetles, 2 spiders testes very small √2771 ♀ ad Cleptomnis maschel bill & ft orange yellow starble iris brownish-red ova small 18.0-32.5 FA 282 Dec 26 skeleton √2772 ♀ Eplonis opacus guami same plumage as # 2759 ovary small. √2773 ♀ ad " iris yellow, bill & ft black bottom ft white oviduct large, beginning blood patch. ovm 4mm 9.9-26.7 FA 219 Dec 27 1 Zosterops blood slides only. 10.7-26.7 im " " ggl, ova 1 mm 2 January 1945 2774 ♂ Rattus rattus 360 - 180 - 37 - 20 12.6-30.3 FA 259 January 7 1945 √2775 ♀ Heteroscelus iroco ft dull greenish-yellow Wandering Tattler small shells, etc. √2776 ♂ Ptilinopus roseicapilla fat conchaces & little snail Rassabow Pigeon testes very large. 11:5-13:3 fruits stom (ft dusky purple √2777 ♂ " " fat flowers in stom iris eye-ring light(greenish) yellow √2778 ♂ gallinolumba xanthoura testes very large bill dusky, iris dark Wood pigeon fat " ft very dark pink same sp. de 2769 fruit in stomach

7 Zosterops taken 27 Dec 44 TA 219, Sarpa #1 ♂ im filaria common haemoprotens - 1 #2 ♀ laying " light #3 ♂ im " medi #4 in noni none #5 ♀ ad haemoprotens hear #6 ♂ im " lig #7 ♂ im " hear

Marshall, 1945 Catalog APO to PM San Francisco Saipan, Marianas skeleton 11.5-23.3 TA 205- 8 January • 2779 ♀ in Cettisn mucker with beetle, seeds bill golden brown Yellow Warbler, pulp ovary small feet yellow ∨2780 ♂ in Rhipidura rufifrons testes 1 mm. upper mand black Skeletonizer not singing lower mand

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Marshall, 1945 Catalog , 10.2 - 19.5 Saipan, Marianas Cleptornis marchei 21 January 45 culmen brownish on top / cranioevid ✓ 2799 ♂ ad (Tarble) berries somefat iris reddish-brown, bill light orange, testes 4mm. shell 1-layer " " " " " all: berries insects, beetle with hard pit 4mm. ova 1mm ✓ 2800 ♀ im " " " " mostly insect parts incl. curculionid beetle are main " " " ✓ 2801 ♀ ad " " " " 1 spider part of diet ✓ 2802 ♀ ad " " " " " " " ✓ 2803 ♀ ad windows in skull Gallirallus ba xanthorus iris dark, bill & ft dark ✓ 2804 ♂ im Wood Pigeon omm 3mm. fruit-pits in stern purplelsh, skin around Streptopelia bitorquata " " " " eye bluish-grey. ✓ 2805 ♀ ad Field Dove omm 9mm. purple at base, eye skin bluish-grey. iris cream feet dark pink, bill black 11.6 - 22.2 27 January 38" spread 2806 ♂ ad Flying Fox very fat shank odor 255-54-27 Tougar overy g. 5.7 - 18.1 1 February 45 sternum very small total length 8½" ✓ 2807 ♀ im "Acrocephalus feet grey, iris light brown, bill dark brown above dark olive, pink at base below "Thrasher" total length 9¼" ✓ 2808 ♂ ad "Thrasher" testes 7mm " stomachs: 2807: 1 small entire gecko, 1 land snail parts of insects incl. Coccinellidae 2808: insect parts: hemiptera, beetles, glasshoppers; 2 land shells. 12.5 - 27.8 3 February 45 large Polistes wasp ✓ 2809 ♀ Haleyon chloris albicilla several " grasshoppers ova (1.5mm. 3 large spiders skeleton 13.5 - 26.5 4 February 45 6 mm, land snails 4 mm. • 2810 ♂ im "Acrocephalus testes 6 mm. 1 Vespid wasp (large) "Thrasher" several Curculionid (Deretivus) beetles 5mm. 1 lg. spider, grasshopper parts. 11.8 - 25.2 ✓ 2811 ♂ ad Rhipidura rufifrons testes 7mm. small insect parts. Cleptornis marchei 11.3 - 20.8 2 berries 2 ants ✓ 2812 ♂ im "Tarble" testes 6mm. cloacal glands. 1 moth (skull complete) tape from ✓ 2813 ♀ ad Collocalia inequpectatus ovary small } stomachs see back ✓ 2814 ♂ im " " " testes "

Sm. Beetles ( Small [illegible] ters) 2813 q others 2 Mylabridae 10 Histeridae (Phelistor?,) Albrina Several Calandrinae " Nitidulidae & 1 Mordelidae (Mordellistena?) Numerous ants Diptera 1 Aradidae (bug) lives or b Beetles: 2814 25 Species beetles Histeridae (Pheli 5 Calandrinae 1 Aphodiinae Several Nitidulidae Misc beetle parts Others 1 black bug many ants 1 small hymenoptera

Marshall, 1945 Catalog Saipan, Marianas 5. 5.7-18.1 /2815 ad Hirundo rustica very fat remains are Gallinoid flies and Pentatomid bug. 7 February fruits ground meat 11.5 - 23.3 /2816 ♀ ad Ptiliogopus roseicapilla small figs in stem. very fat, overall large, over 4mm. part of another /2817 ♂ Haleyon chloris albicilla testes 4mm. 1 large complete arboreal grasshopper 5.7-18.1 8 February /2818 ♀ ad Acrocephalus threster tests 6.5 mm. parts 1 pentatomid other misc insect caterpillar 1 scarab beetle 15mm. 11.3 - 19.6 9 February /2819 ♀ ad Myzomela cardinalis over 2mm. some fat 3 snails, 1 spider, 1 hymenoptera, misc insect parts obviously old? brood patch berries seeds, 1 beetle (Curculionid) /2820 ♂im Warbler Clotormis marchii testes 2.5 mm. /2821 ♂em " 3 mm. {4 berries, 1 spider (Attidae) 1 tenebrionid beetle arboreal 1 hymenoptera ♂ /2822 ♀ in Gallicolumba xanthacura wood pigeon over 3mm seeds & berries staying in Clotormis berries only /2823 ♂im Aplonis taster small dark (10-19.8) berries only opacus guami 13.7-26.2 13 Feb 45 /2824 ♀ad Aplonis opacus guami testes 11mm. 1 Vespid wasp (Polistes) large seeds. /2825 ♂im Acrocephalus threster " testes 7 mm. 3 snails Eucnemid beetles bones saved & ? sn. lizard. But lummous? (ramp region, limbs, etc.) 16.7-30.0 15 Feb 45 /2826 ♂ skull thin Pluvialis dominica testes 4mm. insects 16 Feb 45 /2827 ♂ Haleyon chloris albicilla testes 4mm. G. grasshopper testes 9mm. squid beak-large /2828 ♂ Philetornis leptonurus pickup fat grey, bill blackish /2829 ♂ Pluvialis dominica skull thin testes 3mm. G. grasshopper Tinian APO# Marianas 20 March 45 /2830 ♂im Monarcha takatsukasae sm. insect parts tests very large, cloacal glands bill & ft. light blue iris dark purple-brown /2831 ♂ad " " testes 9mm. " " " " " " cloacal glands /2832 ♀ad " " over 1.5 grilnet old brood patch " " " " " still large /2833 ♂im " " testes 1.5 mm upper mand black, sm. insect parts lower mand yellow black spot ant 1/4rd feet light blue

Monarcha takatsukasae Tincai

Marshall, 1945 Catalog Tinian 400# Marinas 20 March alc 2834 Typhlops alc 2835 Typhlops 21 March 22 March small insects white around nostril 2836 ad Rhinidura rufifrons testes large bill whitish at base 2837 im " " small " Bryellow " bills ft blue, upper mand black tip, then gray border 2838 0 Monarcha takatukaese brood patch, laying, sm. insects 2839 im Aplonis testes small fruit in, tomaco 27 March testes small ft black above, orange (dull) below 2840 Halyzon iris dark brown, bill black pink below except tip grasshoppers 2841 ad Zosterops brood patch, oriduct 4 ora small fat bill dusky above iris brownish-orange ft. bruisb-grey olive-gray below cloacal glands, brood patch? gray basally 2842 ad " " " testes 5mm " fat 2843 fad " brood patch" fat " oray small " 28 March Rattuspepulans 200-100-24-14 one mite found 2845 ad Monarcha testes very large bill ft blue insects 2846 qad Halyzon ora small ovary large:: adult grasshoppers oviduct prominent 2847 01 " testes, 8mm "" 2848 01 " testes, 6 mm "" 1 April 2849 3 Pteropus mariannus copulating 253-54-25 spr. 39" 253-54-28 spr. 38½" sperm present, no embryos sperm 40%" skeleton q 2851 f " " 255-50-25... no sperm 2852 f " tokudae 200-47-26" "" spread 3½" is yellow 2853 fad Aplonis opacus ora 2mm fat fruit oviduct large 2854 f ad " " ovary large fat iris yellow 2855 qad Rhinidura rufifrons brood patch ora 1 mm

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Marshall, 1945 8. Catalog Tinian Marianas Afo# 9 April 2879 ♂ ad Rattus eplurus 244-122-25-17 2880 ♂ ad Mus musculus 153-76-18-12 2881 Nyroca fuligula probably ♀ Greater Scamp pickup lost, same plumage as 2908 oversmall over 1 mm aprotus h. √2882 ♀ in Zosterops beris iris tan, bill black above, sliv-grey below, ft dark grey √2883 ♂ im " insects " " " tests 4mm. " " " √2884 ♀ in " " " " " over 1 mm " " " aprotus M √2885 ♂ ad? " beris " " " tests 4mm " " " √2886 ♀ ad " " +seeds " " " ov small " " " 11 April 2887 ♂ im Rattus r. fugiures 305-162-34-20 testes " descends not √2888 ♂ ad Rhipidura - testes 5mm inserts cloacal glands present √2889 ♂ ad Myzomela tests 6 mm " "" windows feet purplish-brown seeds √2890 ♂ im Gallicolumba xanthoura bill dark brown. Tests 13mm √2891 ♀ ad Aplonis pacus ovm 5mm berries iris yellow ovary small small inserts √2892 ♀ im Monarcha bill black at tip, yellowish at base, feet blue-grey skeleton √2893 ♂ ad " tests 5mm insects bills " " " √2894 ♀ im " " ovary small, bill black above, yellowish at base below" " " √2895 ♂ ad " " tests large inserts bills " " " 2896 ♀ Rattus r. fugiures 300-160-33-19 12 April √2897 ♂ ad Rhipidura inserts, lmand whitish at base testes large √2898 ♀ ad " " " " " ov small √2899 ♀ in " " " yellowish " " 1.5mm " tests 11mm figs & berries pinkish on top, greenish √2900 ♂ ad Ptilinopus iris lemon, bill greenish-olive feet dark on sides yellowish below √2901 ♂ ad Aplonis tests 12mm cloacal glands iris yellow frint √2902 ♂ ad " " 7 mm " absent" " "

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ina Marshall, 1945 Catalog Tinian Marianas 12 April 2903 ? ad Aplonis testes 11 mm. fruit (papaya) iris yellow cloacal glands 2904 ? ad " " 12 " " " " 2905 ? ad " ovum 4mm oviduct large " " " 2906 ? ad " " 2 mm " " " " some fat 2907 ? ad " " 25 mm laying fruit " " " " Myroca fuliginosa 13 April 2908 ? Scamp Duck bill light blue-grey black at tip iris yellow feet greenish-grey ova small fat stomach: green material & crushed snail shells 14 April large grasshoppers. 2909 ? Haleyon lower mand pink testes 7mm. 2910 ? " " " 6 " " " ", 2911 ? " " " " ovum 1.7 mm. " " testes, 5mm. cloacal glands 2912 ? ad Zosterops iris tan bill black, ft dark grey berries lower mand grey at base 2913 ? ad Rhipidura basl. mand blue-grey cloacal glands. sn insects testes, 7mm. 2914 ? ad " " " " " " " 5 mm " ", 2915 ? ad " " " " brownish ovum small insects 2916 ? im " " " yellowish testes 3mm. 2917 ? im " " " very small " insects feet lead grey 2918 ? im Monarela bill black above, black & yellow below testes 2 2919 ? im " " " " " " ", Alo # Saipan Marianas 17 April 2920 ? im Zosterops fat sm insects, seeds testes 4mm. lower mand dark toward tip iris light brown; ft. lead grey; upper mand dusky (not black); upper grey 2921 ? im " fat " duller " " ovary small " i bluish 2922 ? im " fat insects, berries, sm snail (1mm) testes 1mm. i pinkish grey 2923 ? im " fat " " " " insects, berries, sm feathers; ovary small; ; " ", ;

Birds of Timor Brown-headed Booby Frigate Bird Noddy Tern Fairy Tern Golden Plover Wandering Tattler White Heron Night Heron Bittern Mallard Teal Bluebill Gallinule Rail? Swiftlet Kingfisher Chinese Dove Fruit Dove Ground Dove Starling Monarcha Flycatcher Honeyeater White-eye Barn Swallow Domestic Pigeon

Marshall, 1945 Catalog Saipan, Marianas 20 April 45 cloacal glands. fruit, sm insects fat head grey bill clunky iris light grey beak small bluish reddish-brown 2924 ?ad Zosterops testa 4mm seeds cloacal gland fat " " " " 2925 ?ad " " " " seeds cloacal gland fat " " small windows 2926 ?in brood patch, ov. 1 mm, fruit very fat " " 2927 ?ad " testa 4mm, cloacal glands, fruit, sm insects, fat taken blind grey " 2928 ?in " very small sm insects fat dark blue-grey " 2929 ?ad " oviduct med. ov. 1 mm " " fruit " dark bill, grey b. (round) iris dark (not glandular) claw dusky 2930 ?ad Rhipidura laying brood patch sm insects ft brown bill black claw black 2931 ?(ad?) " brood patch ov. small " " claw grey eggplanty 2932 ?im testa 5mm 2933 ?ad Cleptornis brood patch ov. 15 mm fruit bill red, feet yellow orange 2934 ?in Myzomela testa minute sm beetles, sq matter put bill off blackish grey under tail yellow 2935 ?in " ovary small " " fat " into dark 2936 ? Mus musculus testa g. 2 descended 167-80-18-13 21 April 2937 ?im Rattus s. alexandrina testes internal 213-104-28-16 2938 ?ad Mus musculus testes descended 163-77-17-12 2939 ?im Pleurialis ston empty, very fat testa 4.5mm not dotted 2940 ?but ?child" insect " " 2941 ?in " shells or glass little (hard) fat ov. 2 mm. 2942 ? Haley on ston empty, ov. 2 mm oviduct slight, enlarged 24 April feeding in Papaya tree bill blue-black, skin on face grey-blue, feet purple (dark), iris dark brown 2943 ?ad Gallidulula testa 12mm Papaya seeds & pulp, sm white fruits 25 April 2944 ?ad Rattus cf. fulvus 265-141-26-16 28 April 2945 ?ad Rattus norvegicus 415-192-40-19 tanapag Hanu 2946 ?in " " 351-163-38-17 " "

Marshall, 1945 11. Catalog AFO# Saipan, Marianas 28 April 2947 ♀ in Rattus norvegicus 335-163-38-16 2948 ♂ jew " " 190-80-27-12 30 April 2949 ♂ Rattus rattus 1 May 395-205-40-19 2950 ♂ " " 391-206-36-20 2 May 2951 ♂ " " miles 213-95-30-14 3 May 2952 ♂ " " 314-160-35-19 2953 ♂ " " 373-197-38-20 9 May 2954 ♂ " " 361-184-38-21 10 May 2955 ♀ " epulans 8 tits 248-132-25-17 2956 ♂ " rattus 398-202-40-21 12 May 2957 ♀ " " 10 tits 420-255-39-22 2958 ♂ " " 380-200-38-19 18 May 2959 ♂ " norvegicus 416-200-41-18 19 May 2960 ♂ long tail! rattus norvegicus 359-177-38-20 17 May ale 2961 Skink Emmees ale 2962 Geckos Gecko ale 2963 Toad Baft December 44 ale 2964 Large lizard Varanus

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Marshall, 1945 Catalog Guam @ PO#, Marianas 26 May iris yellow √2965 ♀ in Aplonis ink bush berries ova small 80 g. √2966 ♂ad " , insert, cloacal gl. pres., testes 12mm 85 g. bill black above pink below √2967 ♂ Halcyon ft brown, yellow below testes 5mm. 60 g. √2968 ♀ in Collocalia) ova small .6 mm 6.1g √2969 ♂im " }pair testes 3mm. 27 May √2970 jwr Rhopidma 8.0 g. cloacal tubules present √2971 ♂ad " testes 7mm sw insects 9.0g. √2972 ♀ ad " ova small insects 7.2g. √2973 ♀im " ova 1 mm " 8.6g. √2974 ♂ad " testes 6mm sw insects 8.1 g. bill & feet blue-black √2975 ♀ ad Myiagra) small insects ova small 11.5g. √2976 ♂ad " " " bill & ft. blue-black 12.8g. testes 2 mm. √2977 ♂ad " " testes 3.5mm coloras above 12.1 g. bill black above, pink below / by annulated √2978 ♀ Halcyon ft. gambusis, below, dusky above ova 2mm 59.9g. √2979 ♀ jimm " bill black, extreme tip white; ft blueish above, pink below 62.5g. √2980 ♂ad Aplonis testes 15 mm ink bush fruit iris y 85.0g. oviduct visible √2981 ♀im " ova 1.5 mm Papaya fruit " " 80 g. √2982 ♂im " testes 9mm " " " " 89 g. 29 May cloacal tubules, testes very large ft shive yellow / large caterpillar iris dull white. 10.0g. √2983 ♂ad Zosterops bill orange below shive above pads empty, testes 7mm √2984 ♂im " clo.tubules " dull " " " " " " 8.8g. old brood patch, ova 1.3 mm. insects √2985 ♀ad " " " " " " " " empty 9.2g. offroad patch, ova 1.6mm. fat √2986 ♀ ad patch " " " " " " " " 8.9g. testes 6mm cloacal glands √2987 ♂im fruit " orange " " " caterpillars " " gray " 9.9g. gray, double √2988 ♂im testes 1mm " small insects bill, ft, eye blue-black 9.8g. skel √2989 ♂ ad Myiagra testes 7 mm. L mand lighter blue. 12.8g.

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Marshall, 1945 Catalog Guam, ORO II, Marianas 29 may ✓2990 ♂in Rhypidura basal mand yellowish testes 2mm small insects 9.5g. ✓2991 ♂im(older) " cloacal " " " dusky " 6 " " " 8.5g. glands. " " ✓2992 ♂in " " " " pinkish " " " 8.9g. skeleton •2993 ♂ Corvus testes small green ant, grasshoppers, etc 262.5g. ✓2994 ♀ad Gallicolumba testes 13 mm fruit 141.7g. ✓2996 ♂ Haleyon testes 5mm 2 scales, sm insects 63.9g. underwings ft dull orange testes 6mm sm insect fat 30 may ✓2997 ♂in Zosterops iris dull white bill off dusky above, yellow below, ft olive 8.7g. original tarsus fruit very fat ✓2998 ♀ad hood patch " on small " " " brownish " " " 11.0g. fat ✓2999 ♀in oray small " fruit " " " amber " laying, sm insects 9.1g. skeleton iris very dark •3000 ♀ad Myiagra bill & ft blue-black; basal mand blue-grey 13.1g. sm.insects ✓3001 ♀ad hood patch" or so " " " " " " " 11.0g. sm.insects ✓3002 ♂ad cloacalglands testes 8mm " " " " " " 11.6g. -testes 6mm. cloacal glands sm. insects ✓3003 ♀ad Rhypidura iris dark, bill black, basal mand grey ft brown. 8.6g. testes 8mm ✓3004 ♂ad dglands " sm insects" " " " " " " 8.3g. ✓3005 ♂ad testes lg. " " " " " " " 8.3g. testes 11 mm fruit colon pad olive ✓3006 ♂ad Ptilinopus iris cream, bill olive-green, fruid above lead 112.7g. yellow. grasshoppers ✓3007 ♂ad Corvus iris dark, bill & ft black, pads yellowish, testes 2 mm. 257.7g. dull or small 2 land slugs in ston ✓3008 ♀ Rallus owstoni iris dull red, bill & ft brown, u.m.black 205.4g cloacalglands testes 1mm ✓3009 ♂ad Myagra bill & ft blue-black, l. mand blue sm.insects 11.9g. 31 may sm squid beaks? testes 5mm ✓3010 ♂ Anois solidus bill black, ft brown 197.7g. fruit x seeds ✓3011 ♂ testes 10mm. Gallicolumba ft dark violet, bill blue-black 132.9g. fruit ✓3012 ♂ testes 9mm. Ptilinopus bill olive-gr., iris light yellow, ft purple above 92.6g dull orange below insects ✓3013 ♂ testes 42mm Haleyon iris dark brown, bill bl-above, pink below, ft dusty, orange below dull insects " " " " " 63.3g ✓3014 ♂ testes 3.5mm. " " large insects " " " 59.0g. ✓3015 ♀ ov.1.5mm" " " " grey " 59.2g.

