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185 - changed to 162 at 1400 Ship Direction SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DIVISION OF BIRDS AT SEA DAILY LOG - E SPECIMEN or BAND NO. OBSERVERS: T.J. Lewis, R.L. Pyle Date Oct 16, 1967 Pg.# Non-grid TIME SPECIES # DIR. REMARKS 1240 1240 W. Gull 2 cee Calif Gull 6 cee Gull sp 4 cee 1242 Cormorant sp 2 1244 Calif Gull 2 Gull sp 5 cee 1245 Pelagic Cormor. 1 N 1248 W.Gull 1 S 1250 Gull sp 2 cee 58 Wall. Gull 15 cee 59 Phal sp 1 W 1301 Phal sp 1 01 " 4 cee 03 Cassons Auklet 1 cee 04 Phal sp 1 ca 05 Bad Phalurga 1 ae 06 Gull sp 16 cee 08 Phal sp. 1 cee 08 Hermon Gull 1 ae 10 Anhinga (Wash) 1 ae 14 W. Gull 2 S 20 " 1 N 20 (d. Hurve 1 a 21 Gull sp 1 ae 22 Small Alcid ? 1 ae 27 Sixty Shearwater 4 cee 29 New Zealand 1 ce 30 " 1 ce 34 Small Alcid 1 ae 38 West. Meadowlark 1 ae 39 Sooty Shear 1 W 43 Sooty Shear 1 W 46 Sooty Shear 1 WS 47 Murre 1 49 Cassin Auklet 2 50 Small Alcid 1 51 West. Gull 11 W 52 Pelican 1 W cee 53 Gull sp 6 cee 55 Calif. Gull 1 cee 56 " 5 cee 58 Small Alcid 4 ae 1400 05 Mourning Dove 1 ce 05 Gull sp 5 cee 07 W. Gull 1 ca Open obs around ship sitting sitting Small, thin bill, dark glossy, thin neck, small head Lots of large brown jellyfish with streamers up to 5' W Gull - 8 Cal.Gull - 4.27 Gull sp - 40 Cormsp - 2 Pel Corm - 1 Phal sp. - 8 Cass Auk - 3 R Phal - 1 Hezang - 1 Acow - 1 Cal Man - 2 Smalc - 7 SS - 7 NZS - 2 W May - 1 Bw Pel - 1 M D - 1 on deck for two mins. - collected T.J.L. on water on water - Cassin Auklet or next similar form Imm - Species reliability 2 125 took off from waters - 2 pair Course changed to 162 Circled ship & left SI-MNH-958-e Rev. 5-66
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270 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DIVISION OF BIRDS AT SEA DAILY LOG - E OBSERVERS: Date 17 Oct 67 Pg.# 1 Ship Direction SPECIMEN or TIME SPECIES # DIR. BAND NO. REMARKS 0704 0716 22 N. Phalarope 2 ca 34 Tern 1 E 37 N. Phal 14 cee 44 Alcid 2 ca 47 0812 BFA (1) 0816 0825 0832 Scoty sh 1 SW 0910 0940 0915 Gull? 1 cee large white bird, dark wings particularly toward tips - Underwings white - Alternately sitting and flying low to water - back in ship's wake - nearly as large as BFA also following. Wing flapping continuous - gull-like, not like albatross or shearwater. 1029 Red Phalarope 7 cee 1033 Pom? Jaeger 1 SE 1040 1124 Herring? Gull 1 1132 Storm petrel 2 W 1146 1200 Phalarope 1 cee 1207 1410 BPA (1) cee 1411 12 N. Phal 20 ceee 1430 Right whale Dolphins (35) Begin Observation Bairds Dolphin 3 ridin Bowwave Dolphin sp. (Poddy Baird) 100 ±15 3500 122-45 RWD-Lissodelphis borealis Baird-Delphinus delphis Bairdi Porpuiria 15+3 35-00 122-53 following - narrow white rump band Shift in water - Chandler +2 35-00 122-58 Right whale dolphin -100t - in tight line travelling west - up to 40 in view at once. Small, black, no dorsal fin. - In view about 20 mins. from shift shift clead in water - begin maneuver to recover shift shift recovered Flushed from water - non-br. plumage Dark ph - Pomarine rel. 2. - large, heavy flight. 35-00 123-15 Gray whale - surfacing, blowing, finally diving showing flukes. Not seen thereafter. "Humpy" in back at beginning of dive was not quite pronounced enough for humpback. Probably possibly Eschrichtius gibbosus immature - 1st yr. Herring? Western. - Herring rel. 2 rather uniform brown. Following ship hour - Arrived S.West. Paralleling ship at good distance together. Enter Heavy Fog Visibility 300 ft. or less called Nutsem Close observations open Following ship out to Non Brody Phlange Dolphins ?(5) with dorsal long-snouted vode Bow wave 25 minutes Photographed T.J. 34 59 124-04 SI-MNH-958-e Rev. 5-66
