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{ "text": "SW\n\nShip\nDirection\n\nSMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION\nDIVISION OF BIRDS\nAT SEA DAILY LOG - E\n\nOBSERVERS:\nCHAN\n\nDate 23 Jul 1967\nPg.# 2\n\nTIME SPECIES # DIR. BAND NO. REMARKS\n\nBEGIN OBS 11 mi.\n\n1800\n1800 WEST G.\n1802 Sooty Shear 7 W\n1804 \" \" 4 S\n1805 WEST. G. 1 CA\n1807 Sooty Sh. 3 W\n1807 BFA 1 CA\n1810 Sooty Shear 4 OR\n1817 \" \" 7 CL\n\nSEALS\n1825 Sooty Shear 35± CP\n1828 Pinkfoot Sh. 3 CP\n1828 Sooty Shear 4 Q\n1828 Sooty Shear 8 Q\n\n1830 Sm. Gull 2 Su - BAN. NOT SAB. MNYBE TERN?\n1832 Sooty Shear 5 Cd\n1833 BF/4 3 CA\n1834 JAEGER SP 3 CR - 3db.\n- SEALS P\n1640 Sooty Shear 7 Q\n1650 Sooty Sh. 2 2 CP\n1655 H \" 5 CE\n1857 n \" 5 AE\n1900 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [TRANSCRIPTION_TRUNCATED_DUE_TO_LOOP]
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Preliminary Report Eastern Area Cruise No. 17 Eastern Grid Survey No. 10 prepared by Richard D. Chandler Cruise Itinerary: 10 July 0815 Chandler, Hoff depart Honolulu 19 July 1226 Arrive Eastern Grid area 21 July 0514 Begin nominate Grid Cruise Track 23 July 0900 Depart Grid area for helicopter rendezvous 23 July 1700 DeLong arrives via helicopter 24 July 0515 Resume regular Grid observations 29 July 0830 Depart Grid area 30 July 1000 Arrive Long Beach Personnel : Robert DeLong (Biologist-in-Charge 23-31 July) Richard Chandler (Biologist-in-Charge 10-23 July) David Hoff Methods : Diurnal observations were made from the helicopter deck when weather conditions permitted. During high seas the watch was held from the lee wing of the bridge. Nocturnal watches were held on the lee side of the quarterdeck. Other methods and procedures followed those established on previous cruises on this type of vessel. Birds were collected from the skiff on 28 July. No BT casts were made. NON-GRID SECTIONS: The non-Grid areas have been broken down into four sections as follows: Section "A" Hawaiian Area 10-11 July The observations during the first two days out of Honolulu (10-11 July) were strongly influenced by land-based populations from the main Hawaiian islands. Area "A" (see Figure #1) is best discussed separately from the next section. Section "B" Deep Pelagic Area 12-19 July Beyond 300 miles from the main Hawaiians the number of birds dropped sharply to a very low level and remained low to the western side of the Grid area (126°30' W, see Figure #1). Section "C" Pt. Arguello 23 July During the rendezvous with the helicopter, observations were taken from 11 to 20 miles off the California coast near Pt. Arguello/Pt. Con- ception (see Figure #2).
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2 Section "D" Grid to Long Beach 29-30 July Departed Grid area at 0830 hours 29 July. Eleven hours of observation 0-100 miles east of the Grid on 29 July, and 1.1 hours between Santa Catalina and Long Beach on 30 July constitute this section (see Figure #2). Section "A" Hawaiian Area: During 12.4 hours (100 miles) of diurnal observations on 10 and 11 July, 620 birds of 10 species were observed. Sooty Terns, Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, and Common Noddies were the dominant species accounting for 97 percent of the birds in this section. Several large feeding flocks were seen on the 11th, 100-200 miles from land. (See non-Grid Table #2 for summary.) SPECIES ACCOUNTS Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) # Obs. = 83 % Section total = 13.4 Wedge-tails were abundant on 10 July when passing 10-30 miles north of Molokai, and were regular in the Sooty Tern flocks on 11 July. All birds observed were light-phase. Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus newelli) # Obs. = 2 Two Newell's were seen alone on 10 July. Black-winged Petrel # Obs. = 2 Small Pterodroma sp. # Obs. = 5 Pterodroma externa # Obs. = 1 Pterodroma sp. # Obs. = 2 The above sightings were all made on the second day out. One small Pterodroma was thought to be a White-winged Petrel, but probably most of the small birds were P. hypoleuca. No Bonin-type birds were observed. The P. externa was probably a Juan Fernandez. Dark-rumped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) # Obs. = 1 A bird tentatively assigned to this species was seen north of Molokai on 10 July. Bulwer (?) Petrel (Bulweria bulweriae) # Obs. = 1 A single large all-dark petrel seen in a Sooty Tern flock on 11 June was probably this species. It was not observed well enough to rule out the possibility of Sooty Storm Petrel.