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Marshall, 1945- Catalog Guam, Marianas 31 May testes 2.5mm lizard, insects pads dull orange √ 3016 ♂ Corvus bill & ft black, iris dark brown fruit - lg. seeds .14mm x 8mm 262.5g. in storm. √ 3017 ♀ ad Aplonis pads " " " " yellow 85.5g. √ 3018 ♀ ad testes 9mm " " " " " fruit 79.5g. ol.glands testes 7mm sm. insects √ 3019 ♀ ad Myagra l.mand dk blue; ft, upper mand blue-black 10.9g. √ 3020 ♀ ad " " " testes 8mm " " " " " " " " 12.6g. √ 3021 ♀ ad ovary sm " " " " " " " " 10.2g. wood patch ovary sm. sm. insects √ 3022 ♂ ad Rhupidora bill black, ft brown; base l.mand fruit 8.8g. ad cloacal glands √ 3023 ♂ testes 6mm " " sm. insects " " " ; extreme" " gray 7.9g. 1 June ova small, no fat Chrosopus grasshoppers √ 3024 ♀ Numenerus ft gray, bill blackish, lights base l.mand 342.6g. 2 June √ 3025 ♀? im Bostorops iris light tan " ft drier l.mand orange upper mand fat pulp & seeds 9.5g. √ 3026 ♀ ad " fat " " " " cloacal glands testes 7mm. 8.9g. √ 3027 ♀ juv Rhupidora " dark brown, base bill yellow, ft brown sm. insects 7.2g. √ 3028 ♀ ad " " " " " " whitish, " " ov small 6.8g. insects, ova sm. √ 3029 ♀ ad Myagra " " " bill ft blue-black, l.mand blue-gray 11.3g. cloacal gl. √ 3030 ♂ im Myzonela soft parts black, pads dull orange testes 9mm; 13.8g. testes 7mm. insects' fats √ 3031 ♀ ad ♀ ad fat, wood patch old, ova small ft gray brown 14.0g. √ 3032 ♀ ad Aeroccephalus iris light brown, bill brown above fled at tip 31.0g. testes 92mm some fat q bellys ft purplish brown √ 3033 ♂ juv Halcyon iris dark brown, bill black above pink below 65.1g. " " some fat ft light purplish brown √ 3034 ♂ testes 4mm. " " " " " " " insects 59.5g. √ 3035 ♂ testes 10mm. fruit light fat 92.9g. Ptilinopus " yellow, ft purplish, bill olive-green √ 3036 ♂ im Aplonis iris yellows, bill & ft black ints break fruit 80.4g. testes 7mm., small 3 June pulp cloacal glands orange below √ 3037 ♀ ad Bostorops iris amber testes, ft drier, bill brown above, 10.0g. lg. green caterpillar. √ 3038 ♀ im " " creamy ovary sm. " " 9.6g. testes 7mm. cloacal glands, sm. insects (storm very small in all buzz) √ 3039 ♀ ad Myzonela iris dk brown, bill & ft black, pads yellowish. 14.7g.

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Marshall, 1935 Catalog Guam, Marianas 15 3 June ov small reg. pulp, buds & flowers saved worms √3040 ♀ad Corvus iris dark brown bill's ft black 238.0g. ink brst berries √3041 ♂ Galliolumba iris dark till brownish, ft purple 177.7g. ink brst berries √3042 ♀ov 3mm Streptopelia iris amber, till " , ft violet 175.5g. 4 June tete, 7mm sm fish iris yellow, bill olive (dk brow √3043 ♂ Demigretta sacra ft yellow-green, yellow below 513.5g. skeleton overgy grasshoppers • 3044 ♀ Avtrgelus iris, ft, lat, base bill yellow in plumage 78.6g- " " bill brown above 6mm fish √3045 ♂ " tete, 11mm. " " " " " olive below 6 June ovary sm. sm crabs ft blue-grey, iris dk brow √3046 ♀ Nunerinos tahitienesis bill brown & pink 506.0g √3047 ♂ tete sm. " crumbs & petals ft pearl, till black, lax 1 mand pink 290.5g. phacops iris dk brow √3048 ♀ov small sm fish ft yellow-green, yellow below, iris yellow, 489.0g Demigretta sacra toes greenish, bill brown above yellowish tan below √3049 ♂ limi Corvus iris dk brow tete small, no worms, grasshoppers 275.5g. Saipan, Marianas 30 June 3050 ♂in Rattus rattus 279-143-33-18 20 July fruit pits ovum 1.5mm iris deep amber 8.4g √3051 ♀ad Boasterges brood patch ft olive-grey bill black flesh above, grey below √3052 Haleyon iris dark, bill black above, pink below feet " " brst grasshopper, lythdemus 97g. √3053 ♀ Galliolumba lazing till brown, feet deep pink pits & seeds of fruit 118g Lake Saupre, Saipan 26 Sept USNM { 3054 ♀ Sterna allifrons bill eye black. feet brownish olive 55.5g USNM 3055 ♀ Gygis alba bill black at tip, base blue; eye black 97.6g see next page ova about 1-1.5 mm, oviduct is visible fish bones in stomach All further specimens are USNM unless marked "Mvz". They include an ectoparasite vial and stomach vial in most cases

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Marshall, 1945 Catalog USNM Collections 16 Lake Suzupe Sarpan 26 Sept 3054 ♀ Sterna albifrons ova undeveloped bill, eye black; ft brownish-olive 4 gambusia? fish 55.5g. 3055 ♀ Gygis alba bill black at tip base blue, eye black ft blueish-grey, claws black, web white fish-bones. oviduct invisible 97.6g Dra 1.5 mm 27 Sep Complete Skeleton MVZ 1 with young ready to hatch 3056 ♀ Varanus stomach: 3 eggs Intestine 1 egg of embryo! >All types of Varanus bones: ova 8 mm bill, eye, ft black; pads yellowish 340g. 14.1g. 10.8g. 3057 ♂ ad Mysonela cardinalis cloacal glands large, testes 7 mm. drill eye blackish, ft dark grey 3058 ♀ im " " gape & pads yellow. iris light tan, bill & ft as below 3059 ♂ im Aerecephalus luscinius testes 5 mm. iris light bill black above horn below 32.7g. 3060 ♀ im " " feet lead, pads olive testes 1.5 mm iris brown, bill black above pink below 3061 ♂ Halcyon chloris ft blackish, soles flesh color testes 8 mm. 81.5g. 3062 ♂ Pluvialis dominica tute 4 mm. 120g iris dark feet lead, bill black 28 Sep tutu descended in a syphon iris dark brown stom empty spread: 43 inches 3063 ♂ Pteropus mariannus 270-- 68-25 forearm: 15! testa 7 mm. iris reddish brown, with indistinct dusky ring near pupil bill greenish-yellow at tip, base red; ft yellow-green 641g. 3064 ♂ Gallinula chloropus iris reddish-brown; bill yellow at tips rest red feet light greenish-yellow Thigh reddish. 295g. 3065 ♀ " " ora 2-3 mm. 271g. 29 Sept testes 5.5 gmm. iris cream bill yellow 3066 ♂ Mesophoyx intermedia tip upper mand black 472g. feet black. 30 Sept some fat. 3067 ♀ im Mysonela cardinalis testes 6 mm. iris dark brown cloacal glands bill dark cliny dusky above, flesh below 15g. 3068 ♂ ad Aerecephalus luscinius ft lead color, iris light olive-brown testes 6 mm. cloacal glands 33g. colors same as above orbital nematodes in eyelids 3069 ♂ im " testes 8mm cloacal glands 35g. " 7 mm colors same as above, except iris 3070 ♀ im " " cloacal tubules pure light brown 35g. 3071 ♂ im " testes 8mm colors same as 3068 cloacal tubules 37g. iris purplish?; bill yellow tip, rest red 3072 ♀ Gallinula chloropus ft yellow green, thigh red upper testes 8 mm. iris lemon, midline of bill blackish, 321g. darker at tip, rest flesh color 3073 ♂ Ivolrychus sinensis ft dull yellowish-green very pale 114g. middle & tarsus pink 1 Oct orte MVZ. Varanus 3074

Toledo 5/4 cts. Karl, I'll give you my hump & work into my group again, maybe: if 616 Yrd

Marshall, 1945 USNM Catalog Collections 17 Lake Susupe Sarjan 2 Oct iris dark brown, bill olive-green & dusky; ft dull salmon, webs & nails dusky. 3075 ♂ Anas onstaleti Tots 25 mm fat 919g ovmm 1 mm- skin greenish yellow, bill dull yellow, black at tip 3076 ♀ Mesophoyx intermedia ft black, iris cream. 357g. orasmall bill olive & brown, ft greenish-olive Gallinula chloropus iris brownish-grey with dusky ring near pupil 246g. not saved 2077 ♀ ovamall " colors same as 3077 268g. 3078 ♀ virgin-ova minute 3 Oct ft. dull salmon, webs & nails darker 3077 ♀ Anas onstaleti iris dk. brown; bill light dusky medium fat with some greenish-grey 816g.

3079 ♀ virginova minute 816 g. ft. dull salmon melb & mo darker mis alk Grani? 1508 Bill light dusky with san greenish-grey.

Marshall, 1945 Duplicate Copy Catalog Linwin Island, Marriana 7 October 3078 Jim Zosterops iris light reddish-brown grey away from pupil upper mand black, l. mand bluish-grey darker at tip, ft lead grey pads olive. skull mostly double testis 3mm. 3079 Jim " colors same, iris greyer skull entirely single some fat " 1.5" 3080 Jim " " " back of skull double some fat ".5" 3081 Dad " " " all double, little fat .4" 3082 im " " " iris greyer skull all single some fat 3083 dad " " " sides l. mand slightly dive fatt skull all double, beginning brood patch over 1.5mm 8 October iris lt. reddish-brown bill dusky dark, l. mand bluish-olive darker at tip 3084 Jim " ft bluish-grey dark little fat, back skull double testis 2.5mm 6.8g. 3085 Dad " colors same as 3084 brood patch moderately developed some fat, testis 4mm 7.9g. 3086 Jim " bill yellow (sides and ventral) at back, iris drab light brown entire skull single some fat testis 1 mm. 7.6g 9 October saw 2 barn Swallows today little fat, moderate brood patch, testis 4mm 7.1g. 3087 Dad " iris tan, ft lead grey pads olive; bill blackish above, bluish-grey below " brood patch well developed (7) 3088 Fin " over small, appears virgin front of cranium single, mod. fat 8.5g. 3089 Jim " colors same as 3087 but base bill yellowish entire cranium single testis 1.5mm. some fat 7.3g. 10 October 3090 * Fin ft lead bluish-grey, pads olive skull almost entirely double 3091 Dad iris rich reddish brown " 4mm " " " 7.4g. 3092 Jim Monarcha bill " 15m window cut cranium testis 7mm cloacal tubules 12.3g. 3093 dad v.m. black at tip brood patch oriduct large 3094 Fin practically iris dark brown colors same except bill; testis 6mm. cloacal tubules 12.4g. adult" at half blackish 2 cm. windows in back skull 3095 Fin port " orange-yellow skull almost all single testis 0.7 mm. 10.8g. foundly-10 Oct iris color 3096 Dad Rattus rattus rufescens 364-194-40-20 3097 ? " " " 339-179-38-20 To dull brown in a MVZ alcoholic 11 October for all Zosterop: 3098 ? Pteropus fat iris dk brown iris red addish-brown 3099 ♀ " embryo MVZ " 250 205 - 51-23 3100 ♀ " " " " 250 - 52-26

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Duplicate Marshall, 1945 Catalog Tinian, Marianas Islands 11 October 3101 ♂ Otusopus iris dark brown 243-49-24 3102 ♀ " " " " " 250-52-27 3103 ♂ " " " " " 260-52-27 3104 ♂ " " " " " 250-53-26 3105 ♂ " " " " " 258-53-26 3106 ♂ Mus musculus 168-81-18-13 3107 ♀ " " 163-80-18-12 3108 ♂ Rattus r. rufescens 320-164-33-20 3109 ♂ " " " 323-173-36-19 3110 ♀ " " " 271-137-33-18 taken with ♂ - both emaciated, probably blown in by recent typhoon 3111 ♀ Spatula rhynchotis (clypeus) iris dull greenish-brown, ft dull golden tan, nails & webs darker, bill olive above, " " below 3112 ♀ Gallinula ov. sm. iris dk brown, ft greenish, thighs red with yellowing 3113 ♂in Spolrzelus (12 October, Lake Hagai) ft greenish yellow, skull thin ovary & ov. sm - virgin very fat. iris dk. brown, ft & bill lead blue 13 October ova sm. very fat 12.5g. 1114 ♂ad Monarcha skin around eye yellow skull thick colors same 1115 ♀ad Spolrzelus ov. small over lg.-not virgin as below 1116 ♂ad " iris yellow, ft dull pale yellow, bill flesh color, blackish above, ft green. testa, 10mm skull thick 15 Oct (S.S. Francis A. Wardwell, Tinian) 3117 ♀ Rattus rattus rattus 417-222-35-25 ale MVZ 3118 Bufo (14 Oct) (Marpo) 3119 ♂in Zosterops iris brown, ft lead grey, base l. mand olive grey windows in skull very fat, testes 3mm. 8.1g. 3120 ♂ini " " " " " " yellow skull all single 3121 ♀ ini " " " " " " flesh-color testes small, fat, 7.25. 3122 ♂ad Monarcha ovary small, fat 7.8g. ova sm 3123 ♂ini " " " " " " skull almost all single " bill blackish, yellow at base testes sm. 13.7g. 3124 ♂in skele MVZ skull all single ovary small 12.4g. 3125 ♂ad Halcyon Marpo ad plumage worn overall visible, ovary small

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marshall, 1945 Duplicate Catalog 20 Tinian , Marianas Islands 16 October MUZ skel 3126 Pim Monarcha bill black terminal half; base um blue, base lm olive MUZ skel 3127 Jim Aplonis im. plumage testes small 3128 ♂ Rattus s. rufescens 351-192-38-19 no ectopar. ?scam 3129 ?ad Rhupidura bill light at extreme base very small 3130 ♂ Haleyon (15 Oct) till black, bank half of lm pink, iris dk brown

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marshall, 1945 Duplicate. Catalog Tinian Island, Marianas 23 October 3151 ♀ Haleyon ova small testes 4mm iris brown 3152 ♂♂ Zortago "singing" fat base b mand grey 8.1g. "" "live-grey. 3153 ♂♂ "" " testes 4.5 mm. iris: inner ring brown 8.4g. exterior light gray. 25 October (Marpo) 3154 ♀in Hriundo very fat, gonads small windows 20.6g. 3155 ♂ in "" "" "" " sm. "" 18.4g 3156 ♀in "" "" "" "" "" "" 16.6g. 3157 in "" "" "" "" "" "" 18.2g. 3158 ♂in "" "" "" "" very large "" 16.4g. 3159 ♂in "" "" "" "" "" "" 17.6g. 3160 ♂in "" too fat "" skull entirely single 13.9g. 3161 ♂ Strigtopelia testes small, ft. brownish-pink, bill dusky iris dull cream, skull all granulated 3162 ♂ " (24 October) testes 15mm. "" "" " 26 October (Marpo Valley) 3163 ♂ Rattus exulans? testes not descended 283-153-34-18 3164 ♂ Rattus r.rufescens "" "" " 383-216-38-20 3165 ♂ " "" "" "" "" " 335-185-37-18 3166 ♂ " "" "" "" "" " 371-203-39-20 3167 ♂ " "" " testes descended 402-205-37-21 3168 ♀ " "" " 360-175-36-20 ova sm - post-breeding gonads 3169 ♀ Haleyon skin around eye dive, bill olive-green iris pale yellow ft: pads/pale dull orange, scales of dorsal surfaces dark 3170 ♂ Ptitingnus pink, sides dusley Very fat testes 11mm. very fat testes 12 mm. grey 3171 ♂ Jelllicolumba ft dull red/tail black, iris dark, skin around eye 3172 ♂ "" color same as 3171 some fat testes 11 mm. "" "" "" 2 sm.windows to skull. 3173 ♂ "" "" very fat "" 12 ""

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Marshall, 1945 Catalog Pelelim, Palau Nov MVZ 3174 Tree Toad MVZ 3175 " " Koror, Palau 3 Nov MVZ 3176 ♂ Lizard 3177 ♀ Caprimulgus indicus ovum 1.5 mm. 10 beetles long. 20 mm 3178 ♂ Otus podarginus testis 4mm. several sm "", 1 centipod huge grasshopper 4 Nov stom: plant material bill... dark grey testes 3179 ♀ ad Zosterops cinerea iris brown ft bluish, grey 4 mm 3180 ♀ ad " " " " " " " " ovum sm stom- plant 3181 ♀ ad Myzomela stom: insects iris brown testes 7mm iris dk brown bill & ft black "nuts" in stom 3182 ♂ im Duwla 2 sm windows 3 23 mm diam "nuts" in stom 2 in intest ovary sm. 5 Nov MVZ 3183 ♂ Lizard MVZ 3184 ♂ " MVZ: skel • 3185 ♀ ad Colluricincla stom: insect parts testes 6 mm. iris dk. brown ft grey bill dk. brown 3186 ♀ ad " ova sm. insect 2- berry " " " 3187 ♂ ad " test. 2mm. " " " fruit " " " 3188 ♀ im " ova sm " " " " " " " 3189 ♀ im " " " " " " " " " 3190 ♂ im Collocalia testes small sm insects MVZ. ✓ 3191 ♂ im " " " " 3192 ♀ ad Myzomela ova 1.5 mm " " base l. mand light MVZ. ✓ 3193 ♀ ad Zosterops cinerea testis 2mm. fruit iris brown bright iris, brown 3194 ♂ ad " " " " " berry " " " 3195 ♂ im Aplonis " sm skull all single " yellow

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Marshall 1945 2 Catalog Koror Palau Muscicapa 6 Nov 3196 ? ad Lalage fat sm insects iris black, bill/ft. black 3197 ♂ ad Edolisoma soft pts: black stomi: insects test, 3mm 3198 ♂ ad Rhipidura iris dk bill black " sm " 2 u ft brown 3199 ♀ ad Myiagra bill/ft black, iris dk. " ♂ " ova small 3200 ♂ im Collocalia sm insects t. sm. 3201 ♂ in Myzomela gape yellow 3202 ♂im 3203 ♂ ad MVZ iris dk " flowers (cloacal tubes) " 6mm. brown 3204 ♀ im Aplonis rony fat, ova sm, fruit, iris y. 3205 ♂ im " t. 4mm lg " iris dk. " fat 3206 ♂ im Ducula t; sm. bill black ft pur-brown 2sm windows Peleliu, Palau 7 Nov usual colors 3207 ♂ Halcyon chloris t. sm. crab & lg. insects Koror, Palau 3208 ♂ Emballonura 61-16-7-12 insects 3209 ♀ ad Psamathia broad patch tarsi ten ova s., Lm golden tan iris grey-brown 3210 ♀ im Collocalia 0. small. insects fat MVZ 3211 ♀im " " " " MVZ (8 Nov) 3212 ♂ im Edolisoma t, 2mm " iris brown 3213 ♂ Pteropus irb brown 220-42-23 testes lg, descended 3214 ♀ " " 205-42-22 3215 ♀ Snake. 3216 Actitis ft greenish-cream bill dusky 3217 ♀ Pteropus (8 Nov) iris brown 185-42-22 v. fat 8 Nov 3218 ♂ Gecko 3219 ♀ "

