Botany General

Suggestions on the botanical portion of the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program General Considerations To achieve the goals of the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (as indicated on page 2 of the program description dated November 15, 1963), it is necessary to obtain information on all the terrestrial biota of the islands visited. Studies of terrestrial vegetation could, as well as being ends in themselves, contribute significantly to the understanding of the ecosystems involved, and provide much information of specific use to ornithologists. The broad nature of the program, the number of islands to be studied, and the time available for the project preclude the undertaking of intensive, detailed studies of individual species or of successional stages of vegetation development. Rather, it is intended that the botanical studies be of a broad, extensive nature. The expected results will be primarily descriptive, but will provide much of the information needed now, and will form a valuable background for more specialized future research. The primary objectives of the botanical portion of the program should be: A. Field Work 1. Collection of all terrestrial plant species on each island. 2. Collection of data on distribution of plant species and vegetative associations on each island. 3. Collection of materials to provide general ecological data (soil samples, ground water samples, etc.).

B. Work to be performed at a central locality, such as Honolulu: 1. Compilation of available bibliographic data. a. Published reports. b. Unpublished reports (by military, etc.). c. Meteorological data. d. Vertical aerial photographs (both earlier and recent photographs would be desirable). 2. Correlation of bibliographic data with field collections, leading to: a. Preparation of a flora (i.e., a list of the plant species) of each island. b. Preparation of descriptions of the vegetation (i.e., the groupings of plant species) of each island, c. Preparation of a vegetation map of each island. If time is available in the field, it would be desirable to make additional observations and collections. While these would not be of primary importance to this project, they would provide additional useful information and would provide a means of utilizing extra field time profitably. These additional activities should include: 1. Making collections of soil samples using aseptic techniques, from which samples the soil microorganisms could be studied. 2. Making collections of marine and fresh water algae. 3. Establishing [illegible] photographic stations which could be revisited in the future to ascertain vegetational changes with time.

Method of Operation It would seem desirable that one person direct the botanical aspects of the program, in order to ensure uniform methods of data collection and interpretation and uniform presentation of results. This person should, preferably, be located in Honolulu, for reasons of accessibility to the study area and for training purposes (see below). It would be incumbent upon this person to ensure that the primary objectives of this study are those which are most closely related to the goals of the P.O.B.S.P. He should have sufficient control over field data collection to ensure that the data determined to be most important are obtained first, and that standard methods of collection are used on all islands. It appears feasible that the direction of the botanical portion of the program could be undertaken on a consulting basis. The con- sultant should be willing to direct the work of employees of the P.O.B.S.P., provide training in botanical field methods for these employees, direct the compilation of results, and prepare the appropriate reports. The consultant directing the botanical project should prepare as soon as possible: 1. A list of the types of information required, and the methods for gathering this information. 2. A list of the plant species expected to occur in the study area, and a key to these species which can be used in the field. 3. A training program of one or two days' duration for preparing field workers for making botanical studies.

4. A model Keysort card which can be used for storage of botanical information. 5. A model Keysort card which can be used for storage of information on the physical and climatic features of islands. Numbers 1 and 2 should probably be combined in a brief field manual for the use of program employees. It is recognized that publication of results would take place only after clearance on the part of the Principal Investigator and the Granting Agency, and that such publication will be in a place and in a form approved by the Principal Investigator.

Preliminary Key to the Vascular Plants of the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program Area Keys and Descriptions of Vascular Plants divided into 5 categories: la-lf. Herbaceous plants with parallel leaf venation, leaves basal with no leafy stem apparent.....................la. Herbaceous and woody plants with other than parallel venation, leaves basal or more commonly borne along a stem...............lb. Vines - commonly with leaves borne along a stem or leafless...lc. Herbaceous plants with other than parallel venation, leaves basal or more commonly borne along a stem, very small flowers (florets) compressed into a tight head or cluster................ld. Plant palmlike or pinelike.....................le. Ferns (or leafless plants with three angled stems)..........lf. la A. Plants with basal rosette of leaves, flowers on spike-like inflores- cence, petals 4......................Plantaginaceae Plantago (1). AA. Plants with basal clusters of leaves, florets on spike-like inflores- cence, a grass like appearance...............B. B. Plants with round, hollow stems............Gramineae (2-16)

2. BB. Plants with a solid, three sided stem............Cyperaceae (17-21) 12 lb A. Leaves alternate in arrangement along the stem...............B. B. Plants herbaceous shrubs or low growing herbs...............C. C. Leaves compound...................Leguminosae 4 Canavalia (22) 21 CC. Leaves simple, entire or lobed....................D. D. Leaves succulent...................Portulacaceae 31 Portulaca oleraceae (23) stamens 7-12

3. DD. Leaves normal, σ………………………………………6 Leaves normal, not obviously succulent……………………E E. Flowers bisexual………………………………………F. FL. Flowers with five petals, yellow……………………Tiliaceae 36 Triumfetta (24) F2. Flowers with five petals, yellow, red, pink or white……Solanaceae 33 Nicotiana (25-26) Solanum (27-28) F3. Flowers with a five lobed tubular corolla, white x-stipulate leaves…………………………Nama (29) Hydropsychaceae 18 xx-estipulate leaves………………………Boraginaceae Heliotropium

4. F4. Flowers with no petals, green calyx estipulate...................Chenopodiaceae 8. Atriplex (30) F5. Flowers with 4 petals, estipulate...............Chenopodium (31-32) simple .........................Cruciferae EE. Flowers unisexual....................Amaranthaceae G. Stamens 5..............................Amaranthus GG. Stamens 1 or 3.....................Euphorbiaceae 13 z--stamen 1...................Euphorbia (33-38) zz--stamen 3................Phyllonthus EB. Plants woody shrubs or trees................G.

5. G. Petiole or leaf stalk with basal appendages (stipules).....H. H. Leaf entire...................I. I. Flowers bisexual................J. J. Filaments of stamen joined laterally to form a tube about the pistil....................Malvaceae) Hibiscus (39) Abutilon (40) Sida (41-42) Malvastrum (43) JJ. Filaments of stamen free, leaves downy white on underside..Urticaceae 37 Pipturus (44) JJJ. Filaments free, leaves evergreen

6. K. Plants exude a milky sap large tree.....................Moraceae 24 Arctocarpus (45) Ficus (46) KK. Plants with colorless sap.................. small tree or shrub..................Polygonaceae Coccoloba (47) 29 II. Flowers unisexual, leaves not velvety............Euphorbiaceae 13. (48) Acalypha (49) Ricinus (50) HH. Leaf compound, leaves velvety...................Surionaceae 35 Suriona Leguminosae 21 Acacia (51) Leucaena (52) Cassia (53) Sesbania (54) Prosopis (55) GG. Petiole stipulate.........................L.