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3 Red-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) # Obs. = 1 The single bird seen had no visible central tail feathers. Red-footed Booby (Sula sula) # Obs. = 2 Two adult light-phase birds were recorded north of Molokai. Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) # Obs. = 476 % Section total = 76.8 Only a few scattered sooties were seen the first day. Feeding flocks of up to 150 birds were observed over 150 miles from land on the second day. The land base of these birds is uncertain. Except for a single immature, all birds appeared to be adults. Common Noddy (Anous stolidus) # Obs. = 43 % Section total = 10.2 All noddies were recorded within sight of Molokai where they were associating with Wedge-tailed Shearwaters in loose feeding flocks. Section "B" · Deep Pelagic Area 12-19 July After leaving the area of typical Hawaiian breeding birds some 300 miles northeast of Hawaii, a barren area about 1600 miles in extent was traversed. Aside from the Black-footed Albatrosses following the ship, 14 birds were sprinkled over the 552 miles of diurnal observations in eight days. This averages out to one non-albatross bird in every 4-1/2 hours, or about one bird every 40 miles. Black-footed Albatrosses ac- counted for 18 of the 32 birds recorded (56%). Of significant note was the absence of this species during the first four days of the cruise. Constant northeast trades averaging 17.5 knots accompanied most of this leg, shifting slightly to the north during the last 2-3 days. Relative gusting up to 50 m.p.h. made for generally poor observing condi- tions. Watch was held from the ship's bridge during most of this section. Effects of colder north Pacific waters were felt around 26-28° N; 138-145° W, when surface temperatures dropped from 74° to 65° F. Winds increased and cloud cover obscured the sky (see Non-Grid Table #3). These changes only slightly affected bird observations. SPEcies ACCOUNTS Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes) # Obs. = 18 No albatrosses were seen from 10 July through 13 July. A bird was reported by the bridge at sunset on 14 July (27°20' N; 135°20'W). One bird was seen briefly on 15 July but birds were not regularly following the ship until 16 July (29° N; 138° W) when three were present most of the
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day. Three to six birds were present for the last three days. The in- crease of albatrosses came at the same time a notable drop of surface temperature was recorded. Of the 14 birds for which rump color was noted six (42%) were white-rumped. This is about the same as the overall per- centage of white-rumped birds in the present Grid survey (15 out of 42; 82%). Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) # Obs. = 2 Two Sooty/Slender-bill Shearwaters were seen on 14 July. One had "light" underwings, the other was not seen well, but both were probably this species. Both birds were traveling in a west-southwest direction. Pterodroma sp. # Obs. = 2 Both sightings were on 12 July. One may have been a P. externa. Shearwater/Petrel # Obs. = 3 Three shearwater/petrels were observed on 16 July in the area of the most rapid surface temperature drop. Two of the birds were tentatively identified as Kermadec Petrels, one light-and one dark-phase. Red-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) # Obs. = 1 A short-tailed bird (subadult ?) on 17 July (ca. 30° N; 134° W) was closer to the North American coast than the Hawaiian Islands. White-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus) # Obs. = 1 This was the only bird seen on 13 July. Tropicbird sp. # Obs. = 1 Seen on 14 July, this bird was noted as follows: "Sitting on water, large, pinkish hue, dark bill, long-light tail." Jaeger sp. # Obs. = 2 Two birds were seen together on 12 July. Section "C" Pt. Arguello 23 July One hour of observation was run from the helicopter rendezvous 11 miles off Pt. Arguello to A Point 20 miles southwest of Pt. Arguello. One- hundred-sixteen birds of six species were observed. This area is well out- side of "pelagic" areas (see Figure #2). Albatrosses were present but low in numbers; no storm petrels were seen. Sooty Shearwater was the dominant species. (See non-Grid Table #4 for summary of observations.)