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Marshall, 1945 3 CATALOG Koror, Palau 9 November MVZ 3220 ♀ singing Psamathia bill ft golden tan, um. black iris dk br-grey MVZ √3221 ♀ad Colluricinclla iris dkgrey ↑ o.small fruit pits MVZ √3222 ♀im " irrs (light) grey " " " " " MVZ √3223 ♀ad " " " " " " fat MVZ √3224 ♀ad " " " " " insects 3225 ♂ Emballonura 58-12-3-13 MVZ √3226 ♂im Zosterops cinerea bill black t.2mm iris; inner ring brown ft slate fat outer " gray 3227 Halcyon chloris crabs gonads small MVZ √3228 ♂ " " t.small insects some fat " " 10 November MVZ 3229 lizard 11 November iris grey-brown 3230 ♀ad Psamathia o. small, insects, colors same 3220 3231 ♀im Rhipidura bill black ft grey o.sm. sm. insects MVZ √3232 ♂ad Myiagra testes 5mm bill-ft black sm.insects MVZ √3233 ♀im Aplonis o.sm. fruit very fat iris yellow 12 November MVZ √3234 ♀ad Rhipidura o sm. sn. insects bill black ft iris grey-brown MVZ √3235 ♂ im " t sm " " base bill yellowish 3236 ♀ in " o sm. " " " " MVZ √3237 ♀ad Aplonis papaya, 1 spider o.sm. iris yellow fat MVZ √3238 ♀ovid Rallus philippinensis sm. snails & green stuff; iris red, ft greenish grey bill grey tip, pink base MVZ √3239 ♀ad Ptilinopus iris dull orange ft. violet very fat ova 2mm. fruit bill green Babelthrap, Palau 13 November MVZ √3240 ♂im Zosterops conspicillata fr dk blu-grey, um. blackish, lm. ft. grey at base iris white ants & pulp fat testes 1.5mm MVZ √3241 ♀ad Psamathia iris olive, bill dk above, lm & ft golden tan old? brood patch, insects, ova sm, ovary mature. MVZ √3242 ♂ Myiagra bill ft black sm insects testes maximum

Marshall, 1945 Catalog Koror, Palau 13 November MVZ 3243 Tree Toad MVZ √3244 ♀ Duvula ovary sm. bill black lg fruit whole, sm berries MVZ 3245 ♂ Emballonura 57-12-8-12 14 November MVZ √3246 ♂ Caprimulgus 2or3 undigested dusk MVZ √3247 ♀ " " insects digested ova " " USNM 3248 ♀ Pteropus 210-40-25 MVZ √3249 ?ed Gallicolumba bill black, ft red ground-up berry pits testes large MVZ √3250 ♀ Edolisoma o. small berries or insects 3251 ♂im " +, " iris inner dull outer orange 3252 ♂ad Ptilinopus +.9mm fruit ft violet deep, bill green very-fat MVZ √3253 ♂ad " " " " " " 3254 ♀ad " ova 3,5mm " " " 3255 ♀im " small " colors duller not fat MYZ √3256 ♀im " " " " " " MYZ insects √3257 ♂ad Zosterops consp. iris white testes 4mm. bill dk grey, light at base 2m., ft like-grey fat MVZ √3258 ♀ " " iris white ova sm " " " ft 3259 ♀im " " ovary sm. " " not-fat ∶3260 ♂im " " +.8mm iris white " " 16 November 3261 ♂ Rattus exulans 271-139-28-17 3262 ♂ " " 260-133-26-17 3263 ♂ " " 256-129-26-16 3264 ♂ " " 252-124-25-15 3265 ♀ " " 258-128-26-17 3266 ♂ " " 213-106-25-15 3267 ♂ " " 205-106-25-14

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Marshall, 1945 Catalog Koror, Palau 18 November 3268 ♂ ad Gallicolumba ft brilliant pink eye-ring dk red t. 8mm bill black sm hard berries sm insects, snail 5mm diam 3269 ♂ ad Psamathia iris olive, bill ft pale dully, vm. dk br. t. 5m. 3270 jm " " " " gold → insects gonads sm 3271 ♀? Rhopidura bill entirely dusky, ft pearl grey, iris dk. sm. insects 3272 ♂im " " colors same except base l.m. light insects t.5m. 3273 ♂im " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 3274 ♀ ad Colluricinclo o.sm., iris dk, bill br, ft lt grey br. hard berries crushed snails 3275 ♂ad " " t 3mm "grey?" " " " 1 snail 8mmdiam 19 November ovary sm. iris white vm dk grey (blackish) 3276 ♀ ad Ziconspicillata insects fat ft. pink tip grey iris white ft. grey l.m all pink rest same as above 3277 ♂ad " " t. 2.5 ants, sm. insects, fat " MVZ √3278 ♀ ad " " fat " ovary small colors same 3276 3279 ♀ ad Myiagra ova lmm., sm. insects MVZ √3280 ♂?? im Rhopidura gonads sm., insects bill all dusky ft pearl grey sm median window skull mostly single 3281 ♀im " " ovary sm., sm insects, " except base l.m. light 3282 ♂im Psamathia colors as usual t. sm. insects tarsi brown MVZ. √3283 ♂ " " " " " " t. 5mm insects " " MVZ Windows in skull small hard berries toes black, dorsal skin rest √3284 ♂ Megapodius t.6mm, small iris brown, bill/tarsus buff/light red 20 November 3285 ♂ R. caulans t. descended 280-148-28-18 MVZ 2 orthoptera √3286 ♂ "Otus" t. 7mm iris grey-brown, bill cream, ft grey pale -3287 ♀ Caprimulgus ovary small insects lg medium MVZ lg narrow-necked oesoph pouch √3288 ♀im Gallus sm. fruit, o.small (19 Nov 45) 31 November 3289 Skink grasshoppers, ova l.5mm ft whitish with small grey MVZ skeleton scales d. and sm cream • 3290 ♀ "Otus" iris brown bill white, scales ventrally. mvz bill black above, white below ova small ft dk grey above, buff below √3291 ♀ Halcyon cinn. grasshoppers iris dusky-brown

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Marshall 1945 CATALOG 6 Peleliu, Palau 24 November 3292 ♀ Gallinula pickup 3293 ♀ Halcyon chl. ova 1.5mm., orthoptera, 3294 ♂ " " t. sm. crabs sm. snail, insect, veg? 3295 ♀ ad Myzomela iris brown, ova 2.5mm, 3296 ♀ im Rhipidura sm. insects ovary small ft. light pearl grey l.m. mostly buff ft. y.-olive, u.m. brown, l.m. orange 3297 ♀ ad Rukia veg. material, aa 2 mm., iris chestnut 25 November MVZ skel • 3298 ♀ im Z. cinerea insects Koror, Palau 3299 ♂ Mus. 164-84-15-11 26 November bill + ft black Myz skel • 3300 ♀ ad Edolisoma ova 17mm caterpillars iris dk brown MVZ. √ 3301 ♂ im " insects, t. 4mm., 2 sm windows " " " " -3302 ♀ ad " " ovary mature, ora sm. " " " " -3303 ♂ ad Myiagra su." t. large -3304 ♀ ad " " " o. sm. -3305 ♀ ad Myzomela sm. insects ova 1.3mm. -3306 ♀ H. chloris scales & bones of lg. green lizard ovary small -3307 ♀ laying Rallus phil. Arakabesan, Palau salmon at base, ft light grey iris red, bill brownish grey at tip Babelthuap Airstrip, Palau 27 November ft grey, bill dusky -3308 ♀ ad Rhipidura o. sm., sm. insects iris dark -3309 ♀ im Hirundo rustica ovary small, sm. insects some fat -3310 ♂ im Collocalia testes 1.7mm " " MVZ. fruit t. 2 mm. √ 3311 ♂ ad Z. conspicillata iris white, ft. blue-grey (lead), u.m. black, l.m. light grey +MVZ. -3312 ♀ ad " berries " " " t. 2mm. " " " -3313 ♀ im " berries " " " " a sm. " " base lighter √ MVZ 3314 ♀? im " " " " " u.m. dk grey "

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Marshall, 1945 Catalog Babelthwap Airstrip, Palau 27 November -3315 ad Z. cinerea t. 2 berries -3316 ad Myiagra t. 5 cloacal glands Koror, Palau -3317 ova small grasshoppers bill dorsal & tip black, sides pale biff ft pale y., skin hd. pale greenish MVZ skel +, sm. ground-up berries 28 November 3318 Megapodius toes black above skin of toes & around eye grey, rest brick-red crushed pits ovary 'im - virgin ova small -3319 colors same gravel, pits, snail ovary small MVZ 3320 bill horn color, ft olive gray above, y below, iris olive-tan eye-ring pink (darker) MVZ 3321 ad Gallicolumba bill black, ft brilliant, iris dark brown hooting - hard berries cloacal glands MVZ 3322 ad Myiagra bill & ft. black, iris very dark t.lg., larger insects Babelthwap, Palau 29 November MVZ. 3323 lim Hirundo rustica flies, etc. t. sm. MVZ skel perched 'in tree on summit of Babel. Mts. 3324 Anous stolidus stom mt. Arakabesan, Palau MVZ 3325 Emballonura to tail 57-14 - 7 - 11 Koror, Palau -3326 Caprimulgus t. 4 mm beetles, 1 grasshopper Babelthwap, Palau 30 November MVZ 3327 ad Hirundo insects gonads sm. molting from 'im to adult MVZ skel 3328 crop with sm. seeds t. small plumage -3329 bill & skin around eye light blue', ft. blue-grey, iris red seeds t. 4 mm. MVZ 3330 Phalacrocorax 1 crayfish t. small pouch & sides of bill yellow, d. bill black, ft black, line from nostril to eye -3331 ad Lonchura colors same as 3329 ova.8 seeds MVZ 3332 Halcyon cinn. t.4 mm 1 lg. cicada

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Marshall, 1945 Catalog Babelthwap, Palau 30 November -3333 ♀ Halcyon cinin. ova small, lg cicada MVZ √3334 ♂ ad Lonchura colors same as above, seeds +.4 MVZ √3335 ♀ im " " " " "ovary sm. MVZ √3336 ♀ im " " " "except l.m. light grey, iris duller" -3337 ♀ im " " " " ovary small, seeds -3338 ♀ ad " laying " " brood patch " MVZ oviduct enlarged √3339 ♀ ad " ova 1 mm " " lg. crop full of seeds -3340 ♀ im " ovary sm. lm blackish lm grey (bluish) " MVZ √3341 ♂ tim " +.3 colors same seeds -3342 ♀ im " 2 sm. windows colors: um. blackish, seeds skull mostly complete oviduct large, ova 1 mm -3343 ♀ H. chloris ova small, (ovary lg) lg. insects Koror, Palau 2 December 3344 ♂ R. rattus 416-218-38-23 3345 ♀ " exulans 8 mammae 263-137-27-17 MVZ √3346 ♀ ad Myzomela laying bill all black MVZ skel berry pits →of old insect 3347 ♂ ad Gallicolumba colors same as previous f. 9mm ↓ DT in 3348 ♂ R. exulans testes descended 276-131-27-17.5 yrophyllite 3349 ♂ " " " " 252-128-27-16 3350 ♂ " " " not" 224-118-25-16 3351 ♀ " " All ♀'s with 8 mammae 284-143-27-17 3352 ♀ " " 275-145-25-16 3353 ♀ " " 276-140-27-17 3354 ♀ " " 4 embryos 273-140-25-16.5 3355 ♀ " " " " 261-130-25-16 3356 ♀ " " 256-130-27-16 3357 ♀ " " 258-132-25-16 3358 ♀ " " 248-130-26-16.5

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Marshall, 1945 Catalog Seran, Palau 3 December 3359 ♀ R. exulans 241 - 128 - 26-16 3360 ♂ R. rattus testes descended 411 - 218 - 38 - 22 336. 3 December MVZ ✓ 3361 ♀ ad katage Muscicapa ovary sm-virgin iris blackish-brown insects bill ft black, gape yellow -3362 ♀ ova 2mm Philinopus berries wide outer " y-orange bill green goring dull y. ft-vermilion Peleliu, Palau 4 December MVZ skel green caterpillars iris light brown ova 1,7 mm d. part u.m. horn color •3363 ♀ ad Rukia ft greenish yellow rest bill orange caterpillars cloacal glands, singing t.,ill-mm -3364 ♂ ad " colors same except bill & ft duller, ft y-green 5 December MVZ fat fruit ✓ 3365 ♀ ad Aplonis iris y, bill & ft black, pads dull y. t. small ? ♀ ad Rukia iris reddish-brown, ft olive-y, rest orange fruit bill olive-tan above ova 2,2 MVZ + 7mm tarqe. testes ? mm. sm. insects ft testis ✓ 3367 ♂ ad Psamathia iris olive-grey, bill dk brown above, rest orange, golden insects ft dull MVZ skel broad patch staining " " " " " " yellowish • 3368 ♀ ad " laying MVZ skel • 3369 ♀ H. chloris iris blackish-brown ova small, 1 sm. insect • 3370 ♀ H. cinn " " " " 2,5 mm 15 grasshoppers ova 1mm, warbling call, lg. insects -3371 ♀ Psamathia iris olive grey, bill dk br. above, rest orange, ft. olive-yel cloacal tubules ants v.m. olive-horn t., 10 mm -3372 ♂ ad Rukia iris reddish-brown ft olive-y l.m. tip buff-horn, rest orange t., 10 mm caterpillars & ants √MVZ ✓ 3373 ♂ ad " " " " " bill same except all l.m. " -3374 ♂ in Edolisoma bill & ft. black, pads olive t., 3,3 mm veg material skull complete t., 8 mm. hard berries -3375 ♂ and Gallicolumba "black, iris dk brown, ft. goring deep pink MVZ 3376 ♀ Pteropus 200 - 42 - 22 MVZ 3377 ♀ " 210 - 45 - 23 MVZ 3378 ♀ " young of 3377 110 - 33 - 16 6 December MVZ t., 6 mm. katydid lids olive-yellow, ft whitish with grey scales above, cream scales below ✓ 3379 ♂ " Otus" iris dark brown, bill white, dull pink at base, cere light grey fat, laying, stom empty √MVZ ✓ 3380 ♀ ad Nyctiorax caledonicus iris y, skin lettuce-green, bill black, ft creamy-yell tarsi dull pinkish, ft greenish yellow under toes " yellow under focs sides bill (basa) rest black -3381 ♀ t -fat, laying, stom empty " " " "

{ "text": "\"\"\"\n\n3790 128-26-11\n\n3300 B. K. M. 11-26-13-35\n\nSVM\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 3790\n\n3300 \"\"\" has P. K. 37 [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

MVZ skel 3381A Marshall, 1945 Peleliu 10 Dec pickup Catalog Nycticorax caledonicus Saipan, Marianas MVZ skel. 15 December ovary sm. • 3382 ♀ im Collocalia iris dk, bill toes black, tars i light esp. inside sm. insects 3383 ♂ imm " colors same ova sm " " 3384 ♀ im one " " " " " " 3385 ♂ im 5 " " " t. 1mm " " 3386 imm " " " " " " 3387 ♂ imm " " " sm. insects t. 1 mm. MVZ skel 3388 ♀ im Rhipidura iris dk, bill black, base dull orange, ft grey-brown oray sm. moult ing, ad. plumage 3389 ♀ ad " ova sm. " " " " , base lm. white " " " sm. insects 2 sm. windows insects ovary mature, ova sm. 3390 ♀ im Cleptornis iris maroon, bill ft light orange, narrow brown eyering dk 3391 ♀ im " " " " " " " " fruit " ovary mature, ova sm. 3392 (♂?) im " grey-brown, " " part orange, part brown. fruit fat, berries, t, 3.5 mm) 3393 ♂ im Zosterops iris reddish-brown, vm & tip lm. blackish, lm. & ft blue-grey 3394 ♀ ad " fat, ova 1mm " " " " " " " , " " " " " " Birds MVZ skins 312 312 skins MVZ birds skel 31 alc 3 3395 2744 Ind Hutzel & Genelly MVZ 651 skins 354 skel 32 alc 3 166 lots from Palau

{ "text": "\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \"\n\" \" [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]

Sight Records of Birds

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Marshall, 1944 Records of birds seen not collected APO# 244 Marianas Islands About 21 Nov - Pond N radio station Small grebe like Podilymbus could have been young gallinules one seen Dec 11-20 Purple gallinules with red shields till seen daily in Snoupe marshes-extreme north end of marshes-hide in tules. Nov & Dec - Golden plovers in flat bare ground Usually 7 or 10 in a flock Dec 26 Fregate bird-all black hovering over mountain at N-E end; also Crow? White-tailed Tropic bird flew to cave high on cliff at NW corner Saijan pearly- Dec 24th & 25th Wood pigeons-grey with white band tip of tail-real 1/3rd. One perched in tree on 24th. Flock of 6 flew over 25th in area N Marine Dump. Many #s of Wood Pigeon seen. (Black with white head) Brightly patterned bird seen by Edgar & Hagen on road from 176th Sta Hoop to Siley field and Fruit bat at 176th Sta Hoop (Hagen) about 21 Dec. TA 205 Jan 7 1945 Gorge, 1st south of the one with the natural arch over the road. This narrow gorge faces the east and ascends about 50yds.

Birds of Sarapan : 1. Frigate bird Fregata 2. * Egret Casmerodius egretta Mesophrys intermed 3. * Bittern Xobrychus sinensis 4. * Rail Int. Tapeworms and Caecal Flukes Gallinula chlorops 5. Gallinula 6. White-tailed Tropic bird Phaethon lepturus, Jan 5 5 end 2d. 7. Fairy Tern Gygis alba 8. * Kingfisher Hippoboscid fly Halcyon chleris 9. * Field Dove Streptopelia vitorgnata 10. * Wood Pigeon Gallicolumba xanthonura 11. * Band-tailed Wood Pigeon Rainbow Pigeon Ptilingo Fruit Dove 12. * Swiftlet Collocalia ants, new beetles & spiders in storm loose 2 specimens mites 13. Crow? Pteropus 14. Grebe? Poliocephalus ruficollis 15. * Old-world Flycatcher Fan-tail Rhigidura rufifrons 11 Specimens: 16. * Dropaniid Honey-eater Myzomela cardinalis 2 both Haemogreton and microfilari 17. * Grackle Starling Aplonis 1 microfilaria 18. * Warblers (Golden) Cleptorhis marchei 6 Haemogreton 2 None 19. * Japanese White-Eye Zoeterops microfilaria, haemogreton 20. * Brightly patterned perching bird Wanderings Tattler Heteroscelus issassens 21. Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica

Marshall, 1945 GPO #244, Manaias Jan when it opens into a broad grassy valley (75 yds across) surrounded by a few large trees and dense smaller trees, vine tangles. 2 Ptilinopus and a black & white pigeon taken this afternoon. 8 January early morning same place. A very beautiful gorge with large trees. All land birds seen here. About 12 Gygis alba hovering among and alighting in large trees of gorge - harsh snarling sounds. Several pairs of Swiftlets with slow, fluttering, pattering flight, frequent sailing. Regular short forage beats in the gorge. Flock of 25 on hill above gorge. 1 pair Haleyon hanging around tree overlooking gorge - loud settling calls. About 25 Aplonis ad & imm. Ford calls heard. Apparently feeding young. Flock occasionally flew to big tree with harsh, squealing calls & males(?) giving starling-like songs - typical starling song - sweet & churring notes. Other times single birds or 2's y 3's fly and creep among lower trees noiselessly. Very curious - easy to attract with squeaks. Myzonela cardinalis +2) several pairs - loud clear whistle & hutto tree-like notes. Fly high & light in tops bare trees. Getting nectar from tree with red

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Marshall 1945 GPO #244 Marauies 8 January blossoms - trumpet-like V. It's chase other lads away from their blossom- tree (esp. Zosterops.) All three kinds of pigeons present - Ptilenopus cooing coo-coo cucucucucu, co, co, co, co and perching in fruit-bearing trees very tame. Walk and turn about on twigs like a parrot. (Note- thick fleshy, feathered tarsi.) Black & White & pigeon usually with brown & alighting in Cows fruit trees & flying with slow labored beats to tall trees above gorge. "Field" Dove" in groups of 7 or 8 flying low over grassy area - very swift direct flight with powerful strokes. Fan-tails common, about a dozen seen, usually solitary or 2's & 3's Song - a descending cascade of high drilbing whistle like ant Wren or Golden-crowned Kinglet. Forage amazingly rapidly, among dense growth 2-6' up-penetrates densest cover tail^ always fanned out. Rapid darting flight after insects. "Yellow Warbler" one solitary in dense undergrowth. Stands high, and flicks wings like a thrush. ``` R3 ```

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Marshall, 1945 APO #244 Maranas 8 January Young collected from 15' in tree - an acacia type where Zosterops always forages. Several seen - chasing each other with siren-like calls. Song not heard. Forages in foliage. About 30 Zosterops in loose flock - forage especially in the trees that have small leaves Acacias - always found in that type of foliage. Many siren-like calls. Flick wings often. Rapid movements in foraging in foliage. A common posture is like a swthat with bill & body in line. One large mixed flock foraging in little-leaved trees together - 20+ Zosterops high, 5 or 6 Rhipidura low, chasing each other and singing. 4 or 5 "Yellow Warblers" middle heights and soon made off to denser low growth. No ground foraging bird seen. Myzomela doesn't associate with the other small birds - stays higher up and takes long aerial flights above trees.

