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EASTERN AREA CRUISE NUMBER FOUR This report is a summary of observations and collections made by P.O.B.S.P. personnel in the eastern Pacific Ocean from 21 February until 02 March, 1967. Participating personnel included Brian Harrington (biologist-in-charge), David Burckhalter, and James Lewis. Superior cooperation was again received from the officers and crew of the U.S.N.S. SHEARWATER (T-AG 177). The grid track (see map 1) was followed accurately. Hourly LORAN or sun-line fixes insured that all diurnal positions were reliable within five miles, and dead reckon- ing of positions during nocturnal hours are probably accurate within ten miles. This report is divided into two sections: the first deals with the eastern grid survey while the second summarizes the non-grid portion of the cruise. Eastern Pacific Grid Survey No.3 The eastern grid survey was conducted from 0745 hours 22 February until 0310 hours 02 March, 1967. A total of 89.0 hours of diurnal observations was conducted over 849 linear miles. Diurnal grid observations are summarized in table 1. In addition 14.4 hours of nocturnal observations were conducted and are summarized in table 5. Weather data during this survey were recorded on appropriate forms and ADP sheets. In general, light winds and seas predominated. This probably favors a larger number of bird and mammal sightings than would have been record- ed were conditions similar to that of the last two cruises. However, no allowance has been made in any of the tables or species discussions as the effect of varying conditions was not determined. Flocking activity was again low, but a few instances are worth mention. First, an area of concentrations of Fulmar mentioned in the last two reports was crossed again during this cruise. This time, however, the birds were much more spread out. While the total for the day is about the same as on the las t two cruises, the birds were noted over three times as large an area. As before,
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- 2 - this concentration is not considered a flock, but an area of concentration. Flocking of other species was noted rarely. Inactive groups of storm petrels or phalaropes were occasionally seen sitting on the water. Feeding flocks were noted only twice. The first (on 27 February) was composed of eight Black-legged Kittiwakes and a Pomarine Jaeger feeding over a natural slick about ten by fifty feet long. On the same day another flock composed of Gulls and Albatross which had been following the ship formed briefly over a group of feeding fish. A small slick formed at the same time. This flock dispersed in less than five minutes. Collecting during this survey was reduced from the last primarily because the outboard motor broke down. Fourteen specimens were shot from which eight blood sera samples were obtained. (see table 1.) For purposes of discussion the grid has been divided from both north to south (see table 2) and from east to west (see table 3). These divisions are shown on map 2. Bathythermographs were taken on 39 localities within the grid on this cruise. Grid Species Accounts Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes) 34 Highest densities were recorded in the central and southern sections of the grid with fairly even distribution from east to west. The distribution more closely approximates that of January as opposed to early February, probably due to differences in areas sampled during daylight hours. Two birds with bands were seen. Fulmar (Fulmaris glacialis) 83 Density was again highest in the northeast section of the grid with over sixty percent of the sightings being recorded in an area near point "D". The
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- 3 - dispersion of this group (see above) taken in account with the fact that no birds were seen in the central and southern portions of the grid suggests the possibility that some distribution change may be underway. On the other hand, the east-west distribution remains virtually unchanged from last month. One dark phase bird was collected. There appeared no advance of gonad breeding condition compared to specimens from earlier cruises. Fork-tailed Petrel (Oceanodroma furcata) 17 The increase over last month is probably due to differences in areas sampled. Compared to January, there appears to have been a density shift from the central to the northern section of the grid. Leach's Storm Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) 90 +2 nocturnal The higher number observed over last cruise is probably due to the better observation conditions during this cruise. North-south density-distribution remains virtually unchanged, while east-west distribution would appear to have reversed since last cruise. This is probably as a result in differences of areas surveyed during daylight and also due to weather variations. Two specimens were collected; neither showed advanced gonad condition. In addition to 90 Leach's, most of the 19 birds identified only as storm petrel species were probably Leach's. Red-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) 2 +l nocturnal All three birds were in adult plumage, and all were single sightings. These records, combined with those of last cruise, would suggest that the grid area is included in the normal range for this species despite its formerly unrecorded presence in this part of the pacific. All three sightings were in the southern third of the grid. None were collected.