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Ship Direction SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DIVISION OF BIRDS AT SEA DAILY LOG - E OBSERVERS: Date Oct. 19, 1967 Pg.# 1 TIME SPECIES # DIR. BAND NO. REMARKS 0717 0735 st. petrel sp 1 E 0830 BFA (2) 0840 Sunrise - begin observations - cloudy, occasional sun for brief periods - wind NWW 25-30knots - sea choppy. Obs. shifted to bridge because of strong winds. Following. One with white underbody, brightest on lower belly - and broad bright white patch at tail, - 2nd bird apparently all dark with some white on upper tail 0910 BFA (2) 0930 BFA (3) 55 BFA (4) 56 Jaeger Sp. 1 OS 1017 Pom Jaeger 1 S 29 IV. Phalanger 1 S 45 Pom Jaeger 1 CEE Same white bird, but dark one now has no white in tail " " " and two all dark birds Following. LE followed only a short time - shall be counted as separate bird - hence not coded as follower STORN - 1 JSP - 2 Pom J. - 5 NPACL - 1 CHUA - 1 10V 1100 Pom Jaeger 1 S 12 25 S/KAU 1 O 33 Pom Jaeger 1 S Ad Davis Following ship cc to South Davis Ad Following Ship Ad Butt Ad - Intermediate phase - long tail feathers 1155 Pom Jaeger 1 E 1258 Jaeger sp 1 CEE dark light belly - prob. intermediate phase Imm or Subadult - Reliability 2 - circled ship several times, then sat on water 1330 Jaeger sp 1 W 1430 Herring Gull 1 CEE cc to W Ent. Ad Together Davis possibly Immature 1520 25 Pom Jaeger? 1 S 36 Pom Jaeger 1 S 1600 P. Phal 1 CE 31 Jaeger SP 1 O 50 Snow/Pet 3 CEE 53 BFA (6) 55 Phalanger sp 1 O Following ship 1701 Herring Gull 1 O Tom AD E-X 1707 Pom Jaeger 1 SW 16 Jaeger sp (3) S CEE Following; all sitting on water together for moment 1750 BFA (3) 1800 STON m PET SP 1 O 1804 W R S P (Leah) 1 CEE SUNSET CLOSED 85 JSP - 6 H Gull - 2 Pom - 3 RPHAL - 1 S/P - 1 PARC SP - 1 STON m - 1 W R S P - 1 SI-MNH-958-e Rev. 5-66
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Ship Direction N SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DIVISION OF BIRDS AT SEA DAILY LOG - E OBSERVERS: Date 25 Oct. 1967 Pg.# 1 TIME SPECIES # DIR. BAND NO. REMARKS 0722 0723 BFA ④ ce 0735 LONGTARED O. ( ) ce 0740 BFA ⑤ cen 0753 W R S P ( ) ce 0800 PASSERINES ( ) cee 0810 MOURUING P 2 cee 0820 BRAN SAILLOW ( ) ce 0835 U. METALLAHON ( ) ce 0848 W R S P ( ) ce 0930 STORM PET ( ) ce 0937 R B T B ( ) E 0938 GULL SP ( ) ce 1000 FULMAR ( ) ce 1035 PASSERINESP ⑦ ce 1038 MOURUING DOG ( ) ce 1112 BARUSWALLOW ① ce 1115 WHITECROWNEDSP ( ) ce 1140 BFA ③ W 1150 Sooty/SB ( ) NE 1153 Arctic Loon ( ) 1200 BFA ⑦ 1225 BFA ③ 1300 Shearpet Fulmar 2 W 1310 W R S P ( ) ce 1408 beach SP. ( ) lee 1412 Mallard 15 E 1422 Fulmar ( ) W 1425 Fulmar ( ) W 1434 Fulmar ( ) W Jaeger-sp ( ) W Fulmar ( ) W 1540 BFA ⑦ 1630 HerringGull 1 1640 W R S P ( ) lee SUNRISE BEGINS. following arrived from NW followed briefly easter 1LT 1 mottles 3 dh flew about ship landed only once 1 col. R Boudin flying w/ remaining lone landed on deck collector rump not seen imm imman herring/western type dh. probably same as 0826 BIRD ON DECK probably same as passerine at 1035 immature Flew directly over deck - non-br. plum. 2 wh, 1 mottled, 4 dark Following merchant ship heading west across our bow - 3/4 mi. At least 3. Together - Tawny brown (in sun) above, lighter (not white) areas outer half of upper wing surface. Body brown below on one, underwings not seen. Other paler body, light underwings with darker edges. Alternately flapped and glided - Flapping slower than Sooty. Areed a little in wind. About body size, or slightly larger. Close to ship - divided white rump All in brown glumage - blue speedium, white trailing edge of wing long necked dark dark dark travelling with Fulmar - not seen to chase dark Following - 2 wh, 5 dark Following - immature paralleling ship - close - no division in whrump SI-MNH-958-e Rev. 5-66
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Eastern Area Cruise #27 16-26 October 1967 including Eastern Grid Survey #15 Cruise Itinerary: 16 October 0800 - Depart Alameda 17 October 0300 - Enter Grid at Point "Ash" 25 October 2115 - Depart Grid at 35°00' N, 122°38' W 26 October 1800 - Arrive San Francisco Survey Personnel: Richard Chandler (Biologist-in-Charge) Robert L. Pyle Thomas J. Lewis Methods Diurnal observations were held from the helicopter deck on the 16th through 18th. The watch was moved to the lee wing of the bridge from the 19th onward due chiefly to strong winds. Two periods of nocturnal watch were held at the searchlight on the port (lee) quarterdeck. The skiff was used for 1-1/2 hours on 17 October, but collecting conditions were