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Washington Island, June 9-13, 1964 June 9, 1964 - Plant collections were made by C.D. Hackman and D. Gill along the path leading around the north side of the island while C.R. Long and P. Marshall collected along the road which borders the south side of the island. The two endemic birds were seen by both parties. A Cyperus with a white head was found growing in waste areas along the road on the west and north . The trunks of Cocos support a number of lichens and mosses which are particularly thick on the wet sides of the trunk ( where water drains from the fronds and the crown of the tree). The Cocos plantation is serviced by roadways which branch off of the shore road in towards the vegetated rim of the atoll and the lagoon. These are very damp and support a roadside vegetation composed of Polypodium, Nephrolepis, Asplenium, Syn- edrella, Cynodon and Fleurya. One bracket fungus and several capped fungi were observed and collected - all growing on Cocos. Mr. William Frew,-the resident manager for the Burns, Philp Co., Ltd. was kind enough to provide bed and board for several days. June 10, 1964 - With the assistance of P. Marshall and D. Gill peat samples were gathered from the west bog. Plant collections were made from the west bog, the canal leading northeast into the open bog and, later in the after- noon, from the waste areas immediately behind the village. June 11, 1964 - Peat samples were taken from the bog bordering thefresh- water lagoon. Mr. Frew arranged for the writer to have the use of a small boat with outboard motor in order to cross the lake and visit Te Manounou on the east end of the island. The Cocos forest, propagating itself, comes directly to the waters edge. In a few isolated areas on the north and south shores of the lake there are Scirpus reeds growing near the shore or continu- ous with the shore. More often these clumps of reeds are found out from the shore in up to one foot of water - rooted in muck on top of what were at one time coral heads of the lagoon. Canals and locks on the southwest and east sides of the island are used to regulate the water level of the lake during the rainy season. At this season the bog is in some places about a foot above the water level of the lake. At other times the entire bog is under water. At the entrance to the canal on the east was growing a shrubby member of the Onagraceae. Our reference for topography and direction was a map made by Captain Brett Hilder. A copy of this map has been forwarded to us courtesy of the Burns, Philp Co., Ltd. While the succession at the north, east and south sides of the lake may be quite slow, it was noted that both Cocos and Pandanus were forming a line of elevated vegetation on the west end of the lake. This extends from the forest on the south to the canal (but thinning). The east and west portions of the bog are separated by a peninsula of forest which is well established. Collections were made on the east shore. The Pisonia trees on the beachrock at the east end are reproducing themselves. Along the east shore the Messerschmidtia and Pisonia give excellent examples of wind shearing of vegetation. Along the canal on the east were noted large Cyrtosperma, bread- fruit, and young Pandanus. Large areas of the forest as well as the open bog are covered with Polypodium. The red-footed boobies nest in the Pisonia and Messerschmidtia on the east end. One correction to Hilder's map would be that the peat in some areas is in excess of 6 ft..
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June 12, 1964 - Surf conditions dangerous. A survey of the cultivated and ornamental plants on the island was made. The following were observed and collected:* Artocarpus incisus (Thumb.) L.f. - used as a source of food and wood by the resident Gilbertese. Carica papaya L. - used as a source of food. Pandanus tectorius Park - used as a source of food and construction material. Cocos nucifera L. - used as a source of food, construction and trade. Calophyllum inophyllum L. - used as a source of wood. Ficus sp. - used as a source of shade. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. - used as decoration. Morinda citrifolia L. - used as a source of food. Psidium guajava L. - used as a source of food. Mirabilis jalapa L. - used as decoration. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christ.) Swingle - used as a source of food. Tagetes erecta L. - used as decoration. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. - used as a source of food. Lactuca sativa L. - used as a source of food. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. - a prime source of food. Acalypha wilkesiana Muell.-Arg.- used as decoration. Zephyranthes rosea (Spreng.) Lind. - used as decoration. Acanthaceae (shrub) Allium fistulosum L. - used as a source of food. Cucurbita pepo L. - gourds used as ornaments. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. - used as a source of fiber. June 13, 1964 - The surf conditions at the Boar passage where an earlier landing had been made are still unsatisfactory. The passage on the north side, Ore Abaram, proved to be excellent. We push out into the surf at 11:30 am. for the Takelma. * a preliminary list
