and carry out great quantities (31) of the recently ejected debris. The up- per branches of the river draining the immediate slopes of the cone are free from them less from great banks of new ash than are the middle reaches, probably on account of greater rain and more frequent fall on the higher land and less con- centrated erosive activity. The banks of new material in the gorge bear only a scanty growth of grass and vines, with few bushes, on ac- count of the porosity of the deposit, which permits rapid drainage with consequent slow decomposition. In April (2) 1908 a pipeline for the water for the Orange Hill Es- tate was being laid on concrete piers across the gorge of the Rabaka near where the pre-emption suspend-