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Marshall, 1945 17 Feb Wedge Lake GPO #244 Marianas Large black duck or small goose like Black Brant seen over marshes (several night before). Two swallows, white below, throat & tail black and apparently a white spot within the black anterior area, forked tail, in flight just over treetops edge lake. ? I don't think it was a "swallow-tail" like Barn swallows just graduated. A new shore bird totally brown above except for pure white below except for black throat & art chest. Still large (30) flocks of Golden Plovers "Thrasher"

Species Accounts

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Marshall General Accounts of Marianas Birds Mus Vert Zool Saipan 3 Dec 44 - 16 Feb 45, 17 Apr 45 - 24 Apr 45, 20 July 45 - 3 Sep 45. Tinian 20 March 45- 14 Apr 45. Guam 26 May 45 - 6 June 45. Saipan Poliocephalus ruficollis? 21 Nov 44 One seen on small pond. Dark, uniform color. Possible could have been young Gallinula chloropus. Saipan Puffinus pacificus I saw specimen picked up by Marine Epid Unit, flew into light. Saipan Phaethon lepturus Seen occasionally in flight in frontof largest cliffs. Seen to go into caves high in the cliffs. Tinian Sula leucogaster Seen twice, single birds, on trip over to Tinian, 20 Mar Saipan Fregata 26 Dec 44 One hovering over mt at N end island. Tinian 20 Mar 45 Several seen on trip back and forth from Tinian. Always far out from land. Guam 6 Jun 45 One plying along over shore SE side island, evening. Saipan Demigretta sacra 9 Feb 45 Shore Magicienne Bay, afternoon. One flushed from dense brush on rock bluff at shore. Flew out over bay. Grey phase. Tinian Photo and record of nesting by Richard Genelly. Guam 4 and 6 June 45. Reefs on SE edge island. Foraging in 1 ft water 100yds out from shore, active in late aft and eve. Stand and rest singly or in pairs on sand beach. 2 grey, 1 white. Saipan Mesophoyx intermedia Flock of 50-100 inhabits marshes at L Susupe. Sometimes feed under and around cattle. Hunted them on 10 Dec 44. Flock resting at noon in patch of low grass surrounded by high cane. Well concealed. About every ten min one or two, apparently scouts would fly over me or light near me at the edge of the farms where all had been feeding. The flock did not return til I had left. Apparently absent from April through July. Seen Aug. Tinian About 25 L Hagoi. Guam 1 June 45 Only one seen; marshes at main harbor. Tinian Nycticorax nycticorax 4 Apr 45. 6 flushed at noon from dense growth fern-like plant growing at edge of L Hagoi. Only time seen. Aparently migr. Saipan Ixobrychus sinensis Common in tule marshes, next commonest in damp cane fields or wet grassland, some in dry cane and grassland. Seen flying often on long flights over cane-covered hills. Call: harsh "craak". Clings to cattails one in each foot, spread

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2 apart. Walks like a parrot through the middle height of these stems. Tinian Restricted more to vicinity of marshes, where very abundant at Lake Hagoi and Marpi Valley swamps. Watched in tules at L Hagoi. Foraged at edge of dense tule stands while sitting grasping a tule in spread feet, sitting hunched up, in a compact ball, and very still. Then suddenly extends long neck to grasp a fish or frog - a movement of extreme rapidity. Can sneak back into the inner tules and out again with such a fluid easy grace that one doesn't suspect the bird is in motion at all until it has vanished. Guam Found under inland in marshes, and in the evening, feeding in lagoons within the reef on south-west side island. Here birds were feeding on small marine fishes side-by-side with the Reef Herons. They were skulking about in shallow water than the herons, (up to their bellies) but fed in identical manner. (Outward or downward thrust of the neck from a previous hunched up condition.) Anas oustaleti Saipan Seen on two occasions in two's and three's flying from marshes near L Susupe across hiway to marshes nearer coast. Tinian I estimate a total of about 6 birds on L Hagoi while I was there. Very tame. I recommended strict protection and secuity from soldiers wandering into the lake area with guns. The mallards often in pairs, generally not out on open water, but in little ponds surrounded by tules. Flush and circle lake a couple times then settle down at other end lake. Feeding seen only in very shallow water, where no tipping-up seen - just plucking away at the grass in 2 or 3 " water. One family seen, hid in ferns. Saipan 26 Sept 45 3 pairs seen over lakesuff in afternoon, 2 pr. at same time. 27 Sept 45 4 buds seen over lake. Didn't alight. Anas querquedula Tinian Seen daily at L hagogi - just one pair. Mate continued to be there after I had shot the one. Very wild - flushed as soon as boat would round the bend of the tules or ferns. Very graceful and swift duck. Fed at edge of larger lake areas always near protecting tall vegetation. Does not retreat into veg but flies. Anas acuta Saipann 7 Feb 45 Flock of 15 flew over L Susupe at 100ft in air. Kept straight - didn't return. Spatula clypeata Nyroca fuligula Tinian One pair on L Hagoi. Seen every day until one died and other collected. Both olored alike. The one that died was too far gone to save as skin or skel. Unlike other ducks at the Lake, these stayed always away from the margins of the lake and fed only in the open water, where they dove. When I would get within about 60yds, they would fly, after swimming away from me for quite a time. Circled high and wide around lake, keeping out of range, then land at another large body of water. After being

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3 flushed two or 3 times they would head straight out to sea. Always back again the nest day. Finally got one by sneeking into a patch of tall cane at edge of lake. Gallus gallus Saipan Tinian Guam: Heard or seen around native camps on all 3 islands, but noted in wild state principally on Saipan, where found far out in lonely canyons and around caves and dense woods. Beautiful fully-colored large cocks seen several times. One shot 24 Dec 44 by Millican - full color of jungle fowl. Rallus owstoni Guam 26 May 45: Several young heard and finally seen. Pure black and made slight squeeking sounds like small warblers (Lutescent). Hid in densest vines, kept calling to each other. This family occured in a cleared area which was surrounded by jungle, and was damp and grown up to ferns, mixed with dense glass. 30 May: saw one cross the road 100 yds ahead of the jeep while driving. Ran into ferns and dense grass on wet ground at side of road, also near cleared area overgrown with ferns. Stopped the jeep and found the rail looking at me at the extreme edge of the grass. Had walked back out to the edge to satisfy its great curiosity. Was easily coll with 22 aux. Gallinula chloropus Saipan Two places only where I have seen them: tule ponds around L Susupe, pond surrounded with cane and tall grass north OWI station on hiway. Generally seen on these two places either swimming and feeding by sticking the head under water, or walking in the vegetaion with tail up and flicking constantly to show the white pattern. Most birds seen winter and spring 45 were imm. Tinian Only at L Hagoi where common, especially in real tules. Guam In marshes and wet meadows. Not common. Pluvialis dominica Abundant Saipan and Tinian in flocks. Last seen 21 April 45 when combed island for them (bare flat extensive areas) and finally found four, three of which were collected with one shot. Absent until about last week of July. Charadrius mongolus Guam I saw this bird feeding on a sand beach and also saw it after Baker shot it. However Johnson and Baker claim its a semipalmeted sanderling. This can be settled by asking USNM. Thebird was collected 6 June 45. Numenius phaeopus Guam 1 June 45: One shot in grassland adjacent to marshes at main harbor. 6 June 45: common along the beaches and lagoons on se coast. In evening, feeding in water like the herons.

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4 Numenius tahitiensis Guam 6 June 45: One shot as flew over slough at river mouth and lit on pole. Possibly one more seen that day out compared to total of about a dozen N. phaeopus. Heteroscelus Saipan Tinian Guam Seen from 7 Jan at least until 6 June 45 (Guam) always and exclusively on rocks at edge ocean. Saipan 26 Sept 45 2 fishing on h. Susupe . 1 coll - 4 gambusia Sterna albifrons Saipan 16 November 1945: Seen in channel foraging over open sea between Saipan and Tinian. Not certain but probably this sp seen on various trips over to Tinian. Sterna albifrons Anous stolidus Saipan Flocks seen in channel betw Saipan and Tinian on various ferry boat rides in Mch and Apr. Nesting or at least resting and flying to and from nitches in cliffs al along east side island. That is cliffs actually at the ocean's edge. Guam 31 May. One shot over jungle as chased a second, probably on some sort of mating flight which took them over the jungle. Gygis alba Saipan, Tinian, Guam Common, in fact on e of the most frequently seen and conspicuous birds around patches of timber on the two islands, Saipan and Tinian. Only one or two seen on Guam. Very rare there, or else just spread out more over the much larger island. On Saipan, one sitting all day long for a couple of weeks during February (I think) on high dea bare horiz branch of Breadfruit Tree near our lab. Found principally around large banyan trees especially on steep hillsides or overlooking gullies. Noisy at times - snarling and squawking. Hover a great deal over foliage and branches before alighting. Spend a lot of time flying ar und the trees and back and forth past the hillsides and cliffs where their chosen trees are located. Seems like an awful lot of useless activity - which is neither feeding nor mating(?). Timespent on the life history might show significance to this behavior. Typical courtship flight is pair zooming (close together) like swifts with wings held in crescent with 4" fish held crossinge in bill. 26 Sep 45 Saipan Ptilinopus roseicapilla Saipan Tinian Guam Found almost exclusively in the largest and densest and greenest braodleaved trees on all three islands. These trees incidently are must be in areas of extensive forest. Therefore, since Guam is proportionately more heavily forested, there are relatively many more doves there per acre. But they are quite common in suitable isolated patches of timber on Saipan, and to a lesser extent on Tinian. The/ only exception to finding them in that type of growth is at Saipan, Lake Susupe, where I found a couple in the Casuarina trees at the edge of the lake, a mile from any native forest. They are absolutely impossible to see in the trees, because they stay so hich and sit so still, except when actually eating a berry or walking about the twigs

5 like parrots. These birds have very thick, short, strong tarsi, and can maneuver on little twigs very well - can turn around like a parrot. An excellent example of concealing coloration, also these birds stick to the light green trees - maybe just coincidence because of certain crops of wild figs and other fruits they eat. Once I shot at a spot where I had seen one bird, and two fell. That shows how hard they are to see. When males are hooting they are very difficult to find, as they remain quite motionless. Call starting with very impelling "insistant" notes: cooo, coooo, coooo, coooooocococoo cooo cooo cooo cooo. Only time seen much in flight was Saipan 24 Dec 44 when I saw a flock of 6 going straight over a canyon. Usually are at lower heights within level of jungle canopy. In certain places on all three islands where the birds are very abundant, they often come into smaller trees, and can sometimes be approached very closely. Not a flocking bird. Calls all during day. Streptopelia- Columba livia Noted once on Tinian in patch of jungle,perched. Flocks of obviously carrier or domestic birds seen Apr on Saipan. Streptopelia bitorquata Saipan Tinian Guam Abundant on all three islands. Feed singly or in pairs on bare ground on trails, dirt roads, or clearings. In flight they like to fly very low over bare grounds or uniform grassy fields. In any one place, such as my barracks,which is at top of a slight knoll, they are always going on the same path. They stay close to the ground, but make great zigzags or aerial leaps over telephone wires and around tents. It has always seem to me that there are more birds coming down the hill, than back up it. So there must be an inexhaustible supply back of my house. March April May were doing much calling at all times of day. Sound pretty much like Chinese Spotted Dove, S. chinensis: rolling Coooo, cu- coooo. Gallicolumba zanonura Saipan, Tinian, Guam Common in timber and wherever there are large trees. Not as many individuals as Ptilinopus. I have never seen these birds on the ground. I have collected them feeding in trees - often very high in wild figs. #2943 was eating papriya in a papaiya tree 15 ft off the ground. Generally paired. Most often seen on long flights high over valleys and ridges. Flight unique among birds - very laborious, deep strokes, wings look like they are beating backwards. The bird actually seems as if fighting against a strong head wind. These long wandering flights always by solitary birds. Very quiet and well concealed (especially females) when in timber. Mating call a low groan moan - 000000h (as in moon). A single note, uttered at intervals of 10-20 sec. Another remarkable call heard on Guam, when the birds were mating. (1st part of June) Very loud and long crrrrreeeeek sounds like gigantic cicada or snarl or beginning of toad's call.

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- 6 - This call given when males are pursuing females. Female flies to high bare limb and begins walking along a horizontal branch toward the protection of the foliage. The male flies up to her and gives this creaking note possibly just as he alights. He walks rapidly after her, following thru foliage, and by jumps to the other branches where the female goes. Then on to the next tree. Females very hard to find and to collect. Much less often seen in long flights. Collocalia inexpectata Saipan Present year around. Seasonal fluctuations noted to some degree. For instance in Jan and Feb, these swifts would gather in the area of AGF headquarters (open treeless area on the e slope Mt Tapochau) at dusk. Thousands of them all foraging low over the ground. This particular congregation not noted at that place other months. At a given season, both pairing and flocking can be found. One canyon had a pair that had a regular forage beat just like a pair of Rough-winged Swallows - generally at the level of the lower branches of the biggest trees. The round trip must have been about 75 yards, and they made it every minute or so. At the same time there was an entirely unrelated flock up above a nearby hilltop, which was milling around over the ridge. About 50 birds. No organized beats, no pairs. Very common on Saipan, but usually around canyons, steep hillsides, where plenty of large trees. Flight very slow for a swift, and faltering. Tinian Extremely rare. Seen only 3 times in 4 weeks, each time a single bird. Guam Nesting found in caves on cliffs by Dave Johnson. Lots of guano. Nest said to contain a lot of plant material and is there for inedible. Not-as-frequently- Occurence same as Saipan, altho they get into a lot larger flocks. Bigger island, more swifts, and much bigger flocks - up to thousands. -- Note very interesting stomach analyses in catalog -- Halcyon cinnamomina Guam This bird is so different in habits, calls, habitat, nesting, etc from chloris as to leave no doubt in my mind that they are different species. It is shy and retiring, is never seen on conspicuous perches in open country, never seen on phone wires, and is hardly ever heard to make a sound. It was a long time on 26 May before I found out what these uncanny weird sounds were. Finally tracked it down (through some of the densest jungle and undergrowth I have ever seen) to a large banyan type of tree where there was a nest hole about 20 ft up belonging to a pair of these kingfishers. Young were being fed and giving food calls but the strange ventriloquial wheezes and rolling calls (of unique timbre) were coming from the parents. Later on Guam, I finally heard a note suggestive of chloris, but greatly toned down, and somewhat mellow - a series of two syllable calls, the 2nd component of which very much higher than first [illegible] a parallel to a donkey's"hee-hoh". Always in pairs, or pairs with a few young around - in latter

- 7 - case more talkative, ie. when a group occurs. (The group hypothesis applied to birds.) Find an unusually dense large tree, in a normally dense high forest, and there will be your pair of kingfishers. A bird will sit for a long time on high perch in the foliage without moving a muscle. Generally very quiet also. Seen chasing and intimidating Zosterops several times; confusion chorus heard. Halcyon chloris Saipan, Tinian No differences noted in behavior on two islands. Food: Large insects or small animals. Stomachs generally contain large beetles, and most often - large locusts. On Tinian 12 Apr, I shot at a bird that was sitting on a horiz limb overhanging a c cliff. It had a House Mouse in its bill. I missed the bird, but it dropped the mouse, which I could have made into a very nice specimen except that the skull was pulverized. It was still warm, and undoubtedly the kingfisher had caught it. Similarly on Saipan, 21 Apr one was sitting on a telephone wire just as the shrikes do in the states. It had a skink in its mouth, a full grown skink. This time I collected the bird and lost the prey. This species has an amazing habit - that of harrying Zosterops. The Zosterop flock flock has a flock alarm note much like that of the bush-tit, which I have only heard when a kingfisher comes near the Zosterops. I have never seen them catch one of the small birds, but the number of times I have caught them at-it-convinces attempting it convinces me that it must be the regular thing. So far no bird remains in stomachs, however. The kingfisher can travel very rapidly at such times. It will dash into a dense acacia tree like a sharp-shinned hawk, will perch and sit very still for a long time, before trying again for a Zosterops. The latter birds keep up their "confusion" chorus, although it diminishes, only to burst out with full vigor when the kingfisher takes fli- another flight. Here, as in all its other hunting, the Kingfisher uses the shrike technique - of sitting very still waiting for its prey to move, then making a swift dash for it. A further note - Saipan 3 Sep 45, reveals more of the feeding habit: In the evening I was sitting on the porch of the Officer's club at the 148th having a whiskey and coke. The porch has a fringe of acacias in front of it. It was nearing darkness, but a kingfisher in the acacia seemed to be in his busiest time of day. He was foraging out from a fixed perch on an acacia limb, in flycatcher fashion - ie, a rapid dash after some item of food, then slower return to the original perch, where he would sit motionless except for scratching and fluffing out his feathers occasionally. (Most of these birds have louse flies - the young are especially heavily infested.) Most of the flights took him to the periphery of a certain acacia, where he seemed to be picking large insects off the foliage. It was therefore not aerial flycatching - but did involve hovering in front of the foliage. Resembles Mot-mot greatly. I have not seen Kingfishers catch prey from a perch on a telephone wire or bare limb over a field (shrike perches) - but the they must surely do it or else they are wasting a great deal of time sitting in those places.

