Field notes, v1603

Selander, Robert K.

Unknown

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from CLIR https://archive.org/details/fieldnotesv160300sela

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SELANDER, R.K. 1954 (PART) - 1955 1- MEXICO MARCH 8 - JUNE 26, 1954 * CATALOGUE NOS. 1732 - 2493 * JOURNAL SPECIES ACCOUNTS BIRDS * in preceding volume. 2- JARBIDGE MTS., ELKO CO., NEVADA JUNE 20 - JUNE 27, 1955 CATALOGUE NOS. † 2900 - 2957 JOURNAL † CAT. NOS. 2494 - 2899 not accounted for.

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1. SELANDER, R.K. MÉXICO MARCH 8 - JUNE 26, 1954 *CATALOGUE NOS. 1732-2493 * JOURNAL SPECIES ACCOUNTS BIRDS * in preceding volume

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SELANDER, R.K. MEXICO, MARCH 8 - JUNE 26, 1954 * CATALOGUE NOS. 1732-2493 * JOURNAL SPECIES ACCOUNTS BIRDS * in preceding volume

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R. K. Selander, 1954 Calocitta formosa Around San Fernando, 2500-3000ft., Chis., Mexico. April 25-26 Noted a few pairs of jays around the home of Ruben Diaz and at edges of fields in the valley above his home. They are confined to the drier, more open vegetation such as borders corn or cane fields and the groves of bananas. They do not occur in the mist forest at "El Sauz", nor in the mixed deciduous evergreen (= subdeciduous) forest where they occurs in good, untouched stands. Collected one of a pair near a farmhouse about 6 mi. NW San Fernando, 3000ft. on April 26. Ruben Diaz and his eldest son claim that both the brown jay (="peeah") and C. formosa (=urroca caleza azul) are abundant in the low country, NW of here, around Quechula. The boy said he saw a urroca caleza negra at a place called Chico Zapotes (± 36 mi. NW San Fernando) a few months ago (he doesn't recall the date). On the strength of this info I have decided to go on horse for 2 days to a place called La Florida, which is 5 hours ride NW of here and in the direction of Chico Zapotes. The latter place is, I am told, very near to Quechula. According to Ruben there is a tall, open forest near La Florida and Chico Zapotes in which both the jays occur. Ruben said specifically that both jays are abundant in that lowland area. He also said that it is very hot, with much malaria and mosquitoes. Apparently no one besides the Diaz boy has seen the strange jay recently.

R. K. Selander, 1954 Caloitta formosa 2 Aramo San Fernando, Chiapas, Mexico April 26 and I doubt that the day's word is to be trusted. The people here tell a variety of stories -- for example, just yesterday Ruben Diaz tells me that the only [illegible] fox that has been seen in this area is the one taken by Alvarez. Then later he mentioned that Enrique Lopez saw one, but this may be the one collected by Alvarez. April 28 La Florida, 9 mi. NW San Fernando and return. -- Left home of Diaz's with Ruben Diaz and his eldest boy on horse -- and mule -- look at 7:00 A.M. About 1 mile north the trail branched into 3 trails -- one heading north to Santa Rita, one heading W to El Saz (misspelled "El Sosa" on tape and in previous notes), and the other heading NW to La Florida and Quechula. We climbed over a dry hill with vegetation similar to that around San Fernando. At a point + 2 miles along the trail I saw two Psilorhinus mexicanus across the valley flying up the hill over some large trees near a casa. We noted several Caloitta formosa in this general area also. At a point 5 mi. NW San Fernando we entered a fair stand of "[illegible]" or subdeciduous forest below the "cloud forest" type of vegetation found at El Saz and on several of the higher ridges north & west of San Fernando. I took one green jay just after we entered this stand of forest and a very short distance on two Psilorhinus called from

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Caloitta - Psilorhinus 3 San Fernando to La Florida April 28 the forest along the trail. I squeaked loudly and aroused their interest. By squeaking and giving various owl calls it is possible to hold these jays, and Caloitta also, in one place while you move in for a shot. Otherwise these jays have a habit of moving swiftly thru the forest - and although they probably are not particularly frightened by a man's presence nearby, they seem constantly to be on the move. They are a bit more wary than Caloitta, also, and I did not see them move towards me at any time as Caloitta will do when excited or aroused by shrieks or owl-call imitations. The only notes I heard given by Psilorhinus is the familiar "peach" call with an occasional exposing pop mixed in. Caloitta has a note similar to this. I heard no whirthing or cawing or "wor" as I have noted for Caloitta. There is no doubt, however, that the two birds have a similar call as described. Flight of Psilorhinus is not unlike Caloitta, although it is heavier & less undulating - possibly swifter & more direct. Behavior in regulation differs from Caloitta in a few details. I approached Psilorhinus only in good thick underbrushes forest where there are many closely-spaced tall trees and an understory of small trees (15-20 feet) & shrubs + vines. Therefore, it was harder to see the brown jays - but even so-

Caloultta - Psilorhina 4 San Fernando to La Florida April 28 I believe they stay lower in the trees - at about the top of the under-story - rather than perching high in that tree in an exposed position as does Caloutta. I do not have enough observations to be certain of this difference however. After 3 hours of travel (5.4 miles) we came to a clearing just beyond the forest level at the top of a descent into the Rio Florida Valley). Here the vegetation was of a more dry type & more open. Noted Caloultta in a large guanacaste tree. Also several Campylorhynchus zonatus centering their activities about a palm (not coconut) in the clear- ing. Other birds noted here were hermit thrush, Saltator atriceps, Cassiulus melanotus (supposed to occur only near Tonala' - field Blake - but also around Tuxtla field Alvarez - and I noted nests on road to Ocosocoautla), social flycatcher,

[illegible] - [illegible] [illegible] [illegible]

Calcutta - Psilorhinos 5 San Fernando to La Florida April 28 nine died there is a stand of deciduous, shubly trees - on the slopes there is over a low deciduous forest - similar in composition to Tuxtla. Calcutta was very common in the big trees along the river and I collected 6 specimens and saw many other individuals - none of which shows any evidence of mixture with the brown jay. I did not see the brown jay but most of the natives seemed to know it - as the "peach" or "socme" - and most claimed it was common along the river. I was able to hunt for 23 hours along the river, then I skinned specimens collected earlier in the day, as it was very hot. I skinned the birds but did not make bodies for them. There are several distinctive vegetation types in the area I have been studying: 1) "Tuxtla-type" - a low, deciduous forest type with Mimosa a dominant genus. At this time of year few leaves on the trees, larger trees on the guanacaste, little or no understory - an occasional short palm. Several of the low trees are the same as at Arriaga. This type occurs around Tuxtla and in the San Fernando Valley up to the town. It also occur extensively in the Reí La Florida Valley as, I judge, beyond until level ground is reached in the vicinity of Guachula. Ruben Diaz said it would be necessary to travel 2 hours or more (?) towards Guachula before getting to the evergreen forest where

Caloixtla - Psilorhnius San Fernando to La Florida April 28 the coffee is grown. There is a place called Chicos Zapote which is 2 hours or so beyond La Florida - the vegetation is said by Rulen Diaz to be similar to that at La Florida. La Florida is located in hilly country & I saw several ridges of the type we crossed on our way from San Fernando to La Florida - beyond (=NW) of La Florida. Both Rulen Diaz and his son claimed that the brown jay was much more abundant in the lowlands NW of Chicos Zapote than in the area we traversed today - as both claimed Caloixtla was about there. This vegetation type is occupied only by Caloixtla and the drier it is the more common it seems. Large trees are not necessary for the occurrence of this jay but then they may move about a bit and large trees probably are needed for nesting. Neither Psilorhnius nor Xanthoma occur in this vegetation type. Miranda gives a good list of species of trees of this vegetation type. It is fairly uniform in composition wherever it occurs. Apparently C. Zanatus does not occur here either as it does not occur in the Tuxtla Valley or at La Florida. I would judge that Caloixtla is one of the best "indicators" of this low deciduous forest type.

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2. Subdeciduous forest [illegible]

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R.K.Selander, 1954 C. zonatus Compsathydae zonates April 18 6 mi. SE San Cristobal, 7300ft., Chi, Mex. At 6:00 A.M. I found three pairs in a ridge stand of giant oaks above camp. They were calling almost constantly as they moved from tree to tree. Each pair seemed localized in a particular area but movements were made in either direction from the center of the foraging area up to 100-150 yds. Each time a pair moved one bird flew just behind the other or slightly above and behind and both birds made a sort of "chaing" noise as they flew. On landing both birds called loudly together, "cha-cha-cha-cha cha-cha" - usually several 1, 1; 1, 1; 4 times before they began foraging. Movements from tree to tree or even from limb to limb, if any distance at all, were made together. When dueting the body was held horizontal but the head seemed thrust forward a list. Calling usually induced neighboring pairs to calling in a similar fashion. These calls, which seem to serve to keep a pair in contact & coordinate movements, are extremely loud and harsh and can be heard at a considerable distance. There is little var- iation in the pattern and the two birds keep together almost perfectly. One two occasions & head a single bird give another call - perhaps the "song"- cha-cha-cha - this

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R. K. Selander, 1954 C. zonata 2 6 mi. SE San Cristobal, Chris., Mex. April 18 was softer than the other call and was answered by a similar call from one of a pair of neighboring birds. Feeding in the epiphytes was the common thing observed today. Often as not the wren hangs upside down as it probes in a bunch of vegetation. In my hunting today I found no wrens in the pine forest nor in the mixed pine-oak forest in places where oak forms an understory or where epiphytes are absent or sparse. On several occasions a pair of wrens flew from the top of a tall oak, circled back and landed in the oak again. Another time a pair made a flight of at least 95 yards and probably more, from a large oak to another tree -- they apparently are strong fliers. Invariably such flights were made by a pair of birds flying close together as described above. It was my impression that these wrens were well concealed by their banded & spotted plumage as they fed on the epiphytes and along the limbs of the oaks -- certainly they were not conspicuous. My experiences today are similar to those of Pitelka's at this camp -- wrens apparently spaced but some overlap in movements -- the chatting calls perhaps serving to inform neighboring pairs of the movements of a pair.

R.K. Selander, 1954 C. zonatus 3 6 mi. SE San Cristobal, Chis, Mexico April 18 The group of giant oaks frequented by the wrens was located on a ridge adjacent to a large cleared flat area bordered by a rather thick growth of broad-leaved [illegible] trees & big shrubs. The wrens may have had nests there but I did not in- vestigate thoroughly enough to find any if they were present. Since bombs collected for about 2 weeks at our camp it would be a mistake to assume that the wrens do not occur elsewhere other than on the large epiphyte-covered oaks. He may have collected all the wrens in the area immediately adjacent to camp. 16 mi. SE San Cristobal, 7200 ft., Chis., Mex. April 19 At about 6:00 A.M. I shot at a lone bird foraging about 20 feet above ground in a oak on the hill NW of the tent. It apparently was a lone bird and was silently feeding. I hunted across the road (near a sign reading "Palom") where there is a house and a few cattle and where a small stream of water runs along the highway. I hunted up on the ridge where there are a number of oak trees heavily draped with Spanish moss & epiphytes without hearing a wren. At summit of ridge there are a few small fan palms. On returning to camp at 10:00 P.M. Bonnie called my attention.

R. K. Selande, 1954 C. zonatura 16 mi. SE San Cristóbal, 7200ft., Chio., Méx. April 19 to a group of wrens near the tent. She had first heard the wrens at 9:15 and had found them in a tall pine tree - a pair together there and a lone bird in an oak tree adjacent to the pine. The pair would duet and the other would sing rather independently of the pair. They flew towards the road, crossed the road (a flight of ±100yds) and into large trees (pines and the yellow-leafed tree). At one time the lone bird perched on the top twig of the pine (40 feet) and sang (she doesn't recall the song). After singing it flew back across the road to the big trees 50y of the tent. The junipers were used as landing perches in the longer flights and they did remain long in them. Feeding occurred high in the big yellow trees on the smaller branches at bases of clusters of leaves. Later another pair joined the group in trees 50y of camp - then the party worked rapidly down the canyon west of camp. At this point I arrived - in a few minutes three birds appeared in the trees just west of the tent. I shot one bird which and then collected a pair which were perched together. The warning note is a slit-slaw given rapidly. This heard after I shot the first bird, The birds taken today were not breeding - no brood patch on female - but tents are fairly large.

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R. K. Selander, 1954 @ zonotus 5 April 17 16 mi. SE San Cristobal, 7200ft., Chis., Mex. The iris seems more intense in color than that of chiapensis or humilis or signicaudatus. The legs and feet are a horny yellow or a yellow-olive. Bonnie describes a posture with tail cocked up at 45 deg angle - flipped up rather than held - this assumed when bird is in 'a horizontal perch' when feeding (the lone bird seen in this posture). Observation today show that the birds are not con- fined to the large oaks with dense epiphytes. As yet it is difficult to see why they are so spotty in distribution. In any event they are uncommon in this area. Apparently breeding has not yet begun. [Probably forage almost entirely in oaks, however] v April 20 At about 7:00 A.M. I collected a lone wren which was foraging in a juniper near the tent - presumably one of the birds of the group seen yesterday near camp. Late in the morning I hunted SW from camp without seeing wrens. Took one Q Cephrimulge vocifera in a pine-oak area. 2 the afternoon I hunted East from camp without finding wrens and it now appears that they are very rare in the area surrounding camp. This area is lower than the forests closer to San Cristobal and the junipers probably indicate greater aridity.

2 K. 26853 4271

R.K. Selander, 1954 6 S. zonatae Skulls of specimens collected April 19, 21 2061 2062 2074

R. K. Selander, 1954 C. zonatus 7 9 mi. SE San Cristóbal, 7300 ft., Chis., México April 21 in the afternoon we found a good area for urena (see journal), collected 2 specimens. As it began to rain hard in the afternoon we returned to San Cristóbal and made plans to return to this same spot tomorrow.

R.K.Selander, 1954 C. zonotus 8 9 mi.SE San Cristobal, Chia., Mexico. but this may not be wren's. April 22 Nest in tall pine 38 feet up! Two birds taken here yesterday. But Bonnie saw three birds together near nest. Nest looks as large as chiapensis nest. another pair- good -> we-ded-da-da-da-dit - duct given 5-10 times cha-chet chi-det Feeding high up in yellow-leaved tree along mossy branches and in epi phytes - periodically ducking. Wrens hop along branches, probe at pine cones, lints & moss, epi phytes especially on pines, oaks, etc. 4 birds foraging loosely together. Two flew to other trees separately without sound while two remained feeding together high in a yellow-leaved tree. 5 ducting roughly together ?chip - preceded - lincs answering one another. chat-cha, chat-cha - given by lone bird softly

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R.K. Selander, 1954 C. zonotica 9 mi. SE San Cristóbal, 7300 ft., Chie, Mexico. April 22 8 birds around one nest called together by one bird singing Pi-co-wup, pico-wup - given by one near nest. Very nasally soft. This group includes the 5 mentioned just above. When one bird called as above all ?others gathered about the nest, several entered the nest and them came out again. We collected six wrens in the immediate vicinity of the nest. They were coming to the nest area singly or sometimes in pairs. Foraging tches place most often high in the trees but twice we saw birds fly to the ground or to logs on the ground. Probably most foraging is done 40-50 feet or more above ground. The slope on which the nest is located has a dense growth of very tall pines mixed with giant oaks and a yellow-leaved tree which is generally shorter than the oaks. There is an understory of small oaks and other trees, including young pines. There has been some logging on the slope. Across the road there is a similar slope but the understory is locking & the wrens seem to not frequent the area.

R.K. Selander, 1954 C. zonates 10 9 mi. SE San Cristóbal, 7300ft., Chis., México April 22 The epiphytes are thick on the trees here and seem to be necessary to the wrens as we found no wrens in areas where they are absent. The situation here as far as vegetation is concerned is similar to the ridge above camp at 6 mi. SE San Cristóbal. Pines are used for foraging but the oaks & other trees are much more important in this regard. The common note is a 'chupa' - sounding a bit similar to the note of a robin. This note was heard frequently early in the afternoon, especially when single birds were encountered. The involved rasping call is used by pairs and also by the large family groups. Once when the group gathered about the nest (roosting nest - see beyond) all began this call but they were not in perfect unison. Near the roosting nest we located another, larger nest in the top of a small pine. This tree was about the same distance from the ground as the first (/±20 feet) and in a pine about 12 feet away from the first tree. Because it was partly hidden by pine needles we failed to see it until we had collected 7 of the birds associated with the first nest. On returning to the area in late afternoon I saw a lone bird enter this nest and emerge with a fecal pellet which it dropped as it flew from the nest. At the same time I heard soft 'peeps' coming from the nest. A short time later Bonnie collected a wren (# 2090, Ø)

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R. K. Selander, 1954 C. zonatus \frac{\pi}{3} SE San Cristóbal, 7300 ft., Chis., Mexico / April 22 / which may have been the same individual I saw earlier and leave the second nest. We collected the nest by pulling the pine over with a rope. Inside were 2 eggs or 3 nestlings, probably a week or more ago. They gave a few soft "peep" notes when handled and seemed definitely repelled by light as they attempted to get the head under cover of some sort whenever we set them out in the open. Best guess is that ♂ 2090 and ♀ 2088 were parents of these young. We may have collected birds other than those associated with the nest in the series of eight birds (# 2084-2091) but many were collected at the nest tree and doubtless belonged to this one group. √ Apparently, the first nest we found (located in a broad-leaved tree - see plant collection) served as a roosting place for many of the 8 birds of the area while the other was used by one pair to raise their young. √ Another nest a few hundred yards up (east) the canyon: Collected 6 birds (Nos. 2092-2097) in immediate vicinity of the nest. Took several photos (B.& W., Roll # 20) of the nest area. Walked up the hill through a rich forest of giant pines & oaks heavily covered with large epiphytes. In one spot I saw - at least 16 were together (but possibly in two sub- groups) calling excitedly. Collected two from this group.

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R. K. Selande, 1954 O. zonatus 7mi. SE San Cristóbal, 7300ft., Chis., Mexico. April 22 Perhaps the birds pair up and remain spatially segregated a good part of the time, only coming together in large flocks when something disturbing appears. Some of the birds collected today are not breeding, and on basis skull orification there are several age- groups represented. Collected plants Nos 100-109 in vicinity of nests. No. 105 is the tree in which the first-found nest was placed. plants Nest containing the three nestlings and two eggs (one of which was infertile, the other held an embryo) was about the size of a large chippenes' nest - about 14-15" long and ±12" deep. A tunnel led to the interior cavity where the young were located. This cavity was lined with moss, lichen, and vegetable fibers of other types. The outer portion of the nest was composed of twigs of a hard, shining type, pieces of dry oak, joy feathers, hawk, feathers - a mixture of many types of materials. I noted a piece of tin foil in the center cavity. - The other nest was smaller than that of chippenes'. Another nest seen in an oak up the canyon was smaller than the large nest described above. Outer twigs may be 1/4" in diameter and 6" long or so.

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R.K. Selander, 1954 C. zonotus 13 Condition of skulls of C. zonotus - April 22 (San Cristobal) April 22 2091 2084 2085 2089 2087 2092 2097 2093,2096, 2100 2094 3 juveniles: legs and feet: Pale greenish flesh color, not the yellow of adults. Base of bill: light yellow lining of mouth: deep yellow-orange tus: steel blue-gray. V Noted: 1) Most specimens fairly fat, especially in clavicular area. 2) Skin tougher & more tightly joined to loosely than in humilis or chilensis.