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- 4 - Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) 73 +1 nocturnal The number of birds sighted is virtually the same as on the last cruise. However, density from area to area was considerably different, with a marked shift from east to west. The writer feels that this is not accounted by differences in observation, but reflects some movement. Four specimens (all females) were collected; ovaries were slightly enlarged, but all ova were minute. One specimen had a few red feathers coming in on the belly, while the others were in molt but did not have any red feathers. All were in fat condition. It seems quite significant that to date every phalarope collected (total of 10) in the eastern grid has been a female. More collecting on the next survey will be conducted to see if this trend continues. Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus) 12 Jaeger Sp. (Unidentified) 11 A noticeable increase in the numbers of Jaegers is not explained. Distribution was limited to the eastern half of the grid, with most birds being in the north section. Some were noted chasing kittiwakes, and all sightings were of single birds. Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens) 16 Numbers and distribution remain essentially unchanged since the last two cruises; the slight increase from north to south does not seem significant. As in past cruises, all grid sightings were of immature birds. Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) 190 Distribution was again uneven. Density was virtually the same in the northern two thirds of the grid, while the southern third was less populated. East-west distribution also varied with a higher density being recorded in the eastern half. Age distribution was again interesting. In the northern third,
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- 5 - adults comprised 90 percent (N=91) of the Herring Gulls as opposed to 80 percent (N=77) in the central third, and 65 percent (N=56) in the southern third. East-west age distribution did not vary as much as north-south. In the eastern half 81percent (N=145) of the Herring Gulls were adults, while in the west 76 percent (N=91) were adults. The difference may or may not be significant. Breeding condition of three adult females collected suggested slight gonad development; the largest ova found were 2.5mm in diameter, but most were closer to 2mm. Fat condition varied from light on one bird to moderate on two. Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) 189 The number seen is close to that seen during the last survey. Density distribution also approximates that found on the last cruise, i.e., a decline from north to south and from east to west. Age distribution was also variable. In the north section adults comprised 67 percent (N=104), in the central section 23 percent (N=43), and in the south 25 percent (N=16). East-west age distribution was more nearly even with adults comprising 54 percent (N=126) and 43 percent (N=40) respectively. Xantus Murrelet (Endomychura hypoleuca) 7 Sightings were recorded in all three sections of the grid; most were in the western half. Three of the observations were of two birds together. Rhinoceros Auklet ( Cerorhinca monocerata) 19 All but one bird were seen in the north section of the grid, and all but two were in the eastern half. Both the numbers and the distribution are similar to that found on the two previous cruises.
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- 9 - Non-grid Species Accounts Black-footed Albatross Black-feet were not sighted en route to the grid, most likely because the ship was in the Santa Barbara Channel and quite near land until reaching the grid. This may be explained in that the Black-foot appears to frequent shore lines uncommonly. Black-feets (5) followed after the ship left the grid until observations were closed; at this time we were 30 miles from land. Shearwater/Petrels Smaller procellariiforms were absent from the northern section except for one sighting of a Fulmar. In the southern section, on the other hand, Sooty Shearwaters (12) and Fulmars (40-9:1 ratio, dark phase) were abundant. These birds were sighted in an area heavily concentrated with flocks of Kittiwake gulls, indicating that food was readily available. One Sooty was collected and found to be gorged on small fish. Also recorded in the southern section were 2 Pale-foot Shearwaters, 1 Pink-foot Shearwater, and 2 Shearwater/Petrels. No Storm Petrels were sighted in either non-grid portion. Cormorants and Pelicans Cormorants (12), probably Double-crested, were commonly seen feeding in the northern section in the Santa Barbara Channel. No Cormorants were sighted in the southern section due to our distance from land. Surprisingly no Brown Pelicans were observed; in the previous cruises they were commonly seen in association with feeding gulls in off-shore waters. Black Brants and Ducks Two groups of Black Brant (12 and 4), probably migrating, were sighted in the Santa Barbara Channel sitting on the water. These birds represent the first Black Brants observed in three cruises. Also two birds were recorded as Duck sp.