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- 8 - Habitat: Open meadows where large trees for perches are near. On Tinian, favors the long lines of acacias that stretch across the open country. (Apparently these acacias were used as boundary markers.) Perch on bare high branches overlooking meadows or on telephone wires. A frequent item of necessity in the habitat is a large gnarled densely-foliated tree. Apparently, used for nesting. On Tinian, I took a trip one afternoon down a hillside road, and stopped the truck at every such dense dark green gnarled tree. There was on about every 2 - 300 yards. Here would be a kingfisher in each, which I wouldn't see until he became curious enough to drop down into view. (This was 14 Apr) This happened at about 5 trees. In each case, the bird was somewhere in the interior of the tree and couldn't be seen from the road. I couldn't account for the fact that there was only one bird at each tree, because they are usually in pairs. These birds are also found in timbered canyons. But they make long flights, and on these islands there is always open country adjacent to almost any timbered canyon where kingfishers are found. The commonest I have seen them is at Marpo Valley, Tinian, where there is open swampy ground with a lot of large breadfruit trees, spaced far apart. The preference for dense gnarled trees mentioned above must indicate that they nest in cavities in such trees. However the only nest I have actually seen is in a road bank of red soil on Saipan. There are two cavities there, one contained young in August 45. Food calls could be heard from the hole, 6 7 ft above the level of the road, and the old birds were usually flushed when we drove past. Both the holes are the same heightth and same construction. Opening about 3 " diam at first, but widened due to constant use, and claw marks indicated the source of the widening. Tunnel slants upward at about 15 degree angle for about 6 or 8 inches, then widens out into a large room, which I couldn't see well. The slant protects the nest from rain. I have seen kingfishers enter holes in coconut trees at Magicienne bay, Saipan. I presume that the holes in the road bank were excavated by the birds, but I doubt if the tree holes were. Mating: When more than two birds get together, 3 - 5, there is much noise. The birds fly around at great heights calling and following each other in large circles, then go off in straight flight over canyons and ridges for great distances. A mating display often seen consists of the loud calls given my the bird in flight as he approaches a tree where another is sitting. As he alights, he stands with the body vertical the head and neck stretched out horizontally, the wings slightly outstretched, and the tail held about 90 degree to the back (this results in the tail and neck being horiaontal and theback vertical). This postition is held forseveral minutes, even after the bird stops calling.

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- 9 - Although chloris is not as numerous as Zosterops, it is by far the most frequently seen and most conspicuous bird (both by sight and sound) on these islands. The calls are very loud and strident. They are heard every early morning and every late evening, and at intervals throughout the day - often by solitary birds. On e wonders what stimulus causes these latter to call. Ordinary call is very loud and usually in triplets: "clip clip clip, clip clip clip," or it can be a steady series of "dip's". When the birds are more excited, they follow the clip series with a sort of "hee-haw" the first syllable is low, the 2nd much higher. Very loud and creaking. These are the notes given by three or more birds indulging in aerial manou-vres several hundred feet above the ground. "clip" note can be given in two's, or more often, merely in a long series with irregular intervals between notes. Hirundo rustica Saipan 7 Feb 45. Flock seen flying over Casuarina trees at S border L Susupe. About 15 in flock. I found that they were for-aging low over a pond out inthe open part of the swamp, so I hid in some caee there and shot one that was perched on a cane over the water. There were other swallows in this flock. Seen on one other occasion at the Lake. Tinian 4 Apr. One lone bird flew around a few times over L. Hagoi. 7 Apr: Saw one in the early morning when I was picking up rat traps near the piggery N. Camp Churo. It took abut 3 trips along a road that paralleled a line of acacia trees. Brown and White Swallow Saipan 7 Feb 45 Flock watched, and birds seen at fairly close range but not collected. Appeared to be all dark rich brown above and pure white below, with a slightly indented tail. Didn't look like Rough-winged Swallow, nor did it have the chest band of the Bank Swallow. Also seen at same place (sw edge L Susupe) 1 Feb 45. Acrocephalus luscinia Saipan 10 Dec 44 Not noted in L Susupe marshes. 31 January 45: Cane and marsh east Charan Kanoa. Several singing in afternoon, one called up by squeeking. Stayed in densest cane. In marshy area. Since then found to be common in the entire lowland around Lake Susupe, with special abund ance in the area of the civilian hospital, where there are many small trees planted. The birds here are tame, come right around the wards, and can be heard singing all day, and on moonlit nights. For the most part they require marshy habitat where there are a few larger trees, such as Casuarina sticking up above the cane. For-the Generally stay low in the cane, but ascend sometimes

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- 10 - into the trees and in full view to sing. Most of singing done from inside cane in the daytime, but in the evening I have seen them mount to the tip of a tree to sing, just like the Calif Thrasher. The song is much like that of a thrasher, because it is made up of phrases which are repeated. It has no set pattern, but could readily be mistaken for a thrasher's even to the harsh notes, and the sweet mocking-bird whistles. Usually start with two low harsh clucks the same way a Calif Thrasher does. Song lasts from 6 sec to half a minute, in case the bird is well steamed up. Usually about 10 sec. Call notes are low harsh clucks similar to those of Calif Thrasher, but not as loud. 27 Sep ah at dawn on Lake Susupe, about 15 could be heard from around the lake. Go in corouses. Some hours of the day, all will be silent. Ocassionally one or two will sing alone, but usually when they sing at all they all do it. No seasonal change noted in breeding or singing behavior. Very difficult to make statement as to habitat. It does not occur wherever there are marshes, and it does occur in other places: Naval Air Base, Tanapag (around the camp); cove south of 39th GH where there are several pairs along a little stream running through a fine forest growth; dense small tree growth over dry rocky ground at shore Magicienne bay (At least one pair); Several pairs and singing males heard and seen on the barren ridge covered with bunch grass on the center of the island east of the 11th GH. In this last locality, the birds are found in gullies where the grass is tallest and growing on rather moist ground. This type of distribution is unique on Saipan, where most of the birds show practically no habitat preference, and are uniformly common wherever there is tree growth. Therefore, these Birds can be described as locally common, with no explanation for their absence from certain areas. Note stomach contents mentioned in catalog - eat small animals and swallow small snails whole. Guam Found only at the Agana marshes, where it is common in the cane, and ranges out from it at certain times of day into the wooded hills ouround the marsh (but not farther than 100 yards. ). Little evidence of diurnal cycle of singing. Sometimes they sing and sometimes they don't. Some days they don't sing much. That makes it very tough to collect them, even tho you know they are around, there is no way of tracking them down by sight. Rhipidura rufifrons Saipan, Tinian, Guam Abundant throughout in the understory of the forest. Forage mostly withing 3 yards of the ground, often lower, in the middle parts of the bushes. Not in bushes outside of the forest. Tail kept spread, makes very rapid darts after flying insects. Usually solitary, but is so abundant that birds are constantly running into each other, chasing, and calling, and singing. They are very hostile to one another at times. In foraging the bird keeps in a horizontal posture, with tail spread, and head foreward. The flights are genally made straight out. Stays among the small twigs of the bushes, and can manouver through them and turn and twist in flight with amazing dexterity. Nest found with eggs in bush in marsh at L Susupe Saipan in February. Same deal as a Wood

- 11 - peewee. On a horiztwig, made of cobwebs, a very dainty and smoothly constructed thing. Sides vertical. These birds sing in a regular morning chorus at dawn, they are about the only birds that do this. The song is delightful, and is startlingly similar to that of the Long Billed Ant Wren of Central America. It is a descending cascade of thin whistled notes, each very distinct in spite of the rapidity of the notes - so they do not constitute a trill. Pitch is very high, but not quite as high as song of the GC Kinglet. Song often preceded by longer high call notes, which can also be used separately as call notes. Easily attracted by imitation of its song. Next to Zosterops, this is the most abundant bird on Saipan and Tinian. On Guam, it is the next most abundant to the Starling. (Ie on Guam, the Starling is exceedingly numerous, and Zosterops is relatively rare. Monarcha takatsukasae Tinian In about equal numbers with Rhipidura with-the- and in same type of habitat, with the addition that this is exceedingly abundant in tall cane and other dense growth in marshes. Two such spots are the forest around Lake Hagoi, and the tall cane marsh at Marpo Valley. In such strictly cane and marsh habitat, Rhipidura is absent. Monarcha is a more stolid, phlegmatic bird than Rhipidura, it ambles around in the foliage like a vireo, with the same occasional dashes after flying insects of hovering before a twig that vireos do. It is more often found on an exposed perch in the understory of the forest, sitting upright like a flycatcher and making insect-flights. Calls are loud harsh wren-like notes. Given often when birds are chasing each other. Song is beautiful , clear, and flutelike, a very pure tone. Usual form is three syllab lst 2 short grace notes , 3rd a beautiful"wheeeooo" of descending inflection. Dybas found a nest of this species in March. Like Rhipidura-the-birds-are-independent,-foraging-alone, but because of their great numbers, they are always coming into association with each other. Song especially heard in evening. Generally paired. Myiagra oceanica Guam Song consists also of a series of clear sweet whistles, this time a series of 7 notes, slightly inflected, all on the same pitch. Sounds exactly like one of the songs of the Plain Titmouse. A common species on Guam, tho not as numerous as the Fan-tail. Is more of a typical flycatcher in habits, foraging out from an exposed perch in the understory of the jungle. Call is a singel whistled tone. Found in larger trees, and higher up that Rhipidura. Also a rasping wren-like call. Come readily to imitated calls or squeeking. Almost always found inpairs . Absent from open forest on dry rocky gnd. In such a place, they will be found in the occasional dark-green trees with small leaves (resembling Canyon Live Oak). Otherwise, always in the lower tree levels of the densest and highest forests. Flycatching posture is upright.

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- 12 - Aphonis opacus Saipan Fairly abundant in dense timber. Can depend on always finding them around cliffs and rock bluffs, however. Occasionally, seen in flight over other areas. Small flocks range far and wide, so that in a given tract of woods, they will be found at some time time during the day. On the great cliffs at the north end of Saipan, they are always present, singing, and flying, and perching in crannies hundreds of feet up. I have seen nests in small potholes in cliffs. Song typical of starling;gurgling and bubbling notes intermingled with whistles. Long duration, sometimes fairly sweet. Calls, a wide variety of whistles, with many conversational variations, but always very loud. A moving flock (usually 5-10 birds) will settle for a time in tops of dead trees. They straggle in their flock movements. Tinian Occurance as at Saipan. Quite common in dense forest Guam This is the most abundant and conspicuous bird on the island. They are everywhere. Always some in flight, every large tree has several. Loud calls and songs heard constantly from dawn to dusk. Drift through the woods in great, unorganized hordes. Adults much more wary than young, hard to approach. Young are very tame. Corvus kubaryi Guam Not abundant, but can be counted on to occur in any sizeable patch of heavy jungle. Calls frequently heard, and birds occasionally seen in flight over open areas. Call like an ordinary crow, and has conversational variations. This bird is amazingly secretive. There can be many foraging silently on the ground in dense jungle and there is no indication of their presence, unless they call. Usually that only happens after they have left your vicinity. Usually 2 or 3 together, but do not forage close to each other. Typical habitat: ground under dense jungle. * food: lizards, grasshoppers, insects, birds & flowers Cleptornis marchei Saipan This is at least one bird that is not universal in habitat. That is, it actually does not occur at Lake Susupe. It inhabits dense small tree growth under the cover of the large forest trees. Also in hillside patches of small trees. Very numerous, especially in type of growth on dry rocky slopes. Not a flocking species, but there are always 3 or 4 in the same area, sometimes more. They chase each other, uttering strident wren-like notes. Generally in lower trees. On 21 Jan 45, saw young staying in one place high in tree and giving a food-call - a mellow whistle - plaintive. No song or mating calls noted. In dark places, eye large, legs long and strong like a hermit thrush. But is never on the ground - forages through the smaller twigs. Eats fruit. Rapid flight when chase each other through the branches. I have seen congregation s of ten or a dozen birds, all clamoring loudly, and have never been able to figure out the meaning. * warning call like Vanid Thr.

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- 13 - Myzomela cardinalis Saipan Common throughout, including the lake area, wherever there are large trees in open country or edges of forests. Also in trees projecting above the general forest level. Uses high and conspicuous perches such as dead l i b e branches. Calling continually with high shrill whistles, of varying inflection. Also found in lower levels and scrubby forest growth. Males chase other species away from a feeding place - usually a poinciana tree in blossom. "Song" is just a loud wheezy call, a whistle. I don't know whether it actually is a song. Tinian Only one seen in course of a month's activities on the Island. This was collected. Giving typical calls from high perch in top of tree on hillside, of a pandanus type forest. Guam Relatively more common around cleared and habitated areas, especially native villages. Probably on account of the planted fruit trees, and planted coconut trees. They seem to prefer to forage in the center of the coconut , where they probably get nectar or eat the flower parts, or perhaps even insects. However, I have not noted insects in stomachs. Very hard to approach. Males especially seem to have sort of a circuit around a selected series of widely separated palms. Often a female with the male - she flies first, then he joins her at the next tree. This bird is an isolationist. It has nothing to do with any other species. Zosterops conspicillata Saipan Abundant in medium tracts of medium sized trees with small leaves, particularly various kinds of mimosa, with compound leaves and small leaflets. To lesser extent also in Casuarina and the acacias. Such ideas of relative abundance are subjective, however, because these birds are very abundant throughout. They do not go much into actual marshes, and they stay out of big trees with large leaves such as bread- fruit. They feed almost entirely on large berries. However, their actions seem to be typical of the kinglet-type of insect hunting - in small twigs and leaf sprays. They hover in front of leaf sprays, they make short flights after insects sometimes. They are very agile and active, and appear to use the "rapid-peering" technique. Often seen in a nuthatch-like posture, with bill, body and tail in line. Always in flocks, of about 25. Not as compact as bush-tit flock - more straggling. But eventually, they catch up with each other. Keep in touch by a variety of siskin-like plaintive high calls. No song noted. A confusion chorus is heard when a kingfisher comes near. They come readily to squeeking, and are very tame. The most abundant species on Saipan. Tinian More abundant than on Saipan, for the reason that Tinian is flatter, more open, and has less forest, and more planted acacia and casuarina. Flocks up to 50 individuals. Collected even out in sugar cane fields, where foraging within a foot of the ground. Nest seen in an acacia in April. Looked just like a bush-tit's nest, apparently had a hole on the side near- the top. But couldn't tell because about 12 ft up.

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- 14 - Guam- On Tinian, more than anywhere else, the White-eye and Kingfisher come into close juxtaposition, primarily because they have almost identical habitats (ie the long lines of acacias, running through the fields). Consequently there is more friction between the two species noted here than elsewhere . Still haven't seen a kingfisher get one of them. Guam A rare bird on Guam. Perhaps because relatively much less of the introduced (?) acacia and mimosa - in fact I didn't see any at all. Absolutely no Zosterops in the usual stands of pandanus jungle and banyan-like trees. The only place I found them was at the extreme north end of the island, where the richest variety of trees occured (always close to the ocean). Here was found a type of tree which appears to be a prerequisite to the occurance of Zosterops. It looks just like the Canyon Live Oak of California, and is about the only tree there that has small leaves, which is what Zosterops likes. In this limited area, they were fairly common in loose flocks of 4 to a dozen birds.. I Feel that the notes of the Guam Zosterops are distinct from those of Saipan. There were none of the high siskin-like calls heard on Saipan. I believe a much more tenuous and subtile difference exists in the call notes of the Tinian birds as compared to Saipan. end of series finished 3 Sept 45

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Marshall, 1945 Species Acc't 1. Sterna albifrons 26 Sept Lake Snupe, Saipan In afternoon 2 of these were diving on the main deep body of the lake - catching fish, shot one. None seen in following 2 weeks. Agrius alba 26 Sept Lake Snoupe, Saipan Always 4 or 5 pairs over L. for entire 2 wks. Today they did not associate with Sterna, & I have never seen them dive for fish in the lake. They engage in manoeuvres - a pair swooping c/o & twisting, always close together. They light in the Casuarina trees at margin & make a lot of noise. L 3055 was carrying a fish crosswise in its bill but the fish sank. However, generally saved the fish (held crosswise in bill) of same type from a bird on Tinian. Varanus 27 Sept L. Snoupe, Saipan 20' up on trunk of Casuarina tree edge lake. See Cat. for stom contents. 10ct Same place - a little fellow sitting on clump of Bermuda grass. Pteropus 28Sept L. Snupe, Saipan 1 hanging from Cas. tree

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Marshall, 1945 Sp. Aects 2. at edge Lake. 11 Oct Marpo, Timian About 500 hanging in a single large Banyan Coll. 10. Never seen again in that tree. 18 Oct Mt Lasso, Timian The same old colony (50-100) in trees by Asphalt Plant. Early a.m. lot of noise & screeching & flying around. Some were sleeping (not all in same tree but scattered all over hill ) others were climbing out on horiz branches to catch the rays of sunlight in which they would bend & hang, facing the sun, & shake out their wings. Aerocephalus 26 Sept-30 Oct Lake Sumpe, Sarijan Abundant all over L area in reeds, cane trees. Not in tules. Sing in chorus esp dawn & dusk. Very worn plumage in all. Mesophrys 29 Sept # 3066 E L. Sumpe, Sarijan Same old flock of about 25. Anas orstaleti L. Sumpe, Sarijan 26 Sept aft Saw 3 pairs flying over L. (2 pair same time) 27 Sept Only 2 singles early am flying . 28 Sept One in flight. 29 Sept None.

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Marshall, 1945 Sp Arc. 3. Pair flushed from sm isolated pond - tule NE lake. 30 Sept None in sm ponds by Charam Kanwa. 7 Oct Ponds NE of Lake, tule-fringed. AM - saw 1 flying then 4 went over me at isolated pool & I shot one. The 3 flew past several times. 10 Oct Flock of about 8-10 flew over us in compact formation at N and E. 30 Oct I seen in flight - finally shot it in isolated pond snd lake as it flushed, all alone. During rest of day & covered all the major pools & the Lake & No Mallards. A max. of 12 possible - same as generally for my month. independent counts for Timia. Must go from island to island - same group lots. See cut for dates Timian cut at Hagoi None seen at any time. Spatula rhynchotis clypeata 12 October L. Hagoi, Timian Pair at largest lake - swimming in open water 25 yds from shore. I shot both - genelly skinned 1 for MVZ & the other for USNM. Both very emaciated - probably labourn in day typhoon of last week. Gallinula 26 Oct Timian Maps Dawn clowns of hooting. Decoy to imitation. When light give the rasping note. Abundant in woods.

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Marshall, 1945 Sp. Acet's The strange case of the disappearing Collocalia 11 Oct Marpo Valley at Cliffs Timian Flock of 50-100 seen. Then all rest of week. By date I generally specimen there were only 2 pr. 2 days after that there were absolutely none not seen anywhere else on island. Must have gone to another island. Myzomela Oct Timian Fairly common in the wild wooded country Marpo & E Coast where I couldn't go before because of Japs. Decoy to imit. whistle. Zosterops 23 Oct Timian Coll 2 ad M's, one yellow, one grey. The yellow one was "singing" actually. Just an extended series of the usual siskin-like calls. Hirundo Oct Timian Flock of a dozen or so usually 8 together - along cliffs and in farm co. where forage along the rows of acacia. All 13 were im. No ad. seen, altho generally I have seen ad. in migration (Jan & Mar). Apparently these in winter here. Seen daily probably same group. Haleyon Several fighting - would grasp each other's bill 26 Oct Marpo Cliff Timian & hang on loser would hang down from other bill - flapping & shrieking.

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MARSHALL, 1945 PALAU Pteropus Peleliu, 1 & 2 November Fruit bats here begin to come out to forage in middle of afternoon, even on many sunny days. By late afternoon they are everywhere, flying around at low altitude over the trees, lighting in fruit trees and eating fruit. Often flushed at close range from low trees, fly off with large round fruit in mouth. Much more abundant here than Marianas. In feeding trees, very noisy, squabbling. Koror, month of November Abundant. Although feed anywhere that fruit trees are available - even around camps and houses, greatly favor the trees out in themangrove swamps. Especially the swamp at the north termination of the main Koror ridge of mountains. Many feeding by sunset amid perfect din of chattering. However, not all are out at this time, because just after sunset, they begin to fly in along this ridge, one by one in a steady stream. They fly along the top or near the top of the ridge and as they come to the termination of it, they half close the wings and make a dive directly down to the feeding trees in the swamp below. They dive at about a 45 degree angle, with great speed so that the wind makes a shrieking whistling sound thru their wings. They adroitly check their speed at the bottom of the dive at tree top level and make a circle or halfcircle back to a tree where they land by pitching forward, over the horizontal branch, grappling onto it with their feet on the way over the top. Most bats flush when approached within 30 or 40 yards, but many are very tame, and can be shot with the 22 aux. I am convinced that these latter are the young bats. Therefore to get adults, one should shoot them in flight. (When shot hanging, they generally remain hanging even though dead.) I have many times heard and seen bats alight in low banana trees - halfway out on the larger horizontal leaves. They alight with a loud crash against the leaf, hang for a while. But I have not seen them feed on these trees. I have seen them light only 4 or 5 ft from the ground. They also like to alight the same way in palm fronds, from which they hang, swinging front and back, but I don't see them feed. In the feeding trees at the edges of the swamps, bats are constantly alighting at the same point where one or two others are feeding. This always results in loud cries and the exit of one or all the bats.