21 24 2095 1708 1706 2700 2702 1706 1706 1986 ,1905,1702 1702 [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible]

R.K. Selander, 1954 O. zonatus 14 April 25 5mi. N San Fernando, 2000 ft., Chiapas, Mexico Hunting up the canyon from Ruben D'oz's house. In a gully adjacent to a small field of sugarcane and a stand of banana trees I found a group of 3-4 wrens. The vegetation consisted of a dense stand of deciduous and evergreen trees with a thick under- story of bushes & tiny plants, including a thorny mescal-type plant. Some seed-like plants occurred beneath the trees. I first noted these wrens at the edge of the stand while I was collecting a Saltator striatus. Several were perched in the trees and on vines but without calling. Finally one made a short nasal call unlike any I have heard this species give previously. I collected one bird - a female with an egg in the oviduct. The legs & feet of this bird are buffy or pale orange, lacking the yellow-olive of specimens taken at Las Casas. This color is very near the same as the more anterior portion of the buffy portion of the underparts. If constant it is certainly a good racial difference. Birds here are notably larger than those we saw and collected in the highlands around & Las Casas. I noted this in the field where these birds seem much larger. This was shown also by the weight of the female I collected today, which weighed more than the males at Las Casas. The bird is darker in color also and probably is fairly close to subspecies of Tabasco. - Apparently the wren

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R. K. Selander, 1954 C. zonatus 15 15 mi. N San Fernando, 2000 ft., Oax, Mexico April 25 is fairly common in the pockets of low forest remaining in the valley. These pockets are, I believe, composed of a mixture of deciduous elements from the lowlands around Tuxtla and elements from the subdeciduous forests such as occur at Santa Rita. They occupy small in extent and probably each pocket supports only a single group of wrens. The stand where I found the 3-4 wrens today is no more than 1/2 mile block in area. - Ruben Diaz recognized the wren when I showed it to him and said they are fairly common here. Probably San Fernando is as low as the wren occurs in this valley since good low deciduous forest begins just below (south of) the town. Birds associated with the wrens include: Saltator atriceps, Saltator coerulescens, Thraupis albice. April 26 6 mi. NNW San Fernando, 3000 ft., Chiapas, Mexico Specimens today show some variation in color of legs or feet but decidedly on the average they are luffier than those taken around Las Casas. There may be some overlap in this character between the two populations, but it is still a good scaled difference. Birds taken today had a line of orange-yellow fat in the inter-clavicular region. I took one specimen from a group of 4? birds below the humid mist forest in a dense stand of mixed ever- green deciduous vegetation - some very tall trees - much like the spot where I saw wrens yesterday. On returning from the mist forest in the afternoon I

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R.K. Selander, 1954 C. zonatus 6 mi. NNW San Fernando, 3000 ft., Chia, Mexico April 26 collected 5 wrens from a group of at least 6 and possibly seven in a similar situation. These levels occurred at nearly all levels from high in the tall trees to near the ground in low trees or level - but mostly then frequent medium sized trees - about 15-20 feet above the ground. I noticed pairs chasing through the vegetation in a similar fashion to those at Las Casas, giving the same clattering calls as they flew. I saw no nests. These wrens do not occur in the most forest but are limited to the thicker stands of vegetation along woods and in gulleys - a mixed evergreen deciduous type with epiphytes on the large trees and an extremely dense understory of bushes, reed-like vines and woody lianas. May 11 Barranca de Metzlac, 3250 ft., Veracruz 2219 Near our tent in the barranca there is a steep slope covered with dense shrubby vegetation, vines, and several tall, epiphyte-covered trees. We heard wrens calling from the trees on this slope as we pitched camp. Calls: 1 - a common call - perhaps the most frequently given is a simple 't-t-t' che-che-chet-sha-dit - all notes on same pitch. This is given usually by a single bird and is most frequent call given by a lone bird. A variation of this call is - 't-t' - the first note

C. zonatura 17 Barrancada Neltlac, Veracruz \ May 11 being absent. Once a lone bird gave this sound while perched high in a tree near tent in a fully ex- posed position (#2253 - a \female). This location and the first are also given by a pair of birds calling in unison. 2 - Note - a single, simple 'chit' or 'chet' - very frequently heard - it has the quality of the thrush's piping calls. 3 - 'Cha-chet' - loud, rasping - possibly a morning call. Very frequent. 4 - y [[]] [[]] - pair dueting; repeat this over & over. 5 - [[ ]] [[ ]] [, etc] - pair dueting - repeated. 6. [[ ]]] - cha-cha-chit - given repeatedly - sounds excited.

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C. zonatus 18 May 12 1 mi. N Fortin', 3200ft., Veracruz In a coffee & banana plantation along the Huetaxco-Fortin highway. A few large trees with sepiiflyte, and rather numerous orange trees in addition to fields of coffee. The few remaining original trees are located in small, shallow gullies or in small patches - but even there there are coffee bushes below, forming an understory. Wrens were not common. I had a pair in one of the thicker patches of trees but I hunted in several other areas seemingly as well suited for wrens without finding additional bird. Salvator atriceps, Centurus aureifrons, Xanthornus yucas, Pseudium brasilianum and Phylorhina nivos were other species noted and/or collected. We drove north to Coscomatepec looking for a good area of forest but without luck. The entire area from Cordoba to Coscomatepec is in coffee, sugar cane or bananas. Even the slopes to the west of the highway are cultivated with coffee so that it would be impossible to find a good stand of original vegetation anywhere in the area. Where there are steep sided gullies or canyons in this region, some of the original vegetation remains and we noted the ferns in one gully - but these situations are limited in number & where there is a canyon, usually only a narrow band of vegetation is left standing and even this may be mixed with coffee bushes or trees. Even so, there were wrens

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C. zonatus 19 2 mi. N Fortin', 3300ft., Veracruz √ May 12 in the patches of trees and even in the coffee groves - but the latter situation only where there are other trees present also. Orange trees seem to be frequented quite a bit by these larks and one native women told me that the nests of this were sometimes are placed in orange trees.

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C. zonatus 20 4 mi. W Fortin, 3400 ft., May 13 Similar to coffee plantation visited yesterday but with more ornatricus trees. On a slope there is a fair stand of semi- virgin forest. I found only 2 pairs of wrens—both of them in clumps of orange trees near a house, I hunted along the edge of the forest on the slope without seeing wrens. This is strange as habitat of large epiphytes covered trees seemed suited for wrens. It is apparent that the distribution of thei wren is spotted with “pockets” of wrens here & there separated by large stretches of unoccupied territory.

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O. zonatus 21 7 Km. NW Fortin, 3300 ft., Veracruz \, May 13 At a point where the old trail takes off from the highway we stopped after hearing wrens call. The old road is lined on either side of very tall trees and on one side there is a shallow gully with orange trees (tall ones) and coffee, in addition to some native trees of good size. There were a large number of wrens present - all in a group at one time - Lamb said 20 together but I saw no more than 7 in one group. I collected 5 specimens. There are several natives living along the old trail; just across the highway there is a large native house with grove of coffee in back of this - and a good dense stand of huge native trees surrounding the house & lining the highway. \ May 14 Took 6 specimens in precisely the same spot as yesterday. \ May 15 Took 6 more specimens in precisely same spot as yesterday 2 day before. \ May 16 Took 2 more specimens & saw one more in same spot as yesterday, - a grand total of 20 inside within an area of a circle with a diameter of 100 yds. yesterday (May 15) I hunted in the coffee grove and around a cleared field across the road from the spot where the concentration of wrens occurred and found no other wrens although the habitat seemed nearly as good as in the other spot. This would suggest

C. zonotus 1 km. NW Fortin, 3300ft, Veracruz May 15/16 - that these wrens are at least semi-colonial in habits. The same situation occurs around camp, where there was a concentration of these wrens around the slope above the tent but no other kinds in seemingly suitable habitat just down the canyon. There is another group of wrens around the canyon near the house of Rabago, however. May 16 - No. 2261 & was one of a pair seen foraging together - while ♀ 2260 was a lone bird. When observed the latter bird ran, calling a loud simple saw. It attempted to climb the trunk of a small tree - worked up the base of a bush in an effort to escape. Almost invariably we found wrens in this area in the higher portions of the taller trees - occasionally birds were seen in low orange trees but I doubt that they foraged there to any great extent. Flights of 50 yds. are common and usually these are made from near the top of one tall tree to a similar portion in another tall tree. Sometimes 3 birds flew together with much chattering and an occasional "fight" in mid-air. This was noted also when a pair moved at which time the two birds would momentarily come together in mid-air.

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C. zonatus 23 May 15 Barranca de Metlae, 3250ft., Veracruz Today and yesterday there have been three curass on the slope above the tent and in the trees around camp. Some- times all three fly together, calling excitedly, and other imes two of the three are together foraging or flying about while the third is alone, usually perched high in a tree calling [illegible] (cha-chit-che-dit). I watched the lone bird perch on the top most twig of a tall tree - in a fully exposed position since the branch had no leaves - with bill pointed slightly up tail down. I collected this bird as it called from this position high in the tree near the tent. It was a ?, no. 2253, and appears to be a first-year bird with immature gonad. This single bird called more frequently than did either of the birds of the pair with which it was associated. Three curass in addition to no. 2253 have been collected in the same place on the slope above camp and in the trees around the tent. of these, one ? (no. 2219) probably was in non-breeding condition while another ? (no. 2229) and the bird collected today (no. 2253) had immature ovary and lacked a brood-patch. The other three birds from this area are ?? and show about equal testis enlarge- ment. Apparently, the testis never gets larger than 5-6,7 millimeters. In all, then, there were 8 birds frequenting the slope above the tent.

C. zonatae 23 24 Barranca de Metlac May 15 Random Observations: 1. Breeding season just beginning. Mr. Rabago mentioned that it had rained one night the week before we arrived at Metlac and it has rained every day we have been here--so breeding is probably timed with onset rainy season. 2. FF with brood patches are fatter than other birds--Not have a "V" of fat in the interclavicular region O O = appx. claim of fat "V"-- also some other fat on feather tracts. Other linds have less fat and some have none. 3. This wen is [illegible] harder to skin than C. chispensis, C. himlis, nigricaudatus, or peocus. The skin is more firmly attached to the body, especially on the rump and legs. 4. The oil gland roil is yellowish while it is white in the above mentioned species. 5. Tails are frayed and an unusual number of birds have molting tail feathers--probably get tough work-out bec-cause of feeding habits => clinging to epiphytes and on branches. 6. Tail is often cocked up at an angle. 7. I watched several times while birds poked insect larvae(?) from epiphytes or pounded them against a branch--apparently to kile them or break them up.

C. zonatus 25 Barranca de Metlae, 3250ft., Veracruz May 16 Took several black and white photos of area around camp. One showing slope where we collected wrens. Also took several shots at the point 7km. from Fortin' where we found wrens so common I collected a large series, only two wrens seen on slope above tent today, at one time one bird called repeatedly in the trees on the slope and around the tent. After calling and moving from tree to tree for 10-15 minutes it was joined by the other bird and they flew about, calling excitedly. When this pair moves they often alight on separate branches of the same tree & begin foraging - then they may gradually work together, call once or twice and move together to another tree when the same per- formance is repeated. This pair moves from the trees just below camp up the canyon 100 yds or so and it may go beyond. Foraging seems confined to higher portion of the larger trees but I saw them foraging in tall bushes and smaller trees also.

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C. zonatus 26 12 mi. SSW Bocadel Rio, 100ft., Veracruz, Mexico May 18 Took 5 & took one. This wren is about equally common with C. rufinucha. I saw one bird fly from a dense thicket of trees (not thorny) into a large (30 feet or less) tree at edge of clearing and then up into a palm (coconut-like) 50 feet above the ground carrying nesting material. The thicket was thicker, richer, greener & less thorny than most in the area & more so than usual habitat situation for C. rufinucha. After seeing the one bird make 4-5 trips, always stopping in the large tree before flying into the palm I saw another bird carry material. Both birds were silent the whole time. Actually 4 birds were present at the nest. I discovered this when I shot one - a ? with a full brood patch. No epiphytes on any of the vegetation in the area. The flight from thicket to nest palm was direct with a glide just before landing. While sitting at the edge of a cleared field where a few palms were left standing I heard a pair of C. zonatus dueling along the edge of a dense thicket of trees (non-thorny bushes for most part). I had just collected a pair of C. rufinucha from a small palm at edge of same field. The two wrens flew 50-75 yds. into a group of palms near the center of the field where I collected one bird. The situation was very open with only a single tree beneath the 5-6 palms grouped together in the field. When wounded, another bird hid in a palm & could not be flushed out by throwing sticks or kicking the palm,

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C. zonatus 27 May 18 12 mi. SSW Boracal Rio, 100 ft., Veracruz While walking through a thicket of trees where I expected to find C. rufinucha I found a pair of zonatus. They were calling loudly in bush tree about 10 feet above the ground. The presence of lunds in this rather low-thicket suggests there is some degree of ecological overlap between the two cactus wrens in this area. The places frequented by zonatus here are drier than any in which I have seen the species and there are no epiphytes - a seemingly necessary thing in all other places I have seen the wren - with possible exception of the area near San Fernando, Chiapas. Charles Lamb said there were one in the tall eucalyptus below the evergreen forest trees in the Sierra Cantipee, south of Lake Catemaco. Yesterday I heard wrens calling from the tall green trees lining the Rio Atoyac - but they are not around camp. Wrens of this species are browner than those from the Barraza Meloc and appear to be larger-tailed also & generally larger. It is strange to find them in the dry habitat, especially when around Fortin; they seemed to prefer the tallest, richest, thickest vegetation, where all types of epiphytes are abundant on the trees. Possibly there is an ecological zone here in the arid low-lands with habitat requirements different from the population in the coffee belt at higher elevation. If so this explanation for absence of C. rufinucha in southern Veracruz may be competition with the wren - although I suspect there is some rod & vegetation change involved also.

O. zonotus 28 12 mi. SSW Boradel Rio, Veracruz May 19 located a pair in large clump of bushes & trees, including one large guanacaste-type tree, where I found a pair of rufimucha yesterday. Heard several other pairs calling in thickets at edge of field. The habitat of this species as rufimucha must be very similar in this area as the veg- estation is fairly uniform = open fields of low scrubby acacia (?) bushes mixed with two types of palms, a tall coconut-type and a shorter, rough-trunked type. Alternating with these fields are thick patches of trees broad-leaved bushing good size - a guanacaste type is very common tree. The two wrens are about equally common here but zonotus is more frequently seen because it spends much time in the higher trees- a thing which rufimucha does not do. Most of my specimens of zonotus have been taken from the tops of the taller trees but I have seen these wrens in low trees - bushes in situations where I expected to find Burmilia Rufimucha. Along the Rio Atoyac there is a line of guanacaste and other trees in which I have not yet hunted. There are no wrens around camp but seemingly this is some fair habitat for one or the other of the wrens.

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C. rufinucha 12 mi. SSW Boca del Rio, 100ft., Veracruz May 18-19 Calls: ① 'unt do it - throater than humilis and also a bit slower. ② 'wa-'heet 'wa-'het ③ chu-a-queet - given by a bird carrying nesting material at some time posturing in same manner as humilis. ④ chu-do-it - variation of #1. ⑤ arr-ow pip, arr-ow pip - given by arrow with throat puffing out. che-arr che-arr chet-chet } notes - nasal in quality. In general the calls of this species are very similar to those of humilis and are immediately recognizable. They are a bit lower in pitch or throater - also a bit slower than I remember those of humilis. There is more difference between humilis and nigricaudatus than between humilis and rufinucha. General behavior seems identical with humilis - I share the impression that this form is warier than humilis or nigricaudatus, especially the former, but it may be only that the vegetation is thicker here - harder to hunt.

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2 C. zonatus a rufinucha 12 mi. SSW Boca del Río, 100 ft., Veracruz Skulls May 18 rufinucha 2268 = 14 2298 = 5 c. 0 = ad, 2286 = '0 0 = 14 2269 = 14 2272 = 14 2273 = ad. 2270 = 14 2274 2271 = 14 2277 = ad in plumage 2278 = ad, Recorded zonatus 2263 2265 2266 2267 2279 2280 2281 May 21 = C. rufinucha 2285 = 14 Recorded

3 (Recorded) Skulls of Wrens - May 22, 1954 2296 ♀ = ad 2300 2301 C. rufigula C. zonatus

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O. rufinucha x zonotus 12 mi. SSW Boca del Rio, 100ft., Veracruz May 18-20 Pair 2285-2286 - I had egg yolk in oviduct yet -> tetr a rather small - these saved for examination. On May 18 & 19 I watched a pair sing together, -> giving a two note call - wa-chet, etc. - very sharp staccato while I gave a soft chu-do-it . This is common thing - and I given by pairs of humilis also . Two different calls given at same time . Perhaps, then, the communal call of the O? is the two-note one , but I have seen O?O? giving the triplet note also. When disturbed I watched a & give a continuous song, rather high pitched saw, saw, saw. I have seen several nests here. Both were placed in the ocacia which resembles the 13 HA of Tonal's but which has the spinea winding about the stem. Usually nests are placed below 8 feet - most about 4-5 feet above the ground. All were small - about same size as humilis although rufinucha is a larger bird. The construction is simple a little of dry grass & fine stones lined inside with matted vegetation fiber. There is a short tunnel at the opening but this is not conspicuous and the nests appear to be almost perfectly oval. The nest of the social flycatcher is similar in size (a bit larger usually) and placement but the latter in construction and invariably has a bunch of long straws hanging under the entrance. I have seen no evidence that rufinucha builds more than a single nest and all birds encountered were in

5 2 mi. N Tierra Blanca May 20 pairs, widely spaced in the vegetation stand - apparently a simple pair set-up as in humilis. May 21 At a point 2 mi. N Tierra Blanca I hunted in a dense stand of trees & bushes similar to that near camp but greener with a few cactus type cacti. The fields surrounding were grassier than those near camp and there was less spiny vegetation. Many of the trees (see photo taken from road-roll 26) are same genera as those around Tonalá, Chis., where we found humilis but the vegetation is more mesic here than near Tonalá. I found one pair of refriuela. I first noted the pair in a small tree ad in a fairly large cactus-type cactus in the midst of the dense trees-bushes. After watching them for several minutes the ♀ flew to a thin-tree nearby where was located in a crotch the base of a nest. I collected both birds. The ♀ had 3 o.l. & a yolk in her ovicent yet the test of the male were rather small. There were no other refriuela present & I shot both birds together after watching them behave in a pair-fashion for several moments. The ♂ is a 1st yr bird, which may account for the small size of the test - but there should be stern in the testis - saves for examination. I could find no nest in the general area, other than what appeared to be the base of a nest in the thin deciduous tree mentioned before. I hunted for about an hour in situations similar

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C. rufinucha & zonotus 6 2 mi. N Tierra Blanca May 21 to that where I found the pair of rufinucha but found no evidence of other wrns. It must be rare in this area but as yet I can see no reason for its being any less common than 1/2 mi. SSW Boca del Rio, except for fact that vegetation is a bit less dense & more open (even in the thickets). Suitable thickets & small trees & shrubs are not common in this region.

C. rufigula x zonatus May 91 More random notes: (1) Rufigula is not wary & if approached slowly will feed a few feet from the observer, while zonatus cannot the approached closely, flying off excitedly whenever the observer is detected. Rufigula makes short flights to thick brush when disturbed while zonatus may move in a long flight 50-100 to a tall tree a palm. (2) Rufigula is most commonly seen 5-10 feet above ground & often lower than 5 feet. Or sings from an exposed position &d while not always from highest part of tree it is invariably in an open place, either on a deciduous limb or a dead limb. The tal is not joined out usually unless & is at side of & they are calling together. I have not heard & & due the same call - always 2 calls given at same time - that of & being soft & harder to pick out of the combined call. (3) Rufigula occasionally descends to ground but even when foraging the ground it perches on a twig, sees an insect on ground and then descends to pick it up rather than hunt on the ground. I have never seen zonatus below 6 feet & usually they are foraging high (+15 feet - up to 35-40) in the taller trees).

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C. rufigula 12 mi. SSW Boca del Rio May 22 Pair 2295-6 had nest in a small spiny ocotillo type tree ± 5 feet high - nest was in croch ± 4 feet up (home photo - roll 26). Nest was ± 10 x 1 " and was composed of grass, fine twigs lined with a brown plant fiber + a few feather (no wren) - contained 3 nestlings (collected in alcohol) which were a few days old. I watched ♀ gather food - flying after an insect & catching it on the wing ± 3 feet above the ground! On another occasion she descended to 3 zones the ground! An another occasion she descended to the ground & caught an insect - This is only in- stance of rufigula foraging on ground. She went to the ground only once and then worked way up into the brush to a height of ± 5 feet or so which seems to be the usual foraging level (between 5-10 feet is average foraging level I believe). Pair was very quiet and gave only a single call as I watched for several minutes. The brood patch of the ♀ was a bit drier than that of other ♀♀ I have recently ex- amined and I believe this pair is unusually advanced in the nesting cycle compared with other pairs in the area. I examined an empty nest similar to the one containing young about 30-40yds away but it may have belonged to another pair of wrens.

R.K.Selander, 1954 G.chiapensis, nigricaudatus, humilis Campylorhynchus chiapensis 3/4 mi. SSW Tonala', Chiapas, Mexico - as we drove March 19 off the road to camp I saw two birds in the trees and bushes just across the road from camp. One flew into a large mango located just at the spot where we placed our tents. Later it flew across the road. Several times I heard these birds giving their usual call and once two birds dueted for a period of 5 seconds or more. After setting up camp I watched these birds foraging. One bird worked on the ground at the base of the roots of an up-turned tree - searching for food between the root branches, crawling in dark crevices, and on thin root branches. The other was foraging about 10 feet above ground in a small tree, working along the branches. Once I saw this bird peck several times at a clump on one of the branches. For the most part these birds foraged within 3 feet of the ground. A pair of orioles apparently are preparing to nest in the same tree in which the wrens are foraging. There is no conflict between the species. Once the wren chased a Turdus grayi through the brush and through a clearing - all birds calling excitedly. The wrens seem not to be disturbed by our presence here. Lamb said that he heard this wren in the mango tree above our tents late in the afternoon. We did not hear or see wrens on our trip to Puerta Arita so apparently they are silent in

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R. K. Selander, 1954 O. chiapensis 2 3/8 mi. SSW Tonalá', 100ft., Chiapas, Mexico March 19 the late afternoon & early evening. I questioned a Mexican who came to our camp tonight- He said that the chiapensis is abundant here but that the smaller chaneucas are "rare". Lonble's boy - Selalis- collected one O. chiapensis this afternoon somewhere SSW of camp. He reported seeing another. The same Mexican who visited camp tonight said that the large cactus were lays its eggs in June - but this undoubtedly is incorrect because Brockles data indicated breeding before June, March 20 Heard first calls at 6:12 A.M. this morning. A few minutes later I saw two fly up from the ground near camp and across the road into the vegetation opposite camp. 1 mile (=NW) along road to Arriaga - 2 groups located. of worms (chiapensis) One centering around a large mango near a house with or nest in a large bush-tree (not an ozacia), Saw two & three birds singing together in the top of the mango. The birds were perched close together and all fanned out the tail while singing. No eggs in the nest but it was in good repair. Watched one bird foraging in a small pile of branches which a Mexican had cut.