7. L. Flowers lacking petals.....................M. M. Ovary inferior (below the calyx) flowers white, unisexual evergreen tree with entire margined leaves...........Combretaceae (9) Terminalia (56) MM. Ovary superior (above the calyx) bisexual flowers shrub with velvety leaves....................Sterculiaceae (34) Walteria (57) LL. Plants with corolla present N. Shrubs, flowers zygomorphic (corolla divisible into two halves in one plane only)...........................O. O. Petals 4, white....................Capparidaceae 5 leaves 2 x 1" Capparis (58)

8. O. Petals 5 leaves 3 to 5" x 1 to 2"...................................Goodeniaceae 14 Scaevola (59-60) NN. Trees evergreen............................P. Q. leaves smooth P. Flowers orange leaves not spirally arranged fruit hard, green to yellow....................Boraginaceae Cordia (61) PP. Flowers white leaves spirally arranged fruit a black oily nut.....................Hernandiaceae flowers unisexual..........................Hernandia (62)

9. QQ. leaves very hairy, to 20 ft...................Boraginaceae (4) Resserschmidia argentea (L.f.) Johnston AA. Leaves opposite of whorled in arrangement along the stem............B B. Plants herbaceous shrubs or low growing herbs......................C C. Leaves compound................................Zygophyllaceae (39) Tribulus (63) C. Leaves simple.............................................D. D. Leaves succulent

10. E. Stamens 5, flowers pink and single in the leaf axils.....................Aizoaceae 1 EE. Stamens about 35, flowers grouped.......Sesuvium (64) yellow.....................Portulacaceae 31 Portulaca lutea (65) DD. Leaves thin or uncommonly succulent F. Stems four sided, leaves aromatic when crushed..Labiatae Phyllostegia (66) Stachys (67) FF. Stems four sided, non aromatic...........Primulaceae Anagalis (68) FFF. Stems round

11. G. Plants branching at base spreading along the ground, vinelike, leaves sometimes succulent, fleshy.. x flowers monoecious..................Euphorbiaceae E. prostrata GG. Plants upright, stipules present T-leaves non-linear H. Flowers congested on inflorescence, many bracts ...........................Amaranthaceae 2 (Achryanthes (70) opposite leaves (Amaranthus (71-73) alternate leaves) HH. Inflorescence a spike........Verbenaceae 38 Stachytarpheta (74-76) TT- leaves linear...................Caryophyllaceae

12. DDD. Leaves fleshy in two rows along stem, stipulate .........................Spergularia Urticaceae 37 Pilea (77) BB. Plants woody shrubs or small trees...................I. I. Plants shrubs.......................J. J. Leaves broad and thin................K. K. Stipulate, short petioled evergreen leaves 8" or more in length..........Rubiaceae Morinda (78) 32 KK. Estipulate, leaves deciduous 2" long, prickly bush...........Verbenaceae 38 Lanaa camara 79

13. JJ. Leaves narrow and thick................Lythraceae 22 Pemphis (80) II. Plants trees...................................K. K. Stipules present.............................Rubiaceae Morinda (78) KK. Estipulate.................................L. M. Leave in pairs, opposite L. Leaf shiny, leathery; bark rough and gray.... 3 to 8" long...................Guttiferae Calophyllum (81) 16

14. II. Leaf 4 to 11" long, fruits sticky exudate .............................................Nyctaginaceae Pisonia (82) MM. Leaves in pairs, threes or fours Leaf to 6" long, oval, short pointed, leathery ...................................Apocepraceae 3 Ochiosia lc A. Plant a vine trailing along the ground or over other plants, rooted in the ground................................................B. B. [illegible] B. Leaves alternate, simple and entire, sap milky.....Convolvulaceae 11 Ipomoea Jacquemontia AA. Plant a pale green to yellow vine trailing over other plants and not rooted in the ground...........................Lauraceae 20 Cassytha

15. ld. Compositae - 10. le. A. Trunks nonwoody, small tree-like herb............Musaceae 25 B. Fruits on hanging stem; eaten raw C. Trunks to 7' high; fruit yellow 4-5".....M. nana Lam. CC. Trunks more than 7' high, fruit yellow or red; 6-12" ...................M. paradisiaca L. ssp. sapientum (L) O. Ktze. AA. Trunks woody, erect tree or shrub

16. D. Leaves, minute in whorls of 4-16........Casuarinaceae 7 DD. Leaves large...................Casuarina equisitifolia L. Casuarina glauca Sieb. E. Leaves spiral, sessile; prop roots conspicuous; fruit a round head of many fruits........Pandanaeae 28 Pandanus tectorius Park. EE. Leaves palmately divided, leaflets sharp-pointed ...........................Palmae 27 F. Leaves fan-shaped, palmately veined or divided; perfect flowers...............Pritchardia FF. Leaves long, feather shaped, pinnately divided

17. lf. Ferns or leafless plants with three angled stems A. Plants bearing scalelike "leaves" or appendages but appearing leafless from a short distance................Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum (L) Griseb. AA. Plants bearing fronds....................Polypodiaceae B. Fruiting bodies borne in clusters (sori) arranged in dots, lines, or larger areas on the lower surface of the frond; plant growing on the ground or some on supports; fertile and sterile fronds similar C. Tip of frond coiled at maturity.....Nephrolepis CC. Tip of frond not coiled at maturity

18. D. Sori round or broad oblong Fronds jointed to rootstock......Polypodium DD. Sori narrow, straight or curved E. Sori parallel to the midrib, continuous; frond once or twice pinnate Plants without trunk; fronds 8-18"....Blechrum EE. Sori more or less oblique to midrib; fronds entire; each sorus with one cover which opens from the upper side...................Asplenium G. Trees bearing dry or pulpy fruit; shell of fruit with three pores.............Cocos nucifera L.

Glossary. Awn - a bristlelike appendage. Bisexual - having both sexes present and functional in the one flower. Bract - a much reduced leaf, particularly the small or scalelike leaves in a flower cluster. Calyx - the outer whorl of the perianth composed of the sepals. Compound - two or more similar parts in one organ, i.e., a leaf composed of several leaflets. Corolla - inner whorl of the perianth composed of the petals. Deciduous - falling at the end of one season of growth or life, as the leaves of nonevergreen trees. Some trees and shrubs are deciduous throughout the year. Dioecious - with storninate and pistellate flowers on different plants. Entire - leaf with a continuous margin; not in any way indented; whole. Estipulate - without stipules. Evergreen - plants which are green throughout the year. Filament - the stalk of the stamen which is terminated by the anther. Floret - individual and very small flowers of the Compositae and Gramineae. Frond - leaves of ferns (or palms). Glume - one of two sterile bracts at the base of most grass spiketels. Inflorescence - a flower cluster or flowering branch. Lenima - the lower of the two bracts immediately enclosing the flower. Lobed - an organ part, i.e., petal, sepal or leaf parts that represent a division of the organ. Locule - a compartment. Mealy - Monoecious - with storninate and pistellate flowers on the same plant.