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MARSHALL, 1945 Pteropus Koror, November These bats see do a lot aflying, day and night, apparently just for the fun of it. In evening, when most are diving over the 300 ft ridge to the swamps, others are flying generally in straight path for long distances and at great altitude. In daytime, several can generally be seen flying along or high above the ridge On 19 November, a sunny day, at noon I ate lunch in a tree at top of themain ridge where I couldwatch for hawks. Bats were continually speeding past, very closeto the top of the ridge, often in couples. Almost no wing-beats, just sailing, andat considerable speed. They would make a circuit so that the same bat would sail by evvey few minutes. Are very adept at this type of soaring. Silent in flight. It was not until 2 December that I found any roosting in daytime. There was a colony of about 50 in a huge small-leaved tree near the top of the rige in a very remote and wild forest suth on the mountain near the lake. There was some noiseand chattering, but most were hanging asleep. As it rained, some shook and fluttered their wings - either shaking the water off or taking a bath. (Same way thebats on Tinian shake their wings in thesunlight.) Peleliu, 4, 5, 6 December Southeast part of island in are; ofradio transmitter. Same typeof evening flights noted where at dusk the bats radiate out from some point to the suth - (deep woods - where I looked for but found no roost) south, not an or ganized flight but singlebats coming at high altitude every minute or so, andin same direction. By dusk they are flying low and alighting in fruit trees. 5 Dec shot a female with a suckling young. These two were colored alike - a beautiful deep chocolate mantle, with a few silver hairs. Another female taken same place, same time, had a taffy-colored mantle. (MVZ specimens). Male adults can be distinguished in flight by the pendant penus, and I shot two, but they fell out in the swamps. In thevial of ectoparasites from Peleliu, thered mites are from the suckling bat only. The large tick-like 6-legged parasites are only from the adult bats. The little buff colored insects are from the backs of these "ticks", probably their young. Noted also a few daytime on Babelthuap, admany, Arakabesan

Marshall, 1945 Palau Emballonura Koror, November Common in evenings near wooded ridges. Come out after sundown, but before Collocalia retires, so that for about 15 minutes, they are in the air to- gether. Flight erratic, but I have not noticed a consist- ent direction in plunges from the straightaway flight in catching insects. On Koror, I hunted them at a road between a marsh and the ridge. They were all along this road in groups of 3-6 or more. Early in the eveing they forage low - 15-30 ft off the ground. As it begins to get dark, they cut down their wandering and get to business in regular forage beats around certain large trees, generally near a open space. However at anytime two or more may take off in high, straight flight, pusuing each other. They keep foraging most of the night, because I have seen them in the woods on the ridge with the flashlight at all hours. They often fly close to the light out of curiosity the way bats do in the states. Tend to fly higher as it gets darker in the evening. Arakabesan, 29 November An entirely different picture of the evening program obtains here. The bats came out in large groups from a wooded hill after sunset and flew high and stright along the shore over the abandoned town. It was not until nearly dark that they settled down to forageing in circuits around the larger trees, these near wooded hills. Peleliu, 1 November. One seen at dusk at HQ 26th Mar. Not noted in my night hunting out by purple beach, where all birds were common, this in 1st week of December. Rodents trapping accounts ALL KOROR Koror west 16 November 24 traps from camp east towards shore, 15 yd intervals, thru abandoned farms and gardens. Some set in old native thatched huts. Caught 7 R. exulans, some traps reset twice. 20 November, Koror Set 24 traps at le 10 yd intervals through woods on ne side main ridge. Set around rocks, caves, tree stumps, etc. Only 1 R. exulans. 25 "ovember 1945, Koror : Set 24 rat traps baited as usual with rotten bacon. Around HQ buildings and barracks, an d old jap piles of supplies. Caught two R. rattus, at the supply dump (although they took the bait from all traps set in the barracks. One Mus, barracks.

Marshall, 1945 d Palau Rodent Trapping Accounts A few other nights, set a few traps in building where Marines complained of rats. Nothing but a few imm. R. rattus. One night set the 24 traps out without making special sets in exulans territory and got nothing (27 Nov). 2 December, Koror Set out the 24 traps baited with stale bacon in abandoned and ruined farms and gardens away from present human occupation, near HQ. Caught 2 R. rattus - an adult in a junk pile near HQ, and an imm far out in the farms - the last trap out. This is my first record of a R. rattus taken far away from humans on this island. As for the rest of the traps, under busher, near logs, grass at edge of banks, but always in open country. Got 13 exulans. Reset traps until midnight. Species Accounts of Rodents November, Dec. Rattus rattus Koror Common, to my knowledge only around quarters and mess halls and other buildings used by troops, and junk piles and stacks of Jap crates in the near vicinity of troops. They are bold feeders on candy and other edibles which the men always have in their rooms or tents. See above for only one noted away from humans. Mus musculus Koror, November Taken only in quarters (one). Rattus exulans Koror, 16 November, 20 November, 2 December. Although based on only 5 or six trapping nights, it seems safe to say that exulans is not found around the present human habitations, where the House rats may drive them out. They appear to be rare in natural wooded habitat - only one out of 24 traps on the side of the ridge in heavy jungle. However they are abundant along old garden walls, and in the tall grass around fallen logs, boulders, and banks, in open areas, such as abandoned gardens and farms. They do not move far for food because you can get three by resetting one trap, and another trap 10 yards away will remain untouched. Furthermore, the traps must be carefully set in favorable concealed places. On the 27th of November I got no exulans at all in traps through

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Marshall, 1945 e. Palaus Rattus exulans Koror favorable farmland, but I didn't try to make sets, just plunked them down in the trail/ at regular intervals. The notable thing about exulans is the fact that you get two or three rats at a single set. Successive visitors to the single trap are not necessarily of opposite sex. Apparently they occur in small communities or groups. On the evening of 2 December I set the traps and baited them about 6 times and caught all the exulans (13) by midnight. // 3 more got away. In the morning the traps were empty and untouched. Typical places of capture - all more than a quarter mile from human habitation: under bush in grass field, under bush at edge of field, under fallen thatch roof of native house now lying on ground and surrounded by grass, un dehse grass beneath a bank, at base of tree surrounded by grass, at base of clump of cane next to ditch, under fallen log surrounded by grass in old garden, side of garden wall, etc. Note that on 16 November most of the rats were ad males, and on the 2 Dec, most were ad females. These two areas were a mile apart, and in each I reset several imes so that I should have gotten most of the rats present.

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Marshall, 1945 Species Accounts Birds Palau Pelelin 1-3 November, 7 Nov, 22-25 Nov, 4-6 Dec Koror 3-6 November Pelelin 7 November Koror 7 November - 3 December Ridge 18 Nov, 19 Nov (Lake) Megapodes Parent Babelthmap: 13,27 Nov Aristrip, 29 Nov, 30 Nov N-W Arakabesan : 26, 29 November Phaethon lepturus Common over forests and sides of ridges everywhere. Hang around steep wooded ridges even where there are no cliffs. Often fly at tree-top level - with steady beats & tail undulating. More often seen than gygis. Koror: these birds sometimes gather over the main ridge and start to circle, uttering single staccato note "hip" with rasp in it, but sounding much like a stern call. This in groups of 3-5. Mostly sailing - no wingbeats Koror & Dec: One seen alighting in big tree in deep canyon near the lake.

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Sterna fuscata Pelelin 7 Nov 2 seen (together) from LCM. Other sterna also seen. Gygis alba Noted throughout in woods but uncommon. Seen frequently only at Pelelin where same behavior inland as at Marianas. Often seen roosting at night by flashlight - in trees on horiz branches. Anous stolidus Koror: One day morning a flock of 6 or 7 came over Koror - kept in formation. Are usually seen over the ocean near shore. Do much flying around the ridge at night - begin a little after sunset. All night the harsh cry can be heard along the top of the ridge - given by birds in flight. Babelthmap 19 Nov. On bike up main mountain range saw these terns often - chasing each other along ridges (soaring) and uttering the

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Anous stolidus very harsh rasping single note. On alighted on a horiz. branch of a tree at top of ridge - edge of a little clearing - about 20' up. Collected it - All alone. Call: a horrible long rasping

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Marshall, 1945 Palam Numenius resting on sand spits at north end of island. Generally 3 or 4 per flock of 50-100 Turnstones, plovers & sandpipers. Sometimes fly before the others do, then they keep to themselves & close together in flight to next patch of sand. Koror & Pelelin Single birds met daily on roads or trails thru open country. When they takeoff (by themselves or by being flushed) they make loud calls. One day an emaciated weak bird was catched on a road. At Pelelin, during a rainstorm one came outside the window of my lab and plucked grasshoppers out of a patch of grass next to the sidewalk. Found as commonly inland as Pluvialis, & both it & Actitis. Call: rapid succession of whistled cries. Actitis hypoleucus Pelelin, Koror Solitary on flat areas - on roads of white sandy soil, esp. near puddles

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Marshall, 1945 Palam Actitis hypoleucus in these roads. A given indiv. seen at same spot in road several different days. Teeters, flies ~ spotted Sandpipers. Call given when takes flight. Once seen at shore of a lagoon or sand (Pelelin) - flushed went in are over water & back to a twig sticking out of water near spot from which it had taken off. Arenaria interpres ~Nor Pelelin. Flocks on no. sand spits See under Whimbrel. Phalacrocorax melanoleucus Noted on Pelelin, Koror, Babelthmap - sit upright - body almost vertical head held high- horiz branches mangrove in tall dead snags over swamps (salt). Pelelin - also perch in mangroves 6-10 ft above water. Single or in pairs. At Pelelin saw one bathing in a road-side pond of fresh-water inland - another swimming on another sm. pond of fresh-water. 2 perched on lif diving platform in lagoon N end Pelelin. Fewer seen at Koror. At Babelthmap several seen in flight in open country vicinity of the bay (N-W).

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Marshall, 1945 6. Palau Phalacrocorax melandicus 30 Nov. One seen in flight (neck straight) was brilliant shining white below, but the one collected - from a snag above a fresh-water stream - was a seedy-looking indiv. Most common at Pelelin - often see them in flight over highways. Mesophrys intermedi Koror. Seen daily - flock of about a dozen - in farmland - grassy & open. Demigretta sacra Pelelin Beach, mangrove lagoons, tide flats W end, rocky N end totals : White 1 or 2 Slate 4 or 5 White with black spots on back & wings 2. Watch a mottled one foraging edge mangrove lagoon. Crept about keeping low & hunched up body horizontal. (Also seen at Koror) Bubulcus ibis ? Pelelin 2 Nov: I seen beach N end standing on sand. White egret with bulky heavy black bill. (As I recall the legs were light-colored).

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Nycticeus nycticorax Koror, 27 November On old dirt road lined with grass & with many puddles. Central part of Koror. Collected this specimen at night when drove up & saw it in headlights. kept right on hunting grasshoppers. Perhaps this same indiv. was the one seen in tree at dusk & flew towards this road. One was seen and shot at at dusk on a previous evening at this same spot in the road. Nycticorax caledonicus Koror I believe I saw a spotted one (im - or reddish-brown with buff spots) flushed from roadside in mangrove swamp N. end in evening. Same place saw one uniformly reddish- brown on dorsal surface in daytime. No black noted on plumage. Peleliu 6 December I was hunting bats in a clearing in forest E side, near lg. mangrove lagoon. 2 f's flew str. across clearing close together & I shot them both. 'Almost dark.' The skeleton was found on grassy dune near N. sand flats.

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Gobrychus sinensis Koror 3 Nov One seen in flight - I believe it was over grassy farmland. Babelthmap 13 Nov One flew across the causeway in the mangrove swamp. These are the only two I saw. Looked like sinensis. Very Rare. (If they were common, but nocturnal, I would have seen them often.) (Pandion haliaetus) (Peleliu 23 Nov One seen by Doc Jenkins - a good observer) Accipiter (small) Peleliu 2 Nov One flew across road & into dense mangrove forest - fast thru trees. Looked size of Sharp-shin. Koror 3 Nov Shot at & missed one in evening. It was perched on top of bamboo in farm area. Several other days saw a pair soaring over the island in circles. Larger than Sharp-shinned Hawk. Accipiter (large) Koror Seen several times - a pair - soaring

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Accipiter (large) over high ridge also over central part of island. Looks like Goshawk. Arakabesan 29 November flushed one from a ravine where I was driving at evening. Saw it perched on a Pandanus bare limb on top of hill but it disappeared when I stalked it. Got a good look at it and noted its very large size - a large Goshawk- upright posture, long tail, rounded wings (in flight). Buteo (medium) Koror A pair seen several different days circling over main wooded high ridge. Looked like smallish Red-tail - even to the reddish-brown tail. Megapodius laperouse Koror 18 Nov On main ridge - base on NE side a gentle slope with some accumulation of soil. Here we heard a megapode & I caught a glimpse of one ducking stealthily behind a bush. Call - Cuk-cuk- ckc--cuk, cuk, cuk. Loud, staccato. At end - 3 cries, each downward inflection & each

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Megapodius lafresnaye lower in pitch than preceding. keer, keer, keer Complete call: wwww, v,v,v; We found diggings - i.e. scratched up places on the trail whenever there was a little soil or leaf mold, than we found a lot of tracks in some fine sand in the mouth of a cave. Some of these huge tracks led right into a small hole between sand & rock, but we could see nothing in it. Apparently it was a little tunnel leading to another part of the cave. Koror 19 Nov Saw and shot at 2 - each at both the only 2 places where there was any level ground with soil along this long trip I took along the ridge to the lake. 1st was near top of ridge on a little level place between 2 peaks. Much scratched up leaves on the trail. Missed this one. It didn't call, but flew off with powerful flight. Flushed the second from the ground at the edge of the lake - it hit half way up in a large tree horiz branch and I shot it. After it fell, another,

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Marshall, 1945 Palam Megapodius laperouse called several times from the same spot. The first (above) had been walking with ease along the jagged top of a boulder. Koror 28 November. Same ridge as above, this time back at the NE base. Stopped to rest by a little valley (cleared) where there were some old Jap houses, and saw a megapode 6' away - on the other side of a rock from me. Again I noted the ease with which they stalk about the jagged rocks. Shot it with the .22 amp! 50 yds away heard & flushed 3 more - shot one with the .410 amp as it walked along the trail. Rest disappeared. (This was the spot where the cave was where I first saw them - very heavy dark jungle.) At the next little valley I flushed a little bird from the ground. It flew rapidly to a dense tree where I shot it as it sat like this: Note rounded- off hind end. It was a baby megapode - all by itself and capable of strong flight. Among the 1st

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Marshall, 1945 12. Palau Megapodius laperouse group, I noted that one bird will give the 3 cries simultaneously with the rolling cuk-cuk-cuk of a second bird. Koror & Due. Same ridge - this time in valleys of dense jungle out toward the lake. Heard several & shot at one. It was gone when I arrived at the place where it was shot. Found a lot of holes in the rock (made by #6 shot) and blood, but no bird! Here again I marvelled at the way these birds wall thru the rocks. From where I shot this bird looked as if it was walking along a straight line - perfect ease & steady movement as if walking along a little horizontal trail on the side of the ravine. When I reached the spot I found it was in some very jagged rocks - steep & with holes & tunnels everywhere. Same thing noted on calls - either part can be given alone, or both by 2 separate birds. Summary for Koror: Only on the

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Megapodius laperouse one main ridge - composed of very steep slopes, knife-edge summits, & narrow dark valley - all with heavy jungle growth of lg trees, vines & understory of brush in spots. Flat benches rare - only at bottoms of valleys or between peaks. However, there were Megapodes or sign in all these flat benches - where a little soil & humus & leaves will accumulate (all the rest is porous rock). Sign - scratchings in soil, with leaves all upturned. Like pig rootings. This ridge is separated from the one on the N end Koror by a narrow lagoon. The N ridge is similar in habitat but is full of jap houses & installations - no longer inhabited, but no Megapodes there. However Gallicolumba occurs on both. Gallus only on the one with the Megapodes. Pelcin 5 Dec One seen close range on trail among rocks under only dense jungle left (Purple Beach) Another heard. Similar habitat as on Koror

Marshall, 1945 14. Palau Gallus gallus Palau Common, wild, but frequently seen along roadsides (not secretive). Family groups seen daily with dozen or so chicks. These chickens were of variable coloration so probably largely interbred with domestics. Keror Heard in settled part of island but not seen. Heard on main ridge where the Megapodes were - crow all thru day but from the most remote & steepest mountain side. Never seen. These birds were so wild that I'm sure they must be original native stock. Never even get a look at one, although often heard them. Shot one chick. It flew from the trail on the top of the razor-backed ridge into a bush where I coll. it with roadside .22 shot. Just a chick but could fly perfectly. (# 3288 19 Nov) Rallus philippensis Common on all islands. Short seen usually running across roads at edge

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Rallus philippensis mangrove swamps, or on roads then abandoned farm land. Flushed in dense grass of old farms (Babel) roadside puddles (Pelem, Arakbesan), edge mangrove swamp (Koror), road then extensive dry flat grassland (NE corner Koror). Most abundant at Arakbesan where in evening of 29 November, I heard dozens of them - often very close - all from grasslands of abandoned farms & gardens. Call high sharp loud "kreek, kreek, kreek" with the resonance one familiarizes with marshes-birds in the states. Arakbesan is deserted. However they were almost as abundant in the settled part of the Jit. Govt area on Koror. On Babelthnap were very numerous in meadows in open country near the airstrip where the ground is either bare or with low grass and ferns. They give a few squawks, then put their heads down and scoot. In ordinary foraging, head goes back & forth with

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Rallus philippensis each step. In running away, it is hunched down & kept still. I never saw one fly. I think there are some on the Koron ridge (thought I heard them) in natural jungle habitat - but if so, not as common as in cut-over areas. The cry can best be described as speedingly "sharp". 27 Nov. Koror - just as it was getting dark I saw a little black rail at the side of an old road then dense cane & grass. It scuttled off when I finally realized it was a bird. Could have been a young rail, or another species. Gallinula chloropus Pelelin 24 Nov #3292 Pickup on road at Purple Beach Chapel (dry area but within 50 yds of mangrove lagoon) is my only record. (Porphyrio porphyrio) @ Seabook) (Pelelin Noted by Dr. Jenkins - a good observer. I didn't get around to investigating the brackish marshes on the W side of Pelelin - which I should have done. Very different from the mangrove lagoons)

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Marshall, 1945 Pala Ptlinopus porphyraceus Abundant but hard to see - very secretive. 2 kinds of habitat: Natural jungle on ridges - stays high in largest (fig) trees - Koror ridge, Nts of Babelthuap, undisturbed patch of natural forest on Pelen near Purple Beach; 2nd type-Koror - is a tree resembling a poplar which grows in mangrove lagoons. Where these lagoons are near the wooded ridge the doves fly back & forth between the 2 habitats, but they are common in places where these "poplars" are far from any suitable jungle habitat. Identical habitat setup for the Pteropus and strangely the Otus (equator?) the other pigeons don't go into these trees, but Ptlinopus of the bats feed in them extensively. Flight is bullet-like - straight & swift. Retreat unnoticed from the back of a tree when you approach. Are seen singly, pairs or small groups. A dozen or more congregate around one of the 3 or 4 huge figs on the N Koror Ridge.

