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C.R. Long 1964 The Vegetation of Midway Island, Eastern Island The predominant vegetation of Eastern Island is composed of the following species and species associations: 1.) Casuarina equisetifolia L. 2.) Scaevola sericea (Vahl.) - Messerschmidtia argentea (L.f.) Johnston 3.) Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. 4.) Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. 5.) Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br. Less prominent but occupying areas so fully as to constitute a temporal dominance are: 6.) Verbesina encelioides A. Gray 7.) Gnaphalium sandwichensium Gaud. Area I*- (bounded by the nw end of the nw-se runway and by the ne end of the ne-sw runway including north point of island.) Small clumps of Scaevola along nw and ne shore. The remainder of the area is sparcely vegetated with Lobularia, Gnaphalium, and Cynodon (near edge of runway). Large colony of nesting sooty terns (with eggs). Area II - (bounded by ne end of ne-sw runway mid part of nw-se runway and end of ew runway.) Along the shore is found Messerschmidtia- Scaevola extending several score of yards into the interior of the island. The association is not continuous but broken by several open areas extending from the shore into an area covered by low herbs. Along the edge of the nw-se runway a large patch of Fimbristylis (south portion) and several small patches of same in nw portion where observed. Present also were Eleusine, Gnaphalium, and Lobularia. The sooty terns colony occupied an area synonymous with that of the larger Fimbristylis stand and was "overflowing" into other bare areas to the north. Several dozens nesting albatrosses were also seen in the area. At the east end of the ew runway is a solid Messerschmidtia stand. Area III- (bounded by north end of ew runway, on the west by nw-se runway.) Messerschmidtia along shore and on se end Scaevola. Isolated clumps of Casuarina along runway. In open area between Messer- schmidtia and the runway are solid stands of Verbesina. Also present are Ipomoea, Gnaphalium, and Lobularia. * Refer to vegetation map of midway Island, Eastern Island constructed by C.R. Long from observations and field notes taken between May 22-26, 1964.
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C.R. Long 1964 Area IV- (bounded on east by se-nw runway, on north by ew runway, on west by sw-ne runway.) Solitary clumps of Scaevola and Messerschmidtia along shore above elevated reef rock beach. In the middle area and to the east, Lobularia and Verbesina in open areas. On the west and nw along the ew runway Pluchea forms a solid stand. Scaevola also found in mid west portion of this area. Stands of Casuarina parallel the ew runway. In the ne corner of Area IV are isolated clumps of Lepidium, Gnaphalium and Solanum. Large sooty tern colony is found in the ne end of the area. Area V- (Triangle bounded by all three runways.) In west angle: Casuarina and Verbesina (only at edge of runways). Pluchea found aloud ew runway with a Casuarina grove in the mid portion. On the east end of the area Pluchea, in se angle and a few Messerschmidtia. On north side are found Lobularia, Spergularia Coronopus, Sonchus, Anagalis, Cynodon and Eleusine. A much disturbed area with many weed species. Area VI- (bounded by the end of the nw-se runway, the long portion of the ne-sw runway and the long end of the ew runway.) a. area to the ne of the boat docks. Low herbs such as Lobularia and Gnaphalium, patches of Cynodon, Portulaca, Eleusine, and Verbesina were observed and collected. Small clumps of Scaevola were found on the shore side and one small clump of Pluchea. Anagalis and Coronopus were observed near runway along with three distinct areas dominated by Fimbristylis. b. area sw of boat dock. Casuarina is conspicuous in this area- a planting roughly paralleling the shore and extending toward the sw tip of the island. This area is broken by and contain open places in which are found the Messerschmidtia-Scaevola association (west end), and, low growing herbs such as Eragrostis, Verbesina, and Gnaphalium. On the bay side many Messerschmidtia seedlings were observed along the beach particularly toward the sw point on the south side adjacent to the runway is an area of low herbs and shrubs. At the ne end is a stand of Pluchea. Intermittent patches of Lobularia stretch toward the sw in this area with Coronopus and Cynodon. At the west end of this low strip is a small number of Lepidium plants. At the west end of the ew runway is an area of low vegetation, Eleusine, Lobularia, and Gnaphalium. Lobularia was the conspicuous dominant in late May. This area was favored for nesting by the albatross. Near the shore is a weedy area with Verbesina, Solanum, Lepidium. Sonchus, and Portulaca. Area VII-(bordered on nw by runway and on the se by sw-ne runway.) Scaevola observed along the shore with open area dominated by Lobularia. A clump of Casuarina is present. In open areas are Boerhaavia, Tribulus, and Portulaca. In the south portion the Scaevola and Messerschmidtia are stunted by the prevailing wind. At the south end of the ew runway is a small clump of Lepidium owhyhiensis among the Lobularia. A large colony of sooty terns is found midway along the ew runway in this area.