not favorable again during the remainder of the cruise. No birds were secured from the skiff, but several errant landbirds were shot as they rested on the deck. Bathythermograph soundings were made at 2-hour intervals from 0400-2000 and at 2400 while in the Grid area. The BT instrument was lost overboard on 25 October at 2345. Other methods and procedures followed those established on previous cruises. Cruise Track (See Figure #1) The two non-Grid legs between San Francisco and the Grid are over essentially the same area and save for the influence of weather are roughly comparable. (See non-Grid discussion.) The nominal Grid track was covered, with little deviation from Point "Ash" to a point about 70 miles west of Point Oak. At this point, sunset of the 24th, it was prudent to turn north in order to make best use of the diurnal hours in the two sections "T" and "W" which needed the additional coverage. The 900 diurnal Grid miles were divided among the nine sections fairly equally (average deviation from 100 miles = about 11 miles; see Table #2). Excellent cooperation was received from Captain Keiser, the deck force, weather personnel, quartermasters, and all concerned with the operation. Conditions During most of the survey period a moderate high pressure system to the west of the Grid and a trough of low pressure over the southern California area produced a gradient that resulted in moderately strong (20+ Kt.) northwest winds. Seas and winds were low on the 17th before the
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western high had built up. By the 19th the gradient system was bringing in increased low cloudiness and winds. A thick fog bank in the forenoon of the 17th necessitated securing observations for two hours. Cold fog and mist patches were encountered irregularly during most of the survey, notably on the 22nd. Weather moderated on the 23rd as we moved westwardly into the amicably strengthening high. The high weakened on the 24th as a deepening low in the Gulf of Alaska began to send weather down the coast. The cloud deck deepened and northerly winds built up continually, reach- ing 25-30+ Kts. by the 26th. In general the moderate to strong winds and seas made for less than average observing conditions, but for the most part I feel the biasing effect probably amounts to less than 10-15 percent reduction in observabil- ity over the last five surveys. Nocturnal conditions were very poor. A full moon on the 17th-18th continued to shine through broken skies for five nights. An eclipse and concurrent nocturnal observations began at 0125 on the 18th. During the hour preceding the total phase of the eclipse no birds were recorded. A single unidentified bird was logged just about at the beginning of the dark phase. No further birds were recorded during an hour of eclipsed darkness. Deep cloud layers the night of 24-25 October blotted out an already waning moon and eight birds were logged during two hours of watch. No other attempts were made to hold night watches. Broad slick areas were found, as in previous surveys, around 35° N, 123° W. A wide variety of surface and subsurface life was evi- dent from the skiff on that day. Aside from this fairly "cluttered" area in the northeast little else was noted in the rest of the Grid. A few floating logs and various pieces of debris were noted in the western cen- tral areas. BT data and previous observations indicate that this area (roughly, sections "U & X") is a relatively stagnant region, often barren of birds and usually with a good deal of flotsam; logs, planking, etc. Collections Two Mourning Doves and one Meadowlark were collected in the Grid, and one Meadowlark was collected outside the Grid. One serum sample was obtained from the Meadowlark outside the Grid, but none were obtained in the Grid. No mammal or other collections were obtained. Eastern Grid Survey #15 Over 900 miles and 99.2 hours of diurnal observations, 187 birds of 24 species were recorded. An additional nine birds of at least three species were recorded over 40 miles of nocturnal watch. Fourteen sight- ings of marine mammals were made.
