Cogswell 1949 70 4 Journal Big Lagoon, Humboldt co., Calif. (SUMMARY) Aug. 8-19 3. Spruce-alder forest, dominants: Ribes sitcans, alnus rubra, occasionally Acer macrophyllum. Under- story dense, of many shrubs & semi-shrubs: Rubus spectabilis, Rubus parviflorus, Sambucus racemosa, & Vaccinium ovatum (occasionally). Ground layer often of mosses in densest thickets. 4. Willow-alder riparian woodland & thicket dominants: Salix sitchensis var. coulters, Salix lasiandra, Salix sp., alnus rubra, and occasionally Acer macrophyllum. Understory of dense Rubus utrifolius, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, & Ribes argunum var glutinosum thicket, with some herbs admixed. Where grazed, openings in the understory and brows- ing of lower branches of trees gives a woodland rather than a thicket aspect to it. Salix sitchensis and alnus rubra occur on valley floor well away from the stream, the actual bed of which is here considered a different habitat (see #11) 5. Bramble thickets or (“Berry thickets” in some species accounts). Dominants: essentially those of the understory of #4. Little or no understory. This association is probably intermediate in the succession of valley flat to Spruce-alder forest. It occurs also up the slopes to some degree, but not on the drier ones. 6. Pastured dry grassland. Dominants: various gresses, Cirsium lanceolatum, Cersium arvense, Tri- folium species, etc. Very local in extent; probably maintained only by grazing and/or fire.