Glossary p.2 Ovary inferior - the ovule bearing part of the flower found below the calyx leaves. Ovary superior - the ovule bearing part of the flower found above the calyx leaves. Palea - in the grass spikelet, the upper of the two enclosing bracts, the lower one being the lemma. Perianth - a collective term for the calyx and corolla. Phyllotaxy - the arrangement of leaves on an axis, expressed by a fraction, the numerator representing the number of revolutions of a spiral made in passing from one leaf past each successive leaf to reach the leaf directly above the initial leaf, and the denominator representing the number of leaves passed in the spiral thus made. Rachilla - axis bearing florets (gromineae). Rays (ray floret) - the straplike extension of the corolla of florets (compositae). Spikelet - one part of a compound inflorescence the floral unit of fam. gromineae composed of flowers and subtending bracts. Stipulate - with stipules. Stipule - an appendage at the base of the petiole (leaf stalk). Unisexual - having one sex present and functional in the one flower. Sorus - the heap or cluster of fruiting bodies found on the dorsal side of fern frond. Zygomorphic - corollas when divisible into equal halves in one plane only.

1. Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum L. - a succulent coastal herb which resembles Portulaca oleracea L. but some leaves are narrower, up to 1.5" long and the flower is 5-parted, pink and single at leaf axils. 2. Amaranthaceae A. Leaves alternate; anthers two locular, filaments separate and distinct......Amaranthus AA. Leaves opposite; anthers with one locule, filaments united at base into a cup..Achyranthes 3. Apocynaceae Orchrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Sch. Fruit oval and fleshy; flowers cream colored, fragrant, red paired. 4. Boraginaceae Trees or shrubs Twigs, leaves and inflorescence hairy; leaves 4-9" long; flowers white......................Messerchmidia argentea (L.f.) Johnston Twigs, leaves and inflorescence not hairy, flowers orange ...................Cordia subcordata Lam. Herbs Corolla stamens not protruding; green fruits undivided tubular ......................Heliotropium Branches and leaves silvery with hairs; prostrate; leaves 1" long; flowers white with yellow centers ......................Heliotropium anomalum L. var. argenteum Gray Branches and leaves smooth; leaves 1-2" long; flowers white......................Heliotropium curassivicum L. 5. Capparidaceae Capparis sandwichiana DC. a spineless shrub, 2 to 3' high; oblong leaves with rounded ends; fruit a green berry. 6. Caryophyllaceae Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. - leaves opposite, linear; petals five; seeds brown, flowers white or pink.

2. 7. Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia L. - Leaves reduced to scales forming a collar at joints of branchlets; male flowers at tip of branchlets, female flowers at base of branchlets; fruit a cone. 8. Chenopodiaceae -Flowers perfect, calyx 5, leaves entire or lobed ...........................................Chenopodium leaves mealy.......C. sandwichmeum Moq. deltoid leaves mealy lanceolate.........C. album L. Flowers unisexual (monoecious or dioecious) ............................................Atriplex semibaccatus R. Br. 9. Combretaceae Terminalia catappa L. A small to large tree with branches which are horizontal and arranged in tiers bearing large rosettes of thick, shiny, blunt, short-stemmed leaves. 6-12" long; fruit l-2" long, green to yellow; wood reddish. 10. Compositae (ld) A. Herbs......B. B. Flower heads with each floret rayed having a strap shaped extension of the corolla); leaves alternate; stem leafy, basal leaves, long stemmed, with a few deep lobes ...................Sonchus oleraceus L. BB. Flower heads with outermost florets having rays, inner florets tubular......C. C. Leaves alternate, at least upper ones...D D. Flower bracts overlapping, leaves white wooly or hairy, narrow triangular, flowers yellow or orange........Verbesina DD. Flower bracts in one or two equal rows flowers white........Erigeron CC. Leaves opposite; plants prostrate; flower heads solitary at branch tip, florets yellow; thick leaves...............Lipochaeta integrifolia (Nutt.) Gray CCC. Plants erect; ray florets yellow...Syndrella nodiflora (I) Gaert.

3. BBB. Florets with all tubular florets E. bracts subtending the head in several rows; flowers white or yellowish... Gnaphalium EE. bracts in one row, flowers red or purple... ............Emilia AA. Shrub, flower heads with outermost florets having rays, inner florets tubular, leaves opposite, oblong, flowers pink or purplish.........Pluchea Glabrous; leaves less than 5 cm long, coarsely dentate; heads pink.........Pluchea indica (L) Less. hairy, leaves over 10 cm long; oblong; heads whitish.. .....................Pluchea odorata (L) Cass. 11. Convolvulaceae A. Flowers funnel-shaped stigmas 2 B. Stigma lobes flat and oval......Jacquemontia BB. Stigma lobes not flat but thick......Convolvulus AA. Flowers funnel-shaped, stigma l......Ipomoea Jacquemontia sandwichensis Gray - perennial herb, prostrate over ground, radiating from thick root, flowers pale blue to white. Convolvulus arvensis L. - perennial with long tap root, leaves small,; flowers white to pink. Ipomoea Twining perennail herb; leaves nonsucculent, hairy; corolla violet fading to pink.....I. indica (Burm.) Merr. Non-twinning perennial herb; leaves succulent, smooth; corolla purplish red.........I. pes-caprae (L.) Sweet. 12. Cyperaceae 13. Euphorbiaceae A. Shrubs and small trees... B. Leaves 8" or more in diameter with 7 or more lobes toothed edges......Ricinus communis L. AA. Herbs and Shrubs....BB BB. Leaves opposite (plant prostrate)......Euphorbia Small herb--Euphorbia prostrate Alt. a small herb with nearly smooth leaves less than 0.3" long

gramineae cont Tribe II Festuceae Spiklets all alike in the same inflorescence. A. lemmas three nerved, nerves prominent, often hairy Inflorescence an exerted open or spikelike panicle lemmas not pubescent on the nerves, awnless, glumes shorter than the lemmas; lateral nerves of the lemmas not marginal interneves glabrous lemmas membranaceous; spiklets compressed; lemmas acute or acuminate; spiklets 3 to many flowered Enagrostis AA. lemmas 5 to many nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure Spiklets with no empty lemmas below the fertile florets, nerves usually prominent. lemmas membranaceous Glumes present, lemmas longer than broad, keeled on the back, awnless; spiklets small Poa Tribe VII Chlornidae Plants with perfect florets A. Spiklets with more than 1 perfect floret Inflorescence exerted Spikes more than 1 but few, Rachis not prolonged Eleusine AA. Spiklet with only 1 perfect floret, often with additional imperfect florets above or below. B. Spiklets without additional modified florets, the rachilla sometimes prolonged Rachilla articulate above the glumes, Spikes two to many, digitate, Rachilla prolonged Cynodon BB. Spiklets with 1 or more modified florets above the perfect one. Spiklets with no sterile floret below the perfect one; second glume without a spike. Spikes digitate or nearly so Fertile lemma awned or awnless Chloris

gramineae don't Tribe II Festuceae Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence. A. lemmas three nerved, nerves prominent, often hairy Inflorescence an everted open or spike-like panicle lemmas not pubescent on the nerves, awnless, glumes shorter than the lemmas; lateral nerves of the lemmas not marginal interneves glabrous lemmas membranaceous; spikelets compressed; lemmas acute or acuminate; spikelets 3 to many flowered Enagrostis AA. lemmas 5 to many nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure Spikelets with no empty lemmas below the fertile florets, nerves usually prominent. lemmas membranaceous Glumes present, lemmas longer then broad, keeled on the back, awnless; spikelets small Poa Tribe VIII Chloridaceae Plants with perfect florets A. Spikelets with more than 1 perfect floret Inflorescence everted Spikes more than 1 but few, Rachis not prolonged Ellusine AA. Spikelet with only 1 perfect floret, often with additional imperfect florets above or below. B. Spikelet without additional modified floret, the rachilla sometimes prolonged Rachilla articulate above the glumes, Spikes two to many, digitate, rachilla prolonged Cynodon BB. Spikelets with 1 or more modified florets above the perfect one. Spikelets with no sterile floret below the perfect one; second glume without a spike. Spikes digitate or nearly so Fertile lemma awned or awnless Chloris

