B.S Ashton Reproductive ecology bird some sunlight trees & thin understory. Special lists Restricted distributions of large trees most frequent on poor soils. Intrinsic diversity in middle with many plants spatially complementary Intraspecific variation generally allopatric. Predator prey predator interactions is not adequate to account for spatial dist. of tropical forests. Trees in canopy- small, inconspicuous. bloom synchronously in a highly scattered population & means small relatively unspecialized pollenators. Large proportion of understory plants