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- 10 - Jaegers (41) Jaegers were also quite abundant in the southern section of the non-grid, specifically in the area with large concentrations of Kittiwakes and other feeding birds. They were frequently observed harrassing the Kittiwakes and were often successful in causing a regurgitation. Thirty-three were recorded as Pomarine and 8 as Jaeger sp. Since light conditions made identification difficult, it is probable that Parasitic Jaegers were also present though none were positively identified. Only one Jaeger was sighted in the northern section. Red Phalarope Red Phalaropes (9) appeared to be well-scattered over the southern section where observations were made. These were our first non-grid records, but prob- ablely because we were so far from land and had not made a day survey in this specific area. Each bird was observed singly, one being in a flock of Kittiwakes. None were seen in the northern section. Gulls During the first day of non-grid observations, as we passed through the Santa Barbara Channel, no Herring Gulls were identified. The next day, as the grid track was neared and we were distant from land, Herring Gulls (16) were following the ship. It appears that the Herring Gull is being out-competed near land as indicated by the large numbers of other gulls. In the Eastern Pacific it seems to be a pelagic gull. Judging from the previous cruises and this one, the Herring Gull commonly follows at sea but decreases in number as land nears and other gulls appear. In the southern section the Herring Gull (31) was common but land was distant and only a few other kinds of gulls were sighted (i.e., California, Western, Ring-billed). Adults outnumbered immatures 4:1 in the north, 15:1 in the south. In the northern section California (30),
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- 11 - Western (9), Ring-billed (16), Heerman's (1), Bonaparte's (1), Glaucous-winged (1), and Black-legged Kittiwake Gulls were recorded, many following from time to time. The age composition of these gulls is unknown except for the Kittiwakes (4:1 adults). One flock of Ring-billed and one of California Gulls was observed, otherwise gulls were scattered except for 4 large flocks (50-200) of Gull sp. distantly seen along the shore line. These were probably mixed compositions of California, Western, and Ring-billed Gulls. In the southern section great differences occurred in comparison with the northern section, primarily concerning the numbers, age composition, and activ- ity of the Black-legged Kittiwakes. From sunrise until sunset Kittiwakes were dense, mainly sitting and feeding flocks. Altogether 40 flocks were sighted. Such a large concentration of Kittiwakes (1109) along with other birds indicates a prime area of feeding. One might assume migration a possible explanation for such a congregation, but when one takes into account the 9:1 ratio of immatures to adults, a prolific food source can be the only reason for this aggregation. The following numbers of Kittiwakes were logged: 544 immatures, 67 adults, and 498 of unknown age. It is interesting to note that among the predominant flocks of immatures, one totally adult flock of 30 was recorded. Other gulls in the southern section were Glaucous-winged (1), California (6), and Western Gulls (3). The California Gulls (one flock) were observed 90 miles and the Western Gulls 30 miles southwest of San Clemente Is. Alcids Three Ancient Murrelets represent the only alcids sighted in the northern section. In the southern section, on the other hand, alcids were common. Twenty-six were identified as Rhinoceros Auklets while 10 were logged as Alcid sp. All were on the water indicating that they were feeding or had been doing so. One flock of 5 Rhinoceros Auklets was observed.
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TABLE 2: SECTIONAL BREAKDOWN OF EASTERN PACIFIC GRID BIRD POPULATIONS, FEBRUARY 22 - 2 MARCH, 1967 NORTHERN THIRD CENTRAL THIRD SOUTHERN THIRD No. % of grid species Total % of total birds in north section birds/Sq. mile No. % % B/sq. mi. No. % % B/sq. mi. Black-foot. Albatross 7 19.4 1.6 .006 15 41.8 8.3 .015 14 38.8 7.3 .012 Fulmar 83 100.0 18.5 .112 [illegible] [illegible] Leach's Petrel 2 2.2 .4 .007 29 32.1 16.0 .118 59 65.7 30.6 .197 Fork-tailed Petrel 14 82.5 3.1 .046 1 5.9 .6 .004 2 11.8 1.0 .007 Red-tailed Tropicbird 0 0 2 100.0 1.0 .003 Glaucous-winged Gull 3 17.6 .7 .002 6 35.3 3.3 .012 8 47.1 4.1 .013 Herring Gull 92 43.8 20.4 .151 71 33.8 39.2 .145 47 22.4 24.4 .079 Black-leg. Kittiwake 125 66.2 27.8 .205 46 24.4 25.4 .094 18 9.4 9.3 .030 Pomarine Jaeger 11 91.6 2.4 .018 1 8.4 .6 .002 0 Rhinoceros Auklet 18 95.0 4.0 .118 1 5.0 .6 .008 0 Xantus Murrelet 1 14.0 .2 .007 2 29.0 1.1 .016 4 57.0 2.1 .026 Tufted Puffin 1 100.0 .2 .007 0 0 Horned Puffin 4 100.0 .9 .026 0 0 Red Phalarope 35 48.0 7.8 .300 6 8.2 3.3 .049 32 43.8 16.6 .214 Bird sp. 17 85.0 3.8 .028 0 3 15.0 1.5 .005 Albatross sp. 0 0 1 100.0 .5 .001 Storm Petrel sp. 8 42.0 1.8 .026 1 5.3 .6 .004 10 52.7 5.2 .033 Jaeger sp. 8 72.7 1.8 .013 1 9.1 .6 .002 2 18.2 1.0 .003 Alcid sp. 21 91.0 4.7 .138 1 4.5 .6 .008 _1_ 4.5 .5 .007 TOTALS: 450 100.1 1.200 181 99.5 .477 193 105.1 .630 Total miles: 304 245 300 NOTE: The species totals for those types which follow the ship may not equal the total for the grid due to those which followed from one section to another.