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5 SPECIES ACCOUNTS Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes) # Obs. = 3 At point "Dogwood" during the morning of 23 July, at least 19 albatross were present around the ship. Twenty miles from point Dogwood, 11-20 miles from Pt. Arguello, only three were present. Pink-footed Shearwater (Puffinus creatopus) # Obs. = 9 Pink-feet were found associated with Sooty Shearwater flocks at a ratio of approximately 1:10. Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) # Obs. = 97 Sooty Shearwaters were scattered about in loose groups of 4-35. No obvious feeding concentrations were noticed. Jaeger sp. # Obs. = 3 Three immature Jaegers were observed harassing a seal. Western Gull (Larus occidentalis) # Obs. = 2 Two adults followed the ship's wake briefly. Gull sp. # Obs. = 2 Two small gulls were seen at a distance. They were possibly Bonapartes. Section "D" Grid to Long Beach 29-30 July Eleven hours of observations on the eastern side of the Grid area on 29 July were much like the southeast section of the Grid with storm petrels the dominant form (70% total). During an hour's observation be- tween Santa Catalina and Long Beach, Western Gulls and Sooty Shearwaters were seen. (See Non-Grid Table #5 for summary of observations.) SPECIES ACCOUNTS Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes) # Obs. = 8 The high numbers of albatross noted in conjunction with storm petrels during the Grid survey were not noticeable over this section. Pink-footed Shearwater (Puffinus creatopus) # Obs. = 1 One bird was seen inside Santa Catalina.
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6 Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus) # Obs. = 16 Birds began to appear regularly some 50 miles east of the Grid area. Puffinus sp. # Obs. = 1 The log reads "[29 July] Brown mantle - dark crissum, dark throat & neck, white underwings. Looked larger than P. p. opisthomelas but was too fast for [P.] creatopus (probably colored wrong also) could it be Townsend (?)-check" - DeLong. Cook Petrel (Pterodroma cooki) # Obs. = 5 These birds appeared shortly after leaving the Grid. The bulk of the population appears to be centered around 125° W at this latitude and probably does not come much further east than 120° W. White-rumped Storm Petrel Storm Petrel sp. # Obs. = 33 # Obs. = 26 Storm Petrel populations remained fairly high for all July 29, but were absent inside the Channel Islands. Phalarope sp. # Obs. = 1 Jaeger sp. # Obs. = 2 Western Gull (Larus occidentalis) # Obs. 10 All 10 birds were seen between Santa Catalina and Long Beach. EASTERN GRID SURVEY #10 The Grid area was entered from the west side just south of Point Ginko on 19 July at 1226 hours. Observations on 19 and 20 July, before beginning the nominal cruise track, have not been included in the regular summary statistics but are discussed in the species accounts. (See Table #1 for summary of this section.) The extreme northwest portion of the first leg was not covered due to allowances made for the helicopter rendezvous. On the morning of 23 July the ship was making maneuvers 4-8 miles south and southeast of Point Dogwood awaiting the helicopter transfer. Two hours of observations in this area are not included in the statistical Grid summary but are clearly an important part of the Grid area and are considered in the text. (See Table #1 for a summary of these observations.) [See Figure #1 - Cruise Track.] Over the 891 diurnal miles of nominal Grid track, 378 birds of 15 species were observed. Sixteen specimens of six species were collected. An additional 143 birds over 150 diurnal miles were logged in the non- track areas. Forty-eight birds were recorded during 7.3 hours of nocturnal watch. (See Table #2). [See Table #1 for observation summaries for all areas.]
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7 Moderately strong (18-20 knot) north winds in the north section gave way to light (5-10 knot) northwest winds in the southern sections. Only 28 July was favorable for skiff work. Synoptic Highlights 1.) Six new species recorded for Grid area: Band-tailed Pigeon - 1 collected 27 July Long-eared Owl - 1 collected 28 July Whimbrel - 4 observed (26 July [3]; 29 July) Northern Phalarope - 16 observed (21, 23, 26 July) Heerman's Gull - 3 observed on 23 July Nighthawk sp. - 1 observed, 23 July 2.) High concentrations of Storm Petrels around Points "D," H," and "J." 3.) High concentrations of Cook Petrels in southern section. 4.) Overall preponderance of birds in eastern and southern sections. 5.) Occurrence of all dark (Leach's) Storm Petrels in regular numbers. Table 6 was prepared to test the hypothesis that the east-to-west abundance of birds on the Grid is dependent in part on the distance to land. Grid track observations were divided in half along the oblique line connecting points "Birch" and Oak. Notice that this diagonal very nearly parallels the coastline (see Figure #2). It was hoped that this epdata would give more interpretable results than the east-west division in respect to distance from land. The results were somewhat surprising. Instead of showing great changes from the standard east-west split, in- spection of Table 6 shows few discrepancies; the Jaeger data being the most notable. As a 45° rotation of the central dividing axis produced no marked changes in the density of the two halves, a further rotation of 45° was calculated. The overall densities are figured in Figure 3. Notice that by proper selection of bisectors, all areas except the 1/8 Grid section labeled "A" can be found to lie in that half which is con- sistently two times more dense than the opposing half. All is not entirely lost in this confusion if all three bisectors are super empirised on one another and tabulated as indicated in "Solution 'A' disting rela- tive densities in six portions of the Grid. "Solution 'B'" shows the densities computed for the routine six subsections (see Figure #2 ). Where numbers are high enough, this approach to variation of bird densi- ties within the Grid is fairly satisfactory. Even more graphically simple is "Solution 'C' phase where the sections are assigned plus and minus values relative to the overall density. Any additive unit that will serve to give a quick summary of direction and degree of non-randomness, Is applicable, as the measure is only relative. [In this case the formula is: the difference between the overall density and the subsection density X 100 roundoff, and attach appropriate sign.] When bird numbers are too low to be of statistical validity "Solution 'D'" may be most meaningful.