Tribe XII Spikelets all of one kind A. Spikelets sunken in the cavities of the flattened corky rachis (Stenotaphrum) AA. Spikelets not sunken in the rachis B. Spikelets subtended or surrounded by 1 to many distinct or more or less connate bristles C. Bristles persistent, the spikelet deciduous) (Setaria) CC. Bristles falling with the spikelet at maturity Bristles united into a burlike involucre, the bristles retroously barbed (Cenchrus) BB. Spikelets not subtended by bristles D. Glumes or sterile lemma awned, inflorescence paniculate; spikelets silky (Rhepachelytrium) DD. Glumes and sterile lemma awnless E. Fruit flexible, usually dark colored, lemma with white hyaline margins Spikelets in slender racemes more or less digitate at the summit of the culms (Digitaria) EE. Fruit rigid Spikelets placed with the back of the fruit turned towards the rachis of the spike-like racemes Fruit not long acuminate; at least one glume present F. First glume wanting; spikelet plano-convex (Paspalum) FF. First glume present, spikelets in panicles, culms herbaceous (Panicum)

16. Guttiferae Calophyllum Inophyllum L. A low branching tree to 60 ft., rough gray bark; lvs. 3-8 in., long, leathery, nearly oval; flrs. white, 1 in. across in clusters of 4-15; 4 sepals; 4-8 stamens. Fruit round and green. 17. Hernandiaceae Hernandia ovigera L. A tall evergreen tree becoming butressed at the base; lvs. spirally arranged and the long petiole of each joins the blade well within the leaf margin; unisexual flrs., 2 male flrs. accompany each female flr.; fruit a black, oily nut. 18. Hydrophyllaceae A mat forming herb with a dia. of about 8 in.; lvs. alt., stemless and hairy about 0.33 in. long; flr. tubular, 5- lobed pinkish, 5 stamens. Name sandwichensis Gray. 19. Labiatae A. Creeping plant, hairy; flrs. small, red to purple; lvs. 0.5 to 1 in. ........ Stachys arvensis L. AA. Plant upright at tip of stems; flrs. white with purplish tint, 1 in. long ............ Phyllostegia verebilibis Bitter 20. Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis L. A parasitic vine with slender green, brown, yellow stems and branches. Lvs. are a few minute scales. Flrs. 6 parted with nine stamens; fruit fleshy, round about 0.25 in in dia.. 21. Leguminosae Flowers radially symmetrical, commonly small and massed in heads or spikes; trees and shrubs ............ Subfam. Mimosoideae I. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical, commonly medium to large-sized. Flowers with petals spreading, nearly equal; trees and shrubs ............ Subfam. Caesalpinioideae II. Flowers resembling the sweetpea: one large upper petal, two parallel side petals, two lower petals joined, shrubs and trees but mostly herbs ............ Subfam. Papilionatae III. I. A. Lvs. twice divided; pods opening by two valves when ripe, straight or curved B. Large thornless trees C. Flrs. in small round heads or cylindrical spikes with short stems ............ Acacia BB. Shrubs or small trees D. Flr. heads globular or cylindrical E. Stamens 10 in ea. flr. .... Leucaena L. glauca (L.) Benth. FF. More than 10 in ea. flr.

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. DD. Flr. heads globular or nearly so F. Flrs. inconspicuous; stamen 2x long as petals (white) .... Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. AA. Lvs. twice divided, pods not opening when ripe B. Trees and shrubs; pods less than one ft. in length, thick... C. Flrs. in cylindrical spikes, young branched thorny Prosopis P. chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz II. Unarmed shrubs or small trees; lvs. once divided, leaflets 6 plus; flrs. conspicuous with 5 yellow, white or pink petals.... Cassia Leaflets 8-10, 1.5-3.5 in. long ... C. occidentalis L. Leaflets 16-32, flr. orange yellow ... C. glauca Lam. III: Herb, lvs. compound Pods develop above the ground A. Pods with several joints, flat, leaflets 3 (1-5) ... Desmodium D. uncinatum (Jacq.) DC. D. triflorum (L.) DC. AA. Pods not breaking into joints B. Lvs. entire, herbaceous shrubs, pods swollen ... Crotalaria C. incana L. C. mucronata Desv. BB. Lvs. compound C. Leaflets two or more, pinnate ...... Sesbania S. tomentosa H.& A. CC. Leaflets 3 End leaflet stalked Leaflets toothed; pods not opening, very small, herb Pod straight, kidney shaped to spiral Medicago Medicago lupulana L. Leaflets not toothed, pods opening Petals unequal Prickly shrubs; flrs. red; small tree Erythrina indica Lamarck Petals nearly equal Pods broad flattened; leaflets broad; calyx with two upper lobes joined or two parted, the two lower lobes very small; herb Cenavalia Cnavalia microcarpa (DC.) Piper 22. Lythraceae Perphisa acidula Forst. [illegible] shrub with white solitary flrs., brown fruiting

23. Malvaceae Shrubs A. Flrs. large B. Flrs. red opened and bell-shaped .... Hibiscus H. rosa-sinensis L. AA. Flrs. large small C. Fruit with five to many lobes; flrs. commonly yellow or orange D. Each fruiting lobe with three or more seeds Abutilon A. indicum Sweet A. butilon molle Sweet A. molle Sweet - capsules ten-parted, to 6 ft., black DD. Each fruit lobe with one seed E. Leaves not felt covered, stems not red Sida Lvs. oblong or heart shaped, carpels 7-12 S. fallax Walp. Lvs. ovate to rhombic, carpels 8-10 S. rhombifolia L. Lvs. heart shaped, carpels 8-9 with spines S. cordifolia L. EE. Leaves hairy; stems red .... Malvastrum Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garke Trees A. Erect B. Lvs. less than 5 in. long; flrs. yellow to purple; entire, heart shaped ........... Thasnesia T. populnea (L.) Sol. AA. Not commonly erect BB. Lvs. rounded; flr. yellow to red .. Hibiscus H. tiliaceus L. 24. Moraceae A. Trees; lvs. less than 8.5 in. long, entire B. Fruit borne at leaf axils, usually paired C. Lvs. broad-ovate to oval, 4-8 in. long; fruit 0.5-0.75 in in dia.; young lvs. downy, aerial roots numerous; fruit red Ficus benghalensis L. Lvs. 4 to 8 in. by 2 to 5 in. C. Lvs. small to medium, oval or ovate

