JP Myers 1980 Calidris melaenus NARL, Barrow, Alaska & July (Cont'd) While the M very often goes directly over the F, sometimes he "misses"— he does it over where she was instead of where she is, and her movements to the new site were cryptic. As the interaction between a pair progresses, particularly when the F begins laying a clutch, hooting over that F stops almost completely—from seven 1 every 5-10 minutes to less than 1 per hour. At the same time he may be hooting frequently over another F. Finally, as the season draws to a close, the tone of some M's hoots changes. They appear to lose this change is correlated with changes in the bird's clutch condition—they lose resonance and volume as the clutch regresses. This is individual variation in hoot characteristics, particularly the lead-in phrase, whether they change pitch noticeably during a given hoot, hoot length, etc. Functional significance of hoot—mostly involved in attracting F. Most commonly seen to F who are in process of settling on an area. Once F commits herself to a site hooting becomes less frequent. If F's response to a M hoot is to hoot. Occasionally we also see F males hooting as they are in a border fight but this may be because they are simultaneously contesting the border and displaying to the F that provoked the fight. Paradox—we also see M's hooting to F's with completed clutches especially after she has spat out all her nest. F reactions to hoots 1- nothing 2. Crouch—@birds before M passes over, rather cryptic @ a momentary started duck 3) butt-up - axis of body elevated, not horizontal tail cocked, often churrs.