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"Respectable" pelagic seabirds (Shear/Pets, Alcids, Skua, Tropicbirds) 11 Puddle Ducks 8 Passerines (Tweety Birds) (6 species) 6 "Marginal" Pelagic seabirds (Loon, Herring Gull) 4 Doves 2 Accidental shorebirds 2 Owls (1) 1 The general situation found in this Grid, chiefly the overall paucity of birds, is apparently the transitory state that occurs: 1) After the typical migrant species, Leach's Storm Petrel, Terns, Phalaropes(?), Shear/Pets., etc. have passed through and are now generally to the south of the Grid area, and 2) Before the typical winter residents, Gulls, Alcids, Fulmars, Kittiwakes, etc., have arrived from the north. The duration of this lull is probably fairly short, as vanguard Fulmars and Gulls are presently appearing. The next two surveys I suspect will show an overall increase. Sections, R, S, T. U. V, W, X, Y, Z refer respectively to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; and NW, N-Center, NE, Center-West, Center-Center, Center- East, SW, S-Center, SE. Nine division shorthand notations used here are similar to thos dis- cussed in the report for E.G.S. #10. SPECIES ACCOUNTS - GRID Black-footed Albatross Diomedea nigripes # Obs. 43 Avg. # Day 4.8 Median (of 9 days) 6 High max. day count 8 Low max. day count 1 RUMP COLOR (Sample Size = 37) Sharp White Mottled Dark # 10 4 23 % 27 11 62 After having decreased through four surveys, from July to mid- September, an increase seems to be underway at present. The mean # of birds/day per survey reached a low of 3.1 in mid-September then rose to 5.4 in early October and dropped slightly to 4.8 during the present survey. The overall tendency suggests an increase but future cruises will make this more clear. I hypothesized in the EGS #13 report that a decrease in the proportion of white-rumped birds would occur along with the, also hypothe- sized, overall increase. It is not clear as yet whether or not this is occurring. (As in the previous two reports all albatross data are handled in the Species Account only and are, for the purposes of the tables, not considered to be birds). Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis # Obs. 7 Seven dark-phase birds were recorded on the last day in the Grid; sections "T" and "W". Six were moving west. These are the first of the season and no doubt will increase.