about 8 pr.; leaf stems 0.25 - 0.5 in. Long; fruit yellow to red or pink to purple Ficus retusa L. Lvs. 2-4 in. long AA. Tree. Lvs. longer than 3.5 in., lobed or cut Arctocarpus incisus (Thunb.) L.f. Tree 30-60 ft.; lvs. 12-36 in. long, lobed or cut; monoecious, large fruit. 25. Musaceae Treelike, nonwoody herb, flrs. somewhat irregular, stamens 5, calyx and corolla look alike. A. Fruits on hanging stem, eaten raw B. Trunk to 7ft. high; fruit yellow 4-5 in. Musa nana Lout. B. Trunk more than 7ft. high, fruit yellow or red 6-12 in. Musa paradisiaca L. ssp. sapientum (L.) O. Ktze. 26. Nyctazineaceae A. Tree B. AA. Herb Pisonia grandis R.Br. BB. Smooth perennials, branching from base, spreading one to four feet or more, lvs. 0.5 to 1.5 in. long, opposite narrow. Pilk tubular flrs. 1. Boerhaavia diffusa Lo. lvs. nearly round 2. Boerhaavia diffusa L. var. tetrandra (Forst.) Heimerl 27. Palmae Trees, lvs. palmately divided, stiff, evergreen, leaflets sharp pointed, midrib present, fruit one-seeded. A. Lvs. fan shaped, palmately veined or divided, perfect flower ......................... Pritchardia remota AA. Lvs. long, feather-shaped, pinnately divided .......B B. Trees bearing dry or pulpy fruit, shell of fruit with three pores ..................... Cocos nucifera L.

28. Pandanaceae Lvs. long narrow pointed, arranged spirally at the branch Tips; dioecious; fruit a somewhat woody, globose head Pandanus tectorius Park. 29. Polygonaceae A twisted tree to 20 ft.; bark thin, smooth and brown; lvs. broad, glossy and thick with a dia. to 8 in. Fruits in clusters hanging from branch tips. Coccoloba uvifera (L.) A large herb or small shrub, woody at the base; lvs. alt, and entire Rumex giganteus Ait. 30. Portulacaceae Lvs. succulent, stamens 7-12 Portulaca oleracea L. Lvs. succulent, stamens about 35 Portulaca lutea Sol. P. oleracea - tap root slender P. lutea - tap root often fleshy and swollen 31. Primulaceae Anagalis arvensis L. - Creeping or erect, annual, stems quadrangular, lvs. in pairs or threes; flrs. with five broad petals, red with purple center. Has a sharp, bitter taste - poisonous to G-S ll's. 32. Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia L. - A small evergreen tree or shrub, lvs. large, thick, shiny, 8 in. or more long 33. Solanaceae Herbs. Corolla tubular; stamens five ----- A. Flrs. in clusters; yellow or red to pink Tube rose colored; 0.75 in long 1. Nicotiana tabacum L. Tube yellow, 1.5 in long 2. Nicotiana glauca Grah. AA. Flrs. white or bluish, corolla tube short Anther with sterile tip; fruit yellow or red ....... Iycopersicon esculentum L. Anther without sterile tip; fruit a

S. pirrum L. S. nelsoni Duval. 34. Sterculiaceae Waltheria americana L. A shrub with blunt, ovate, toothed and velvety lvs., 1-3.5 in. long. Flrs. small yellow, densely clustered at axils. 35. Surianaceae Suriana maritima L. - A shrub with clustered, narrow-spatula-shaped, velvety lvs. 0.5 to 2 in. long, small narrow flowers . 36. Tiliaceae Triumfetta procumbens - a shrubby, hairy annual herb with toothed lvs.; flrs. small, yellow, five-parted. 37. Urticaceae Shrubs; lvs. ovate, alternate Lvs. about 4 in. long, broad ovate, smooth or nearly so above, downy white below Pipturus velutinus Wedd. Herbs with more or less succulent lvs.; lvs. in two rows; lvs. opposite, about 0.25 in long, pairs unequal in size ...... Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Fleurya ruderalis (Först.) Gaud. 38. Verbenaceae Herbs; flrs. with 5 toothed calyx and five lobed corolla. Flrs. with two fertile, two sterile stamens .... Stachytarpha S. indica (L.) Vehl. Blue flrs.; slender flr spikes, less than 0.12 in. S. cavannensis (L. Rich.) Vahl. in dis. Blue flrs.; broad flr. spikes, more than 0.12 in. S. jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. in dis. Shrubs Lvs. compound, 3-7 leaflets Vitex Leaflets 3 Vitex trifolia L. Leaflets 7 Vitex negundo Lam.

42 Plantaginaceae 1. Plantago A. lvs. 1-10 in. long, 5-9 veins, smooth and broad Plantago major L. AA. lvs. 1-18 in. long, 3-5 veins, hairy and narrow Plantago lanceolata L. 15 Gramineae Subfamily I. Festucoideae Ia. Spikelets (flowers) perfect, spikelets pedicellate and one flowered ......... Tribe V Agrostideae Ammophila Sporobolus Polypogon Ib. Spikelets perfect, pedicellate, spikelets two to many flowered, glumes shorter than first floret.... Tribe II Festuceae Eragrostis Foag Ic. Spikelets one to several flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a jointed or continuous axis forming symmetrical spikes............. Tribe III Hordeae Lepturus Subfamily II. Panicoideae Id. Spikelets perfect, spikelets on one side of rachis; spike usually more than one ........... Tribe VII Chloridae Chloris Cynodon Eleusine Ie. Glumes membranaceous, the sterile lemma like the glumes in texture, fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least firmer than the glumes ........... Tribe XII Paniceae Cenchrus Digitaria Panicum Paspalum Rhynchelytrum Setaria Stenotaphrum 3. Cyperaceae A. Flowers all uniform, spikelets uniform .... B. B. Scales of the spikelet strictly 2-ranked, conduplicate and

bristles, achene without a tubercle or enlarged style base ........... Cyperus EB. Scales of spikelet spirally arranged, achene not crowned by the persistent bulbous base of the style, no inner scales sub- tending the flowers, style dilated at the base, no perianth .. ........... FimbristyIis EBB. as above but style terete, not dilate at base, perianth of 1-8 bristles or none .......... Scirpus

Lantana camara L. 39. Zygophyllaceae Tribulus cistoides L. pr. Lvs. in pairs, each with about 6 leaflets, flrs. yellow, five petals, 10 stamens; seed in fruit with two very stiff spines. 40. Planta-giaceae 41. Cruciferae A. Pods short and pouchlike Cauline lvs. clasping the stem Stamens 2 Lepidium Cauline lvs. not clasping the stem Lobularia AA. Pods elongate Flrs. yellow .... Frassica Lvs. lobed Flrs. white .... Coronopus Lvs. once or twice pinnately divided. 42. Ptilophytaeae Pilolium nudum (L.) griseb. 43. Polypodiaceae Blechnum brownii Juss. Asplenium nidus L. Polypodium scolopendrium Berman f. Nephrolepis elata Schott. Nephrolepis hirsutula Forst.