K. Selander, 1954 C. chiapensis 3 March 20 (=NW) 2.8 mi. along road to Arriaga - Stopped in a dry spot and hunted along a dry ditch. Took a Thryothorus pleurostictus but heard no other wrens. Saw no nests although there was ample acacia near the ditch. Rio Telchapa 4.7 = 4.8 mi. along road to Arriaga, - Hunted about 45 minutes along a river at a spot where a new bridge is in construction. Many birds in the trees and brush along the river but no wrens or nest noted. There is a small amount of water here in the stream so apparently it is never dry. Noted laughing falcon, becard, spotted sandpiper, Caloitta formosa, large kingfisher, yellow-bellied trogon, grackles. Expected to find chiapensis here, a bit drier here than at our camp in Tonala', 5.4 mi. along road to Arriaga - walked about 200 yards west from the road. In low bushes along road I noted one Thryothorus pleurostictus singing from a low branch. Song consists of several sharp notes and a trill. On a small tree just across the dirt road I saw a C. humilis foraging about 10 feet above the ground. Later we collected 4 C. humilis in a dense stand of acacia and vines a short distance from the road. We watched wrens foraging in the yard of a Mexican farm. Three C. chiapensis were working over the roots of upturned trees and on the trunk bases of several

(see) for this - against the monopoly in its of long multifaceted form, but also for a public entity to intervene in such areas where there is no market failure at all. (see) two kinds - against the monopoly in its more modern, technological and service-oriented forms. It is indeed possible that sometimes a simple revenue-neutral subsidy could be used instead of an attempt to control prices or markets. This would require the introduction of new mechanisms to ensure that the market remains competitive and efficient. (see) two kinds - against the monopoly in its more modern, technological and service-oriented forms. It is indeed possible that sometimes a simple revenue-neutral subsidy could be used instead of an attempt to control prices or markets. This would require the introduction of new mechanisms to ensure that the market remains competitive and efficient.

R.K. Selander, 1954 C. chiapensis 5.4 mi. along road from Tonalá to Arriaga (=NW) March 26 trees which had rather recently been chopped down. Mexicans were in the process of clearing a field and had chopped down most of the larger trees. After a time the chiapensis flew into a large tree near the house. At the same time as we were watching chiapensis, two humilis were foraging in the upper and middle branches of one large ad several small trees just above the other species. The call note of humilis is a very nasal-hollow-type "Chee-"chee-"chea." I followed on bird and heard this call repeatedly as I shared the bird -- it apparently was alarmed. There may have been two family groups or pairs reps in the area but we collected all 4 birds (humilis) within a short distance of one another. Later we noted alone humilis foraging in the upper branches of a large tree. It flew down into a dense clump of acacia and vines where I collected it after following it through the dense acacia stand. Many acacias, some of very large size, in this area, and few very tall trees. A man at the farm-house said that the humilis was is rare -- but we did not find it so. He said that the worms have eggs in May or June. In this same area we took another Thryothorus plourosictus - this individual was noted foraging a few inches above the ground in a dense bush.

(Wk.) againA at about myself goshes an 1.2 works hospital and all over after the 1st one I had to that a principal is never at a new school next year at my town work hospitals but we not good enough myself principals sit into who new areas not even with amount out our superfuous idealist but Minneapolis problems and was so, whoever all their scripts it in pulle out made by most clear because to prove is ideal pattern also the mine? world "old - well - art" of...? - there amnds 6 on planters then introduced by endre act. Cancado saw it Europe to -- had at and so change gulief not much and jam land) said 450 kettles out! one at i for as toI culture is great I take a little offer it is properly although and a better then really well that, not good enough and Elder minor are mine a should such a at I want to principal also kettles power, second year. A two nicer much from my self, and not in spirit equal from test was much more of it known D. out let life for kids as had - even a nurse claim at your wages and more all told since out to sortyout after stock in our own just it, rather a properly later and each who is into out herself and sorts on larger actual also not

R.K. Selander, 1954 5a C. chiapensis 5.4 mi. NW Tonalá', Chis., Mexico March 20 Collected a Petrona pustulatus in same area when we found cortus wrens. Gave specimen to Landa in trade for a C. chiapensis which one of his boys collected a short distance from camp. Landa also prepared another C. chiapensis collected a short distance from camp. He now has two skins of this species. Chiapensis males show some enlargement of their testes but those of humilis are of minimum size. In late afternoon we watched the group of chiapensis which have been frequenting the area of our camp since we arrived. I believe that there are 4 birds present. At least 3 were seen foraging on the ground and in the branches of a low, dead teach. Singing stops in mid-day but we heard several clut songs in the latter part of the after- noon. Most singing occur in the morning. Noted one bird in a pile of dead branches was complete in the afternoon a few minutes before dark. Note the following incomplete ossification in skull of # 1758. (chiapensis) Two hard, clear areas in the skull.

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K. Selander, 1954 (Recorded) C. humilis 5b Condition of Skulls of specimens collected on March 20 around Tonala', Chiapas. 1751 - 1st year on basis of wing character. S Skull: Two clear spots in top of skull shown natural size. 1752 an irregular spot not on, fine or at least imperfectly so. 1753 Two clear spots. 1755 Two clear spots.

37 animal 2 (batata) 1985 animal gusa y asahi de may'74 - 12/71 1985 desde julio al oct dos anos antes

R. K. Selander, 1954 C. chiapensis 6 3.5 mi. W Tonda', 100 ft., Chiapas March 21 A pair building a nest in 10ft acacia. Both birds carrying dry straw-like material in frequent trips to nest. Time 8:30 - 9:15 and more, Occasionally both birds sing together when they both are in the nest tree. Both birds fly up from the ground into the tail partially fanned out. Nesting material mostly long blades of grass and dried vines, Getting nest material either on ground or within 2 feet of the ground. Seen to be making trips to gather nest material together. Except for an occasional duet they are silent when gathering material. Heard a lone bird sing cha - clomp-clomp, cha - clomp-chomp in about fast waltz tempo. Last two notes are gurgling. This song was given from nest tree. Then the lone flew to the ground where the other joined her in a few moments. Counted 7 trips to nest in 5 minutes (both birds included). Other birds frequenting the same fence row are Deteros pustulatus, social flycatcher, grove-billed ani, an Empidonax, Cassiculus roraimensis melanchry flycatcher. Another pair seen 40 yards from the nest of the first pair. Seen foraging about leaves of mango tree high up in two huge trees. Two nests placed in a large bull-horn acacia - one well-built about 10 feet above ground and a partially completed nest 2 1/2 feet above it.

R.K.Selander, 1954 7 March 21 3.5 mi. W Tonalá' an old, battered nest in another acacia 1/2 feet away from the other nest-tree. The nest of this species is bulkier than that of drummerisfullus and there is less of a distinct taper from the nest proper to a tunnel entrance. 5.5 mi. W Tonalá' - Pair chispensis in dead tree by road. Drove on to Paredon, a fishing village at the sea, which is 10.5 mi. from Tonalá'. Noted a willet and several laughing gulls. 4 mi. from Paredon on road to Tonalá' - Searched a short tree in dry fields without finding worms. Owner of ranch knew both typos, however, and claimed that they nest in June.

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R.K.Selander, 1954 8 March 21 .4 mi. from Paredon to Tonala' We noted no nests. The country here is drier than it is closer to Tonala' and the large green trees are absent. 3.2 mi. from Paredon to Tonala' - an old nest of acotus wren in an acacia near the road. Directly across the road is a a large guanacaste tree. We searched in a stand of acacia and along a dense hedgerow without finding wrens. 3.6 mi. from Paredon - Two chiapensis foraging 75 feet or more high in a guanacaste tree. Shot one. Heard two other pairs or groups singing in large trees. Noted two nests 20ft up in a small leaved species of amate in front yard of farm house which are [illegible] acotus wren nests. May have heard thuribuli but cannot be sure. Large trees seem to be necessary for chiapensis, 4.2 mi. from Paredon - a chiapensis flew across the road near farm houses. 5 mi. from Paredon - Took a Thryothorus modestus in low bushes at side of road. See photo.

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K.Salander, 1954 C. chiapensis 3.6 mi. W Paredon, 50 ft., Chiapas. March 21 1765 Two bars but clear areas, (Tryothona modestus?) no- probably 1766 chiapensis March 22 In morning watched curuca near the tents. Placed a stuffed specimen of chiapensis on a pole + 7 feet high and placed it near a nest in a bullhorn acacia. One bird brought a piece of nest material into the nest and left without noticing the stuffed bird. On the next trip to the nest, however, it flew down and perched close to the stuffed bird. It hopped to the top of the pole and looked at the specimen. After a few seconds it flew into the bushes near the nest and worked around the nest tree, looking constantly at the specimen. After 10 minutes of this, during which time it remained apparently silent, it flew up the road toward camp and joined the other band of wrens which frequent the trees nearer camp. Later 4 birds returned to the other nesting area but no further attention was payed to the specimen. We then moved the pole with the mounted bird up the road and placed it close to the other nest tree. One bird perched on the nest tree (an acacia) and then flew to the perch beside the dummy. It pecked at the dummy once, looked at it from several angles and then flew into the bushes. No noise was made. No further attention

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K. Selander, 1954 3 mi. SS W Tonala', 100ft., Chiapas, Mexico was payed to the chimney. Apparently these birds are little concerned with the presence of a strange individual of their species. No other species of birds gave any attention to the chimney. There is a group of 8 wrens in the area immediately around camp. Most of the time they are divided into 2 groups of 4 each -- one group frequents the area of the nest tree just across the road from camp while the other group spend a good deal of time around the nest tree farther west down the road. There is mixing of the two groups however, no sign of territoriality. We watched one bird make several trips with nest material to the west-nest and saw 4 birds in the bushes near the nest at one time. There is --suggesting-- some evidence that all eight birds are associated in pairs but we cannot yet be certain of this. Bonnie saw on bird bring nest material to the east-nest while I watched the bird bring material to the other nest. Singing is heard all day but most frequently in the morning. There is no increase in song in the evening. Singing together occurs frequently when two birds fly into the same tree or bush and meet. The tail is fanned out and slightly down and the wings usually droop, the neck is puffed out; The bill is not raised above the horizontal. Often the birds come close together when singing in a duet. The song may be given by a lone bird

K. Selander, 1954 C. chiapensis 3 mi. SSW Tonalá, Chichipas, México March 22 but usually two or more sing together. The song alone is a simple "chang - gua - caug" "chang - gua - caug" but when 3 birds sing they are not together in rhythm and each bird I think that sometime each bird sings a different series of notes. When disturbed the usual note is a rasping "gua > gua " "gua > gua " or a simple "gua." The foraging notes are similar but softer and less excited and rasping. Birds seem to an- suer one another with these notes when they are foraging some distance apart. On the ground the wings drop and the tail is cocked at an angle. At 6:30 P.M. a group of wrens were foraging and calling "gua - gua" from a pile of dead limbs across the road from the east-nest tree. After flying to the mango tree near camp they returned to the pile of limbs and then one-by-one flew up to the nest tree and entered the large nest above the small nest & nest remainder. 5 entered - then a sixth flew up before the entrance - called a few times (Gua) and entered as one other f[ot] came out of the nest and flew down the road to-

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K. Selander, 1954 Q. rhipipennis 12 3 mi. SSW Tonaló', 100 ft., Chiapas, México March 22 ward the west-nest tree. Thus 5 birds are spend- ing the night in one nest. Presumably the other three spend the night in the west-nest tree in the lowest nest located there. We saw wrens working around the nest remainder in the east-tree and think that they may be gathering material to use in construction of a nest which is being constructed at the lowest fork of the same tree. - Hunted about .5 mi. SSW of camp and took 8 wrens. Each time we found wren, it was in the vicinity of farm houses, and invariably large mango trees or other large trees were present. Usually we were first attracted to a group by hearing songs from one of these large trees. I would judge that each farm-yard has one or two group of these wrens in it. In one situation we found a nest being built in a large thorny degenerans tree ('guanuche' acc. to Bonifacio). At least 4 birds were working about in the tree - two of which we collected - all males with tates about the same size (#1768, 1769, 1770). There was another large nest high in the tree (30 feet or so) above the other nest. We found a fairly well-built small nest in axipocacia in the neighdoring yard and coconut collected #1771 in a palm tree near the nest. This bird also was a male. - It is beginning to look

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R.K. Selander, 1954 C. chiapensis 13 March 22 3 mi. SSW Tonala, 100 ft., Chiapas, Mexico As if the presence of a large tree such as a mango is [illegible] important in determining the presence or absence of wrens. The nests do not appear to be placed in these large trees, however (see exception back a page or two, however) but rather in ocociss or other thorny trees at the edges of clearings. Bul-lon acacia is the usual nesting tree. Height of nest placement varies from 7 to about 15 feet above the ground. We found no evidence of humilis or nigricaudatus today in the vicinity of our camp although we hunted rather thoroughly through the drier, lusher, or stands of vegetation. Neither of howli's deoyhas brought in these species to date.

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R.K. Selander, 1954 (Recorded) 14 Q. chiapensis Condition of Skulls & livids taken 3.5mi. SS Tonala! March 22 1768 Two clear areas. 1769 Clear areas There clear areas have eirregular margins; they definitely look pillars of bone but they may be two-layered. It is difficult to see how pillars could be added to form complete ossification. 1770 - same as 1769 1771 1772 1773

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15a C. chiapensis 3 mi. SSW Tonala' March 23 Song heard from one lone bird "chan - qua - ca" "chan-qua-ca" given in this tempo 1 ♪♩ 1 ♪♩ Three birds sang together while perched a few inches apart on a dead limb. All birds fanned out the tail while singing. Moved through the tree top slowly and sang once while moving. This morning several birds are working on a nest above and a foot to the east of the big nest in which 5 birds roosted last night. Can hear a bird calling "qua - qua - qua" and "qua". Noted a pair on the ground moving by long hops - something like a Robin?; The wings are held below the tail, this tail is slightly cocked, and the head and neck are held upright, more vertical. (See also bottom of p. 19 for trip to Quetzalapa)

R.K. Selander, 1954 (Recorded) C. chiapensis x humilis 15h Condition of skull of C. chiapensis taken March 23 1781 clear Two thick, hard areas 1782 1783 1787

521 [illegible] (February) [illegible] [illegible] [illegible] [illegible]

K. Selander, 1954 Recorded C. chiapensis Skull of Wren taken on March 24 1791 - brimleyi 1792 - chiapensis

[illegible] [illegible] - [illegible] 50 [illegible] - [illegible] 0/0

K. Selander, 1954 17 C. chiapensis (as humilis). SE of Tonalá, Chis., México March 24 Drove out on road to Ocuilapa as far as Rancho Ocuilapa. At a point 2.6 mi. SE of the Rio Sanatanco near Tonalá we found a group of chiapensis in a fairly typical situation, although the country along this road is much drier - large grassy fields - and few mangos and other large trees, although the guaracaste is common & sometimes huge. Near the road where we stopped I heard a wren singing clearly 20-15 feet up in a dry open tree - "look- at-me-caw", "look-at-me-caw", "look-at- me-caw." I recognized it as a wren ca song. Shot the bird - a male, which may be intergradent with nigricaudatus. No other small cactus wrens were seen but we noted a nest in a bush-horn acacia about 30 yds from the tree. Will investigate the nest later. This is the same area in which I observed a pair of small cactus wrens in October - and in view of the larger size and white belly of the specimen taken today I am no longer sure that the two birds seen in October were nigricaudatus as I thought at that time. We drove on toward Ocuilapa after making one short stop between 2.6 mi. SE & Ocuilapa where we hunted without finding and cactus wrens. Made general observations of Thyrothorus pleuraticus along the way and took a specimen 4.8 mi. SE Tonalá. At Rancho Ocuilapa, which is located

(which we) remember? now, aged about 32 -almost is often at least 0 times - the word "old" "went to 9 at 32 with himself and others in remembrance of a group - himself an almost new part of them at present, when he himself finds -almost perfect good - write down a love well at present, next year also his age may not be still good continues a manner in terms of progress towards said Christ's own values does not - to "" - not into just a self-hope or hard - to "", "now-um-to-old", "now-um-to" -good as now you he recognized & "now-um" taking, the edgery toward them or kind it holds certain more acts of autonomy again this a in her return our find near were even not at any object trails since and, liked once it is all atol her at stage well this more words joined a minimal of older in area required not to win - but also a need of what that might be if old elder in whereas we are dead out at least was good on not lost wholly & so with again now we think the whole present to work all with some 32 and 5 needed yet both still, surely his finding better between actually intelligent from somewhere easier 32 in ? if anyway a sort as you want good told - look, not at all, almost to please?

K. Selander, 1954 C. chiapensis 18 SE Tonala', Chiapas, Mexico March 24 on the Rio Oxilapa (some water from springs in it near the rancho) in a dry situation between two rows of low thorn-forest hills. The hill toward the main mass of the mountain is the larger by far. The hill bordering the valley on the laguna side is very low. I think there is a about 1-2 miles between the two. Noted chiapensis in a few spots on the Tonala' side of Oxilapa but it apparently has a spotty distribution in this valley. Noted one pair in an unusually dry situation bordering the rock - only small trees & shrubs present - but we found no nest. Very few birds active in mid-afternoon. Place must be hunted early in the morning. Met Juby Davis and a Mr. Kincaid driving up from Tres Picos - a town about 15 miles beyond Oxilapa. They claimed to have seen T. pleurostictus commonly all along the way to Tres Picos. They also reported seeing C. chiapensis at Tres Picos and a a few inter- mediate spots but I gathered that its dist- dribution is spotty. Davis remarked that beyond Oxilapa "sometimes you get them - then for a ways there are none - and then you get them . again." They also mentioned hearing a pair of nigricaudatus singing "just beyond

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R.K. Selander, 1954 C. chiapensis 19 SE Tonalá', Chiapas, Mexico March 24 Rancho Ocuidapa". They said that it becomes increasing common as you go down toward Tres Picos, reported it at Tres Picos, and said that T. pleurostictus is commoner all along the way. It is possible to drive beyond Tres Picos but the road is poor a "hard to follow" - winds from one small settlement to another. Davis mentions having recorded the songs of chiapensis and nigricaudatus and reported that there is a good difference between the song of nigricaudatus and humilis - although he seemed a bit confused on which bird was humilis. He also mentioned having record- ings of other coctus wrens. At Ocuidapa a man told us that the changuaca was "bastante" but sings only in the morning. We hunted around a bit in a good stand of trees - but no mangos - without finding wrens. It was 1:30 so we returned to camp. Very hot today with few birds active after about 11:00, March 23 { Yesterday (March 23) we drove to Quetzalapa and got chiapensis only. County there is similar to that around camp - maybe a bit hotter & drier,

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K. Selander, 1954 C. humilis and nigricaudatus 20 SE Tonalá, Chiapas, Mexico March 25 Drove directly to a point 2 mi. SE Oxilapa early in the morning. In a patch of cut trees we found perhaps 10-12 C. nigricaudatus x humilis individuals. They were foraging in small trees around edges of cut-over forest area and on the large tree trunks and branches of the trees. I judge that this area (almost 3/4 city block in area) was cut sometime this year as the wood was still clean where cuts had been made. One pair we watched for some time near the part of the cut-over area adjacent to the road. The two birds were foraging close together and almost invariably moved about together. On one occasion one of these two birds chased another worm through the tree (in the area the pair had been frequenting) in a chase which looked as if it were a territorial defense. While the chase was in progress both birds seemed to be calling excitedly, while the third (the female?) remained quietly perched on a low branch in the area. After the chase one bird involved returned to the area and sang a song. Whenever the pair moved from one place to another they sang almost immediately after - and often they began the song on the wing just before arriving at their new perching place. On several occasions I heard one bird sing while the other gave a fast series of gorbled caws. I believe this is of common occurrence.

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K. Selander,\n1954\n21\nSE Tonalá, Chiapas, Mexico\nMarch 25 Songs in duet of the type were of short duration and immediately after the two birds parted a bit and continued foraging. When ducking the birds perch close together or more clear one another. The tails fanned and a down as in chiapensis, the bill is pointed up at an angle and the neck stretched up and puffed out, the wing are lifted out a bit and drooped — a definite posturing very similar to that of chiapensis. Generally these small wrens are more active than chiapensis and hence are harder to approach and study although I doubt that they are really waries.\nOne duet went like this:\n? (at least the larger more active kind) sang\n"coo-hee" - "woo-hee" - "coo-hee" (two notes only)\nwhile the ? sang a song fast "ta-we", ta-we-\n"ta-me".\nAnother duet heard as follows:\n? ? "whew-too", "whew-too", "whew-too"\nwhile ? gave a fast claw-claw-claw-claw\nrather soft than the other.\nSketching singing posture:

"[illegible]" [illegible] "ot-sol" "ot-sol" "ot-sol" "to alo-alo-alo. nuda tuf a rpa, ? edu , etet et-eter-ter anhol pihz edd?"