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Photographs:* Washington Island, June 9-13, 1964, C.R. Long June 9, 1964 (July, in black) 1. Cocos - Pandanus - Scirpus, in the west bog along the canal. 2. Close-up of the Scirpus reed, west bog. 3. Cocos - Pandanus - Scirpus, in the west bog along the canal. 4. Scirpus bog, west bog, core sampler. 5. Pandanus in Scirpus forming an elevated hummock, looking north from the canal, west bog. 6. Cocos forest, Scirpus, Polypodium on Cocos trunk, Colocasia cultivated in cleared area along the canal. 7. D. Gill and P. Marshall in the Scirpus bog - west end, south side, Pandanus edge in back. 8. Cyperus - to 2 ft. forming an "understory" in the Scirpus bog - on fringe or open spaces near the reeds and also under the reeds. 9. Pandanus edge and Scirpus bog. 10. Dense Cocos forest, Asplenium, Pisonia - south side of island along copra trail. 11. Cocos plantation, Asplenium nidus, Polypodium covering the Cocos trunks and the ground. Note piles of husks and shells. 12. Cocos, Pisonia, Boermeria - west end of the island. 13. Along the road on the north side of the island - Cocos, Polypodium, Boermeria. 14. North side - growing in the tracks and to the side of the road - Cyperus. 15. Boermeria shrubs - in the waste area behind the west village. 16. Copra drying racks. 17. (as above). June 11, 1964 18. Two Gilbertese helpers - west of the fresh water lagoon in bog - Scirpus, Nephrolepis, Polypodium. 19. Pandanus, Scirpus -looking north from the canal. 20. Along the canal, west bog, looking east - Pandanus, Polypodium, Cocos and Scirpus. 21. Cocos, young Pisonia, Polypodium covering the soil surfaces, east end of the island near village. 22. (as above), Cocos litter quite heavy, soils dark, much humus. 23. Village huts of Te Manounou. 24. Fimbristylis, Boerhaavia on gravel near village, east end. 25. Wind sheared Pisonia and Messerschmidtia, east end looking south. 26. (as above). 27. Pisonia trees at the east end - nesting red-footed boobies. 28. Two friends along path paralleling the canal, east end - dense Cocos and Cyrtosperma. 32. Freshwater lagoon with Scirpus clumps along the edge, Looking west. 33. Cocos forest bordering the canal, east end, Polypodium and shrub: (fam. Onagraceae). 35. North side of the lagoon - Cocos and Scirpus stands. 36. (as above). 37. The east bog - Scirpus, Pandanus, Polypodium along the canal. 38. Humps of Polypodium on bare bog - in the east bog near the canal. Area flooded regularly. * 2x2 Color Slides
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June 12, 1964 (August, in red) 2. Cordia growing in the west village, in flower. 3. Artocarpus about 40 ft. - foliage evergreen, north side of village. 4. Zephyranthes - in flower, growing in the lawn of the plantation house. 7. William Frew, dispensary, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis varieties. 8. Waste area east of village- Morinda, Scaevola. 9. Morinda citrifolia, flower and fruit. 10. Waste area behind the west village - Morinda, Scaevola, Pisonia, soil covered with solid stand of herbs annuals - Verbesina. 11. Waste area by the road north of the village - Boermeria, Polypodium, Pandanus, Pisonia. Along this road there was also a grove of Arto- carpus grown exclusively for construction wood. 12. Cocos along the road on the nw. end, Polypodium on ground. 13. Artocarpus, Boermeria, Cocos and Polypodium along road nw. end. 14. Edge of the Cocos forest, east bog, dense Polypodium in the foreground. 15. Convolvulus covering shrubs on the nw. end. 16. Messerschmidia, Cocos along the shore on the nw. side. June 12, 1964 (August, in black) 29. Surf at Boar passage, w. end of Washington Island. 30. Beach on the w. end, Cocos and Cordia. 31. Curcurbita pepo L. - cultivated near the village. 32. Gilbertese style open school, the Nivanga anchored offshore. 33. Mirabilis jalapa L. - cultivated along the paths and beds surrounding the meeting hall. 34. View of the village on the west end - meeting house in foreground. 35. Village west end - hedges of Acalypha. 36. Dense Leucaena - waste area behind the west village. 37. Native gardens - west settlement. 38. Young fruit of Artocarpus.