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C.R. Long 1964 Vegetation - Avifauna Association * The distribution of the major number of bird species found on Eastern Island in late May 1964 correlates significantly with the low herbaceous type of vegetation found adjacent to the runways. The terns and albatross nesting groups are found in the Lobularia or Fimbristylis association. The red tailed tropic birds nest under Scaevola on the sw and mid south portion of the island. One group of sooty terns observed along the ew runway in Area VI b. had settled near the clump of Casuarina adjacent to the ew runway. There within a radius of 10 feet, the nesting birds had laid their eggs. The other nesting birds in the club were without eggs. The albatross nest areas tend to become bare and somewhat elevated- a soil rim being formed. The Lobularia seedlings were numerous in these bare areas. Heavy nesting on the unused runways was not observed by any species. The albatross do utilize the bare runways for their takeoffs. Disruptive Effect of Man It may be assumed that a drastic reduction in the bird population of Eastern Island has taken place in modern times. The leveling and paving of large areas, the erection of large antennae and the various other activities of man have been most harmful to the bird populations. At the same time the flat areas containing low herbaceous type of vegetation are limited further by the planting of Casuarina. The significant area covered by these self-reproducing trees represents an additional reduction in potential nesting area. * Refer to vegetation map of Midway Island, Eastern Island, constructed by C. R. Long from observation and field note taken during period May 22-26, 1964.
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Long, Charles R. 1964 Field Notes September 15, 1964 - Midway Island, Eastern Island A brief morning collecting trip was made with J. Beardsley, entomologist, University of Hawaii. A mass collection of Scaevola taccada was made. A series of photographs were taken to give some idea as to the seasonal change in the vegetation of this island. The Lobularia was very dry and in seed at this season. The Scaevola along the north side of the east- west runway showed bare stems and an accumulation of dry leaves at the base of the plant. A large area of Lepidum owaihiense was noted on the north side of the east-west runway (see vegetation map). The Solanum-nigrum and Lepidum owaihiense are in flower and fruit. On the northwest beach the Eragrostis variabilis clumps are much larger and more conspicuous than when examined in May 1964, but the clumps are much smaller and less vigorous than those seen on Kure, Laysan or Lisianski Islands. Many of the other plants on Eastern Island - Caronopus, Cenchrus and Verbesina reflect the dry season with their dried leaves and stems. Verbesina encelioides as seen on Eastern Island is, as noted in the field on Kure Island, a vigorous and undesirable colonizer, which if allowed to spread, will occupy areas now used by ground nesting birds. This herb is tall and has strong stems. It produces a great quantity of seeds, is heat resistant and its vertical stems are not attractive to perching birds. I estimate about 40 % of the land area of Eastern Island is vegetated. September 16, 1964 Pearl and Hermes Reef We land on Southeast Island at 5:50 p.m. Plant collecting was limited to the light remaining for this day. The plants collected were:
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Long, Charles R. 1964 2 1. Tribulus - abundant on the dry east end but also common on raised Flat areas and on the raised coral beach on the north side of the island. 2. Sesuvium - in depression near center of island partially covered with water; stems very red, a reddish pink flower - also found along the shore in the area of the small boy which dividing the island into halves. 3. Setaria - brown, dry and in generally poor condition - a few green plants found around the periphery of the central, water-filled depression. 4. Lepturus - brown and in poor condition in dry areas. Those plants around central island depression and in well-watered gravel on the outer portion of the island are in bloom. Flattened clumps were very noticeable on the south beach. 5. Boerhaavia - found growing in beach sand and on the interior with Tribulus and Setaria. 6. Eragrostis variabilis - on the interior in flat areas which are well watered. 7. Eragrostis whitneyi - along bare coral gravel and sand strand along the south shore. 8. Scaevola taccada - isolated, small plants on the south shore, used as perches by the noddies, in flower and fruit but planted. 9. Sicvos sp. - on the west part of the island in central area. 10. Erigeron - a few plants on east part of the island along the north shore. 11. Portulaca - on north shore, east part of island in gravel along the beach. 12. Lepidium - conspicuous dominant on the west half of the island, the large stand in fruit. 13. Cruciferae - dried remains of large members of this plant were collected on the west part of the island. E. Kridler (personal communication) stated this species was a conspicuous dominant on the spring visit of the Fish and Game party. Only intact seed pods were found these suggesting a Brassica sp. 14. Casuarina - seedlings planted by the U.S. Coast Guard on the west end of the east portion of Southeast Island were uprooted by E. Kridler. Many of the original plantings had died.
