Kernish Plants must maximize their utilization of limited resources Optimization of whole plant net photosynthesis with least metabolic costs. Ideal cost building lamina + vasculature Lowest possible organ costs adapt. Inferred - Costs to roots by transpiration 1. e. Least amount of supporting structure. (Total) Least costs to roots by living photos (Inferred) N (P-R-bE) A x km of Differences in plants adapted to shortage of nutrients x shortage of water Xeromorphisms Dimorphism least similar effects - leaves.