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5 Sooty Shearwater Sooty or Slender-billed Shearwater # Obs. = 2 # Obs. = 3/5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 # seen in each section Evidently the fall migration is a rather abrupt peak. Grid numbers have dropped by a factor of 20 in two weeks. I would set the dates of maximum exodus at September 6-20. Five birds barely constitute a valid distribution pattern, but what there is suggests an unsurprising clustering in the south. Leach's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa # Obs. = 53 3 3 3 5 8 6 5 6 14 # Obs. in each section .034 .033 .029 .059 .062 .059 .047 .072 .114 Birds/Linear Mile/Section The wave of birds that was passing through the center of the Grid area during the last survey (early October) has evidently continued south. That wave, unlike the postbreeding summering populations, was distinctly and highly directive. I feel that those birds were the nominate race (O. l. leucorhoa) from stations to the north as they appeared to be larger and virtually all were conspicuously white-rumped. I believe it is probably this general population that makes up the bulk of the Leach's that spread westward along the low latitudes in the central Pacific. The current density is by far the lowest yet recorded. The birds seen did not appear to be directional and I doubt that many migrant stragglers are still lingering in the Grid area. The birds struck me as being chiefly the smaller small-rump patched birds from more local breeding stations. I suggest that the slight concentration of birds in the south- east corner represents birds from the winter breeding populations of Isle Guadalupe. As the breeding cycle there finishes up I expect this density peak in the southeast to remain, while the overall density increases as postbreeders and young disperse. January and February 1967 data also indicate this pattern. Problems continue to arise concerning the identification, specific and subspecific, of the Storm Petrels encountered in the Grid. Using the ADP system it is, at times, difficult to describe a sighting, and no standard procedure has yet been adopted. My present thoughts on the Hydrobatids of the Grid are outlined roughly as follows: Fork-tailed Storm Petrel Oceanodroma furcata Little problem. The Grid area evidently delimits the usual southern
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winting range. The only identification problem is subspecific and this is best solved down a gun barrel. Ashy Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa Still a mystery bird on the Grid. This is the closest breeding Storm Petrel to the Grid (in low numbers, albeit), but it hasn't turned up in Grid collections or even been tentatively seen. I think the non- breeding birds must stay very close to the coast all year round; in such areas as Monterey Bay perhaps. It remains a possibility though, espe- cially around Points Ash or Dogwood perhaps in late summer. Identifica- tion, especially from a large ship where the upperwings are often obscured, is difficult, and the possibility, perhaps very remote, of con- fusion with a Dark-rumped Leach is (for me) the most touchy identification problem among the local Storm Petrels. Wilson's Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus Just barely even expectable. Identification is not difficult to experienced observers, and is not seriously included among the abbreviation "WRSP" for "White-rumped Storm Petrel." Least Storm Petrel Halocyptena microsoma Highly unlikely at any distance from land let alone as far north as the Grid. Not impossible but I would be highly sceptical without the specimen. Black Storm Petrel Oceanodroma melania Erratic, but evidently on the Grid. Can be confused with large nominate Leach's if flight pattern is used as main field mark. Next to Ashy the only other bird that causes specific identification problems with Leach's. Leach's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa Taxonomically a mess. Upon carefully glassing a Storm Petrel on the Grid, Fork-tailed, Black, Least, and (by mostly common sense) Ashy can be eliminated quickly. Which leaves only Leach's. Thus far it appears that virtually (but not quite all!) dark-plumaged Storm Petrels are indeed Leach's, but the possibility of the others occurring must not be entirely overlooked. ADP coding is a problem because of rather artificial sub- specific nomenclature. In the field any one of the three or four southern forms may appear dark-rumped. The taxonomic problem should not be decided on the bow however and nothing is lost if all Leach's are coded 123409 and their plumage, behavior, size, etc., recorded under remarks for future tabu- lation in the report. The species reliability code should be left to your judgment or conscience. I would use "0" 95 percent of the time.