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Marshall, 1945 Palan Ptilinopus porphyriacus Also very common in mixed woods in semi-marsh-land or NE side Koror. Seen to advantage from summit of main ridge. Single birds make long flights along the side of ridge. In the large fig mentioned above, the birds stay very high - 100 ft or more in the crown. They disappear as soon as they alight - a very baffling & often-repeated trick - done by walking quietly along a branch away from the point of landing. Concealing coloration developed to an extreme here, & they do [crossed out] stay in the lighter green trees. An alternative is when they perch motionless for 15 mi or more upon alighting. In either case it's difficult to locate them. You will see one enter a tree and in looking for it you may flush 5 or 6. When they are feeding at a great height, in the fig, they do not freeze, and can be seen walking along branches & shaking twigs as they pluck fruits. The call is distinctive from that

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Ptilinopus purpureus of roseicapillus by its occasional hesitations* and the absence of a speed-up to a roll in the middle of the sequence: coo, coo, coo, coo-cu*, coo, coo-cu, (now descending in pitch) cu, cu, cu, cu, cu. All the notes are of same quality, and inflection (none of the rising inflection in terminal notes that rosei has). All have downward inflection: These calls are heard all day and night. The first night on Koror I had a bad time figuring out the owl and goatsucker's calls because of these doves, which I certainly didn't expect to hear. One will call them all the birds, roosting in that neighborhood will take it up in turn or in choruses! Each (i.e. one full sequence) calls only once. I could start them off at night by giving imitated call. I didn't see any hang & flutter on small twigs the way Quails does. Eat the fruit whole. Flight keeps t-level of treetops. You hear dozens for each one seen. All islands. Mostly natural timber but spills out into settled areas where big trees.

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Marshall, 1945 20. Palau Ptilinopus porphyreus Flocking: very haphazard & only due to circumstance of being attracted to a good feeding tree - such as the giant fig. For example: this being the largest feeding tree, it had the greatest number of doves in it. No interrelations noted with Ducula - both are very common, and absolutely independent of each other. Ducula oceanica All islands - found wherever heavy natural forest occurs - ideal locations: the main ridge of Koror & the mountain ranges of Babelthuap. One seen at camp on Koror, but generally stick close to the wooded slopes. Not flocking at this season - evenly spread out thru timber - most often tend to occur at tops of ridges particularly for "calling." All the not flocks so many individuals present that one is are always within sight or hearing. Do not call at night. Generally perch high in trees and in the larger trees. Eat fruit when on Koror &

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Marshall, 1945 Palau Dreula oceanica have repeatedly seen them flutter and hang upside-down on little twigs while they gobbled fruit - like huge chickadees. Birds which call are often concealed in foliage flush when you walk under them, and often you don't see them at all. These are the old birds which are wary & if you do get a glimpse you see they have the knob on bill. The young ones are tame - no knob - hence most often call are in. Restricted to the one habitat - don't go into mangrove areas like Ptilinopus. Very abundant - altho Japs claim to like them for food. Call is horrible enough, but not as hair-raising as Arons stotidus. Reminds me of Sea Lions barking. Harsh & rasping & deep-throated : " Arrrooo, arrrooo, arrroo, arrooo, aroo " 3 - 7 notes each a trifle lower in pitch & intensity than preceding, and each shorter than preceding. When very close, a superimposed tone is heard with rising inflection, high pitched rasp similar to Hyla or locust : kreek kreek kreek Note: large fruits swallowed never seen on the ground whole - see stomachs.

Marshall, 1945 63. Palau Small Gecko Keros: Common. Nocturnal. Arboreal, but only lower in bushes. Must spend day in holes in rocks, because out in the jungle & the ridge, they begin calling late in afternoon, even before sunset. Call, heard also in the evening is a gurgling sound with a few chips interspersed & sounds like stomach-noises. Found in buildings commonly. Strictly nocturnal foraging. Smooth skin. Area (Saipan. Small geckos have a sharp chirp - given in accelerating series.) Can change color from pale buff to blotchy black according to color of wood on which they crawl. Can move rapidly.

Marshall, 1945 22. Palau Ducula oceanica Another call heard less frequently is a loud plain round-toned mellow hoot sometimes a little rough. Several evenly-spaced tones about same pitch & tempo as the harsh calls - all or same pitch, however. Gallicolumba canifrons Koror & Peleliu Identical habitat and distr. as Megapodius - also about same numbers - except with these I never saw more than one at a time. This means that they can be depended on to occur in the habitat, but you can go a long way thru it without seeing any. One reason is that you don't see them on the ground unless you startle one into flight & they flush only when you are within 3 or 4 yds. They fly very swiftly with a clap of wings, an alight a few yards away and walk along gracefully, picking up seeds & fruit. (Head jerks back & forth with steps.) Walk very rapidly - legs twinkle. I recall seeing one scoot along a log very rapid

Marshall, 1945 62. Palau Lizards Large Gecko Korer Common - stays high in trees - jungle. Bright red eyesline. Vicious - bit me & drew blood. As far as I know - no callnote. Moves slowly up branches. Strictly arboreal. Also roofs I abandoned native huts in woods. One very dark rainy afternoon, I discovered that they were out on banana leaves and they had turned green to match the leaves. Note finely skin. Palechin seems like a different species. Shined many at night - high in trees. Call one 5 December. I had shot a bat from this tree & was wrapping it up by flashlight when I heard a crash & this lizard bounded down to the ground next to me & stood watching me - on his hind legs, one arm free the other holding onto a little leaf for support. Started to crawl away & I swatted him with a magazine. Had black spots.

Marshall, 1945 Palau Gallicolumba canifrons 23. Normal pace. Some thing impresses me as with Megapode - can walk with ease than worst kind of rocks looking as if going on a paved road. Like the Megapode is restricted to benches or floors of canyons where there is a little soil. Less than 10 indiv. of each sp. seen during entire stay. None in the seemingly swell habitat on Dabel into with rich soil jungle. When flushed come back to ground. Often will stand quietly behind a tree base after flushed - shot a couple this way. I got one male by imitating hoots - it came walking up a little ravine to me. Got two more by tracking them down while they were perched in trees - 10 ft. above ground & in dense vines - hooting. They answer hooting they call more frequently when you answer them. Hoot is very faint you are close to them when you hear it. Series of upward inflected coo's 7 or 8 of them typical dove pitch & quality. Note the moan ssssssss of zanthomma.

Marshall, 1945 61. Palau Lizards Yellow-green Diurnal Lizard All islands. Abundant in green forest where sunlight on lower bushes & trees. Most often seen in cultivated farm area - but only where trees. Strictly arboreal. A rapid climber. Skinks Slender Blue-tailed & bronze colored species are common, & found plentifully in the ridge jungle. Diurnal. On ground and rocks. 2 coll 2 Dec Koror Ridge - shot up Saw a brilliant bronze kind which I could shoot. Short-headed Skink (?) This species with the light line (superiliary) & whitish undersides of head is common around trash piles & fallen logs, Koror. Diurnal. Only on ground. Large Nocturnal Lizard Resembles above species, but is much larger, rare. I saw one in grass at night, and caught the one specimen (largest in coll. except geckos) in a rattrap under brush at side ofe garden in evening 25 Nov. Koror. Only on ground.

Marshall, 1945 Pala Gallicolumba canifrons On Pelelin was a trail near Simple Beach Chapel & I would flush a dove from a certain dense tree every time I went past. It often hooted there & another could be heard 30 yds away. These 2 birds then had very definite hooting perches. Relatively more numerous at Pelelin (at this one patch of good timber) - flat area - not a ridge. Also present on the north ridge of Koror. When hooting, sits on horiz vine surrounded by dense vine tangles - 10 or so ft up. This charming dove fascinated me more than any other bird of the Pacific. It is exceedingly graceful in its movements & the soft colors together with the elegantly-colored feet make each glimpse of it a thrill. It occupies a niche shared only with the Megapode and land crab. Caloenas nicobarica Rare Pelelin One seen in flight along Bloody-Nose Ridge. Slow, steady wing-strokes. Koror 19 Nov. One flushed from trail top & knife ridge. Heavy jungle.

Marshall, 1945 60. Ruler Whip Snake was gliding among the boulders in this dense jungle situation. Cold damp. Moss growing on rocks. Much bigger & different color than 1st 2. Same Species? Boa ? (Square more bronze color) Kor: Alerted when I sat down & put my feet on it. Didn't see it but Dr Jenkins did & we caught it. This was on a rock ledge in shady jungle on N end little Kor ridge. Typhlops Korai: One seen earlier in bottom of pit in sandy brown soil one night. Rapid movement & disappeared in a few seconds. (I had stumbled into this pit left deep in the middle of a Jay garden - late at night while searching for a Whipoorwill I had shot.)

Marshall, 1945 25. Palau Cacatua ducorpsi Koror 19 November Flock of 15 at the lake deep in the outridge jungle. Didn't notice them until I fired at a megapode, then they all began to squawk. Came to imitated squawk & whistle (rising infl. - low J kooeee). But never close enough to shoot. Individuals gathered at the rumpus & soon the whole flock of 15 was together - would fly across lake - perch in trees on one side then to the other side keeping in close formation, & circling high over me. Squawks can be heard 1/2 mile at least. Ran into a couple of small groups toward dark - getting ready to roost in large trees. Too dark to see them. Koror 2 Dec Valley N of Lake. Scattered in groups of 3-5. Could decoy some to me by whistling & squawking but couldn't see them when perched. However would stay in a given tree for 15 min or more without calling. Exceedingly wild. Koror 3 Dec Morning saw one fly to clump of coconut palms from mangrove lagoon. It sat on fronds & I believe was eating flowers. It flushed & while I was a long way off but I took a shot as it circled near & either missed or lost it. This bird was all alone, and 4 to 5 mi. from...

Marshall, 1945 59. Palau Tree Frog Calls only at night. Found among jagged rocks under brush. Dry ground. Abundant - everywhere. "crrrrrnick" Reptiles No Varanus altho rumors of them on Kror ridge. Rumors of Crocodile in inland lagoon, Babethnap. Snakes Whip Snake: I saw 3 Kror 1st in rocks at base ridge - went into a bush of pandanus clump & wound itself around thru the dense foliage & twigs very easily. Looked like a lead gray color - darker above. 2 ft long. Kror 2nd in short grass trailside base of Kror ridge. Very swift - hiked off into brush. A cool damp dark place like the 1st. Same size & color color. Kror 3rd (Collected) Noted constriction back of head - very narrow neck & slender long tent. Kror 3rd - Collected: Deep valley hidden in cuts of main ridge. This snake

Marshall, 1945 26. Palau Cuculus Koror 3 Nov One flew into tree at 3rd B.H.Q. Seemed to be slate-blue above barred black & white below with chestnut or rufous color somewhere - apparently on throat or chest. Narrow-pointed wings, long tail, rapid straight flight. Seen several evenings in succession while I was hunting bats at N edge ridge. It would fly along top of ridge & enter a tree on the top. A few min. later would dash on & disappear over the ridge. Must have roosted up there. Otus podarginus (Podargus) Koror & Peleliu Habitat: Same as Ptiliogynus (a) Natural jungle (ridges on Koror, intact patch of forest near Purple Beach, Peleliu), (b) "Poplar" trees in forested mangrove lagoons - these trees 30-50 ft high & form an open forest, mangroves & water beneath, or mud flats. Individual pairs or single will based in the natural habitat (i.e. regular territories) will sally out into adjacent cultivated land where there are clumps of trees & will call from Palms, Bamboo, etc but stay within 100 yds of the natural forage terr. In many cases the pairs in the "poplar" lagoons are roving from a base in jungle on the ridge, but some pairs call before they roam way out

Marshall, 1945 Palam Lonchura so you get 3 or 4 in a shot. Sometimes they feed on bare plowed ground. Don't move around - just sit & pick up seeds. Fly to a different feeding bush or tree each time they are flushed. Flush at about 25 yds when feeding, but very tame when perched. Undulating flight like goldfinches - do a lot of circling & recon before settling down. If undisturbed, more & more groups come in to feed at the same spot. This is very peculiar & noticeable "flocking within the flock" - cliques, or clubs. I thought I was following a flock of 4 birds trailed them until they settled in a far part of the field. As I walked up a 2nd flock of 8 came in and joined them on a direct flight. When I got there, I flushed about 16 birds! In resting trees, sit perfectly still, occasionally give a note or two. Most calling is during flight.

Marshall, 1945 27. Palau Otus podarginus in the lagoon where there is 4 ft or more of contin. water at high tide. Nitch: arboreal (but see stomach contents in catalog) in higher parts of trees - mostly in continous heavy jungle growth but birds occasionally call from lone trees in open. One coll. at Peleliu from foliage in crown of bush about 12' up. Stay pretty well concealed in high dense foliage. Rarely can shine because of this. Easier in the "poplars" where they sometimes roost from bare branch. Territories: Well-defined (except for occasional wandering into open country - which was the only time I could get to them because jungle too steep & dense to find them - hence the few specimens). Most of this remain in circumscribed area on ridge slopes or in lagoon where impossible to reach. A pair with well-defined terr. spends all night within 100 yd radius, hours in same clump trees. Along one trap line on the ridge & passed thru 3 terr. (pairs) in 300 yds. Get off from the ridge & can hear as many as 6 pairs hooting at once & well spaced along ridge. Ridge here is low enough so that no terr. is vertically above another. Each pair, say, has a 100 yd

Marshall, 1945 Palau Lonchura Babelthrap 30 November One farm at area N causeway - flat ground, short glass - human habitations & farmers all around. Here were about 50 of their birds organized into several flocks. They were there morning & afternoon & I coll. 12 of them & lost about as many more - because of losing them in the grass if they flew after being hit - also something (rats?) was eating them. Once when I shot 3 or 4 with one heavy charge, all I found was feathers. Another time I shot one with 1/2 load, saw him drop & found blood & a pile of feathers! They fed exclusively in the grass- perch silently in a small tree a while, then fly down to the grass 50 yds or more away - may circle around a wide area before landing- after a slight faint "toip" note then alight on grass blade, & soon all slip down to the ground & are lost from view. They feed very close together - all bunched up - also perch that way in the trees

Marshall, 1945 Palau Otus podarginus. strip from base to top of ridge & the added luxury of a few chosen song perches out in the poplars within 100 yds base of ridge. Do not respond to imitated hoots unless in middle of terr (usually inaccessible) & then only come overhead for short while. Sometimes can decoy a & by giving typical & call at end of his calls but he usually overshoots you, and altho goes over you, doesn't land near. Only once did I decoy a bird into view. Largest Abundance terr are where jungle & lagoon meet - pair will have a circuit of song trees going thru both habitats - still about 100 yd rad. Abundance: As indicated - pair per 100 yds ridge. Night of 19 Nov - moonlight - hiked back from lake to end of main ridge & in valleys & ridges heard about 15-1 pairs - Anyway very common always within hearing of several pairs. (calls on the small Koror ridge, where not so many do.) estimate 6 pairs on NE slope, 6 on the opposite, 5 or 6 more pr in surrounding lagoon. About 4 pair in woods at Pelelin. (Absent from the blasted, vine-grown parts of the island). Time of activity: Certain pairs make one series of hoots shortly after sunset,

Marshall, 1945 Palau Rukia palanensis Constant loud grating notes. A very active, noisy, bustling bird. Favors shot-up woods where vines drape the dead trees to a great height. Song: Very high-pitched canary-like whistles & trills. The trills continue as a background all during the whistled notes so that a single bird sounds like several singing at once. The open whistles of descending inflection "teen teen, teen" have a strained quality as if they are being squeezed out & the bird is in agony. After a series of these (without trill) he goes into a long trill that surges somehow, then the upward inflected whistles with trill undercurrent. This song is like no other bird I've heard. It has this remarkable orgasmic, hectic quality.

Marshall, 1945 Polar Otus podarginus the same pair will do this from the same tree each evening. The majority begin when it's getting dark & keep it up all night, tho calling less frequently after the first couple hours. Early calling: one pair at little N Koror ridge, 1 pr. at Pelelin. Voice: Call about every 15 min. (1st part of four hours of evening). It seems to be part of a very set series of doings & if series is interrupted, bird will wait another 10-15 min & start over again, as the following exceptional case shows: Heard the ♂ of a pair based on ridge calling from tree edge lagoon. I didn't climb in & call was short. Figured he would stay there - ran 250 yds to tree I figured he would occupy. In 10 min he gave a few muffled notes - silent again 15 min, then began regular series - I crashed up towards him & he stopped in middle of series. I therefore would still remain] I shot at a movement in the leaves (couldn't shic him) & scared him away. This is due to interruptions) in contrast to the established mode of conduct: Call is series of notes lasting 2-3 minutes, consisting of rise to climax in 1½-2½ min, definite climax for ½ min, tho another tapering off for 15-25 sec.

Marshall, 1945 Palau Rukia palauensis Pelelin only. Abundant & very conspicuous because of loud singing & chattering calls. One of these chatters is similar to Psamathia (rarely heard in Psamathia) hence some confusion. Birds noisy & constantly pursuing each other - groups of 3 or 4 the rule. Sing all day long from interior of crown of large dense trees, occasionally from top twig or bare branch. Chase starlings away & kingfishers away from their tree. Move about - much flying out in open. Sing from one tree for a while - other ?'s gather in neighboring trees & chorus ensues - then all tear off into the low vine tangles chatter and disappear 15 min to h later another burst of singing joined by all local males - this time from different group of trees. Hard to see any territoriality. Foraging down near ground in vine tangles on the shut-up strips & in crowns of smaller trees. Generally 20+ more birds together.

Marshall, 1945 Palan Otus podarginus The "tapering-off" is given in flight as the male flies to a new perch near the female. The female joins in at the climax of the male - giving him the desired locating, and the entire "tapering off" or part of the climax therefore consists of a duet. Assuming as Call of male: Staccato whistled cry sounds just like Glaucidium brasilianum - i.e. not mellow pure tone like "quoma" but a sharp "quirt", longer interval than former and often irreg. intervals - 1 note per 1 1/2-2 sec in rise to climax, more rapid at climax 1+ sec and tapering-off. Rise to climax: quality as above, all same pitch, but may start low & mellow & rise to full harsh tone in a few sec - then the extended series. Toward climax, interval changes to 2 together, pause, series, 2 together, pause etc. Climax: sharpest, loudest & highest - double notes, 1st a minor third above 2nd, each phase given in 1 sec interval at peak of climax - just before flight. "Tapering off": single notes in ordinary spacing but series descending in pitch & becoming softer, low, and mellow; last few return to the double (of) the climax) but at the new soft low level. Call of female Same thing, but 1st 2 parts compressed

Marshall, 1945 64. Palau Zosterops cinerea Abundant throughout - the most common bird wherever large trees occur - especially the heavy forest. Small flocks in open country - flocks of 25-50 in jungle. Drift thru tops of trees. Pairs or small groups everywhere also. In flight over mangroves, gardens, etc. Strong swift flight in open. Sometimes fly very high & for long distances - very different in this one respect from conspicillata. Also different in favoring the heavy forest & large trees. Otherwise they are just like conspicillata of Saipan with calls resembling it. Calls however sweeter than the latter, rougher & louder & lower pitched than Palau conspicillata. Cadence same. Curiosity - can decoy them very close with squeeks. They are very tame & very noisy. Forage in interior & crown foliage.

Marshall, 1945 31 Palau Otus podargris so that entire tapering off & last pt. of climax is given same (but not in unison) as ?. Lower in pitch and mellow tone, breathy at the last. ? ?: --..--... <---(longer)---> .--.--.-..-..-.--. ?: I haven't proven by collecting I have call a ? which was giving full sequence alone - that it was a ? - but was out of terr. perhaps unattached ?. ::: I conclude ?'s either unattached or separated by 100 yds from ? will give the ? sequence but at a lower pitch & more mellow. The flight to new perch during taper-off is generally 25-50 yds. Often both birds fly together to a new tree. 15 min. later they will call from a perch near where the last sounds were given in flight. I I have observed a close parallel to this performance in Otus asio at Altadena which culminates in ? & ? finishing a duet at the same tree (starting out from a different tree, but as I recall, it is the ? which joins the ? - who stays the whole time in one perch. 1st part is the "booming ball" call, 2nd pt (duet) is the double trill. Eyeslime white.