K. Selander, 1954 22 SE Tonala', Chiapas, Mexico Novel 25 Calls are rather varied: 1 'cau', 'cau-dit', 'ca-ca-cau' (very fast) common 2 'qua-qua' very fast - may be same as 1 3 'qua-dot' (very fast - may be same or variation of 1 4 'ca-dot-cat-dot' - very fast; may be same or variation of 1 - this type note given while foraging. Songs: 1 one bird sang "who-weet, who-weet" etc while another gave a querulous 'qua series. This may be variation or some of song described on previous page by a pair. In this case also 2 birds were perched close together with tails fanned out. 2 "'Pico-wa, pico-wa, 'pico-wa" - lone bird. or 'Pico-what, 'pico-what, 'pico-what' or 'Pico-weet, pico-weet - lone bird gave this fast. or 'what-do-it, weet-do-it, weat-do-it" given by a pair in perfect unison. Birds may have been a bit disturbed. or "Tweek-o-wee, tweek-o-wee" - - _ - _ - or "cha-'que-co, cha-'que-co"

(təfjuən) "maw-e-nas", "tob-ma", "nas" ① Das wirra elgarn - təfjuən "eup-auf" ② quickwor nimerd garn - təfjuən "tob-auf" ③ so wored garn təfjuən - "tab-tao - tab-as" ④ alidur wirg etun adət ait - ⑤ yə-miklaur pignourj :agnel: stu "tawu-alwi, kɛw-əlu", gnas lʊntɛs ① wirra eup dəllag - aup nɛta alidur alwead garn wamaro wirkwerd garn ait wala nua witter - niaj yul agap awwerj/ɔn worrj ənt əttu adtəg cals indlaur, wlu abud aat :twu: and ual - "au-auf, auʊ-auf, au-ˈaʊf" ② 'tedul-auif, tedw-ˈauf, tɛdw-ˈaʊf" ɔ int-wag and ual - tɛar-auf, kəw-aʊf ɔ :təfj: "ta-əb-tɛw, tɪ-əb-tɛw, ta-əb-tuːl" ɔ ɡən dʊd nana tuəp ət aia yal mɛg bal-wid ənd ual "au-a-saunt, au-l-a-saun" - - - "as-aup əla as-aup əla"

K. Selander, 1954 23 SE Tonala, Chis, Mexico March 25 (3) This heard once - a song "Cheek - o - we - wa , cheek - o - we - wa ' Usually song lasts for several seconds (3-4) and each theme is repeated several times. Singing & calling stopped after about 10:30 and after that time luins were extremely difficult to locate. (4) "que - qua" , "que - qua' - "que - qua' song? Noted Thryothorus pleurostictus foraging a few inches above ground in some area frequented by pair observed. Also noted a pair of T, pleurostictus in an open situation foraging on the branches of mid-sloven trees on SE end of the cut-over area. Later in the day I collected 4 Wrens in a group of small trees on the other side of the road from the area frequented by the pair observed earlier in the day. 3 birds were associated together in this small clump of trees. I walked around the cut-over area at about 10:15 without hearing more wrens. I hunted a few minutes on the hillside where there is a stand of rather low deciduous trees but saw no wrens or nest. In fact, we found no nests in

"sup - sup" , "sup - sup" , "sup - sup" (P-E) whoever knew of the gun possibly figure? might have shot him on the day he was shot. Also, what's the killer? stood there? who knows? [illegible] [illegible]

R.K.Selander, 1954 24 SE Tonala, Chiapas, Mexico March 25 the area - but we did not search thoroughly. From the hillside I would see that more than half of the original forest area in the valley is in cultivation or is in the process of being cleared. To the South there is a long dry, low hill with a rather dense low forest on it. The tree to the left have been cleared most of the way along the valley which is about 1/2 - 3/4 miles wide. Near our study area the forest extends down to level ground from the hillside - on level ground the trees have been chopped down for the most part but a few remain. There are very few large trees in this valley - the largest being guanacaste trees. Bonifacio said that the common tree with oak-like leaves is the totopote - this is rather common in the area we studied today. There are several other trees - all deciduous. Areas which appear to have been previously cleared are now covered with dry lemon grass. Here and there - and especially near the streambeds, the vegetation is greener and more lush - but generally the area is much more arid in appearance. We noted no mango trees around our study area. I should judge the at one time this entire valley had a rather dense deciduous forest in it - with larger trees than there now on the hillside - since

K. Selander, 1954 25 SE Tonala', Chiapas, Mexico March 25 the remaining trees in the valley and along the base of the hills are of good size in many cases — on the hill to the North the forest extends only about half way up, then becomes thinnier and finally the summit is almost bare of vegetation. It will be important to determine whether breviceps or nigricaudatus inhabit this forest in its undisturbed condition. If so there is probably a fairly good connection between pop- elations of the two — if not then they may have only very recently come into contact as habitat was made available when clearing of this valley was undertaken. We drove on to what one man at a posta told us was the Rio Palca. This was at a point 36 mi. (by road) from Ocuilapa. He claimed that La Polka was only 4 km. distant and that Tres Picos was 16 Km. farther along the road. (The posta was .8mi. beyond the Rio Polca. This man said chevenacos are rare around his place but said that they are common around Tonala'. The high, sharp peak on the N edge of the range blanking the Laguna on the SE he called Pico or Cerro Vernal. We saw no chifarencio today. They must be rare in this valley, especially in the SE portion. Noted many of some lizards around Tonala' — the only

thing different being the occurrence of Columbigallina rather commonly. We have not noted them around Camp 3 mi. SSW Tonalá.

K. Selander, 1954 Recorded C. humilis x nigricaudatus 26 Condition of Skull of specimen taken March 25 March 25 1801 1802 1803 Skull same as 1802 1804 1805 - complete ossification

[illegible] 241 2081 2081 2081 intoxicans styfina - 2081 1081

K. Selander, 1934 (Recorded) C. chichensis 27 Skull condition of Chichensis - March 26 1814 1818 1820 1818 = 1819? almost complete - much like 1818.

[illegible] [illegible] (February) [illegible] - [illegible] 20 p. m. H81 B181 B181 O.S81

2.6 mi. SE Tondal March 27 Hunted in dense acacia and thorn-tree near place where we took humilis March 24. Heard one call of a small cactus wren. Two groups of cliospensis located, both around the few larger trees in the area. T. pleurostictus seen in a low tangle of vegetation, and I observed a wren Dan quite certain was T. modestus in the same tangle. The nest in the acacia by the tree in which we took humilis March 24 is a nest of the social flycatcher I believe. Found a pair of humilis-like birds along a road leading from the new highway. They were foraging through a row of small trees along a fence along the road. In an acacia nearby are two large cactus wren nests. (See photo 4-4). Call notes heard: "cha-chit" - very fast and nasal, qua, qua-qua notes about same as those sky before yesterday) pitchel, there). Songs given by one bird: tilling chetter then who-tweet, who-tweet, who-tweet, who-tweet - given rather fast. Lengthy song. On another occasion the song was more like "ha-tweet, a-tweet, a-tweet, a-tweet. one other time given as follows: trile MMM - a-tweet, a-tweet, a-tweet, a-melt, a-tweet.

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K. Selander, 1954 29 2.7 mi. SE Tonalá, Chiapas, Mexico March 27 To Venilapa heard gully 2.6 X heard chiquero 2 blocks Bridge in - construction New road to Puerto Aliste

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R.K.Selander, 1959 30 one 2:7 mi. SE Tonalá, Chiapas, México March 27 One time one of the two birds sang "weet-weet-we-weet" after it flew to join the other. I watched while one bird preened the back feathers of the other as it perched motionless with head extended and downward and fluffed its feathers. The two birds were always associated while we watched once I believe they were a pair. At about 10:15 we could no longer hear them- at about the same time the songs and calls of most of the birds in the area ceased. I found a T. pleurostictus foraging on the ground among the dead leaves in the same spot where we first noted humilis and just back a bit from under the nest tree. The wings are constantly flicked out and I believe serve to turn over leaves. I a tangle of acacia, a small, thin trees directly across the road from the nest-tree I found a pair of T. modestus foraging on the ground and on the lower branches of smaller trees. I can see no difference in the habitat preference of these two Thryothorus Wrens Heard chiapensis calling just across the new highway. Also here one "Tico-weet" type cactus wren sang this side of the new road in a small group of trees.

K.Selander, 1954 C. humilei x chispensis 31 2.7 mi. SE Tonalá, Chiapas, México fence row March 27 Took two photos (4-1, 4-2) of the nest tree of the humilei-like lizards and also two close-ups of the nest tree (4-3, 4-4). Of the two humilei-like lizards seen today - one seemed lighter brown than the other, particularly on the lower back or rump and around the eye. Rio Tlaltetel 4.4 March 28 Rode out to the Río Amatillo, 2 mi. NW Tonala' and hunted SW of the road. Heard chispensis singing, but no evidence of humilei noted. We then drove SW from Tonala' on the road to the Rancho El Hujsachal and made a stop at the Rancho San Francisco, 2 mi. SW Tonala', where we collected two chispensis and heard several other groups. The vegetation at this point is similar to that around camp but somewhat more lush. No evidence of humilei. March 29 Up at 6:00 to study uwen behavior but was sick most of day from scorpion bites. Recorded the following activities:

[illegible] [illegible] [illegible]

K.Selander, 1954 32 O. chispensis March 29 3 mi. SSW Tonalá, Chiapas, Mexico A.M. 6:21 1 in 2nd nest up, working, silent. 6:23 Flew into tree, 10ft. up 6:28:5 on apl[illegible] log on ground 6?24 on ground picked up straw and worked up tree to 10 ft, then to 2nd nest up. 6:25 Two others foraging 10-12 feet up along lower limbs. 6:25:5 One flew to ground, returned 10 ft. up in tree with straw, then flew to 3rd nest up (=lowest nest) 6:26 Same kind flew to ground. - 6:29 bird returned with straw to nest # 2, 6:29:5 flew to ground 30 feet from the nest, 6:30 one kind foraging on log on ground, another on ground hunting nesting material. One foraging 2 5 feet up in tree, inner branches. 6:37 birds singing in palm window "chang - cee - ca" 6:35 One bird sitting on fence post calling "gua", another in log pile. 6:36 Two foraging in heavy vines 10ft. up. 6:38 two kinds working up vines in high tree 50 ft. up and foraging along branches of this tree - some branches very thin. 6:34-47 Seen Nothing! 6:48 Two birds on log getting nest material 6:50 one flew to nest # 2 from 10 feet up in tree, staged in nest nestled 6:52 Second kind flew to nest # 2 with straw - "ow - quo - quaw, ow - quw - caw, ow - quw - caw" at nest entrance quiet alone. 6:54 Some kind pulling straw from old nest in same tree & returned to nest # 2, 6:54 flew to tree 10 ft. up / 12 ft up / 15 ft up - working up - 6:55-flew

To post, then to ground . 6:55 - Two linds together on ground . On flew to nest #2 E straw and then directly to ground . 6:56 one on ground the other 2-3 feet up in dry herbs . 6:57 Quick on ground flew to nest #2. Both these birds are working on nest #2 rather actively. 6:58 Both birds in nests - 6:59 Both flew to post then to ground. fairly large nest probably wren but linds not seen to visit it or work around it. #5 small nest - not certain wren old remainder of what looked to be a wren nest, forget nest Roosting Nest -> = 17" x 14" #3 2ft [ #2 Position of nests in a Bull from acacia observed working on this one. Partia completed on March 29. Remainder of nest 2ft [ 1ft #1 probably not being built worked on by wren. 11 ft diameter 4"

R.K.Selander, 1954 O. chiapensis 3mi. SSW Tonala', Chiapas, Mex. 33 March 29 7:00-7:06 - 7:06 one bird entered nest # 2, flew to post for a second, then way down the road to the large green tree on inside of the fence - singing heard just after it flew into that tree at 7:07. 7:07-7:14 - 7:15 - one flew into tree 15 ft. up in dense vegetation between the two nest trees . 7:15/5 another joined the first. 7:25 Two birds at nest # 2, one to ground, other to post, 8:25.5 one on ground to nest through tree = straw. 7:27 other to nest = straw. 3 all at nest. 7:28 one to ground, then the other to ground in a different direction. 7:29. one to nest while two others on ground. One of these flew to nest 3 with straw. End of observations 6:35 P.M.- one worm entered the road nest in the east nest-tree. The big root nest is used every night - while the worms spend a good part of the morning building nest # 2, although occasionally a bird will take a twig to the big root nest.

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R K Selander, 1954 C. chiapensis 34 Plant Collection March 29 3 mi. SS W Tonalá, Chia, Mexico - Following plants visited by C. chiapensis around camp. 1- Mango - a large tree. 2- Small tree with a oval gourd-like fruit "Hicará" 3- low vine-type shrub. 4- Bull-horn acacia from the next tree. 5- Medium sized tree. 6- Small tree 7- Tree. "Guamechal" or "guamuche" 8- Viney tree 9- Plant 10- Large tree just over fence in field between the two nests. In addition to plants collected there are several very large guanoearla trees in the mass of vegetation fre- guented by the wrens. Also some palms of several types in neighboring trees but these are not used by the wrens we are watching.

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R. K. Salander, 1954 35a C. chiapensis 3 mi. SW Tonalá, Chiapas, Mexico March 29 Photographs taken around camp - 4-5 - Lamb and his boys working. 4-6 to 4-10 - Various shots of nests around camp and typical habitat & groups of chiapensis we have had under observation. March 30 Single bird: "ow-gua-ca, ow-gua-caw" when two duet one often gives a "gua-gua gua-gua" while other sings a gorlelso "chaneca-caw song" - Two distinct themes. Shot the pair that were working on nest # 2 in the east nest tree. Shortly before this I noted a large group foraging in the palms in the field near camp. A high caw-caw-caw like a cat meowing - a whining note - sometime like "haw, haw" , haw - given by a single bird - each note about 1/2 second in duration. This is a call to other wrens I believe - a location note perhaps. Chu-show-show - Single bird at roost nest. Throat puffed but tail was not fanned. A variation of the chanecaro call I believe. > chu-chua-aw - single bird song once.

R.K. Selander, 1954 (Recorded) C. cliapensis 35b Skull Condition of cliapensis taken March 30 '1854 '1855 '1858 '1857 '1861 '1862 '1863 '1864 - Skull Same as 1855 '1867 '1865 '1871 '1870

(Recorded) 1872 1873 1874

R.K. Selander, 1954 36 C. chigfanae's nigricaudatus 3 mi. SSW Tonalá', Chis., México March 30 Dearly flycatchers taking material from nest #1. Bonnie is now not sure that she saw the wrens building at this nests and thinks that they may only have been perched on it. " ow ?-chua-cha, ow y-chua-cha, ow-'chua chaw given loudly by a single bird in bushes near nesttree, "ow-'chu-suga, ow-'shu'suga" same bird, this time 2 a 4 note song. Collect the bird (#1854) after it had called in trees near the nesttree for about 10 minutes. It was seen to forage at medium heights above the ground but called rather often - perhaps attempting to locate or contact the pair I had collected earlier. This bird was seen to visit the roost nest once, one when this bird sang another group answered from a distance. Collected another lone bird in tree near our tent (#1855) March 31 Moved from camp in morning and drove SE of Tonalá to a point 5.3 mi. beyond Rancho Ocuilapa where we made camp off the road in the yard of the Rancho Oronoz on bank of Rio Oronoz. People here say we are very close to La Barita and that the Rio Oronoz flows SE of the Cerro Meral (ie. not into the Laguna. Just before arriving at camps we climbed a little and are now at the edge of the NE range of hills we have been following. Will get a better description of the area tomorrow. The vegetation is rich along the river but quite

R.K.Selander, 1954 O. nigricaudatus 37 Rancho Oreonez, SE Tonala', Chio., Mex. March 31 different from that at Tonala'. As you enter the "Acuiloopa Valley" SE of Tonala' the vegetation immediately becomes drier, lower, & more open - a definite change. This continues SE in the valley but at the other side of the hills there is a good forest like that near our present camp. The mango is rare. The totoposte is a common tree as is the guanacaste. There is a short palm around camp which I don't believe we have seen before. Birds are somewhat different from those at Tonala'. Hundreds of white-winged doves in flocks, green jays (1 taken), squirrel cuckoos, Thryothorus pleurostictus - one taken in a dense dark thorny patch at the edge of the stream, at 4:30 I heard a nigricaudatus calling twice near camp but failed to locate the bird. Hunted about an hour around camp without seeing or hearing cactus wrens. The men here at Rancho Oreonez apparently know the "chancuaca chacita" and claim that it is common here. They recognized C. chicpinis when I showed a specimen to them but they may have seen it around Tonala'. - There are several freshly burned over areas just beyond the river where the forest is being cleared. We saw numerous fires on the hills coming down from Tonala' and there are half a dozen fires burning on the Cerro Vernal now. The men claim that Tren Picos is on the railroad about 13 miles beyond

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R.K. Selander, 1954 C. nigricaudatus 38 Rancho Orezon, SE Tonalá, Chio., Mexico March 31 our present position. the road is terrible, however, and we have had much trouble with large boulders in the middle of the road so I doubt that we will be able to continue further down towards Tres Picos. I thought that we were on the SE end of the Ocuilapa Valley but I think that it continues further SE. In any event it appears to narrow here at camp as a dome-like hill on which we are camped splits the valley into two smaller ones. This formation may act as a barrier to nigricaudatus provided that form does not inhabit this foot-hill type deciduous or sub-deciduous forest. Perhaps clearing of patches of forest has allowed humilis and nigricaudatus to come into contact. This can be shown if we find these birds only at edge of cleared areas as we have in the past. April 1 Hunted wrens NE of camp in early morning and collected 8; of which at least 7 are good nigricaudatus; one other has a more patterned look than in pure nigricaudatus. We found these wrens in dense clumps of thorn bushes along the fence and in the small gullies. One group of 3 wrens we found in a short palm tree in the yard of a ranch. These flew to a large guanacaste tree when we shot at them in the palm. There we severed their, short buds from acacia trees near the palm. The wrens seemed more wary than those near Ocuilapa and kept well down in the dense bushy vegetation - most of which

R.K. Selander, 1954 39 Rancho Oreonez, SE Tonala, Chiapas April 1 It thorny - many thorn vines and the combination of vines & bushes forms an almost impenetrable mass about 10 feet high at best - although an occasion small tree is taller. Found one possible nest place up about 8 feet in a fairly sized bush area in a clearing at the edge of one of these dense masses of bushy thorn veg- etation (could have been nest of a flycatcher, however). I judge that there is a fair population with area. We did not find wrens in the busher, large-tree forest vegetation adjacent to the rivers, but rather in the thinner areas in the dense bushes and small trees. Bonnie did not see or hear any around camp this morning - although we occasionally hear one sing not too far distant from our tent. The only song I have heard here is the "Pico-weet, pico-weet" song. The saw- a'gua notes of nigricaudatus are seen huskier than those of humilis. There was little singing this morning about the wrens were fairly active. In the same place where we collected nigricaudates, Bonifacio shot a Thryothorus pleurostictus and I a Thamnophelus doliiatus (o). Will have to look over the country better tomorrow but I believe that the bushy growth frequented by the wrens is a secondary vegetation the coming in on cleared areas.

(Recorded) Skull condition of C. nigricaudatus collected April 1, 1954 1879 1880 but thick 1878 1881

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Q. nigricaudatus 41 April 2 Rancho Oronoz, 16.1 mi. SE Tonala', Chiapas, Mexico Hunted SE of camp about 1/2 mile. Took several color shots (Roll 5) and nearly full roll of B&W (Roll 6) of wren habitat and of the surrounding hills. The hills con- tinue on both sides of the road beyond Pico Vernal but they continue on the seaward side & don't believe very far. Rio Oronoz Pico Vernal camp a couple of hillocks here where we are camped. The vegetation here is mostly deciduous. The gumocasto is the tallest tree but there are other tall trees. The greenest portion is around the river. Farther to the SE it is drier. Birds seen in association with nigricaudatus are : Halia gutturalis, green-pay, Thyrothorus pleurostictus and modestus, Thamnophilus delattus, Crotophaga, deterrus periculatus, Piaya cayana. When singing in the early morning but after about 10:00 they are rather silent. - Noted also Buteogallus, Anatinga, a chachelaca, Cariculus melanicterus (not common).

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C. nigricaudatus 42a Rancho Oreong, 16.1 mi. SE Tonala', Chiapas April 2 Wrens are in small groups - 2-4 birds. Took a picture of a possible nest. The songs are: most frequent ① Pico-what or Pico-weet ΠΠ I , ΠΠ I sometimes given quickly several in succession and occasionally given slowly and sweetly, In any event this is the most frequently given variation of the song, ② pe-e-co?wee (gua), pe-e-co?wee (gua) Not a frequently heard variation. ③ oo pi co?weet - heard once, ④ we-do-it, we-do-it, we-do-it ⑤ week-o-wat-da - not frequent ⑥ oh-wee-tho-weee-wa - not frequent ⑦ who?wee, who?wee, who?wee, who?wee given fast. This is frequently heard, Notes: a guttural, rasping gua, gua-gua-gua (run together). I did not note many occasions when the birds duetted but I am sure they do. We found wrens rare along the stream but generally distributed in all vegetation in the area - although entower areas & edges of these areas are preferred habitat.