Preliminary Key to the Vascular Plants of the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program Area Keys and Descriptions of Vascular Plants divided into 5 categories: la-lf. Herbaceous plants with parallel leaf venation, leaves basal with no leafy stem apparent...........................................la. Herbaceous and woody plants with other than parallel venation, leaves basal or more commonly borne along a stem.....................lb. Vines - commonly with leaves borne along a stem or leafless....lc. Herbaceous plants with other than parallel venation, leaves basal or more commonly borne along a stem, very small flowers (florets) compressed into a tight head or cluster.......................ld. Plant palmlike or pinelike.....................................le. Ferns (or leafless plants with three angled stems)..............lf. la A. Plants with basal rosette of leaves, flowers on spike-like inflores- cence, petals b...............................................Plantaginaceae Plantago (1). AA. Plants with basal clusters of leaves, florets on spike-like inflores- cence, a grass like appearance...............................B. B. Plants with round, hollow stems.............................Gramineae (2-16)

2. EB. Plants with a solid, three sided stem............Cyperaceae (17-21) 12 lb A. Leaves alternate in arrangement along the stem..............B. B. Plants herbaceous shrubs or low growing herbs.............C. C. Leaves compound...................Leguminosae 4 Cenovalla (22) 21 CC. Leaves simple, entire or lobed............................D. D. Leaves succulent......................Portulacaceae 31 Portulaca oleracea (23) L. stamens 7-12

3. DD. Leaves normal, d...................6 Leaves normal, not obviously succulent..................E E. Flowers bisexual.........................F. F1. Flowers with five petals, yellow...............Tiliaceae 36 Trifumetta (24) F2. Flowers with five petals, yellow, red, pink or white.......Solanaceae 33 Nicotiana (25-26) Solamum (27-28) F3. Flowers with a five lobed tubular corolla, white x-stipulate leaves...................Nema (29) Hydrophyllaceae 18 xx-estipulate leaves...................Boraginaceae Heliotropium

5. G. Petiole or leaf stalk with basal appendages (stipules).....H. H. Leaf entire....................................................I. I. Flowers bisexual...............................................J. J. Filaments of stamen joined laterally to form a tube about the pistil................................................................Malvaceae Hibiscus (39) Abutilon (40) Sida (41-42) Malvastum (43) JJ. Filaments of stamen free, leaves downy white on underside..Urticaceae 37 Pityurus (44) JJJ. Filaments free, leaves evergreen

6. K. Plants exude a milky sap large tree............................................Moraceae 24 Arctocarpus (45) Ficus (46) KK. Plants with colorless sap......................Polygonaceae small tree or shrub...............................Coccoloba (47) 29 II. Flowers unisexual, leaves not velvety...........Euphorbiaceae 13. (48) Acalypha (49) Ricinus (50) III. Leaf compound, leaves velvety..................Surionaceae 35 Suriona Leguminosae 21 Acacia (51) Leucaena (52) Cassia (53) Sesbania (54) Prosopis (55) CC. Petiole stipulate....................................L.

7. L. Flowers lacking petals....................M. M. Ovary inferior (below the calyx) flowers white, unisexual. evergreen tree with entire margined leaves...........Combretaceae (9) Terminalia (56) MM. Ovary superior (above the calyx) bisexual flowers shrub with velvety leaves.....................Sterculiaceae (34) Waltheria (57) LL. Plants with corolla present N. Shrubs, flowers zygomorphic (corolla divisible into two halves in one plane only)...............................O. O. Petals 4, white.............................Capparidaceae 5 leaves 2 x 1" Capparis (58)

8. O. Petals 5 leaves 3 to 5" x 1 to 2"........................................Goodeniaceae 14 Scaevola (39-60). M. Trees evergreen.....................................P. Q. Leaves smooth P. Flowers orange leaves not spirally arranged fruit hard, green to yellow......................Boraginaceae Cordia (61) PP. Flowers white leaves spirally arranged fruit a black oily nut...........................Hernandiaceae flowers unisexual...............................Hernandia (62)

9. QQ. leaves very hairy, to 20 ft...................Boraginaceae (4) Resserschmida argentea (L.f.) Johnston AA. Leaves opposite of whorled in arrangement along the stem............B B. Plants herbaceous shrubs or low growing herbs.....................C C. Leaves compound...................Zygophyllaceae (39) Tribulus (63) C. Leaves simple...................D. D. Leaves succulent

10. E. Stamens 5, flowers pink and single in the leaf axils.........................Aizoaceae 1 EE. Stamens about 35, flowers grouped........Sesuvium (64) yellow............................Portulacaceae 31 Portulaca lutea (65) DD. Leaves thin or uncommonly succulent F. Stems four sided, leaves aromatic when crushed..Labiatae Phyllosteia (66) Stachys (67) FF. Stems four sided, non aromatic............Primulaceae Anagalis (68) FFF. Stems round

11. G. Plants branching at base spreading along the ground, vinelike, leaves sometimes succulent, fleshy... x flowers monoecious....................Euphorbiaceae E. prostrata GG. Plants upright, stipules present T-leaves non-linear H. Flowers congested on inflorescence, many bracts ...........................Amaranthaceae 2 (Ashryanthes (70) opposite leaves (Amaranthus (71-73) alternate leaves) HH. Inflorescence a spike........Verbenaceae 38 Stachytarpheta (74-76) TT- leaves linear...................Caryophyllaceae

12. DDD. Leaves fleshy in two rows along stem, stipulate Spergularia Urticaceae 37 Piles (77) EB. Plants woody shrubs or small trees...................I. I. Plants shrubs...........................................J. J. Leaves broad and thin..............................K. K. Stipulate, short petioled evergreen leaves 8" or more in length.............Rubiaceae Morinda (78) 32 KK. Estipulate, leaves deciduous 2" long, prickly bush...................Verbenaceae 38 Lanna camara 79

13. JJ. Leaves narrow and thick................Lythraceae 22 Pemphis (80) II. Plants trees............................................K. K. Stipules present...................Rubiaceae Morinda (78) KK. Estipulate.............................L. M. Leave in pairs, opposite L. Leaf shiny, leathery; bark rough and gray.... 3 to 8" long................Guttiferae Calophyllum (81) 16

14. LL. Leaf 4 to 11" long, fruits sticky exudate ............................................Nyctaginaceae Pisonia (82) MM. Leaves in pairs, threes or fours Leaf to 6" long, oval, short pointed, Leathery .....................................Apocynaceae 3 Ochiosia 1c A. Plant a vine trailing along the ground or over other plants, rooted in the ground........................................B. B. [illegible] B. Leaves alternate, simple and entire, sap milky.....Convolvulaceae 11 Ipomoea Jacquemontia AA. Plant a pale green to yellow vine trailing over other plants and not rooted in the ground.........................Lauraceae 20 Cassytha