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Photographs:*Midway Island, May 23-25, 1964, C.R. Long. May 23 - 24, 1964 (May, in black) Eastern Island - May 23, 1964 2. large Casuarina growing on the west end; Verbesina, Lobularia, and Scaevola. 3. as in 2. 4. Lobularia, Scaevola, Verbesina, Casuarina; nesting black-footed albatross. 5. Anagalis, Gnaphalium on the ne. side of the ne-sw runway. 6. Black-footed albatross nestlings in Lobularia; bare nest areas. 7. Tribulus, Lobularia; west end of the e-w runway. 8. Lobularia stand; black-footed albatross nestlings; Scaevola in back; w. end of the w-e runway. 9. Scaevola - roots exposed by high waves of storm; erosion along the sw. shore of Eastern Island. 10. Along the south shore of Eastern Island; young Messerschmidtia and Casuarina. 11. Pluchea, Casuarina, Lobularia - on the n. side of the w-e runway near the intersection with the ne-sw runway. 12. Nestling black-footed albatross in Pimbristylis, Lobularia, Verbesina; at the sw. end of Eastern Island. Sand Island, Frigate Point - May 24, 1964 13. Scaevola and Terminalia in strip parallel to and between the shore and the runway, on se. point. 14. Scaevola, Terminalia and Casuarina; in se. strip. 15. Euphorbia heterophylla under Casuarina. 16. Old bunker on se. shore; Casuarina, Cynodon. 17. Coccobloba, Setaria, young Casuarina, Boerhaavia along the se. shore. 18. Coccobloba and Casuarina trees along the se. shore. 19. Scaevola on hillocks of sand on the se. point; nesting black-footed albatross. 20. Scaevola on the se. end of the w-e runway. 21. Scaevola on the se. side of the w-e runway stabilizing and forming sand hillocks. May 24 - 25, 1964 (May, in red) Sand Island, Frigate Point - May 24, 1964 1. Scaevola on sand mounds; in bloom. 2. (as in 1.) 3. Litter accumulation under Scaevola. 4. Lobularia, Verbesina and Euphorbia seedlings along the Frigate Pt. road. Eastern Island - May 25, 1964 5. Nestling black-footed albatross in Lobularia; Conyza seedlings; ne. end of the island. * 2 x 2 Color Slides
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6. Verbesina, Lobularia; south side of the w-e runway. 7. Black-footed albatross - adult and nestling - in Lobularia; s. side of the e-w runway. 8. Lobularia, Boerhaavia in old nest area; w. end of the w-e runway. 9. (as in 8.) 10. Sooty terns nesting in Lobularia and Fimbristylis; e. side. 11. Black-footed albatross nestling; Lobularia and young Scaevola at the e. end of the ne-sw runway. 12. Shore vegetation opposite the end of the ne-sw runway; young Scaevola. 13. Lobularia, Conyza, Pluchea; e. end of the ne-sw runway. 14. Lobularia, young Scaevola, Messerschmidtia; on the beach e. end of the ne-sw runway. 15. Beach at the e. end of the ne-sw runway; looking n.; note Lobularia growing in sand. 16. Scaevola, Messerschmidtia; low branches layering out into bare areas; on the e. shore; prevailing wind from the east. 17. Low Messerschmidtia shrubs on beach; e. shore. 18. Solid stand of Messerschmidtia, Scaevola; note the Lobularia on the formerly "bare" break. 19. Ipomoea in flower; on e. side. 20. Verbesina on se. end of island; nestling black-footed albatross. May 25, 1964 (May, in black) Eastern Island, May 25, 1964 1. Red-tailed tropicbird on egg; nest of Casuarina litter; just w of the boat dock. 2. Casuarina in back; open area with Verbesina; nesting black-footed albatross; w. end of island. 3. Open area in Casuarina grove, Lobularia; w. end. 4. Boerhaavia forming a thick mat under Casuarina and Scaevola. 5. Verbesina - thick patch on the ne. end. 6. Lobularia, Scaevola, Casuarina; ne. end. 7. Young Casuarina, Verbesina, Lobularia and Scaevola. 8. Portulaca oleracea L. and Verbesina seedlings. 9. Scaevola - Messerschmidtia association on the e. end with Casuarina. 10. Scaevola - close-up of the flower and leaves. 11. Red-tailed tropicbird nest in Casuarina litter. 12. Pluchea stand on the nw. side, w. of the e-w runway; nestling black- footed albatross in the Lobularia. 13. Pluchea stand further west along the e-w runway. 14. Blackfooted albatross nestlings in Lobularia with Scaevola in back; nw. side of e-w runway. 15. (as in 14.) - further west along the n. side of the runway. 16. (as in 14 and 15.) - further w. along the n. side of the runway. 17. At the extreme w. end of the e-w runway; Lepidium and Boerhaavia. 18. Raised coral gravel nest of black-footed albatross in Lobularia; w. end of the e-w runway. 19. Fimbristylis, Lobularia and Conyza; w. end of e-w runway. 20. Messerschmidtia, Scaevola; n. side of the e-w runway; Fimbristylis and Lobularia. 21. Northwest side of e-w runway; nestling black-footed albatross; Fimbris- tylis, Lobularia, Scaevola, Messerschmidtia, Casuarina.