Marshall, 1945 Palau Zosterops conspicillata Babelthnap 27 November Airstrip: Common on the rolling hills partially forested (2nd growth - no big trees), partially covered with lupurous fern growth. Saw 2 flocks well about dozen individ. One in patch of sm trees in the fern area, other in dense patch woods side gravine. Neither was associated with emerea. Most common at Babel, but nowhere near as numerous as Saipan & Tinian. Flocks compact - forage in sm. outer foliage. Constant calling to keep members of flock in contact. Voice. Very distinct from Saipan. Not a rough "chlip chlip" like Engl. Sparrow (Saipan) but a high (very high pitched) tee dee-dee, tee-dee a clear whistle as high as I can whistle. This call has notes from song of Mt. Chickadeer Tee dee, te de, tee dee-dee-dee. No song heard. Differs from emerea only in clear tone & higher pitch.

Marshall, 1945 Palau Caprimulgus indicus Habitat: Same as Ptilinopus & Otus on Koror & Pelelin. (jungle & "poplars" of mangrove lagoon - or lagoons where there are large trees). Differ from Otus in larger forage area. In middle of night, individuals can be shined & induced to call in big trees in cultivated areas far from home habitat. More com. Prefers the dense jungle, however. Abundance: Not calling much at this season - some evenings hear none i. had to estimate, but seem to be spaced out about same as Otus, perhaps fewer, but do congregate 2, 3, or 4 together esp. in hugest trees. Not found in same place successive nights, wanders more. One night there were 5 or 6 about a huge tree on N ridge Koror (Ptilinopus tree). They were at the extreme top of it & were giving the incessant rolling notes (steady - no let-up or pause for minutes at a time). Usually found singly & rarely call. Most calls are given in flight - more almost always " " " . "Hammer-beat call" given stationary - low tree, top part of trees or (1) on stake or 1 ft from gnd. Indic. shined at night rarely because hawk about in dense foliage.

Palen Bostrops conspicillata into little bushes nr. a spring. Same day in some settled farm country came on a flock of about 50 - at first new with lg. flock of cinerea but cinerea went on ahead - altho both sp. followed same forage current. looked about hr to get back where started - a patch of large trees resembling any live oaks out in the lagoon. When fly across field - flock is very compact - all within a couple yds of each other & they go low - 3-6' up- get to series of trees & drift along thru foliage. Stragglers trail along in little bushes & weeds in the fields. Flock spent most time in patch of dense tall brush & vines. Much noise. Cinerea always farther ahead. When they got back to the trees in the lagoon they became quiet & just stayed there - at least 1/2 hr until I left. 2nd flock of 20+ in grove sm trees npt lagoon 1/4 mi away from 1st flock.

Marshall, 1945 33. Palau Caprimulgus indiens Those shied when quiet were foraging fly-catcher fashion. Sit on exposed bare twig, fly out 25 yds or more & return (or move to next tree if in open co.) When flushed from perch give a snore "karump, karump" (Mays). "Hammer-beat call" is harsh whistle of downward inflection, staccato even series, 2 or 3/second. This, in the rare times when the birds were really aroused, or remembering breeding season * develops into the interminable roll which is mellower. [*] Perhaps I'm dealing with 2 forms: resident which is uncommon, & gives roll; winter which forages wider & gives the less ecstatic calls. Eye-shine - red, large. Flight, slow-easy to follow with flashlight. The hammerbeat call has a terrific wallop - really is loud & percussive. Rolling call rarely heard - generally several birds together high in highest tree. Some evenings much more calling than others. Favorable evening at dusk: birds chasing each other among & around dense trees uttering the "karump" snore note. Actually a single-syllable resp note.

Marshall, 1945 51. Palau Zosterops conspicillata Pelelin rare or absent - Thought I heard a flock on 5 Dec. Koror Rare. 1 Flock of about 20 birds came thru garden at Bn HQ several times a day without cinerea foraged in bushes under the planted garden trees - small-leaved bushes & smaller trees. 1 Flock This was end of Nov. Another flock seen in mangroves of edge lagoon NE end Koror. Shot 4 14 nov - all from same mangrove(?) foraging in the little leaves up crown foliage. 1 Flock of 25-30 in fine-leaved trees on top of main Koror ridge - seen some place 19 Nov & 2 Dec. 28 Without cinerea. 28 Nov. Another flock in large trees over the water on E side ridge where it drops str. into ocean lagoon. Heavy jungle in these last 2 places. There was a flock of cinereae here but the 2 sp. kept separate. Babelthuap Common in cultivated or 2nd growth areas. Not noted in forests on the mtns. 13 Nov. 5 or 6 were part of a flock of cinerea in 2nd growth timber nr. airstrip. Several times became separated from cinerea & acted as unit. Came to edge woods & down

Marshall, 1945 Palau Collocalia inexpectata all islands abundant throughout but not evenly dists. Always some along crest of ridge. Not in jungle. Small groups or flocks of a dozen favor certain spots where they are seen daily: a certain populated road intersection on Babelthuap, a road cut in farm co. on Koror, road between ridge & lagoon N end Koror ridge (the little ridge). Favors roads. Flocks seem to spend hours (or all day?) at a single road cut & stay within 100 yds & generally stick to 1-5 yds in air. Evening gathering is spectacular: at this north termination of the Koror little ridge is inland which is metropolis for Pteropus, Emballonura, Otus. At dusk the swifts begin to gather there, augmenting the local groups until several hundred are there. They continue foraging even while Emballonura are out then they begin to go higher - treetops, then over the trees - then swirl around & ascend in a loose cloud. By that time it's dark & the cloud has disappeared over the ridge. I always enjoyed watching a pair in

Marshall, 1945 Palau Myzomela cardinalis Common, all islands. Occurs in large trees or groves in open country. A single breadfruit tree may have [illegible] foraging in it, many of them living. M's & F's outnumber M's I believe. Not recalled from heavy jungle. Much confusion due to similarity of calls to Aplonis (hence different from Marianas). On the Marianas, th notes are high, shrill & wheezzy. On Palau the notes are full whisted tones at lower pitch many of them similar to Aplonis calls. Favor Coconut Palms, Breadfruit trees. More about like all other Passerines seems unusually abundant on Peleliu. No breeding behavior such as using song perches noted - altho some specimens were in breeding condition (F laying).

Marshall, 1945 36. Palau Collocalia inexpectata. the garden at my quarters on Koror. They are miniature in every respect incl. speed & small forage circuit. This pair would spend hours in a circuit only 25-30 yds diam. Very tame - I could stand at the hedge & they would come past my head within inches on each tour. Mostly sail - constantly changing pitch of wings, flutter to go up after a bug. A great habit is to dip wing after flutter so wings are vertical. Feed on very small flying insects. Sometimes, pairs pursue & utter bat-like chirps & squeals. twittering. No mating seen. Haleyon cinnamomina Rare saw 7, heard 2 more. Usually very quiet. Sits absolutely still in vines of understory of open natural forests. Won't move - you can walk right up to them. Total Observations: Pelelin: 23 Nov pair perched on phone wire at side road - open area; 5 pairs at lg. dense tree in patch natural forest near airfield - heard then saw one dive from this big tree, followed it's direction & located it on horiz vine 8 ft up in tall tree sitting quietly & watching me. Shot it. Then heard what

Marshall, 1945 Palau Colluricincla tenelrosa Lack of fidelity to definite pattern of conduct is jay-like, suggesting emphasis on intelligent behavior at the expense of instinctive behavior. Apparently at a different stage of breeding cycle Peleliu & N. Palau Aplonis opaca Common, all islands, wherever tree-growth occurs. Evenly distr. throughout the jungles & forests in flocks up to 50 (rare) or more, generally in small groups. Juvs. often in flocks by themselves. Like to perch in bare limbs of dead trees. Calls slightly different from Marianas. Singing rarely heard. On Peleliu gather around cliffs & also found around camps. Not as abundant as at Guam - about same as Saipan & Tinian. Take long flights - over the lagoons & from ridge to ridge (Koror) (2 1/2 x 3 1/2).

Marshall, 1945 Palau Haleyon cinnamoning must have been its mate from the tall dense tree! Chick-a chick-a, chicka crreeee, crreeeee crreeeee. The "chick" is the same as the usual sharp cry of H. chloris (Saipan & Palau) the 2nd syll is unique for this bird. The "creee" is the long drawing nasal every call typical of Guam cinnamoning and used by Palau chloris [!!!]. Saipan & Tinian chloris don't have anything like this cry. It is the principal call of Guam & Palau cinn. and a secondary call of Palau chloris [?!]. Pelelin 25 Nov: in patch native trees near lagoon N. end looked up & one was sitting there watching me 3 ft away on horiz vine. Shot with slingshot but it Got away. Koror 21 Nov: Evening on top W. little ridge saw one sitting over my head in sm. tree. Shot it. Babelthwap 30 Nov: Heard a pair giving the "creee" drawls in flight, & located them at edge woods perched quietly on branch 3' off ground. Shot one, then the other. They were posturing when I first came up. 29 Nov heard the "cree" call in open part of jungle high on mountain.

Marshall, 1945 Palau Colluricincla melanoleuca among the branches. Song: Quality & structure of Black- headed Grackle - more rufled and shorter duration. Very musical, Loud & pleasing, but lacking thrush quality of robin. Clear loud and whistled (Easy to imitate & does attract the bird). Nesting: Peleliu 4 December A bird seen carrying a twig in its bill. It would fly around its tree with this stick go into the tree then come out & fly around with the stick again. Never see them out in the open or away from densest forest under natural conditions (Koror, Babel). Absent from 2nd growth forest on Babel. But on Peleliu where there is not enough habitat to go around, you see the birds everywhere & they fly very low and swiftly (like a thrush) from one patch of trees to the next. No set posture - the bird is continually craning its neck - looking every-which way.

Marshall, 1945 37. Palau Haleyon chloris Common all islands. Principally in Casuarina trees along shores. Also common on telephone wires, Peleliu, Babelthmap; edges of mangrove lagoons Koror. Perches very high in the giant Casuarinas. Much less vociferous than at Saipan or Tinian. Didn't see the high-in-air performances, nor the fighting & loud conversations. Call, described under cinm is amazing because the drawl of Guam & Palau 'cinm' is used generally always following the main call of chick-chick, chick-chick, etc. (more or less double usually). Quality like barking wood but not as sharp & loud as that of Marianas bird. By comparison this bird is subdued, altho I have seen 3 or 4 together when they get pretty noisy. Call all thru day (near camp, Koror). Always in open: Trees at beach, phone-wires on causeways thru bay, roadside, edges lagoons, etc. Not in jungle except to roost at night (9 Nov Koror one collected out of 4 shot at - others looked sm & could have been cinm. Very

Marshall, 1945 Palau Coluricinclatendbrosa squeak at an intruder. Habits: A very good parallel is the Grey Jay - small groups move around very silently, are very curious gather- to look at' intruder. Have great variety of conversational notes, great vocal range, so very docile & will sit very still watching you for minutes at a time. Sometimes they will come within 2 or 3 ft & peer at you. The habit of keeping the mouth open - tongue not visible - when excited, is remarkable. Call Notes: Conversational - all varieties as in Grey Jay - squeaks, whispers, squeels etc - hard to describe any particular or typical one. Quality of the tone is some distinguishing character - very funny. Song heard only once on Koror-early morning. Note -> Note -> Heard all the time on Pelelin - including a remarkable pre-dawn chorus (when still dark) sounding like Robin Chorus. Sing all thru day but not as many as dawn. Song place is same as forage witch - bird sings as it hops

Marshall, 1945 38. Palau Halcyon chloris strange experience & all screwed up because I was on the side of a cliff shooting straight up. Each bird as I shot would fly gracefully away in the same direction. I could never even figure how many were there, & whether or not I was shooting at the same ones returning.) One seen by flashlight in The Caprimulgus- Ptiliogynus giant tree one night. typical roost: under portion of the canopy of a large tree - generally on a horiz vine. Perch in conspicuous places in open. About the call: my dict. may not make it obvious that the sharp notes are recognizably those of chloris of Sarjian with very subtle modifications. The really amazing thing is the "lifting" bodily of the cinnamomging drawl which is a follow-up to the chick notes Thereby replacing the "hee-haw" notes used as follow-up by Marianas chloris. Herindlo rustica Babelthmap 27 Nov Airstrip 2, 29-30 Nov a dozen on phone wires at flat farmland - seen every time I

Marshall, 1945 46 Palau Colluricinclla tenelroza Habitat: Natural dark heavy jungle - ridges of Koror, scats of Babelthrap & undamaged woods on Pelelin. (On Pelelin, like several other species which are unusually abundant there, this bird spills out of the natural habitat & is common in isolated vine tangles around the edges of the small patches of undamaged forest. It is felt this is unusual & not the normal condition. It seems that altho much most of Pelelin has been blasted & replaced with vines, the birds have had a great rise in numbers & are found in more open habitats than is normally the case (shown at Koror & Babel)). Nitch: branches and vines of middle tree-heights - under the jungle canopy. Very curious of human, & come to few ft I got to look at you - with bill constantly wide open. Hops around in branches much like the nitch of a Stellar Jay. Abundance: (in jungle) Common but not evenly dispersed - occur in small groups - general 2-8 birds which do not keep close together but are in the general neighborhood & assemble quickly when one 'starts to

Marshall, 1945 39. Palau Haleyon chloris Hirundo rustica passed there. I made quite an impression on my guide, Sgt Major Azegani, by whacking the most adult-looking one off the wire with the sling-shot (He was also amazed when I clipped one with my 1st shot (38 amp) at the airstrip 27 Nov. That day I didn't miss a single shot & the Sgt. gave me quite a buildup with the officers from whom I was supposed to get "permission" to collect on their island.) Pelelin 1st wk Dec: Several noted at airfield. Edolaima termitostriis #3212 Koror: seen 6Nov & 8 Nov am perched in top of high dead tree nr. camp from which it made long str. flights (after insects?) & returned to same perch just like Olive-sided Flycatcher. #3197 alone in breadfruit tree near above tree. Rest of time always found in small flocks: 3-6 birds. Wander, and are not seen daily. Most usually seen in small trees & bushes at edge of jungle, but sometimes are in the jungle or out in lg. trees in cultivated areas. Seen on Pelelin, Koror, Babelthuap. Generally quiet & slow in movements. Perch motionless for minutes. Most common in 2nd growth forest near airstrip- constantly,

Marshall, 1945 Calau Nysiaza oceanica 45. conspicuous. Much of feeding is done in crown foliage of medium-sized trees, where they hop among the twigs & also fly out after insects. When returning to a perch they quiver the tail like an Empidonax. Upright posture - often perches on exposed twig in Tyrannid fashion. Fixed territories - small area - a few adj. trees. This bird a powerful flyer, flier, seen to advantage when going over water - from one mangrove to another. Straight and rapid. More universal than H. chloris in habitat tolerance - except absent from open country - fields, etc.

Marshall (1945 Palau Eblisoma tenuirostris Come out to edge of forest & hop around in interior of small trees in the open. Members of group stay close. Often all are in same bush or on tree together. In rare cases where found in jungle are in tops & in vine clusters. Flock is always rapidly on the move. Uncommon: rarely see more than 1 group in a day. Calls: soft mellow whistles: "whit" like R.b. thrush, and when excited or chasing each other a series of them followed by series of reversed whistle \ ) ) "twak" with twanging quality. Hemichelidon griseicincta Lalage monacha Koror 6Nov & 3Dec: Rare - only 2 seen - 1 taken 6th in top foliage breadfruit where hopping around like vireo, 2nd taken in top dead tree next to this, breadfruit where perched silently like a flycatcher. Looked like a WoodPewee up on highest twig. These 2 trees in cultivated area. Psamatia aurata Babelthap 29Nov None heard in forested central isls. but I was there at noon so maybe all were quiet. Group of 6 or 7 seen in bushes edge mangrove lagoon 13 Nov - far from any jungle. Call: a mren-like rachety call. Pelelin Very abundant

Marshall, 1945 44. Palau Myiagra oceanica All islands - abundant wherever tree growth of any kind. Abundant, p Paired. Abundant in dense jungle, mangrove lagoons, cultivated areas where large trees & shade. A bird more often seen than any other sp. can be expected everywhere except grassland. Very loud sharp preen-like harsh call-notes - some similar to call notes of Canyon Wren. Calls often. Song heard less often very high whistle of 7 notes same pitch. Clear quality of Chickadee's song. > On that respect I believe it differs from lower, mellower song of Guam Myiagra - as I recall also the latter's notes are inflected. Pair call Koror 26 Nov beginning nest in Mangrove 6' up. & merely sat down in a fork [illegible] fluffed out feathers while I watched. These birds drive other species, especially kingfishers away. They are noisy and

Marshall, 1945 Pala Psamathria x annae in all the vine tangles which have replaced the forest. Sing from middle of the dense vine-covered brakes, and work themselves up into vine-covered trees, always keeping concealed. You hardly ever see this bird altho you hear dozens of them from any one spot. Koror: Common in natural jungle on the ridges. Prefer vine tangles either on bushes or high in trees. Sing concealed from interior of these tangles. Sometimes come upon groups which come out where they can be seen, & give various call notes, or can be seen flying from 1 clump vines to next. Usually, however, you only hear them. Not as abundant here as in vine regrowth on battle-scarred Pelelin, but evenly distri throught the jungle. Not seen on ground. Sometimes go into crowns of forest trees, but usually are hopping around in the vine tangles. Song like Varied Thrush, but most notes lower & swell then diminish. Lowest tones pure single whistle. From higher tones (double, oft.) will shur up to a warbled phrase of 5 notes, which may be repeated rapidly & may even be extended into a long song without the whistles (early morning). Also used as call note by P (5-note phrase). This phase

Marshall, 1945 Palau Rhynchura rufifrons wide. This usually when a pair is together & lone as display. The bird parades around awhile with tail high over back & spread to maximum, then closes it & goes back to foraging. Very tame & curious. Usually met with in this unfailing pattern. You're walking along a trail & suddenly you hear the twanging scolding notes of 1 or 2 birds dash up, hop around you awhile looking at you, then off they go to forage. Strikingly different in notes, size, coloration from Marianas birds. Difference also in manner of fanning tail & I believe combined with its large size is a loss of some of the nimbleness & rapid moving of the little Marianas birds. I wouldn't be surprised if the former actually weighs twice as much as the latter.

Marshall, 1945 Palau Psamathia annae sounds very much like Chrysothorus modestus. During daylight usually only the whistle. This is eerie and uncanny - a very full penetrating tone but not loud. Generally swells in middle or tapers off which enhances the eerie quality. A sedentary bird. A J spends hours singing from one vine clump. Seldom seen in flight. Rarely see the small foraging groups mentioned above - 3 or 4 birds together. Usually solitary, but most will be stationed a few yards away (Pelelin). Not very active - hop about in vines about like solitary vireos or wrens. Not seen on ground. Rhipidura rufifrons All islands. Common, but less so than Saipan & Tinian. Restricted to native heavy jungle growth where forage in bushes & vines of understory, only occasionally going into middle parts of large trees. Pairs general, or else an ad & 1 or 2 im together, or 2 or 3 im together. (No song heard (see Saipan & Tinian)). Call notes entirely different from Marianas - louder & harsh scolding, raven-like notes after a succession of down-inf syll. at same rate.

Marshall, 1945 Palau Rhipidura rufifrons pitch. Evenly dist. throughout jungle. & not as common as Psamattha. ( ) seen & coll in breadfruit mr. camp - an eceptu Individuals forage rapidly thru the forest with typical dainty movements rapid flight & darting after insects. Often go to the grone & hop along fallen logs & stumps. The first one I coll. on Koror wagged its spread tail sideways in definite movement, & as I was killing it, it moved the tail around in a circle. None of the rest ever showed this deliberate kind of wagging although the tail would ofte shake to one side or the other during the birds' movements. So in general the do not wag the tail. Tail more often closed than Marianas birds - spread only at special occasions & then done deliberately ( sayin birds often forage with tail habitually opened ); & tail raised at high angle & fanned out very

Apr. 3,1945 #60 Apr. 3,1945 #62 Apr. 25, 1945 #91 Reef Heron Tinian Genelly

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