15. 1d. Composite - 10. le. A. Trunks nonwoody, small tree-like herb...........Musaceae 25 B. Fruits on hanging stem; eaten raw C. Trunks to 7' high; fruit yellow 4-5".....M. nana Lem. CC. Trunks more than 7' high, fruit yellow or red; 6-12" ....................M. paradisiace L. ssp. sapientum (L) O. Ktze. AA. Trunks woody, erect tree or shrub

16. D. Leaves, minute in whorls of 4-16........Casuarinaceae 7 DD. Leaves large.........................Casuarina equitifolia L. Casuarina glauca Sieb. E. Leaves spiral, sessile; prop roots conspicuous; fruit a round head of many fruits........Pandanaeaceae 28 Pandanus tectorius Park. EE. Leaves palmately divided, leaflets sharp-pointed Palmae 27 F. Leaves fan-shaped, palmately veined or divided; perfect flowers....................Pritchardia FF. Leaves long, feather shaped, pinnately divided

17. 1f. Ferns or leafless plants with three angled stems A. Plants bearing scalelike "leaves" or appendages but appearing leafless from a short distance...................Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum (L) Griseb. AA. Plants bearing fronds............................Polypodiaceae B. Fruiting bodies borne in clusters (sori) arranged in dots, lines, or larger areas on the lower surface of the frond; plant growing on the ground or some on supports; fertile and sterile fronds similar C. Tip of frond coiled at maturity.....Nephrolepis CC. Tip of frond not coiled at maturity

18. D. Sori round or broad oblong Fronds jointed to rootstock......Polypodium DD. Sori narrow, straight or curved E. Sori parallel to the midrib, continuous; frond once or twice pinnate Plants without trunk; fronds 8-18"...Blechnum EE. Sori more or less oblique to midrib; fronds entire; each sorus with one cover which opens from the upper side.....................Asplenium G. Trees bearing dry or pulpy fruit; shell of fruit with three pores............Cocos nucifera L.

Alphabetized list of plant families: Acanthaceae Aizoaceae Amaranthaceae Amaryllidaceae Apocynaceae Baiaginaceae Capparidaceae Caricaceae Caricaceae Caryophyllaceae Casuarinaceae Chenoprdiaceae Combretaceae Commelinaceae Compositae Convovulaceae Cruciferae Cucurbitaceae Cyperaceae Euphorbiaceae Gordeniaceae Guttiferae Hernandiaceae Hydrophyllaceae Labiatae Lauraceae Leguminosae Liliaceae Lythraceae Malvaceae Moraceae Musaceae N yctagenaceae Olacaceae Oxalidaceae Palmaceae Pandonaceae Polygonaceae Partulacaceae Rhizopharaceae Rubiaceae Santalaceae Sapuidaceae Simarubaceae Solonaceae Surianaceae Taccaceae Tiliaceae Urticaceae Verbenaceae Zygophyllaceae

Species List: Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program Area * present in key Acanthaceae Asystasia coromandeliana Nees graptophyllum pictum (L.) griff. Pseudanthemum corruthersii (Seem) gull. *Aizoaceae *Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Sesuvium portulacastrum L. var. griseum L. Tetragonidia tetragonioides *Amaranthaceae *Achranthes splendens var. reflexa Hbd. *Amaranthus brownii Amaranthus dubius Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthus viridis L. *Apocynaceae Nerium oleander L. *Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Sch. Plumeria obtusa L. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Boraginaceae Cordia sebestena L. *Cordia subcaordata Lam. *Heliotropium anomalum H. and A. *Heliotropium curassavicum L. *Messerschmidia argentea (L.f.) Johnston *Capparidaceae *Capparis sandwichiana DC. *Caryophyllaceae Schiedea verticillata *Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb.

Species List 2. *Casuarinaceae *Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarina glauca Sieb. *Chenopodiaceae *Atriplex semibaccatus R. Br. Atriplex muelleri Benth. *Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium oahuense *Chenopodium sandwichenum Moq. Combretaceae *Terminalia catappa L. Terminalia samoensis Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Zebrina pendula Schnize. *Compositae Ageratum Bidens pilosa L. Emilia javanica (Burm.) Rob. *Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC *Erigeron albidus (Willd.) A.Gray Erigeron bonariensis L. (Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.) Erechtites valerianifolia DC Gnaphalium purpureum L. Gnaphalium sandwichensium Gaud. Gnaphalium sandwichensium Gaud. forma. camum Sheriff Helianthus annus L. *Lipochaeta integrifolia (Nutt.) A.Gray *Pluchea indica (L.) hess. Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. Pluchea indica x odorata *Sonchus oleraceus L. *Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaert. *Verbesina encelioides A.Gray Vernonia cinerae (L.) hess. Xanthium saccharatum Walk. Families left out by hong biliaceae Musaceae Simaroubaceae Passifloraceae Schrophulariaceae

Species List 3. *Convolvulaceae *Convolvulus arvensis L. Calonyction Ipomoea campanulata L. Ipomoea giberribbma *Ipomoea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. *Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) SW. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) SW. subsp. brasiliensis (L.) V. Oost. *Jacquemontia sandwichensis A.Gray Cruciferae Brassica nigra (L.) Koch Coronopus didymus (L.) J.E. Smith Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Lepidium o-waihiense C. and S. Lepidium virginicum L. Cyperaceae *Cyprus alternifolius L. Cyprus javanicus Houtt. Cyprus pennatiformis var. bryanii Cyprus pennatus Lamarck Cyprus rotundus L. Cyprus polystachyus Rot. *Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br. (F. atollensis St. John) Fimbristylis diphylla Fimbristylis pycnocephala Hillebr. *Scirpus riparius Presl. *Euphorbiaceae Acalypha wilkesiana Codiaeum Euphorbia atoto Forst. f. Euphorbia celastroides Euphorbia cyathophora Murr. Euphorbia geniculata Ort. Euphorbia glomifera (uillsp.) Wheeler Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbia heterophylla L. var. cyathophora (Murr.) Griseb. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbia peplus L.

Species List 4. *Euphorbia prostrata Ait Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Phyllanthus debilis Klein *Phyllanthus niruri L. *Ricinus communis L. *Goodeniaceae Scaevola frutescens (nill.) Krause *Scaevola frutescens (nill.) Krause var. sericea (Forst. f.) Mierr. Scaevola taccada *Gramineae *Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link *Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysanensis R. Br. Cenchrus echinatus L. Cenchrus echinatus L. var. hillebrondianus (Hitch.) HB. Cenchrus hillebrondianus (Hitch.) *Chloris inflata link. *Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers. *Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Digitaria pacifica Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Digitaria stenotaphrodes Digitaria timorensis *Eleusine indica (L.) Gaert. *Eragrostis amabilis (L.) W. and A. Eragrostis falcata Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. Eragrostis variabilis (Gaud.) Steud. Eragrostis Whitneyi Eragrostis Whyineyi var. caumii Fosb. *Lepturus pilgerianus Lepturus repens (Forst.) R. Br. Lepturus repens (Forst.) R. Br. var. repens Lepturus repens (Forst.) R. Br. var. subulatus Fosb. *Panicum stenotaphroides Nees. Panicum miliaceum Walt. Panicum purpurascens Raddi

Species List 5. *Paspalum orbiculare Forst. Paspalum fimbriatum HBK. *Poa annua L. *Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. *Rhynchelytrum roseum (Nees) S. and H. *Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. *Sproobolus capensis (Willd.) Kunth Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth Sporobolus poiretii (R and S.) Hitch. *Stenotaphrum secundatum (L.) O. Ktze. *Guttiferae *Calophyllum inophyllum L. *Hernandiaceae *Hernandia ovigera L. *Hydrophyllaceae *Nama sandwichense A. Gray *Labiatae *Phylllostegia variabilis Bitter. *Stachys arvensis L. *Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis L. *Leguminosae *Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth. *Cassia glauca Lam. *Cassia occidentalis L. Canavalia microcarpa (DC) Pipei *Crotalaria incana L. Crotalaria mucronata Desv. Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. *Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC *Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC Erythrina indica Lamarck Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth. *Leucaena leucocephala Medicago lupulina L. *Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stz.