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to obtain variety because of the distances involved (6 miles round trip on foot) or to obtain larger numbers of samples under the time limitations imposed. 12 birds of 4 species were collected. A sight record of an adult Laughing Gull is new for the island and one of the few records from the central Pacific. Washington Island Our stay here was extended when Bob Long was trapped ashore by high surf. Only limited ornithological work was possible from the ship during our 3 days offshore. Collections of birds were made from feeding flocks in the vicinity of the ship. This illustrates again that ATFs are not able to deal with unfavorable surf conditions and that a party should never go ashore without adequate reserve food and water supplies. On Starbuck Island a whole day was lost when the party left a day early to avoid possible worsening surf conditions. Bill Freus, island manager, was extremely helpful again. He provided accomodations ashore for the botonist who was suffer ring from prolonged sea- sickness and donated two rubber rafts to the party to replace the two faulty and poorly inspected ones we had brought from Pearl Harbor. CHRISTMAS Island During our stay here overnight visits were made to Cook Island and Motu Tabu, base camp was established on Motu Upua, and three members of the party made an 80 mile round trip on bicycles to the eastern end of the island from our base camp. As before it proved impossible to survey the entire island in detail but the general survey was more complete this trip than last. Mr. Roberts, District Commissioner, informed us that all military personnel would be gone by June 30 and that we should have no trouble finding accomodations next trip. Only one incident between ship personnel and the british marred our
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1029 birds of 5 species were banded as broken down below. Species number banded Red-tailed Tropicbird 2 Blue-faced Booby 612 Brown Booby 16 Red-footed Booby 339 Great Frigatebird 60 Seventeen species were recorded of which 10 and possibly 11 were breeding. The sight record of a Black-bellied Plover is an interesting addition to the island list, and the breeding colony of Lesser Frigatebirds further augments the data accumulated by ATF trips on this formerly little known species. A herd of five pigs was wiped out by the S.I. party as these seemed to be a major factor in reducing the bird population. One cat was seen and remains of others were found. Near absence of tracks would seem to indicate a very small population. House mice were common everywhere on the island and several were collected. The small reddish fish in the central lagoon reported by Bryan turned out to be brine shrimp. Starbuck Island Presence of large rocks in the reef makes landing in any type of surf dangerous. All members of the party recieved numerous bruises and coral cuts in the process of launching boats. Our stay was shortened when we left early to avoid being trapped by worsening surf conditions. Presence of 300-500 cats on the island has reduced the population of birds and annihilated almost everything but Sooty Terns. The mortality on the large breeding colonies of this species was about 1000 birds a night. Banding operations were somewhat hindered by the four hour round trip from camp to the nesting colonies.
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Second Progress Report June-July ATF 1964 During the second 31 days of the trip 14 days were spent ashore while 17 days were spent at sea or in Pago Pago. Six islands were visited during this period and, with the exception of Hull Island, complete bird and plant surveys were made. Insect collections were made where needed to fill in previous collections and ectoparasites were collected off of as many species as possible. 409 blood samples were taken, 105 birds collected, 40333 birds banded with 3164 returns being obtained, plant collections were made on all islands and fish collections were made on three islands. Further evidence was gained during the second half of the trip regarding the importance of cats as a limiting factor on bird distribution. In the Oct.-Nov. preliminary report it was proposed that presence of cats on an island would prevent the breeding of petrels, shearwaters, or small terns. Evidence from the last trip (Feb.-Mar.) indicated that cats in large numbers would eliminate Red-footed Boobies, Frigates and possibly Blue-faced Boobies from an island. Efforts by the Smithsonian party on Howland, Baker and Enderbury have been directed toward the complete elimination of cats on these islands. The rather immediate response of the birds to the elimination of cats has been quite surprising. On Howland, where the last cat was eliminated in February, we found two species of the shearwater-petrel group looking for nest sites or sitting on the ground and one species of small tern nesting for the first time in our experience. On Baker where the last four cats were eliminated this July we found ten nests of Blue-faced Boobies and one nest of a Red-tailed Tropicbird plus a number of Gray-backed Tern nestlings. None of these birds had been found nesting on previous visits. On Enderbury Island, where the last three