(Recorded) 42b Condition of skull of C. nigricaudatus taken April 2, 1954 1902 1903 1904 and 1908 and 1913 imperfectly gill area 1906 1907 1909 yellow looks like an injury 1910 1911 1915 1916 1914 1917 April 3 1923 - and 1925, 1926

C. nigricaudatus 43 Rancho Oreong, 16.1 mi. SE Tonala', Chiapas April 2 We never saw the wrens on the ground. They prefer the more middle levels of vegetation and logs which have fallen. The tail is cocked thusly a good deal of the time. The vegetation here is much lusher and not jungle- like that that around Rancho Ocnilapa. Actually, it seems similar in many respects to forest around San Fernando or Santa Rita, Chiapas, although there are few evergreen species. All in all it seems to be good wren habitat and there is a rather fair sized population in the area. No chionpensis heard or seen, and the reason for their absence is difficult to see. April 3 Drove to a point 12.1 mi. SE Tonala' and camped at a small rancho. Many pauquages calling in the night. April 4 Hunted around camp in a cleared forest area where we found a few nigricaudatus frequenting the trunks of the cut-down trees. Country here is dry and barren like with clumps of trees placed in fields of coarse, dry grass. Wrens were uncommon and widely spaced - we found only a few pairs and most of these around the ranch and in a gulley where the trees were large. Bonilacio shot a Ortalis vetula. In the afternoon we moved on to Rancho Ocnilapa, 8.6 mi. SE

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R.K. Selander, 1954 (Recorded) O. nigricaudatus 44 Conditions of Skull of C. nigricaudatus taken April 4 April 4 1930 1932 1934 1936 [=1935?] 1939 1938 1940 1942 1943 1945

PH [illegible] (antemort) H2P1 [illegible] H2P1 H2P1 H2P1 H2P1 H2P1 H2P1 H2P1 H2P1 H2P1 H2P1 H2P1

. K. Selander, 1954 C. nigricaudatus 45 Rancho Ocuilapa, Chiapas April 4 Tonala', stopping at our old collecting spot 2 mi. SE Ocuilapa where we took 2 nigricaudatus from a group of three in a clump of trees near the road. The cut over area has been burned since our first visit and we found no other ones. I imagine that we have now exterminated the small population living in the clumps of trees along the road. Between our 12:1 mi. camp and Ocuilapa the land is dry with few areas having suitable stands of trees for the vines. Along the foot hills is the dry, low thorny deciduous forest - almost certainly not suitable habitat. Noted no evidence of chiofensis in the valley. At Ocuilapa we camped near the river. Heard one vwen calling in the stand of mangos, guanacaste, and anates near the stream - which has a little water from springs. April 5 In early morning I walked carlward towards the hills hunting. In streamside tangle of vines in proximity to large trees I found a lone bird (#1) which I heard singing "wet-do-it, wet-do-it" repeatedly. Also a variation "we-do-it" and another song "a-wet, a-wet, a-wet." No other individuals in the immediate area. Later on and a bit towards the hills I took a pair foraging 25 feet above the ground in a vine-tangled branch of a rather large tree. The foliage of tree and vines combined formed

K. Selander, 1954 C. nigricaudata 46 Rancho Deindepa, Chiapas April 5 thick a mass of vegetation high above the ground. Toto- pote trees nearly. As I approached the foothills the trees had less leaves and the low deciduous forest begins. In the gully there is a stand of big trees but they were not in full leaf - probably some species as along the stream but more deciduous. I found no wrens in the deciduous forest - very similar in many ways to more northern deciduous vegetation. As I approached the heavy stand of vegetation along the river and around the rancho I found a bird carrying nesting material to a nest in construction 18 feet up in a broad-leaved evergreen tree. Took 2 specimens (#4x5) and missed another. One of the specimens I collected was gathering the nest- ing fibers high in another neighboring tree and flying to the nest. All birds seem to forage on outer branches of this large tree - working along the branches and picking off insects. Forage notes - "quo-quo" given several in a series and low in pitch. Some good semi-low thickets really where the third bird flew after. I fired at it several times. Later nearby the road I took a pair (6-7) in a stand of small toto pote trees - an unusually dry situation. I did not find wrens in several similar situations visited and I assume that

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C. nigricaudatus 47 Rancho Ocuilapa, Chiapas, México April 5 this occurrence was unusual. Continued walking westerly towards the other side of the valley. The river winds across the valley & has some standing pools at this season. There is a rather rich growth of green trees & shrubs, with vines, along the river but the land just away from the banks is very dry and has been cleared to form grassy grazing areas for cattle. Wrens fairly common along the stream - Bonfils has collected 10 along the stream and together we shot 2 more - giving a total of 18 for the day, and I judge 1/2 or more of all the wrens in the area! Apparently Ocuilapa is a pocket where there is a considerable area of habitat - enough to support perhaps 20 pairs or more of wrens. We found no chiapenses although I could see nothing wrong with the habitat available along the stream and around the rancho. Actually it is very similar to that around Tonalá where the dig wren is so abundant. On the foothills is a low deciduous forest and I do not believe that wrens occur there. Heard a song -- week or two - a variation of the Pío-wreet { { { Song of nigricaudatus. It was my distinct impression the range of variation in songs heard around Ocuilapa were greater than at Rancho Oronoz,

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K. Selander, 1954 O. nigricaudatus 48 Rancho Ocuilapa, Chiapas April 5 Some of the variations I scarcely recognized as those of the wrens, in any event the population is just about intermediate in characters between nigricaudatus and humilis and shows nearly if not the full range of variation of the two forms. Certain facts of nigricaudatus: 1 Apparently never frequents the ground. 2 Obviously found foraging high in trees. 3 Snip from high portion of tree - usually on a bare branch - apparently in an exposed position. 4 Occurs in groups of more than 2 birds -- but definitely more frequently in pairs (only) than chiapensis. 5 We do it song is similar in meter to the song of chiapensis. 6 Occasionally climb vertical or near vertical trunks of trees and I have seen humilis do on palm trees. 7 Few nests seen and I suspect that acacia is not the preferred nesting tree else we would have seen more nests on our hunts. We left Ocuilapa (after taking a shot at a good- allegator [illegible] near the river) and drove into Tonala' where we took a room at the Hotel Central and spent the remainder of the day pre- paring specimens.

K. Selanda, 1954 Recorded 49 Condition of Skulle q nigricaudatus taken April 5 ✓2-3 - apair ✓A, B, C, D, = groups April 5 ✓4-5 - a pair 1947 1949 1956 1957 1954 1958 1953 1961 1952 1964 1959 1951 1963? 1955

[illegible] 1291 5291 4291 2291 [illegible]

K. Selander, 1954 C. nigricaudatus 50 Rancho of El Presidente NW Tonalá, Chiapas April 6 Heard chiapensis in large mango trees around the ranch house. We then walked toward and into the foothills which are just "back" of Tonalá. As you enter these foothills the large mango & other trees drop out and there is a low forest of clocidunus trees and shrubs, most of them without leaves at the present time. Along the few small streams, however, there are larger trees forming narrow stands of vegetation similar to that SSW of Tonalá. 100-200 feet up the vegetation fairly uniform — a thick stand & bull horn acacia, another acacia, and several bushes with many small branches coming up from the base at ground level. There are a few to 10 pinto trees in the gulley's and a few thinly leaved trees of small size. We heard no wrens — noted ground pigeon (L. verrauxi), Calocitta formosa. This low deciduous forest extends to the limits of the city and in combination with city I cannot see how we can expect to find small wrens around Tonalá. Probably too close proximity of chiapensis to the foothills is a barrier to brunilis so that only an occasional bird filters through to make contact with nigricaudatus in the Ovilapa valley. Bonifacio identified the following trees in the deciduous forest — totopote (afew), canelo (a large tree without leaves) and palo de ole. The forest is 10-15 feet high in most areas, Took several shots of the forest on Roll No. 899

K. Selander, 1954 C. nigricaudatus 51 Tonalá, Chiapas April 6 and also a few shots on some roll around the Rancho where we heard chiacensis. Noted Thryothorus pleurostictus in the deciduous forest. Song: cheap (o chip), chip, chip, chip until —not unlike a song sparrow but with four short opening notes. [Roll 8 has several shots around the Rancho Ocuilapa and Roll 7 in Ocuilapa and part 2 mi. SE Ocuilapa]. April 7 Worked along the Río Agua Dulce. Bonifacio hunted "clove" the wood along the river for a long distance and collected 13 nigricaudatus × humilis. He saw no chiacensis. I walked about 1/3 mile "down" from the road along the river and found several pools of standing water in the several channels of the river. Rich vegetation along the stream — large amates and various trees and vines. (Took several black & white photographs of places where such wrens occur). Nigricaudatus type wrens were abundant along the river, occupying situations similar to those frequented by chiacensis'. However, chiacensis was rare — I met it only about 3 times. About 9 feet up in an acacia two luiclos were 'chawing' cont- inuously together at a nest. I shot a nigricaudatus (lug luid) and a moment later shot a chiacensis in a bush a few feet away. I think that the chiacensis was at the nest with the other wren — perhaps a dispute — or attempt at mating! Later I heard two other

52 Rio Agua Dulce April 7 Groups of chiapensis calling - The surprising thing is that nigricaudatus was occurring in what I judged to be exactly the same type of situation in which chiapensis was occurring. This will require further work but I am sure that there is little if any difference in habitat preference in the area in question. I noted no wrens of either species in the dry fields back from the river. (see photos). Saw another th nigricaudatus nest placed 10 feet up in a loblom acacia in a clearing in a dense, rich stand of various bushes beneath and near large anote tree - a perfect situation for chiapensis I should think. One bird was seen to gather nesting fibers in the trees - not on the ground. Later, I saw a group of wrens foraging in small trees beneath large ones - these small-leaved lushy trees are very similar in growth form to trees frequent by humilis at Piedra la Cuesta, Guerrero - may be the same tree. I noticed that the small wrens made much use of the large trees - flying often to them and foraging thru the branches. They almost invariably sing in a rather exposed position from a high branch or limb in a tree - often a tall anote. Saw one small wren climb a foot or so up a vertical tree trunk - wood heater style - then fly to ground for a moment and work its way up thru the branches of a tree.

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53 April 7 Rio Agua Dulce Songs heard were various: 1 da-da tweet, da-da-tweet, da-da-tweet L I L I I heard several times. 2 re-tweet, re-tweet, retreat - fairly concurrently. 3 Trr-pi-coo 4 chip-a-wa, chip-a-wa, chip-a-wa -fast L 3 J L 3 J L 3 J 5 Peck-tweet, etc. Some kind then gave Pico-weet and then Peck-o-wa -> This given by two bird in union, with a third joining in just at the last. I believe that nigricaudatus and chiapensis are close in habitat requirements -although the former endoubtedly has a wider tolerance and is able to occupy brushy places such as near Rancho Oconoz and "above" Rancho Occilapa. However, when it hits Tonalei region only the rich vegetation is available & this is occupied by an abundant population of chiapensis - extremely abundant - probably filling all available areas suitable. A few birds push to 2.6 mi. SE where they occupy drier places along the road not frequented by chiapensis - but even so they are uncommon.

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54 Rio Agua Dulce April 7 At about 2.6 mi. SE there is a rather sudden change to good cliopensis dolutat with abundant lulls occupying every suitable area so that nigicaud- alus stops rather suddenly. (Must show similarity of habitat between nigicandatus cliopensis to prove this point.) In other words the two compete & nigicaudatu excluded from the Tonala' region completely although it is able to push through the Decilapa Valley, crossing the drier portions & reaching abundance in it along the several small rivers where there is evergreen vegetation (the probably important) but of a less rich & extensive sort suitable for good population of cliopensis. Nigicandatus perhaps is able to occupy smaller trees along the rivers than can cliopensis. There seems little doubt that cliopensis requires large tree - amotes or mangos - this is evident at the edge of its range where it occurs around farms almost exclusively: The fact that the two are similar in color & markings makes sense if they have similar habitat tolerances. - probably both adapted to broad-leaved evergreen situations where there is considerable shade thrown by the large leaves - in other words rather dark situations where large patches solid color would provide better concealment that a variegated flight pattern such as possessed by humilus.

55 Río Agua Dulce April 27 Hemulus occurs in dry bushy deciduous veg - etation where a solidly marked bird would be conspicuous. The multitude of twigs & tiny branches of the vegetation of Hemulus habitat, adapted to this is the patterned markings of Hemulus - many fork a light area dorsally & a brownish cast to the underparts with a few spots & tiny bars. I noted the concealing effect of the pattern and color of Hemulus against a background of dry, bare branches & twigs - and possibly leaves on the ground although I doubt that Hemulus frequents the ground to any great extent. T. pleurostictus present along the Río Agua Dulce but not too commonly. The nigricaudatus has a wider range of habitat dist- bution as shown by its range in Guatemala & the situations I have seen it in - including the spots at La Palca and Ocuilapa. On the other hand it is almost possible to judge whether Chifpenio will be present in a given place by the kind of the vegetation - ie presence of a large mango or cotton, evergreen tree & preserving occacia & a large tangle of vines & smaller trees. Even within the Tonala area proper the Chifpenio area is not common in the drier spots - such as near Paredon and close to Puerto Arista - but neither is nigricaudatus present.

36 Rio Agua Dulce April 7 My best theory demands that there is a good bit of ecological overlap & competition between nigricand- ates and chiapensis. They are zonally separated at Esmeralda according to Brockkoller and certainly they are absent whenever chiapensis is present in any numbers. No letters from Brockkoller (1954) It will be important to determine whether humilis can occupy "rich" vegetation when chiapensis is not abundant. If this is true it would explain humilis' absence from Tonalá proper. If it can occupy habitat similar to that of chiapensis then may also be ecological competition between the two. April 8 Rode out in the morning to the Rio Los Limones, 8mi. NW Tonala', after crossing a small dry stream 4mi.NW. Parked car and hiked SW along the river.

57 NW Tonala April 8 To a point about 4 miles NW Tonala' is uniformly low and deciduous. The titoposte & guanacaste, [illegible] ferns are almost the only large tree or leaf. the vegetation is the same scrubby type so common in the Jthmus of Tichuantepec region - it ends 4 mi. NW Tonala where it suddenly becomes richer with anates, mangoes, palms, stone fronds of trees covered with the Corrolines -- like, purple-flowered vines. The hedge rows are green & lush looking compared to paths out along the road. At the point where we worked the hills, are very close but the main mass of the vines is for removed / or very low. It is low at [illegible] Arriaga where the road passes up to Tutula. I do not know whether brimlei is in the foot- hills, but the vegetation is small trees, rather sparsly spaced -- same as on the foothills in the Ocuilopa valley and I don't think the small vines occurs in it. In any case the tops of these hills are almost barren. Thryothorus pleurostictus is commoner than any- where else in the area and occurs in exactly the same spots as does brimlei - but invariably, it forages on the ground or at the base of bushes while brimlei is in the medium middle portions of the small deciduous trees, in the ococia, or on the branches of the guanacaste. I can see no cliff --

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58 NW Tonalá' April 8 A dry stream 2 mi. beyond Rio Amatello. RG Los Lamoses, 8 mi. NW Tonalá' = about 1/2 mile down (SW) the river & found three birds - apparently pure himilais in a spot along the river (no water). Found them first foraging in small live trees. They then flew across the river bed to a small guanacaste only partly in leaf and into a mass of vines near two large guanacastes & an amate. A bird singing look-hue, look-hue, look-hue Saw one bird pick off a bunch of seeds with long fibers & carry in bill for some distance but apparently did not take them to nest. T. plaurastietus common & singing in same bushes the who chip!!! [illegible] with wrens. They hop over the ground searching under leaves and on low branches. Wings constantly flitting half or 1/2 open shut, abundant here. Hemilai hops. Forages low & high in trees, especially around trunks & dead or bare branches.

C. humilis 59 NW Tonala April 8 1) a'hue, a'hue, a'hue -> pit-tui, pit tui, (Song song) Two birds or groups sometimes answering one another -- at least singing about the same time. Day overcast and little song at 9:30 A.M. 2) a-weet, a-weet, or cha-weet, cha-weet - Common 'who it', 'who-it', 'who'tit', 'who'-it - Common chant-haw ha-law- alarm notes we-do-it, we-do-it Te-ehe?weet, etc. Rha-da-waaa -> after a pair lit. tue-tuet, tweet-tuet, twee tuet -> refined triplet variation. pit-hue, pit hue, pi'thue - glenat beara song a-weet, a-weet, a-weet

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NW Tonalá 60a April 8 a-west, 3x; we-doit, we-dact Several near railroad bridge 'Be-jait, Be-jait, lie-jait given by a lone bird during pauses in foraging. Photos 7-9 (Color Rolle #/0) show habitat of this wren, Photos 1,2,3 show habitat of other groups of wrens. Photos 4,5,6 show the area, not necessarily good wren habitat. Coming back to the car I heard dozens of wrens singing. They are not restricted to the streamside vegetation -rather they occur generally in the deciduous thickets and small trees - abundant apparently. No sign of Chiafensis. Streamside floral elements include willow trees, totoposte, a very few amates, guanacaste (mostly small) columnarous small hard tree & shrubs. Calvitia & white-winged & ground doves are abundant. Dally flycatchers less common that at Tonalá'. Aimophila & Momotus mexicanus common, a few Atetinga. One pair of Cassicus. Later in the day the sun came out a bit and wrens started singing. They were everywhere & very abundant - not limited to streamside but occurring throughout the area in the tangle of bare trees & shrubs. Much shell from ocacia -slender, poor looking trees-thus a favorite spot for the wrens. My photographs will show habitat. The vegetation in this area and up

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(Recorded) C. humilis 68b April 8 Condition of Skull of C. humilis taken April 8, 1954 1992 1994 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002

"[illegible]" Pepi, Linda and Linda's package position 1991 1991 1991 1991 8x 1992 1992 1992

61 NW Tonala' April 8 Differences in general behavior between humilis and nigricaudatus. The song is different, however, I have decided that the most commonly given song of humilis is a rapid Pe-coo, Pe-coo, Pe-coo - both notes of about equal value - although the latter is longer. Also heard a good deal was a triplet pe-tee-co pe-tree-co, etc. We noted a difference in getting the head back thru the neck - in humilis the neck seems narrower. The plumage of humilis is more worn - possibly from more frequent contact with bare branches & thorny vegetation. Tonals apparently less well developed than those of recent nigricaudatus we have examined. No evidence of chiapensis today - we were well, beyond its limited range. Probably our locality 5.4 mi. NW is at the NW boundary of [illegible] the range of chiapensis. April 9 Drove out NW to Rio Tiltipee (erroneously called the Rio Amatillo in previous notes and on the map). Just to the left of the road we stopped along the river and spent all day observing chiapensis and humilis (see large map). Found pair of humilis about a nest placed in a dead bull-horn acacia about 17 feet up (Pool 13-1 color). Carrying nesting material in the morning but not in the afternoon.

Campylorhynchus 62 Rio Tiltipac April 9 The study area was located along the banks of the Rio Tiltipee. Near the water there were large amates and back a bit the guanocote & guanucild were common - some of the former huge trees as were some of the amates. Back from this riparian growth there were narrow bands of [illegible] hull acacia and a shrubby tree - the latter cleared fields or turned over areas. Our study was confined to the riparia immediately adjacent vegetation. Roll # 12 color shows various parts of the study area. No amate mangoes present in the area. Significant observations are as follows: (1) Two pairs or groups of chiapensis were present in the area. One pair had a nest (see map) near the water in an acacia which was green. The nest was 9- /0 just above ground & was of the usual large size. Noted both birds carrying material which they picked up on the ground near the nest. Male sexual observations of this pair foraging in the weiner and amate around the clearing. Bonnie matched this pair scratching in the leaves at the base of a big amate. On other occasions, we saw the pair high in the amates - so they apparently forage at all levels - frequently on the ground - a thing which we have yet to see humilis do for any more than a moment two. Several times both humilis and chiapensis were seen in the same guanamate foraging at the same

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Hemilo-chiapensis 63 Rio Fildstapac April 9 Tunice. Another time both species were together in the vines near the clearing. No signs of conflict -the birds apparently don't notice one another. The sphere of activity of the pair of chiapensis centered around the nest and the circle of amates surrounding the clearing. I never saw them cross the stream into the drier, shorter vegetation of guanuche trees where the 3 humilis were working most of the time. Another group of chiapensis sang from the veg. elation near the large burned over area and we saw these birds in the tall tangle of vines adjacent. Tunice I saw a lone bird in the dry tangle patch of acacia & shrubby trees near the tall guanacaste & vines, perhaps one of the birds of the second group. Humilis occurred as follows: 1. 3 birds with nest in the area to the SE of the stream - foraging in guanacoste & guanuchies near the nest, in the patch of guanuche in the streambed and also passing at least twice over into the amates surrounding the clearing and into the adjacent vines - thus overlapping the area frequented by chiapensis. They foraged there for long periods - most of the time high in the amates - often on the outer-most tango where they hung over like workmen and searched thru the leaves. Other times, they hopped along the branches and very frequently they worked up vertical or back-slanting tree-trunks, especially those of the

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Humilis - chiapanus 64 Rio Tliltzac April 9 guanacaste tree . they find areas where bark is decayed or infected & hang to the trees in all manner of positions - as frequently as not upside down as they probe the bark fragments. We watched two birds doin this on the trunk of the tall guanacaste + veins and for 10 minutes 2 birds worked up a vertical trunk of another guanacaste . The tail is not intent- ionally used as a prop but sometimes it serves the purpose. After they seem to loose balance and start to fall downward but their feet are securely hooked into the bark so they swing upside down and continue probing. This feeding behavior is very similar to that of a nutcracker. - Very rarely they go to the ground although not too infrequently they may forage over small trunks of bushes 1/2 - 1 foot above the ground. However, 90% of their feeding is done in the middle or higher portions of the vegetation and all places are fragmented from vertical tree trunks to the ante, most leaves in the tallest of the guanacastes or anates. The same found of medium sized or small trees with veins or many small branches. Thryothorus was common in the area and restricted to the ground or 1/2 - 1 1/2 feet above in denser parts of vegetation. In area g humilis pair # 1 I watched 2 humilisi foraging in a small tree about 2 feet above a pair of pleroskterus which was working on the ground . They are absolutely sympatric with humilisi

Humilei - chiapensis 65 Rio Tiltepec April 9 in several spots in the study area but the strata difference is about 100% effective as humilei almost never descends to the ground while 95% of foraging of the thryothorus is among dead leaves on the ground. The Thryothorus were singing continuously in the morning - Probably at least 4 pair in the study area and perhaps more. Today's study shows that both humilei and chiapensis can line side by side. It also shows partial ecological separation in place occurrence although there was a good deal of overlap in are presented. Humilei was 3x as common as chiapensis and I think it significant that one pair of chiapensis was localized in the area along the largest group of trees - the anates- with adjacent thick vines. This was a situation similar to Tonala' where large trees are present in meadows and where the hedge rows are fairly narrow but consist of large trees a thick vines. Apparently in Tonala' area proper there is no available habitat for humilei. Certain, an study today shows that humilei can occupy the same type of area as does chiapensis - although perhaps, the smaller trees & thicker brushy areas are required also. Chiapensis is more restricted ecologically - it does not forage through small trees or on vertical trunks to anywhere near the extent that humilei does. The presence of large trees seems to be necessary for

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66 Aemilius-chiopensis Rio Tiltupse April 9 chiopensis but we know that this is not the case with humilis. Other birds in the area were: Caloutta formosa - abundant - much more so than at Pards' Social flycatcher - nest in BHA near stream. Darky flycatcher - fairly common. nest in BHA Squirrel cuckoo - several Aratinga - a few passed thru Thryothorus pleurostictus - common 3 species Kingfisher - Megaceula aleyna was one, small one or large are like we took at Rancho Orcony = torquata. Trogon mexicanus - 2 pair ? Becard - common Peterson periculatus - common Beardless flycatcher - few Turkey vulture Cacocara Spotted sandpiper 2 Northern waterthrush - 1 yellow warbler - several ground dove a large dove - seldom Crotophaga - common Lureo sp. - common - migrant?