Species List 6. Amaryllidaceae Agave Crinum asiaticum L. *Lythraceae *Pemphis acidula Forst. *Malvaceae *Abutilon indicum Sweet *Abutilon molle Sweet *Hibiscus tiliaceus L. *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. *Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke *Sida cordifolia L. Sida carpinifolia *Sida fallax Walp. *Sida rhombifolia L. *Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. *Moraceae *Arctocarpus incisa L. *Ficus benghalensis L. *Ficus retusa L. *Musa paradisiaca ssp. sapientum *Nyctaginaceae *Boerhaavia diffusa L. *Borehaavia diffusa L. var. tetrandra (Forst.) Heimerl. Boerhaavia hirsuta L. Boerhaavia tetrandra Bougainvillea sp. *Pisonia grondis R. Br. Oxalidaceae Oxalis carniculata L. Palmae *Cacos nicufera L. *Phoenix sp. *Pritchardia remota

Species List 7. *Pandanaeae Pandanus tectorius Park. Plantaginaceae *Plantago major L. *Plantago lanceolata L. *Polygonaceae *Caccoloba uvifera (L.) Jacq. Rumex giganteus Ait. *Portulacaceae Portulaca caumii *Portulaca lutea Sol. *Portulaca oleracea L. *Primulaceae *Anagalis arvensis L. Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mangle *Rubiaceae Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb. Guettarda speciosa L. Kadua ramanoffiensis C. and S. *Morinda citrifolia L. Santalaceae Santalum cuneatum var. laysanicum *Solanaceae *Lycopersicon esculentum L. *Nicotiana glauca grah. *Nicotiana tabacum L. Solanum laysanense Bitter *Solanum nigrum L. Solanum nigrum L. var. nihoense

Species List 8. *Solanum nelsoni Duval. Solanum nelsoni Duval var. acuminatum var. caumii var. intermedium *Sterculiaceae *Waltheria americana L. Waltheria indica L. *Surianaceae *Suriana maritima L. Taccaceae Tacca pinnitifida Forst. *Tiliaceae *Triumfetta procumbens *Urticaceae Fleurya ruderalis (Forst.) Gaud. *Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. *Pipturus velutinus Wedd. *Vebrenaceae *Lanatana camara L. *Stachytrapheta cayennensis (L. Rich.) Vahl *Stachytarpha jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Stachytarpha indica (L.) Vahl *Vitex trifolia L. var. bicoloí (Willd.) Moed. *Vitex negundo var, bicolor (Willd.) H. Lam. Vitex trifolia L. *Zygophyllaceae *Tribulus cistoides L. Araucariaceae Araucaria excelsa (Lamb.) R. Br.

Species List 9. Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Crossulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Onagraceae Jussiaea nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. *Psilophytaeae *Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. Psilotum triquetrum Sw. Tamaricaceae Tamarix aphylla Karst. Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Rutaceae Murraya Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Araceae Crytosperma chamissonia (Schatt) Merr. Scindapsus aureus (Lind and Andre ) Engl. Polypodiaceae *Blechnum brownii Juss. *Asplenium nidus L. *Polypodium scolopendrium Bermann f. *Nephrolepis exaltata Schott. Nephrolepis hirsutula Forst.

Species List 10 Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton Bryophyta Calymperes tenerum C.M. Bryum nitens Hook. Brachymenium melanothecium (C.M.) Jaeg.

July 24, 1969 Dear Jane: The enclosed summary was compiled from Bob Long's field notes and from the botany files in your office. It was made in anticipation of your Honolulu visit. A copy will be sent to Dick Grossin. I learned very quickly that the botany material must be used with caution because of inconsistencies galore. A good example of this is Hull Island. In his listing of vascular plants for Hull Bob listed 23 species and annotated them. Then, however, in the general descriptive narrative for Hull he mentions 8 additional species that have occurred at one time or another. This apparently was just carelessness or haste perhaps. A person using only the list of vascular plants and assuming it was complete would leave of one-quarter of the plants collected from the island. This can be corrected if one has both the list and the narrative but what do you do if you only have the list - you're up the creek, then. For Gardner Island I found three additional species mentioned in the literature - none mentioned in either the list or in the narrative. I'd be out of luck if I hadn't been on these islands. This list shows we lack quite a bit of material particularly field notes and collection notes but also a number of the island histories (if they were in fact written). If you will notice in the column "Field Numbers Used" all those preceded by "ca." are approximations I figured out by checking his annotated lists of vascular plants and recording highest and lowest catalog numbers. We have no complete list of soil samples he took on the various islands. He also took water samples from many, if not all of the lagoons, and these were checked for salinity - we should know what these were (I have seen a few of these on a listing and Bob uses a salinity occasionally in his narratives). He ran plant quadrat studies on islands other than Howland we should have some idea regarding the results of these. It would also be of some value to know the identification of the various algae he collected - and who has these samples now. ✓ At the present time Roger and I have an interest in any material dealing with Sydney, Gardner, Hull, Birkie, Malden and Starbuck Islands. Nevertheless, it wouldn't hurt for us to get copies of everything out there that looks interesting. We are moving along slowly with the writing. Sydney is about 90% complete at this moment. Histories have been roughed out for Gardner and Malden and the vegetation section and an island description completed for Gardner. I'm now setting up for a description of Malden and then the plants of Malden and Starbuck before writing the history for the later. As I write the history section & plants & physical description Roger knocks out the species accounts. We then switch off and re-write and check for accuracy. Seems to work fairly well. We are constantly getting bogged down with data lapses and spend a good deal of time running down the source of inconsistencies, etc. I have marked those places where we are missing data. I understand that Lamoureux is responsible for writing up reports on vegetation for the Leewards so wouldn't spend much time on this. If you could devote some time to the Phoenix & Line Islands, espec. those 6 mentioned above it would certainly help. The astronauts on Apollo ll just splashed down on the edge of the northern grid which caused a certain amount of commotion around here. We had visions of the thing coming down right in the middle of a feeding flock of Sooty Terns and landing in the water KEKEK in a cloud of bird feathers and then floating around with orange streamers hanging all over it. So much for today's levity. Hope all is progressing well. Look this thing over and see if you can decipher it if not give me a buzz before heading to Hono. Regards, Doug