J Pligers 1980 Calidris melanotos NAIRL Barrow, Alaska 2 July (cont'd) move on Butt-up — invariably given by ♂ with complete clutts or ♀ boots near her. Also sometimes by ♂ who complete clutts. ♂ GROUSE DISPLAYS LOW INTENSITY GROUSE CALL — LIGC a continuum of head postures — either very alert or slightly tilted. ♂ stands and makes growling noise. Homologous with C.alpina frog call, Repeated growl ~ 0.8/sec with the call 0.4 sec and silent interval 0.4 sec. Can be as long as 1 call or as long as several minutes continuous. Usually 5-15 seconds long. This call occurs throughout period of interaction between ♂ + ♀, from onset when the ♂ is either hooting or grouse all the way through to the end of egg laying. ♂ is usually on a mound doing this but he will also do it while feeding or even while shooting with his bill tucked. Often he is 10-30 m from the ♀, but sometimes as far as 50-100 m. Given only when ♀ is nearby. ♀ response — nothing, continue feeding. LIGC/TC — (with tail cocked) Same noise, tail cocked, feathers slightly puffed (particularly on rear), head retracted, body usually squatted down if not definitely lowered to ground. Chest is saggy slightly. Usually gets off mound to do this. Can be short duration or much longer, >1 minute. Often moves or even runs toward female in this posture. Alternatively he may squat on ground. When this happens the ♀ may approach him (in fact due to frequency, often from distance of 10-30 m, approaching to within less than 1 m.)