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15 TABLE 3. Composition of E.G.S. ##1-15 by Higher Taxa. # Observed % Total "SEABIRDS" Gaviiformes - Loons 8881 98.96 Gaviidae - Loons 1 0.01 Procelariiformes - Tube Noses 3907 43.54 Diomedeidae - Albatrosses 662 7.38 Procelariidae 901 10.04 Puffinus - Shearwaters 356 3.97 Pterodroma - Gadfly Petrels 140 1.56 Fulmarus- Fulmar 352 3.92 Hydrobatidae - Storm Petrels 2344 26.12 Pelecaniformes - Toti Palmates 25 0.28 Phaethontidae - Tropicbirds 22 0.25 Pelecanidae - Pelicans 3 0.03 Anseriformes - Water Fowl 84 0.94 Anatidae - Ducks, Geese, and Swans 84 0.94 Charadriiformes 4757 53.01 Charadriidae - Plovers and Turnstones 27 0.30 Scolopacidae - Sandpipers 14 0.16 Phalaropodidae - Phalaropes 2621 29.21 Stercorariidae - Skuas and Jaegers 211 2.35 Laridae - Gulls and Terns 1611 17.95 Larinae - Gulls 1461 16.28 Sterninae - Terns 150 1.67 Alcidae - Alcids 244 2.72 "LANDBIRDS" Columbiformes - Pigeons and Allies 93 1.04 Columbidae - Pigeons and Doves 42 0.47 Strigiformes - Owls 42 0.47 Strigidae - Typical Owls 2 0.02 Caprimulgiformes - Goatsuckers and Allies 2 0.02 Caprimulgidae - Goatsuckers 1 0.01 Apodiformes - Swifts and Hummingbirds 1 0.01 Trochilidae - Hummingbirds 1 0.01 Passeriformes - Perching Birds 45 0.50 Tyrannidae - Tyrant Flycatchers 1 0.01 Hirundinidae - Swallows 2 0.02 Motacillidae - Pipits 1 0.01 Sturnidae - Starlings 2 0.02 Vireonidae - Vireos 1 0.01 Parulidae - Wood Warblers 5 0.06 Icteridae - Blackbirds 18 0.21 Fringillidae - Sparrow, Finches, etc. 6 0.07 8974
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19 Non-Grid Observations R. L. Pyle Diurnal observations were conducted en route from San Francisco to point Ash on October 16, and again October 26 returning to San Francisco along essentially the same track. Virtually calm winds and smooth sea on the 16th were very favorable for observing birds at a distance and on the water. However, strong headwinds and choppy sea on the 26th, par- ticularly in the morning, severely hampered observation of most species, but probably were a significant reason why albatross and gulls followed the ship closely in large numbers on the 26th but not on the 16th. On the 16th observations were recorded continuously for six hours up to sunset. On the 26th recorded observations were limited to one hour in the early morning, one hour in midmorning, and three-fourths hour in the early afternoon, because of the strong winds and preoccupation of ob- servers with Grid data analysis and other end-of-cruise chores. Occasional spot observations between these periods confirmed the general picture, but were not officially logged. Because of differences in weather conditions and observing time, far more birds other than gulls were recorded on the 16th (195 gulls, 256 others) than on the 26th (200¹ gulls, 18 others). Table 4 summarizes the non-Grid observations. Comparisons between the two dates are discussed in the species accounts which follow. Black-footed Albatross None recorded on southbound leg. On northbound leg, seven were fol- lowing when observations began in early morning, three were still follow- ing during the midmorning observation period, and none were recorded in the afternoon. Records of previous trips between San Francisco and the Grid should be checked for the possibility that albatross tend to be re- corded farther north when following northbound ships than when following southbound ships. Shearwaters and Petrels Recorded in good numbers on the 16th but virtually absent on the 26th. Beside winds and observing time, this decrease probably also re- fects the disappearance of fall migrating birds, as was experienced in the Grid. Of the 32 Pink-footed Shearwaters recorded on the 16th, 28 were in one group sitting on the water. On the 26th, four probable storm petrels together were reported by the bridge officer, but not officially recorded. Fulmar The single bird on the 16th was on the water, and may have been in abnormal condition as it did not flush but only fluttered aside to avoid
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the closely approaching ship. Numbers on the 26th represent the first influx of the wintering population. Phalaropes Eighty-seven on the 16th vs. none on the 26th probably resulted largely from differences in weather and observing time, but may also re- fect the passing migration. Gulls Numbers recorded on the 16th represent many individuals and groups sighted up to considerable distances on each side of the ship, some travelling with the ship, some not, but very few if any following closely behind. Numbers for the 26th represent maximum estimates of the large flock which followed steadily at one to two shiplengths astern, with a smaller flock over the bow. Most of the other gulls sighted on the 26th had either just left one of these flocks, or were en route to join them. The flock began in early morning with six gulls joining seven albatross in hovering over garbage just dumped. Numbers gradually grew to a maximum in late morning of 150+ in the stern flock and 40+ at the bow. The bow flock was directly over the port railing just behind the bow, riding the updraft from the strong wind coming from about 10 degrees off the port bow. It was impossible to keep track of individuals joining and departing from these flocks, so that total gulls in the area during the day were cer- tainly much greater than the figures given. Species composition of gulls on the two days was significantly dif- ferent. Westerns, first, and Californias, second, comprised the over- whelming majority on both days. On the 16th other species recorded were Bonaparte, Sabine, and Heerman, all smaller gulls which (except possibly for Heerman) seldom follow ships. On the 26th other species recorded were Glaucous-winged, Herring, and Ring-billed, all of them strictly winter visitors with strong ship-following tendencies. One or two Glaucous- wingeds were seen on the 16th near Golden Gate Bridge before official ob- servations began. On both dates well over half of the gulls were in im- mature or subadult plumage. Alcids Forty-three on the 16th vs. one on the 26th probably resulted largely from differences in weather and observing time. Most of the 27 recorded as "small alcids" were probably Cassin Auklets.