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Hemilio - chiafensis 67 R6 Tittlepec Songs of hemilio. April 9 1) a harsh chit-chit-chit, etc is forage note. 2) ha-we-liit, ha-two-lut-song 3) che-che-che-che, etc-several seconds-a very fast warbling trill given frequently and by lone bird with tail fanned out. The whole body vibrates with the trill-This is first time we have heard this song. Never heard nigricaudatus give anything like this. Was the commonest song we heard today. 4) 'za-west, Za-west, za-west-given by one bird as another joined it after carrying nest material to the nest. The trill song is very often preceded by a chatters of caws. 5) cha-cha-cha-chit-given softly twice by a bird just as a loud hawk or some sort flew over, a warning note doubtless. No heard again. In general all songs of hemilio are given more softly than those of nigricaudatus. I heard several hemilio songs from the low, dry vegetation back from the river and surrounding the cleared or burned over areas. It may be that the formation of the clearing frequented by chiafensis allowed the species to move into

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Humilis - chiacensis 68 Rio Tiltipen April 9 the ore by exposing ground and generally making a more open situation but the ion guesses. April 10 Took several photographs of hedgerow 1.3 mi. NW Tonalá / Roll #13/ one of a chiacensis nest, another of the road or hedgerow near the nest. Just after this I took a photo of a small fox which Bonifacio shot. Later in day I took 2 photos in the study area of the chiacensis nest showing a humilis nest in the background - and a shot of the humilis nest in a full Bull-horn acacia. There are Nos. 9-10 on the roll. We hunted about 1 hour along a hedgerow 1.3 mi. NW Tonalá'. The row was formed of small trees and vines with a few medium sized granocates, I saw 6 chiacensis in approx one mile of it. Bonifacio hunted on the mountain side of the road and saw 6 chiacensis, two of which he collected. The hedge- row was about 12 feet - 15 feet wide along a ditch which was dry. Neighboring fields were dry grass with a few small trees widely spaced. Chiapain centered about the ranch houses but I saw them in the hedgerows far from ranches - ie. the nest was not near a ranch. Apparently the vegetation is so restricted in width that the birds require considerable lengths of hedgerow for foraging.

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69 "Hemile" - chiofensis NW Tonala' April 10 At the study area along the Rio Tultepec I located another nest of Hemile in a tall acacia up about 18-20 feet, just across the stream from the lower chiapensis nest. Saw one bird make repeated trips with nest material. Just before this I saw chiopensis in a neighboring tree - a few feet from the nest. Again saw chiofensis around the nest (pair #1) and in the amates. Noted Turdus gregi in the study area. Photos of study area taken on April 9- Roll #12 1. from car position looking down stream. 2. " " " at dry willow brush. 3. clump of vines & acacia down river from car, 4. between road & stream. 5. clearing on right side of river. 6. edge study area west of chiopensis looking upstream 7. end of study area 8, thick vines near end of study area. 9. 2nd clearing on foot-path - ground forage place of chiapensis. 10. burned area and view of hills. 11. guanacate & acacia near burned area. 12. gunacaste & vines where Hemile foraged. Roll #13 1. Habitat nest area of hemilei - group #1.

Humilei - chiapensis 70 Study area #1 April 10 Down stream from study area I hunted in a dense stand of BHA trees - up to 18 feet high mixed with a common bushy tree. Humilei was abundant in this habitat - a pair singing every 30-40 yds. A pair of chiapensis in same place @ humilei. On other side of river humilei occurred but was less common in the good brushy tree growth there than in the stand of BHA. Pair of chiapensis noted nest in a big amate. The dense stands of BHA + bushy trees grow on sandy areas and flats adjacent to the river. This is best habitat yet for humilei - it seems to prefer this to more luxuriant vegetation. Noted a string of pine trees on the very summit of the foot hill not far from the study area. The deciduous forest on their hill is made up of rather widely spaced trees and near the summit - below the pines, there are extensive bare areas. Ran again today in Donald but it was clear a few miles to the NW. Bonifacio shot 4 chiapensis downstream from the study area near a rancho and very close to where I found humilei so common in the stand of BHA. Noted that the iris of humilei is less red than that of chiapensis or nigricaudatus.

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1/2 mi. SW road along Rio Agua Dulce - Study Area # 2 April 11 The vegetation adjacent to the river at the study area is a coarse grass savannah dotted with small deciduous trees mostly small and with short trunks and many branches leaning the trunk lowdown, some of these tree have leaves; the majority do not. I imagine that this vegetation type is similar to the low deciduous forest which occurs uniformly on the foothills, including the hill which comes down to the river in the spot where the riparian vegetation narrows so much. Wrens seem to be restricted to stream side vegetation, I hiked up from the carts the area where I found chickensis and nigricaudalis humbles on April 7 (see pencil diagram). The stream divides in the area just adjacent to the hill. From the hill to the stream is about 200 yds. There is a growth of big anotes and guanocartes with a shrubby understory along both streams with the deciduous trees wider, spaced on both sides of the streams. There is a dry stream bed immediately adjacent to the hill covered with the low deciduous forest - a thick growth with no wrens inhabiting it. At the point of the hill the riparian vegetation narrows to 75 feet, widens a bit in the study area - then there is a long area where the riparian vegetation appears to have been cleared from the stream. Noted one nigricaudalis bird in a rather dry spot near the point of the hill. Just below stream from the narrow point I found a

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72a Study Area #2 April 11 Pair of chiofensis foraging in leaves at the base of an amate. Watched them work over the base of the tree and in the large leaves on the ground. They flip leaves one at a time to get at insects - often they through them for 1/2 foot or so. This pair foraged at the base of the tree for 15 minutes then flew into the vines in the understory where they foraged a short time before flying across the stream to a guanacaste tree. About 40 yds down stream we found the nest of a pair of nigricaudalis - humilis rulemedits, in an acacia between two omates (See map.) Later in the day we saw two pairs of nigricaudalis - like birds and a pair of chiofensis together in a patch of vines just across the river from the nest. Collected one pair of the small wrens and Bonifacio collected three other birds just downstream and across the stream from the car. I found a pair of chiofensis in a stand of guanacaste, amates, and vines across the river from the nest of the small wrens too with the nest. Hence at least two pairs each of the two species were present in our study area. We did not locate the range of the second pair of small wrens. There was no sign of habitat differences between the large or small wrens in our study area. The map gives the impression that the groups replaced one another spatially but this is an over simplification.

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72b Study Area # 2 April 11 Since only three pairs of wrens are shown - but there were more present - at least one more pair of small wrens. The small Wren is much more com- mon along the stream here than the large. Noted a chochaboca at point where hill approaches the river. Bonifacio shot a duck hawk just down stream from the study area and said he saw another with the one he collected. I noted two species of motmot in the study area - Momotus mexicanus and the small motmot which we took in the Ocucapa Valley. The latter species apparently doesn't occur closer towards Tonala. Song of small Wren = a-were-cheet, pit, 1 - 3 -

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73 Study Area #2 April 11 List of plants collected in study area: 11. Same as tree by car - also a common tree back from the river and elsewhere along the road . = Guazuma tomentosa 12. = Randia sp. 13 - Mulato = Trichilia sp. 14-15-94=Coccoloba sp. 15-? 16- "Carca"-? 17=inga shuria; 18=Pisonia sp. 17-19 19.=Mimosaceae 20-29? {small tree back from the river and in adjacent fields and along the roads. I. P. dudos 1. Verbenaceae 22. Cassia sp. Malviuscus arborescens rescentia ceylota ? Ent cyclocarpum trichilia hirta Pterocarpus 30-31 - Principle vines along the river . One probably is Ipomoea . 30. Stemmadenia elevata var. mollis war. mexicanus 31. ipomeea (?) List of photos taken in study area: Roll #13 11. looking W from car - Tonela' vegetation in back-ground. 12. along road from car. Roll #14 1. Upstream looking along road to NW. 2. Nest situation & nigricaudatus . 3. Nigricaudatus nesting area from across the stream. 4. Vines + tree across from nest where 2 pair nigricaudatus and pair of chlofensis foraged at sometimes. 5. Looking across stream from alone tangle of vines: 6 Hill x hill-type vegetation. 7. View q old stream bed 8. View across river to amater where chiofensis foraged at base of trunk. 9. Vines and guanacoste just down from place where chiofensis foraged at base of

74 Study Area #2 April 11 amate trunk . 10. View upstream from amates where dicferus foraged at base of trunk . 11. View of upstream a bit where the riparian vegetation narrows . 12 - typical veg. just a few yds. back from stream - (ar?

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R.K. Selander, 1954 76 Tonalá to Tres Picos, Chiapas, México April 12 On train to Tres Picos. Heard a small Campylophorus sing a side of railroad where there is a dense stand of guanuche & guanacaste about 1 mi. from Town. Along the Rio Sanatenco near town there is no big stand of riparian vegetation. Instead the guanuches extend up to the stream bed. The same forest of guanuche which occurs SE of Tonalá (beyond the river) occurs SW towards the ocean. Very rocky soil - distinctly drier than further out toward the ocean where we were camped. This is a continuation of the ridge of foothills just in back of Tonalá. Extensive areas are being cleared. From the dry hills behind Tonalá the land slopes gently down to the SW. (Should collect plants on the hill just behind Tonalá to determine if this dry deciduous forest is not the same as that which occurs SE of town.) Tonalá is situated immediately adjacent to the ridge of low hills - in fact part of the town is on the lower part of this ridge of hills. The Sanatenco flows fairly rapidly near town over an extremely rocky bed. Hence difference in vegetation near the hills and out on the flats nearer the ocean may be in part result of edaphic differences in the two areas.

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R.K. Selander, 1953 77 Tonalá to Tres Picos, Chiapas, México April 12 The dry forest SE Tonalá is same as that look from sides at study area #2. Flatter land there is a stream of big trees - this mostly on ocean side & railroad track - then dry forest again but greener, richer than nearer Tonalá'. Palm & amates, guacantes around ranch houses. Much clearing of land adjacent to new road to Puerto Arista. Guetzalapa is not more than a mile or so from study area #12 - more like 3/4 mile. Much clear of bigger trees - whole fields cleared of all vegetation. Amates seem localized along old ranch roads. Rio Agua Dulce was dry as we crossed. Poor riparian vegetation. Good stand of big amates, guacantes on right side of track - dry fields, small trees on the left beyond Guetzalapa. Dry forest on hills as we near the laguna - same as near study area. Dry grassy hills with remall trees adjacent to hills. Many semi- haze areas on hills - "good" development of vegetation in arroyos on hills only. Whole are is probably deteriorated by grazing - Much evidence of clearing. Esmeralda is very near - 2 miles or less to the dry hills. More green trees here at the town - amates, guacantes, etc. Similar to La Polka on the hills and adjacent fields.

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R.K. Selander, 1954 78 Tonalá to Tres Picos, Chiapas, México April 12 Beyond Esmeralda the whole flat land is dry with no large trees. The trail passes very close to the edge of the hills at one point - 2 blocks or so. Hill with low deciduous forest, Esmeralda Entire area is dry Laguna Train Track

R.K. Selander, 1954 19 Tonala to Tres Picos, Chiapas, Mexico April 12 Foreston hills is in leaf - but apparently just starting - Many totally bare elements. Flat land vegetation is the same I am sure. There is a low pass in the hills over the other large sandy hill is plainly visible. (Our map seems correct so far.) This apparently where Rio la Polka to passes. We crossed it - it was dry. A few amates, palme, guanacastes around the town which is located immediately adjacent to the Rio la Polka. The land surrounding the town is the typical low deciduous forest - this vegetation type seems uniform and extensive. Many small mango trees around houses, Much ti to poste on the hills in the deciduous forest vegetation especially in arroyos. Large areas of decid. forest burned for farming in the lowlands - whole area probably has been cleared several times. Just beyond town hills come to water; less than 2 blocks of the water 'for as for a mile or so there is no flat land as the hills approach the water edge 2-3-4 blocks close.

R. K. Selander, 1954 80 Tonalá to Tres Picos, Chiapas, Mexico April 12 if there is significance in the remaining dry forest - only a few pairs could be along many of the floors in the plate beyond La Polka. As the train turns the plain is a bit wider - 1/2 mile or so - the hills are very dry. A few long tolopastes on the plate and shrubly second growth in fields which have been cleared of the low deciduous forest. Neb is correct in Cero Vernal area. At Cabana the plain is perhaps 1 mile wide. Took picture #11 from Cabana looking at Cero Vernal. Some deciduous forest covered Cero Vernal which is 2-3000 feet high. Much evidence of clearing around Cabana. Fair stand of long tolopaste, guancaste and amate in a small patch beyond town Cabana near foot of hills. A mile or so beyond town plain narrows to 1 block! All has been farmed. Guanacastes anda few big oaks beyond the tip of the hill. Topastes & amates form little pockets where wrens could occur - a few pair in each perhaps - small low palms on hill before Mugarras.

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R.K. Selander, 1954 81 Tonalá to Tres Picos, Chiapas, México April 12 as hill comes to water's edge !! Dry and rocky hill with nothing much more than the small dry palms. Just around point plain broadens a little - getting a few Totoposte & guaracaste , amatle , small trees in cultivated area before town of Mojarras . Much burning and clearing here . Mangoes at Mojarras . Plain is less than 1 block at Mojarras but nearly wide but beyond it narrows a lot. I can see where there is habitat around the houses for a few pairs of small wrens and maybe the riparian vegetation is good habitat - it should be, (Barifio says xela, primavera , lemonillos on the plain northtown). Also guanacaste - much. Plain narrows to a few yds beyond town about 1/2 mile - then we left hills behind. Stand of palms just beyond narrow point - Big fan typha. Totoposte - dry deciduous forest on hills - same as around Texulla Tonalá Fan palms , Totoposte on the flats - Big totoposte trees . Palms growing in cleared areas. A forest of fan palms - tall.

R.K. Selander, 1954 82 Tonalá to Tres Picos, Chiapas, México. April 12 At Andrés the plain is 7 or so miles wide. Muda te toposto - big trees + other green trees - similar to SE of Tonalá and probably good wren habitat. Vines along roads forming hedge - rows. Guanacaste trees of good size. Many acacia trees - undoubtedly wren habitat - a considerable area. Big guanacaste, guanacaste trees + much large te toposto - King thickest near railroad track. Area has been cleared and large trees left standing - especially the very tall topostos. Small trees are some or there in study area # 2. A few miles beyond Andrés the dry hill top as part to an end. Whole plain is disturbed by clearing for farming. At Tres Picos the situation is similar to that around Tonalá - The main mass the the Sierra Madre is at a distance of several miles, there is a ridge of dry hills adjacent and then a flat plain covered with lug trees, hedgerows, meadows, etc. - very similar in appearance to Tonalá - perhaps a bit drier. Noted fields of sugar cane and some large patches of banana trees - these not common around Tonalá. One man we questioned said both types of wren - nigricaudatus and chiapensis occurred around the town. He undoubtedly knew these birds since he described them accurately. I was unable to determine how far it is from the town to the coast but it is several

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83 Tres Picos, Chiapas, Mexico April 12 miles at least I should judge. I remember that Drly Davis mentioned the presence of chiapensis and nigricaudatus at Tres Picos. It would be very strange if chiapensis did not occur here - the large trees all considered. What the distributional situation is with chiapensis and nigricaudatus we did not determine as we were able to hunt for only 20 minutes before catching the Tapochula-Tonalá train back to Tonalá. Just before we entered Tres Picos we crossed a wide, dry river bed - probably the Rio Oronoz?? Nigricaudatus would have a good path for dispersal to the Oxvilaba Valley along this river from the Tres Picos region. Certainly, the main avenue of dispersal is through the valley and not along the narrow plain adjacent to the Laguna. Took several black & white photos of Tres Picos region Black & White Roll # 15.

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84 April 13 Mr. Quetzoloba Plante collected at railroad track collecting area: 33. Common Amate of 'Tonola' Veg.' = Ficus radula 34. Tree of Tonala veg - at edge anyway Taleellia pentaaphylla 35. Common vine in amate - Chrodanthus puberulus 36. Undersory tree lewath amates & streoniles = niga spuria 37. Tree with gourd print - same as near our camp.) 38 Small bunch in fields near river Crenantia cijeite 39 " " " " Solanum terruum 40 " " " " ever trees Cordia dentata Papilionaceae Photos: Roll #15- a few, mostly wrong exposure. Roll #16- Color - 7 shots of typical chiafoweei habitat and one looking across track to dry hills. The dry forest meets the 'Tonola' vegetation in a sharp line of division at the railroad track. I saw one nigucaudatus in a small tree just over the tracks at the banks of the Rio Agua Dulce. Across the river in an amate a pair of big wrens were singing. Bonifacio hunted in the 'Tonola' Veg.' and up to the dry hills for 2 hours, taking 2 small wrens - one in a guanaacote tree near the river and another in small dry tree on the other side of the tracks. He reported seeing no wrens at the base of the hills. The big wren is abundant in the amates on the SW side of the

85 mr. Quetzalapa April 12 tracks. In several old stream beds there are Giant amates as the main stream bed meanders through the area. Many cattle grazing. There is very little understory beneath the amates and the amate is the chief tree near the river - no stands of small trees or greamehe. Roll 16- #9-10 river bed = #9 habitat of a pair of Chiafencis (which we shot), 10 show place where I saw a lone nigicandulus. #11-12 show ruins from new road to opening of valley - 11 where hill approaches river, #12 a little more N. Plants 41-50 are typical dry, low trees in the 2.6 mi. SE area and up to the town. April 13 Skinned four birds in morning. In afternoon pocketed truck and moved out to Study Area #1, 4.4 mi. NW Tonala' where we camped for the night. S[illegible] cawls calling in night. April 14 The place where we found a nest of Chiafencis early in our visit is located 1 mi. NW Tonala' in fairly typical chiafensis-type country. The hedgerowwhere Bonifacio and I worked several days ago is at 1.3 mi. Study Area #1 on the Rio Tiltetpec is 4.4 mi. NW Tonala'. At the Study Area we collected 7 humileis and 1 liug Wren. In the night we attempted to capture the liig Wrens which drove a nest in the study area - only a single bird was in the nest at 10:00 P.M. - We then drove on towards Arriaga. The good Tonala' vegetation

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86 Tonalá to Arriaga April 14 ends at about 3.5 - 4 mi. NW Tonalá. 5.3 mi. NW the dirt road takes off to the place where we found chickenensis and humilis together early in the trip. At 6.6 mi. a big dry stream crosses the highway - toto paxo is dominant tree along stream. We heard the song of humilis here. At 9 mi. NW we stopped at the rancho Juan and I walked up on the dry hill which is close to the road and collected a set of typical plants. I found our singing wren is the understory beneath quanoacaste trees in an arroyo at the base of the hill. The bird sang several variations - "Put - cha - weet, etc. - Pi'tui, first pi-tui, etc., and we-dwit, we - doit. I saw no wrens on the hill where 1 1 the is a dry forest from 10 - 40 feet high. Half or more of the trees are totally deciduous. A few others such as the toto paxo (bush-like) are in leaf. On the hills the trees are rather widely spaced but in arroyos the vegetation is dense. There is only a single stratum of vegetation. Only bird seen was white-winged dove. Some BHA. This "forest" may be OK for humilis when the Q trees are in leaf but there are no wrens in it at this time of year. Noted clusters of grapes on a peculiar vine. Some of the elements are the same as found down on the plain but they are smaller in the mountain and some of them are semi-deciduous. Some elements

87 Tonalá to Arriaga April 14 are just leaving out. Bonifacio collected two humilis in patches of totopoxta + understory in grassy savannah - not too good habitat apparently. Took photos 1-5 of Color Roll # 17 from the car - one showing hills where I collected plants. At 10.9 the river crosses the road where we parked the car last week and cooked our chachalacas - were heard here than . At 11.9 is the dry river where we collected humilis last week and where I was lost. This river looks big-tree riparia growth but has a wide sandy flood plain area where there are dense thickets of deciduous & evergreen trees and bushes . At 14.3 we stopped at another dry stream and found humilis abundant in dense stands of bushes, trees & deciduous vines along the sandy borders back from the stream bed. Guamuchil & ocotea were common, along with bushy totopoxta and several other dry small trees similar to those back from stream in the Study Area # 1. A pair of humilis found every 40 yds. or so. Nest high in BHA. Photos 6-10 Color Roll # 17 show this habitat.. I collected several of the dominant plants. The tree which is so common SE Tonalá is common here also. Drove into Arriaga and stayed at a hotel where we skinned our specimens.