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8 In this simplification only four symbols are used to describe the dis- tribution: 0 = No bird(s) i.e., linear density 0.000 _ = Bird(s) present but at low density as compared to the overall l = Bird(s) present in "about the same"* density as the overall + = Bird(s) present at high relative density. *(Solution "D" interprets "about the same" as being a single digit in Solution "C"). Perhaps the best lesson learned from this exercise is the relatively inconsistent results obtained by not having the "correct" number of com- parable subdivisions. Clearly, a single bisector has limited value on this particular Grid. The three north-to-south sections are better, but when compared alone are not nearly as effective as when divided by the north-toece- south bisector and compared as six equal subdivisions. While six divisions is a fairly good number for the size of this Grid area, I feel that nine subdivisions would yield somewhat more useful information (see Figure #4). In the species accounts that follow the distribution patterns are indicated by six characters arranged according to Solution "D." These representations apply only to track data. SPECIES ACCOUNTS Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes) # Obs. Track Nontrack Total 66 27 93 + 1 1 1 - 1 Albatross numbers are reported as the maximum seen during the day. From 3-19 birds were seen during the survey (mean 8.5/day, median = 7). Of 41 birds with rump color recorded, 15 (32%) were white-rumped. Nine- teem birds were seen on 23 and 26 July in similarly high concentrations of Storm Petrels. At Point Dogwood, 42 miles from shore, 19 birds were seen, but later the same day, 11-20 miles from land (Pt. Conception), only three were present; Storm Petrels were absent at that distance from land (see Non-Grid Section "C"). About two-thirds of the albatrosses were seen in the eastern half. Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus Griseus) Track Nontrack Total # Obs. 6 2 8 # collected = 1 + 1 + 0 1 0
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9 Five of the six sooties were seen in the western sections (unusual). Densities have dropped since April. Cooks Petrel (Pterodroma cooki) # Obs. Track Nontrack Total # Collected 56 0 56 - 0 - 0 + + Ninety-four percent of the cooks were in the south section, predomi- nantly in the western half. Since the southern sections have not been fully covered since early April it is possible that this species has been in the Grid for some time, but I think not. The birds were all flying in a north or northwest direction and appeared regularly crossing the ship's bow. This may be part of the populations observed off Southern Baja on EAC 13 in early June, just now reaching this latitude. The direction of travel could bring many birds off to the west of the Grid area before reaching 35° N. Birds were observed as singles and pairs, occasionally on the water. White-rumped Storm Petrel # Obs. Track Nontrack Total Dark-rumped Storm Petrel # Obs. 17 4 21 Storm Petrel sp. # Obs. 58 81 139 Total 155 86 241 - 1 (All Storm Petrel track) - + Over 46 percent of all Grid birds were Storm Petrels. While only some 9 percent of the total were recorded as dark-rumped, or all dark, the proportion was probably at least two times that; the lack of a white- rump being more difficult to ascertain than its presence. Distant or dubious birds were logged as "Storm Petrel sp." and doubtless include more dark birds than light. Unfavorable weather limited collecting and the subspecies present are not known. In addition to the dark form (5), 2 white-rumped forms may be present. Several large-appearing birds with broad white rumps were seen in contrast to smaller birds with more re- stricted white. Birds were very abundant around Point Dogwood (linear density ca. 10.0 birds/mile) and common in the southeast section (linear density ca. 1.2 birds/mile). Ninety percent of the Storm Petrels were seen in the eastern section. On 23 July a dark-rumped bird with an ob- ject (Food ?) in its bill was noted being harassed by a white-rumped bird 125-150 feet above the water. They fluttered together for several seconds at that height, then returned to the surface and disappeared, the dark-rumped bird still possessing the object. I have not observed any phase of this sequence (except mutual fluttering) before. The height was exceptional; the wind speed was ca. 5 knots.