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88 April 15 The gap in the Sierras at Arriaga is probably responsible for the continuation of the dry low deciduous forest of the Eithume region down to a point a few miles towards Tonald.

C. humilis 89 10 mi. NW Tlapantec , Oaxaca, May 1 Hunted about 3/4 hr. along a dry streambed in vegetation almost identical to that at our last stop for humilis near Arriaga. The thin agave like plant was common - also guenacoste x guanache, the latter a dominant form. Heard one song but unable to locate bird. My not finding was probably due to time of day (3 P.M.) - see beyond,

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90 G. humilis Río Ostuta, 6 mi. W Zanatepec, Oaxaca May 2 good Song: given from 25 feet up in a small amate. wa-sheet, wa-sheet, wa-sheet Nest 10 feet up in BHA at edge of path just about 15 feet from a line of small amates. 2 birds present one carried material to nest, worked on nest while the other flew -> we-do-it, we-do-it or weet-do-it, 3 or 4 times - other bird up river answered. Second line pair at nest, may start wa-sheet song & change to the other. Foraging 30 feet up in a guamuche. Only one bird singing at a time - repeating weet-do-it three or four times. Melodious song, more like weet-do-it than a triplet - intermediate between two. Singing repeatedly at 8:15 - only one bird singing. Social flycatcher present - also aratinga in trees. The wa-sheet song gains in volume as it progresses. As two birds flew to perch they gave a dull chuting tails, Turdus grayi common in same habitat as wren, very fast faster than other, a-weetheet - given by same bird as above - song lasting several seconds, may change to we-do-it song in middle of the above song.

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C. humilis 91 Rio Ostuto, 6mi. W Zaratanes May 2 we do it is commonest variation of song, almost every song is similar to we do it - without the second syllable. Have a series shit or shoy - neal notes. Also hide a lot collected the pair observed (#1) - F shows beginning of a brood patch. This pair ranged into a fair sized guanacaste near the nest. Just after collecting the two birds (#1) which were together and obviously paired - I heard another sing in the same tree - a guanache - about 25 feet up. It answered my imitations of its call. Collected it (#2), May have been a bird from an adjacent pair or group?, in any case I had not seen it before while watching the pair. Nest in BHA 20 feet up. Single nest. Pair present. I shot O which was singing. I went to nest - I tapped nest and she flew out, perched, and gave a trill, quite long. Later, I found humilis fairly common in a dry low stand of acacia (BHA & others) and a guanache like short tree. This stand was along the river or a dry draw but well short from the water. This vegetation is same as that near Arriaga where we hunted along the last river near town - also similar to Acapulco vegetation where this wren occurs.

O. humilis 92 14 Reo Guanacol, Smi. E Nitterker May 2 Wrens singing commonly in the afternoon, often heard one sing while the other of the pair trilled. We are located along a dry sandy river bed 30 yds. wide, There is a line of big guanacaste trees along the river, backed with an open understory of the type at Rio Agua Dulce but more open (see beyond, plants collected). Wrens occur in the understory and in patches of low vegetation in areas where no large trees are present. Color & legs & feet of specimens today ranged from dull blue-slate to slate with a bluish-green cast. Several specimens were moderately fat, especially in the interclavicular area. Local name: Pocholito, May 3 Photos in Color: 6. "Spina" with guanacaste in background a bit taller, C. humilis here. Plants B-1, B-2 are there. 7. View across road showing good habitat & "Spina", BHA, x guanache. 8. Nest in BHA 10 feet up. B-3 plant B-4 small bush 2 feet high beneath spinas - not important for wrens B-5 other spina B-6 dry tree 25-30 feet along road. Photos Plants B-1 is dominant tree in the region.

"In addition a tree called 'pajaro no.\n is common some places in this area,\n B-7 - short bushy tree - short, poor-looking tefofootee.", "text": "B-8 - 'Madre de Agua' - giant riparian tree & guanacaste", "text": "B-9 - Riparia understory - 'lumbiceres'", "text": "B-10 in river bed shrubby", "text": "Photo 10 - River bed near camp 8 May 3 - Rio Guamal.", "text": "Photo 11 - taken just W of Nitepec - forest thicker here with a few\ncardons-type cacti - Forest from Rio Guamal, which is 14 mi.\n E Nitepec - not as in notes - is about same to Nitepec" }```<thinking>Based on the image provided, I will transcribe the handwritten text into a JSON format, following the user's instructions to ignore faint text from the reverse side and handle illegible words appropriately. The text appears to be field notes or a journal entry describing various plant species and locations.</thinking> ```json {

E. humilis 93 May 2-3 - C humilis - Condition of Skull May 3 2150 2153 2156 just about finished 2157 2158 2173 May 3 Collected 19 wrens near camp on the Rio Guemal, 14 miles E Nitufec, 38 m. None were in breeding condition but several were seen carrying materials to nests. I found only pairs a possibly are trio. These birds don't occur in large groups - rather pairs are evenly spaced and only a single nest is built. I saw no situations where 2 or more nests were present. Nests invariably in Bull- hornacacia - mostly 10 foot up or more in crochets. Nest measure ± 10 x 8" - very small and little if any Tunnel - several nests seen looked unfinished. One bird I took today was carrying plant "wool". As at Study Area #2 near Tonalá' the wrens occur in the riparian vegetation such as guanacoster but they reach abundance in the acacia-guanache stands on sandy ground well back from the river. Details the riparian situation is not the central habitat. I found wrens in abundance in almost pure stands of small acacia - Mimosa - small guanaches are

A. humilei 94 Rio Guanol, 14 mi. E Nativitas; Oaxaca May 3 "pajaro novo" tree (similar to guanuchle in leaf shape & form) - the drier-the better and in some spots only the acacia was present. No nests in other than BHA. They were only sparse along the river in the more luxuriant vegetation there - madre de agua x guanocaste trees, larger guanuchles; and an indetator of the common evergreen & fairly large (25-30 feet) acacia mimosa trees with good sized trunks x losambes. Probably common over most of Isthmus - but I think not in pure thorny, woolly brushforest. In some places the vegetation along the road is similar to north of Laguna Caguya in Guerrero. Ecological situation near camp and at Rio Ocotla (where again there were few wrens actually along the river in riparian situation and much more in drier areas) is very similar to that from Arriaga to Tonala - perhaps more pure stands of acacia but very similar - some places along the Rio Agua Dulce are similar also. Thus humilei is a bird of dry, deciduous acacia-guanuchle forest and not riparian as I had thought. Foraging is in mid & high levels. Thryothorus pleurostictus is abundant - about equal to humilei - in same area and in places where there is a dense low thicket. I saw both species in exactly the same spots - but never does pleurostictus get

C. humilei 95 Río Guamol, 14 mi. E Naltepex, Oaxaca May 3 more than 2ft. or so above the ground. Very few other birds in the area - few Turdus grapi, many Poleiolola (black capped type), Seturn gularis & peustelatus, social flycatcher, Kipkadee - both common. T. pleurostictus, linea long, yellow warbler, small flycatcher - Empidonax, longer Myiornthus flycatcher- a small species - but larger than nuttings -, Caloitta, Now or less riparian - Cassiculus melanocerus (common), Mormotus mexicanus, Onthali vetula, grackle. Others are Amazoma allifom, Chrotophaga (common in worn habitat), pygmy owl, hooded hawk, Chlordeiles, audifannis, Nychedromus (in worn habitat). I believe the ? worn gives the trill much more often than the o?. Probably ? trills while o sings when they duet. Only heard single birds singing today - "the weet" or "wee sheet" exclusively - probably the o?. Have not heard two birds sing this to- gether but have heard one sing while other trills. When bird flies at speeds tail before landing and it is conspicuous - pairs seen to stay close when moving and sometimes posture with tail spread - usually duet in this position. Singing continues most of day but drops off around noon. Will answer imitations. Seems to be "normal" set-up with pairs evenly spaced in the habitat & working on single nests - a very different situation compared to hoomlies Chiapensis.

C. humilis 96 Rio Juanol, 14 mi. E Nultepec, Oaxaca May 3 I believe that humilis occurs more often strictly in pairs than does nigricaudatus - but then it is late in the year now & possibly groups have broken up and pairs are establishing themselves - this might account for unfinished nests. May 4 Wren singing outside hotel in Tehuantepec - ?la - weet. 6.5 and 5 mi. E Tequisitlan, ±1000 ft., Oaxaca - These wrens are probably as common in the cactus - deciduous tree forest as in the lowlands of Tehuantepac. A large aceroscous cactus, 15-25 feet, and a thin-padded tuna type are very common. The latter grows to about 7-8 feet high. There are a variety of deciduous trees, most of which have no flowers or leaves. The thin agave - like plant is common beneath the larger cactus trees. The small evergreen shrub which occurred at the Rio Juanol is a small tree here. May 5 May 5-1 is common large deciduous tree - tallest plants in the area. - no leaves. trees May 5-2 is a small tree May 5-3,4 are common trees (small) - The smaller leaved one is bigger tree in the forest, the other was along the road & held a nest about 9 feet up composed of small trunks & plant fiber & fruit of May 5-1 tree. Nest May 5-5 is a common broad-leaf tree. There is also an sphaere-like plant here - about 2-3 feet. Ground is well cleared - many cattle grazing here.

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C. humilis 97 6.5 mi. E Teguientlo May 5 Pair gathering nest material - fiber & fruit & May 5-1 plant. Their nest was placed about 9 feet up in a mimosa ? Near the road where there is a narrow border of these plants. Apparently only the male sings the song, with tail fanned & head up, while & trills. Only heard trill from ?. She will give this in answer to imitation of or call after male has been shot. Foraging spots - in flowers of the large cactus - common on arm of large cactus, on branches and about flowers of largest tree. In other deciduous trees. Saw ? take dust bath on ground, Other lundo in some vegetation : Detrus pustulatus, black-capped-type grt catcher (glendart), Caloritta formosa , Amazona albifrons , Centurus sp. (common), Myiarchus sp. (small, common). Few few other spp. Wrens hop along branches. Heard one lone or giving a soft song, apparently looking for mate (?). Pairs evenly spaced - suggests territoriality. Pairs move together - very little singing. When ? sings & trills. Next we saw today was unfinished, just a bowl of little twigs filled nutt plant down. No Thryothorus here. Saw one lino peek at closed cactus flower. Heard both two & three syllable songs but 2 is more common. Once heard two birds duet 1 note song - may have been or & ?.

Plants collected at El Camaron, Rio Tehuantepec May 3 - 6 nest tree May 3 - 7 common tree - wrens foraging in it. Plants 16 miles before Totolapan - habitat of Q. humilis . Just down from May 3 - 8 - common, along road where I hunted and where wrens occurred. May 3 9-12 - other plants in narrow valley , mostly near the river.

K. Selander, 1954 Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Jalquato to Mexico, P.F. March 14 Noted patches of habitat (tuna cactus formation) all along road from Jalquato % San Juan del Rio. Originally whole valley was covered with the tuna-cholla-mosquito formation but 95% of the lowland is now in agriculture. Made a stop around noon at a point 7 mi. E Queretaro, 5970 ft., Quer- etaro in a good hillside slope of tuna and cholla cactus. Cactus wrens were common - we heard them calling as we drove off the road. I found a nest with three fresh eggs placed in a cholla about 4 1/2 feet from the ground. Nest was in good condition and was lined with contour feathers of various birds + the saffron seeds [illegible] of some plant. The lining of the nest was less dense and thick than that of nests seen in Durango. Took photo of this nest and of the eggs. 2-6,17 I did not collect either bird of the pair I saw near this nest, but I took a bird about 30 yds away in a tuna cactus. This individual was carrying several pieces of dry grass - very fine. Only one nest was in the cholla bearing the eggs mentioned above but I found two other smaller nests in cholla about 25- 30 yds away. I examined 5 or 6 well-limult nests in the area without finding other eggs. All four specimens collected appear not to have reached breeding condition (see specimens examined). Bonine watched a bird sing several times from the top of a cholla and a tuna cactus near the car. The bird appeared

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R.K. Selander, 1954 C. brunneicapillus 2 7 mi. E Querétaro, 5970 ft., Querétaro, México March 14 not to be concerned with the presence of the truck about 40 feet or less from his position. It sang with bill pointed upward at an angle. Bonnie described a soft sound made by the wren between the land "gua-gua-gua-gua" song. The throat is puffed out when the bird sings. I watched this same bird sing from the top of a tuna (±12 feet) - the tail was held only slightly below the horizontal as the bill was pointed upward only slightly. - I should judge that there was a pair of wrens every 30 or 40 gds apart in the stand of cactus. They were quite many although not so much as more birds of this species observed in Baja Calif. in February, 1953. In flight the white tips of the tail are conspicuous, especially when the bird swoops up to alight on a cactus. The calls heard today were a bit higher pitched than calls of conen' or longanti I believe but the difference is slight if it exists at all. The only sounds heard from wrens today were the "gua-gua gua" call - given with an increase in tempo at the end of a series. Flights were short and always just a few feet above the ground. The birds tended more or less to remain together in pairs, even when disturbed? Other birds noted associated with the cactus, wrens were Pipilo fuscus, mockingbird, house finch, mourning dove, dark sparrow, and Vermillion flycatcher. In skimming the 4 birds I noted that one, which

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R. K. Selander, 1954 C. brunneicollis 3 7 mi. E Quertaro, 5970 ft., Queretaro, Mexico March 14 obviously is first-year on basis of plumage, had a brown eye rather than the full red-brown eye of adults. Apparently the iris may not reach the adult condition until very late. This individual was a female showing a somewhat enlarged ovary - there was no brood patch but the sparseness of feathers on the belly may have been a sign of the development of a patch. The type of cactus were present in the area - the tuna, a fair sized cholla, and, rarely, a candelabra type (see photos). Some bushes and trees present but without leaves at this time of year. Appears to be optimum cactus cover habitat to judge from their abundance here.

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R. K. Selander, 1954 C. jocosus 10 mi. SE Acatlan, ±3980 ft., Puebla, México March 16 A flock of ±6-10 birds crossed the highway as we stopped to take a picture of an agave in bloom. The birds came from a rather steep slope, crossed the road and went up an arroyo. They appeared to be moving in a loose formation. Calls were given frequently—a fast “cha-cha-cha-cha”—something like a high pitched C. brunneicapillus. They flew through the higher parts of the [illegible] trees and onto the larger candleabra cacti; I attempted to follow the flock but lost it before getting a chance to collect specimens. Apparently, the breeding season hasn’t started. We noted a nest placed about ±7 feet above the ground in a thorny brush. The nest was old and lacked a lining but it probably was that of Cactus wren. Along the road in the cactus forest we noted several other nests of the size and shape of a cactus wren’s nest.

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R.K. Selander, 1954 Comylorhynchus jocosus Km. 335, 9 mi. WNW Huajicopan de Leon?, Oaxaca, Mex. 5500ft; May 6 About 5:30 P.M. we found a group in a stand of low fan palms & a thorny tree. When I first saw the birds three or 4 were associated in a loose flock - we may have disturbed them. There were numerous nests in the area - we pulled down at least 12 looking for eggs after we found one of the # buds I collected back a cleared patch. Apparently presence of trees of more than 10 feet or so is necessary for the wrens as we did not find them in a stand of similar vegetation where the trees were only a few feet high. After pulling down a nest we noticed one bird return to the tree & perch near spot nest had been. On another occasion a lone bird flew from a nest we pulled down - no eggs. The wrens entered the nest about 1/2 hour before dark but it was cloudy and rained just after the sun went down.

304, 289 I am sure I feel as if you are in P.S.S. and and so on - change also me M.R. of 8 kind student was tired and I sent your note to my you will - really avoid a late dinner but I want too soon even night - not had it to send just at 10, need to work today too - see if I - 6 club # set for tomorrow as steps app of letter from David said letters I heard next year you got your degree please and thanks for all the interest in me and so on it really wonderful news for both of us - but quick but not a clue even just and others can hear a new girl by age too hard to say dear - not at it, I want said just find out a minor one and overall app or - need help we have in kid that awful meal. I made her up set a whole new set of things for the photo now.

O. jocosus 9 mi. NNW Huajapan de Leon, Oaxaca May 7 Pair foraging in siring tree. When they move together, one bird gives a fast che-che-che-che as they alight, at the same time fanning tail a bit and spreading wings. Both birds seem to give soft che-cho-cho-it - a soft nasal note. Note of the one bird (?) is louder and higher (sounding similar to call call of sparrow hawk). Near long song chue-chue - chee - chue - chue - just like a soft call of lunnica pellies. When one bird gone this another at some distance answered. Foraging from bottom of trunk up to top of tree (10-15ft) hopping up vertical trunk, hanging upside down - very similar to hemilis; Sept. to-wa-et, ta wa et - other same bird gone L I I coetus warn call a-chung - a ching - a-chung = call Nos 1 - two birds alternately together and separate - each singing from different tree; then flying together - when together they seemed antagonistic. Finally both were shot together in same tree. Both apparently ot, In all we saw 16 nests in 1/4 sq. block, - but there were no nests in similar vegetation on other side of road. = A group or two groups, more probably.

C. jocouus 3 9.5 mi. NNW Huajuapan de león, Oaxaca May 7 Krn 334 - Pair near two & two nests. Preening feathers. other bird as they perch side by side. One entered lower nestishldly at 10:27. other bird foraging in palo blanco. (Nest nests open upward at an angle). This lower nest open horizontally. The other nest in the tree is old and "in poor repair - appears to be smaller. Birds hop, tail is cocked at an angle most of the time. Fly - recently go to ground & forage, then work up a tree trunk to top of tree. Often hang upside down on trunk. When sitting quietly, the tail hangs down & curve under in a bit. Some light hammering with bill. Birds forage at all levels from ground to tree tops. Carter man call heard from another pair some distance off - this call is just about similar to that of brunnescapillus and in some ways recalls twittering flight call of zonotius also. Disturbed, especially for so small a bird. Bird off nest at 10:31 possibly disturbed by us. Pair moved off to another tree - one sat motionless as other preened itself then the other inner wing or breast and about the base of tail - Bird being preened is motionless. I left nest again as we approached - gone Carter man call or flew-off, lower nest measured 9x6 - had a tunnel 3" leading to inner cavity containing 4 eggs, (Picture of nest situation & eggs). Nest lined with palm fiber and contour feathers of Pheilo whiles', also some fine grass. Outer shells dried grass & fine stems.

C. jocosa 4 9.5 mi. NNW Huajuapan de Leon, Oaxaca May 7 Egg nest area 7 1/2" up - other nest in same tree is just a hollow shell - but may have served as a dormitory for the ov. plants May 7-1 common tree used for nesting sterle May 7-2 " " "palo blanco" Sterile May 7-3 tree shrub - common Tecoma stans May 7-4 short bush Brickellia? sterile May 7-5 low bushy tree - not common Xanthoxylon (Zanthoxylum) libmannianum May 7-6 " " " " Brickellia? Nest about 30 yds up slope from egg nest contained no eggs. Pair of wrens seemed evenly spaced in this study area. May 8 -> #2206 [illegible] sparse fillare + clear areas. Tepehene', 4600ft., Puebla, Mexico May 8 Several birds today had bright pink intestines as result of eating fruit of the candelabra cactus - whether this was picked up with insects or while the fruit is the primary food is a question - but one stomach contained seeds (collected). These wrens spend a good deal of time probing in fruit of the cactus. Perhaps the long, thin bill is well suited for their style of feeding. The iris is a simple brown color - occasionally with a slight shade of orange.

C. jocosi 5 Tepehuana, 4600 ft., Puebla, Mexico May 8 A nest in construction, 15-20 feet up in a large thorn tree - Bonnie watched one worn gather fiber from fruit dried blossom cardelabra costus & carry to the nest - apparently being used as lining. Nos. 2205-2206 were working on nest - but Bonnie only saw 1 carry material. After who shot the 9 the o7 returned to the nest tree, perched on a branch near the nest and called - fast gua-gua-gua, etc. (costus won call) with tail wings held out from body. Bonnie collected this bird also. Bonnie also saw a costus worn carry fiber to a hole in a cardelabra costus - about 20 feet up - cling to projection spines near hole, then entered the hole. Bonnie shot at the bird and missed. Bonnie saw a worn on river bottom on rocks. I shot a pair and another in lone tree on the slope but found no nests. They are generally rather silent & when disturbed they fly away softly. May 9 near Cuetzla, 4400 ft., Puebla. - Hunted on a slope of deciduous trees & brush (very few species in leaf) without seeing C. jocosi. Thyrothorus pleurostictus was fairly common - much more so than in richer desert vegetation sq Malaneros. Costus seems to require larger trees - with thorns - there were lacking in this area - as were cardelabra costi.

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O. jocosus 6 May 9 2 mi. S Zucar de Matamoros, 4350ft., Puebla Photo: Roll 25 # 10 (?). An area of fairly rich desert vegetation with large candelabra cortii, large agaves, thorny trees in leaf a several species of broad-leafed tree. All in all similar to vegetation where we hunted yesterday. Wrens were silent for most part (4:30-5:30 P.M.). I collected a lone bird in trees adjacent to a closer field and then saw a pair fly from a huge candel- alabra cortus in the field to a stand of original vegetation, where I collected a ? with broad- patch. Size of corpus lutea enlarged evident in- dicate eggs were recently laid. Only calls heard today was gua, gua, gua - "cortus wren call". I saw one bird give this call from top most twig of a large tree (25 feet up). - We seem to have best luck in finding these wrens where the big cortii are present. OT taken today had a 1/2 inch ring of fat in the interclavicular region. I would judge that the presence of fairly, large thorny trees is essential part of habitat for this Wren. Even so in good, extensive areas of seemingly suitable habitat these birds are local in occurrence - usually one or two pairs in a small area than a long stretch of forest without wrens - and many seemingly perfect situations lack these wrens. A few Thryothorus pleurostictus occur in similar places with O. jocosus.

Red-eyed Cowbird May 30 Zoo in Chapultepee Park, Mexico City. In a large cage for birds - containing several English sparrows, 2 Orioles, a Pipilo fusces, one Turdus gragi and 1 or 4 ? cowbirds. Hard to tell whether all there were actually con- fined; 3 ? Cowbirds were feeding on floor of cage as was o?, the latter reported from ?? which more often tended to feed in same general area but often wandering apart or flying up to perches independently. o? seemed to be doing less feeding than ?? and always had his neck feathers puffed up, also sometimes the belly feathers. We noted him several times before we observed the following mating behavior. The o? began quivering his wings rapidly - actually flapping the wings out from his body a short distance. At same time the feathers of the bird neck & underparts were puffed out more than before. He walked around a bit, still flapping the wings rapidly, obviously trying to attract the attention of a ? which was feeding about 1 foot away from him. After a moment the ? stopped feeding and stood quickly watching. The o? approached, now flapping more rapidly and when a few inches away from the ? he rose from the ground and hovered closely above the ? -

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Red-eyed Cowbird 2 May 30 - about 6" from his tail to the F - flapping rapidly with puffed out neck and somewhat feathers thusly: Wings made a rustling noise. I believe he was looking directly at the F all the time. I could see no change in her stand or behavior. The tail of the OR was not fanned out to any degree. He hovered above the F for 5 seconds - "standing" in mid-air in the manner of a humming- bird. He then descended at the side of the F at once mounted and copulated for 3 seconds. The F then flew to top of cage and made several attempts to get around thru the wire, the OR flew up to a perch.

[illegible] [illegible] [illegible] to the bird, which should be called 6 [illegible] minutes and repeated on a black page. The bird turned to sit at last. - Element of it, as I have learned it, 'aged' provides a power not in "giraffe" a step into the shadow of bird chase of interference between two when you can feel itself with it it, was it with lack of definite known leaf is it for self.

Red-eyed Cowbird 3 May 30 to a point 7" in front of the ♀ and male spread wings & neck & end parts fufbled he took 3 very short hops directly toward the ♀, looking directly at her all the while. The best description of this phase of his behavior is to say he looked very sinister - like a man in a large cloak with arms spread. I didn't notice change in ♀ - possibly she was more ridged than before but my attention was on the ♂. He then monitied & copulated for about 3 seconds. The ♀ then flew to top of cage [8 feet up] and made several attempts to escape thru wire, while ♂ flew to a perch. About 3 minutes later the ♂ was back on floor of cage, fufbled up & marking like flapping his wings - but not so exuberantly as before. He continued flapping for about 1 minute, again trying to get the attention of a

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Red-eyed Cowbird May 30 ♀ which was feeding 2 feet away. He seemed He approached to within a foot of this ♀, his flapping increasing in speed and becoming more puffed up. Suddenly the ♀ stopped feeding and made a quick dash to about 6" in front of the ♂ where she stood quietly. He at once rose in the air and hovered exactly as before. He then descended as before and made 3 hops forward - the whole performance seem- ingly, exactly as before. Before he could mount the ♀ walked away and started feeding. He relaxed - his feathers no longer fluffed out-, after standing for 5-10 seconds he flew to a feed tray and fed for 5 minutes or more - paying no further attention to the ♂ which were now feeding on the floor below. End of observations.

2. SELANDER, R.K. JARBIDGE MTS., ELKO CO., NEVADA JUNE 20 - JUNE 27, 1955 CATALOGUE NOS. *2900-2957 Journal * CAT. NOS. 2494-2899 not accounted for

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SELANDER, R.K. JARBIDGE MTS., ELKO CO., NEVADA JUNE 20 - JUNE 27, 1955 CATALOGUE NOS. * 2900-2957 JOURNAL * CAT. NOS. 2494-2899 not accounted for.

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K.Selanders, 1955 1 2 mi. NE Tarlidge Peak, 9000ft., ELKO Co., Nevada. June 21, 1955 2900 ♀ Carpodacus cassinii fat. ovum 10mm. 28.7gm. 2901 ♂ Sialia currucoides Testis 10mm. 28.4gm. 2902 ♂ " " Testis 12mm. 28.0gm. 2903 ♂ Parus gambeli Testis 8mm. 11.6gm. 2904 ♂ " " Testis 6mm, 12.3 gm. 2905 ♀ " " Brood-patch 11.5gm. 2906 ♂ " " Testis 6 mm. 11.5gm. 2, 2 mi. June 22, 1955 2907 ♀ Peromyscus maniculatus 157 - 65 157 - 65 - 20 - 18 26.2gmo. 2908 ♂ Passerella iliaca 8500ft. Testis 10mm. 29.0 2909 ♀ " " " Brood patch corpora lutea 28,0 2910 ♂ Empidonax difficilis Testis 7mm. 9000ft. 12.3 2911 ♀ Vireo gilvus Brood patch ovato 2mm. 9000ft. 11.7 2912 ♂ Junco caniceps Testis 8mm. 9000ft. 18.5 2913 ♂ " " Testis apx. 8mm. " 20.1 2914 ♂ Vireo gilvus. Testis 7mm. 8500ft. 10.4 2915 ♀ Junco caniceps Brood-patch mod.fat. ovato 2mm. 8500ft. 18.9 mod.fat. 2916 ♀ Sialia currucoides Brood patch corpora lutea present 8500ft. June 23, 1955 - all 8500ft. 2917 ♂ Certhia familiaris Testis 5mm. 8.0gms. 2918 ♂ Dendroica auduboni Testes 9mm. 12.6 gmo. 2919 ♂ Empidonax wrightii Testis 6mm. 12.1 gms. 2920 ♀ Vireo gilvus ovato 5mm. + 1 corpora lutea 11.1gms.

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R.K. Selander, 1955 2 2 mi. NE Jarlidge Peak, 8500-9000 ft., ELKO Co., Nevada June 23, 1955 2921 ♀ Junco caniceps Brood-patch 8500ft. 21.5 2922 ♂ Carpodacus cassinii Testis 9mm. 8500ft. 27.9 2923 ♂ Sitta canadensis Testis 5mm. 8500 ft. 9.4 2924 ♂ Dendrocopus villosus Brood-patch Testis 6 mm. 8500ft 98.2 2925 ♀ " " Brood patch . Mets of 2924 8500ft. 66.1 2926 ♂ Vireo gilvus Testis 7mm. 8500ft. 10.4 June 24, 1955 2927 ♂ Zonotrichia leucophrys Testis 11mm. 28.3 2928 ♂ " " Testis 11mm. 27.6 2929 ♂ Piranga ludoviciana Testis 10mm. 26.6 2930 ♂ Hylocichla guttata Testis 11mm. 30.3 2931 ♂ Spinus pinus Testis 7mm. 11.1 2932 ♂ Junco caniceps Testis 7mm, 18.8 2933 ♂ Dendroica auduboni Testis 8mm . 12.8 2934 ♀ Eutamias amoenus 4 Ymm.embryos 19/ -76-31-20 51.8 June 25 2935 ♂ Vermivora celata Testis 7mm. No fat. 9.2 2936 ♂ Zonotrichia leucophrys Testis 12mm. 28.5 2937 ♂ Junco caniceps x mearnsei Testis 10mm. 20.2 2938 ♂ Empidonax wrightii Testis 6mm. No fat. 11.9 2939 ♂ Spizella passerina No fat Testis 7mm. 12.4 2940 ♀ Passerella iliaca Some fat orato 2mm. Brood-patch 25.8 2941 ♀ Regulus calendula Brood patch - orato 1cm. Slightly fat 6.4 2942 ♂ Parus gambeli Testis 8mm . 11.9 2943 ♂ Vireo gilvus Testis 6 mm. No fat 11.0 2944 ♀ Turdus migratorius Egg in oviduct - ovum 13 mm +ovum 10mm +1 corpus luteum Brood patch - Slightly fat 91,7

K. Selander, 1955 3 2mi. NE Tarlidge Peak, 8500ft., Elko Co., Nevada June 25 2945 ♂ Turdus migratorius Testis: 12mm. 79.9 Jack Creek Basin, 9500ft., Tarlidge Mts., Elko Co., Nevada June 26 2946 ♀ Carpodacus cassini Some fat Partial brood patch ovato 4mm. brood patch 24.8 2mi. NE Tarlidge Peak, 8500ft., Elko Co., Nevada June 27 2947 ♂ Passerella iliaca Testis: 17mm. 27.1 24.8 2948 ♂ Junco caniceps Testis: 8mm. 19.1 2949 ♀ " " brood patch ovato 1.5mm. some fat. 17.7 2950 ♂ Troglodytes aedon Testis: 17mm. 9.5 2951 ♀ Sialia currucoides Brood patch mod. fat. ovato 1.5mm. 29.6 2952 ♀ Vesper sparrow Some fat brood patch (Caught in trap) ovato 2mm. 26.8 2953 ♀ Sitta canadensis ovary [illegible] 9.4 2954 ♂ " " Testis: 3mm. 8.7 2955 ♀ Red-breasted Sapsucker brood patch - ovato 1.5mm. fat 52.7 no embryos 2956 ♀ Microtus longicaudus 167-50-20-14 38.6 brood patch 2957 ♂ Red-naped Sapsucker fat Testis: 6mm. 54.4

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K. Selander, 1955 Journal Tarlidge Mte., ELKO Co., Nevada June 20, 1955 Flew with Dr. Miller from Oakland on United Airlines flight #328 to ELKO, Nevada, leaving Oakland at 4:40. Picked up MVZ truck at Fish and Game office and drove north on road from Wells, stopping at side of road for the night. June 21 Drove to a point a head of Dane Creek, 2 mi. NE Tarlidge Peak, 9000 ft., ELKO Co., Nevada and made camp. At 2:00 P.M. I hunted up (south) from camp to ridge separating head of Dane Creek from East Fork of Tarlidge River. On ridge vegetation is nearly pure pine (P. flexilis?), somewhat stunted and with no understory to speak of; many dead pines which appear not to have been burned. Some logging of pine on the ridge. Ridge is nearly 10,000 ft. elevation. Birds extremely rare on ridge. Noted about 15 Clark after Nutcrackers moving in flocks; mt. chickadees (4 collected) one having a brood-patch; wood pewee; Ruby- Crow/Kinglet – probably fairly numerous and singing all afternoon; mt. Bluebird – about 7 seen in 3 hours of hunting and 2 collected; Violet-green swallow – flying low over pine at top of ridge – about 7 seen. There are some woodpecker holes in dead pines at the top of the ridge, around which swallows seemed to be Purple flying. Also saw 6 or so Cassin Finch, collecting a female about to lay. At 3:15 p.m. a lone nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) flew down Dane Creek Canyon

K. Selander, 1955 Journal 2 mi. NE Jarlidge Peak, 9000 ft., Elko Co., Nevada June 21 toward camp, at 5:00 p.m. a flock of 6 (possibly moa) flew up Dane Creek over camp. One died a blowmed. Heard Hermit Thrush start singing at about 5:00 p.m. down (north) from camps to Robin (Turdus migratorius) started singing at about 6:30 near camp and is still going strong at 9:00. Saw a young deer (about 1/2 grown) about 1/2 mile down from camp and noted foot prints at several points both up & down from camp. Down from camp the timber is thicker with about equal mixture of pine and Alpine fir. Also many Aspen, especially in canyon near the small stream (about 2-3 feet wide). Aspen is short. Birds not much more common down from camp than on ridge, but doubtless hunting will be better early in the morning. Across Dane Creek Canyon on the western slope there are several large Mt. mahogany trees and some extensive facing Talus slopes of red rock. Most of slope at level of camp is covered with pine; rather open stand. About 1/2 mile below camp the talus slides begin. set 12 traps along Creek near exit. June 22 Hunted down the canyon along Dane Creek for 1/2-3/4 mile between 6:00 and 10:00 a.m. (Caught one Peromyscus maniculatus at edge of stream). Collected on Empidonax difficilis about 1/4 mile below camp - only one seen. Juncoa common in canyon. About 3/7 mile (by road = 1/2 mile air-line) below camp there is a meadow broken by patches of

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R.K. Selander, 1955 Journal 3 2mi. NE Jarlidge Peak, 8500-9000ft., Elko Co., Nevada aspen and fir. Some clumps of willow here and there but not abundantly. Meadow area is bordered by a stand of short, dense aspens. Several slopes of glass and small sage in the area, which is just below the belt of pine-fir timber. Aspen-fir Groves extend for a mile or more in several draws running north from the meadow area; probably, extensive meadow land at a lower elevation where land is flat. In the willows Passerella iliaca was fairly common; also white-crowned sparrows; one red-naped sapsucker; ruby-crowned kinglets (there also in aspen-fir- generally distributed and no more common than at camp); heard black-capped chickadees, Sitta canadensis; Empidonax wrightii. Vireo gilvus abundant in aspens. Vermithrushes more numerous than in done Creek Canyon near camp; several solanis present; heard red-shafted flicker. Took a shot at an adult Goshawk perched atop of large aspen; this bird was calling excitedly and I suspect it may have had a nest nearby. Saw a red-tailed hawk high over the meadow. Returned to camp at 10:00a& spent rest of day skinning birds. At 7:00 we drove down to meadow- area to hunt for nighthawks and owls- saw none and no response from Dr. Miller's owl imitations. June 23 Colder this morning than yesterday. At 6:00 I crossed over west slope of Dane Creek and hunted down a small canyon which runs parallel with Dane Creek *probably mis- identification of Parus imbeli-see June 25

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J.K.Selander, 1955 Journal June 23 2mi. NE Jarlidge Peak, 8500-9000ft., Elko Co., Nevada Canyon. There is a small stream in it - about the size of Dave Creek near our camp. Vegetation similar to that in Dave Creek Canyon - possibly more pine and less fir. Took a creeper just after descending into the draw. Saw a gold-mantled ground squirrel in scattered rocks at bottom of draw. Cassin purple finches singing all along slope of draw, and Clark nutcrackers flying along ridge. One chipmunk noted at base of small clump of firs. Hunted through meadow over same area as I hunted yesterday. Ran on to Parus gambel? three times (in pairs) but unable to collect any. Took a pair of hairy woodpeckers in stand of aspen bordering meadow; they were calling excitedly and appeared to be nesting since both have hood patches. Found a nest of white-crowned sparrow on ground wedged in against the base of a willow trunk - 5 eggs showing about 3 days incubation. Noted 2 separate pairs of Sitta canadensis, ad collected one bird. These were moving along edge of meadow area in aspen & fir. Seiurus flew over several times - always heading down the slope (=north). Several Empidonax wighti were present in aspens; one collected. Two red-shafted flickers seen flying over grassy slopes from meadow area to stand of timber to the east. Audubon warblers in aspen & fir just up slope from meadow - one collected and 3-4 more seen. Elevation at meadow is 8500ft.

R.K.Selander, 1955 Journal 5 June 23 2 mi. NE Jarlidge Peak, 8500-9000ft., Elks Co., Nevada At about 7:15 a nighthawk flew over camp, heading down Dave Creek Canyon; 15 minutes or so late, we heard another call. A flock of at least 15 crossbills flew over camp, heading down, at about the same time. Clouded up in late afternoon and sky overcast between 6:00 and now (9:00); possibly it will rain tonight. Dr. Miller says air temperature was 8° C at about 8:15 p.m. June 24 Hunted with Dr. Miller down canyon just west of Dave Creek Canyon to meadow area. Very cold this morning; water frozen in bucket, hard, cold wind blowing up the canyon. Bird generally silent and inertness until around 8:30 a.m. Took a Piranga ludoviciana in a pine at about 6:15. It was all fluffed up, appearing much larger than usual. A few Citellus lateralis and Eutamias amoenus active even at 6:30. Heard chipping sparrows singing at bottom of canyon; also a Kauper sparrow in same area, where sage-covered hill- side meets aspen fir stand. In the meadow- area Dr. Miller took a Tolmie Warbler and 3 fox sparrows; also 3 golden-crowned Kinglets and an adult female Aecipiter striatus, probably the same individual I saw day before yesterday. I hunted down (north) through the meadow area. About 1/2 mile south of the road the meadow gives

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R. K. Selander, 1955 Journal 6 June 24 2mi. NE Jarlidge Peak, 8500-9000ft., Elks Co., Nevada out as the flat land ends. Another 1/4 - 1/2 mile north there is an extensive patch of aspen, and I believe more meadow. I hunted over the ridge between Dove Creek and the draw which supplies the meadow area. Dove Creek is about 4-5 feet wide and flows at the bottom of a steep- sided draw; no riparian trees or bushes and no meadow: Sage on west-facing slope and dense [illegible] on east-facing; above this; stunted aspens and pines, the latter more up on the ridge. Took two Zonotrichia leucophrys in [illegible] - an unusually dry situation for this species I would guess. Saw little else in Dove Creek Canyon except a Hermit Thrush. Crossed over ridge again and hunted in meadow for about 1/2 hour. Took a Seikein and lost another I shot. Returned to camp, following the road. Collected an Audubon Warbler at edge of meadow area, and a Eutamias amoenus on a log on the hillside halfway between the meadow and camp. Did not hear Black-capped Chickadees today, which is unusual since I ran on to them three times yesterday. After dinner we moved camp down to the meadow. Set 42/35 traps in the meadow. No nighthawks heard tonight.

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R. K. Selander, 1955 7 Journal June 25 2 mi. NE Tarlidge Peak, 8500 - 9000 ft., Elko Co., Nevada Hunted through meadow area between 6:30 and 9:00. Took a Parus gambeli in an aspen near camp. I now believe that this is the species I observed on previous days in this area, rather than P. atricapillus. Saw a Red-naped Sapsucker in dense willow-open patch north same spot I had seen one previously. Took one Fox Sparrow and saw no others. I judge that we have just about cleaned them out. Sky overcast with clouds most of the morning and birds rather silent and inactive. Nothing is 42 traps set in meadow last night. Near camp I shot a Tlinceo caniceps x mearnsi and collected a Vermivora celata in the top of an aspen. Spizella passerina is very common in the sage and especially along the sage-aspen border. Heard a Tolmie Warbler singing in a willow patch but it was extremely elusive and I couldn't collect it. At about 9:30 I walked west from camp and followed a stream down about 1/2 mile from (=north of) camp, where I expected to find more meadow, but nothing but a dense stand of short aspen. Apparently our camp is located adjacent to the only sizable patch of meadow in the area. Noted two flickers in open about 1/4 mile below camp. Hunted for 10-15 minutes through a stand of Mt. Mahogany north of camp, finding a few juncos (ranging up from aspen in gully nearby), a Wright Flycatcher. Returned to camp at 12:00.

R. K. Selander, 1955 Journal 2 mi. NE Tarlidge Peak, 8500ft., Elko Co., Nevada June 25 Some patterning of rain in late afternoon, but it soon cleared up and at sunset the sky is mostly free of clouds. About 3:30 a Goshawk flew past camp, moving through trees about 10 ft. above the ground. Possibly this is the male of the one taken by Dr. Miller. June 26 Left camp at 6:10 and hiked west to Jack Creek Canyon, descending the steep west facing slope to the road which runs up the canyon along the stream. Ascended to Jack Creek Basin (9500ft.) working along lower edge of talus slopes on west facing side of canyon in hopes of finding Rosy Finches. Heard many Rock Wrens and saw 5 or so on talus slopes but found no signs of Rosy Finches or Pikas, although I hunted along talus for 3 hours. Saw two Violet-green Swallows in Jack Creek Basin; also noted the following in sparse pine stand below talus slopes: Hairy Woodpecker (1); Red-breasted Nut-hatch (2); Cassin's [Purplet] Finch (10+), Clark Nutcrackers (10+); Ruby-crowned Kinglet (10+ - not as common as in thicker, mixed fir-pine forest at lower elevations, however. Saw two Diphors along Jack Creek; Dr. Miller shot one but it fell into the water and we were unable to obtain it. - Returned to camp at 3:30. At about 6 I set out 45 traps in [illegible]

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R. K. Selander, 1955 2 mi. NE Tarlidge Peak, 8500ft, Elko Co., Nevada June 26 Sage-brush adjacent to meadow. Rain fell lightly for about 1/2 hour in late afternoon but sky had completely cleared by 9:00 P.M. June 27 Caught one Microtus longicaudus in sage brush about 30 yards from aspen grove. Also caught a Vesper Sparrow and a subadult Peromyscus maniculatus, Did not prepare the Peromyscus, left traps out through the day but caught nothing more. Hunted in morning through meadow area. Wounded a Goshawk which we flushed three times later in the day -- but failed to get at for a specimen. Took a lone Troglodytes aëdon which was singing in a small stand of aspen near the northern (lower) limit of the meadow area, Collected a Fox Sparrow singing about 30 feet up in a fir tree near a clump of willows. This was probably the last individual of this species present in the area. Saw two Parusiga ludovicianana in aspens. Noted no new birds today other than the Troglodytes aëdon. --Flushed a Red-tailed Hawk from aspen-fir stand near camp.

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