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Long, Charles R. 1964 3 The burrows of Bonin Island Petrels and the light phase wedgetailed shearwater are common. Also sighted were greater frigatebirds, sooty terns, brown boobies, masked boobies, ruddy turnstones, bristle-thighed curlews and wandering tattlers. The following plant associations were observed: 1. Setaria - Boerhaavia - Tribulus 2. Eragrostis - Sesuvium - Setaria 3. Scaevola 4. Lepidium - Sicyos September 17, 1964 - Southeast Island The soil of the pool depression located on the east half of the island is dark with humus, wet and the parent material is coral sand and gravel. The Hawaiian monk seal is present with patches of epiphytic green algae. Turtles are also found on the north shore of the island. Collections of drift algae and algae in situ on rocks were made. Soil samples, cytological material of Boerhaavia and Scaevola preserved materials were secured. On Southeast Island Boerhaavia appears to be a pioneer on coral gravel bars. Tribulus is associated with Boerhaavia in these bare areas. Eragrostis is found in bare gravel on the outer parts of the island as well as on the interior. Seedlings of Sesuvium were seen in bare soil of the central depression which appear to be former booby or albatross rest sites. 15. Messerschmidtia - one small plant on the north share of the east portion of the island on the west portion of the Southeast Island dead stems of a crucifer were found (to 40 inches in length). No live plants or seedlings were present. One Casuarina seedling was uprooted.
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Long, Charles R. 1964 September 17, 1964 - North Island The following species were observed: 1. Lepidium - still in bloom along east shore, growing in bare gravel. Plants of this species on the interior are in fruit with only a very few flowers remaining. 2. Tribulus - present in the entire central part of the North Island and a conspicuous dominant on the northwest side. 3. Scaevola - small, stunted shrubs on the south shore - perching frigatebirds, boobies and noddies. 4. Boerhaavia - found from the beach to the central portions, pinkish lavender to white flowered (faded ?). 5. Lepturus - flattened clumps with stolons found on the periphery of the island; upright many-crowned plants found on the interior. The strong plants are obviously younger and, perhaps, due to the wave and wind action, a perpetual colonizer of these shifting island parts. 6. Eragrostis variabilis - clumps found in central area alone. 7. Achryanthes - several bushes were found in the central somewhat depressed portion of the island. 8. Dolanum - in flower and fruit. A low spreading shrub found in the central area. A transect was made beginning at a point midway along the south shore and walking a compass line due north. Lepturus ------- Tribulus-------Tribulus-------Solanum--------Tribulus----- Boerhaavia------Boerhaavia----Lepidium-------Tribulus-------Boerhaavia (shore) Lepiduum Lepiduum Eragrostis Eragrostis (shearwater Boerhaavia burrows) Tribulus-------Tribulus-------Lepiduum-------Lepturus-------Solanum ------- Eragrostis Eragrostis Tribulus Solanum Lepiduum (seedlings) Boerhaavia Lepiduum Solanum Tribulus Lepturus Solanum Solanum Eragrostis Boerhaavia Tribulus Sicyos Boerhaavia Tribulus (shore)
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Long, C. R. 1964 5 9. Messerschmidtia - small, stunted shrub used by perching noddies - found on the south shore. 10. Sicyos sp. - on central part of island, no flowers or fruit. Red-tailed Tropicbird nestling observed in a nest under a clump of Eragrostis. On the east spit of the island Lepturus is found growing in beach sand with Lepidium in the narrow central portion. Stunted Messerschmidtia plants were observed along the south shore. Noddies perching in large numbers in the stunted, flat-topped Messerschmidtia and Scaevola shrubs. Adult and yearling seals observed on the beach. September 17, 1964 - South North Island The following species were observed: 1. Tribulus - patches on west end, young plants found on most of the area. 2. Boerhaavia - light lavender colored flowers, many young plants. 3. Lepturus - semi-prostrate, clumps flattened from the center. 4. Messerschmidtia - in flower and fruit, small stunted shrubs but leaves are healthy green in color. Two fruits of Cocos were observed, one on the north beach and one on the south beach. On trip back to Southeast Island raised sand bare in the lagoon were observed covered with algae. South North Island has been cited as "intermittent." The plants present growing in coral gravel and sand are probably all bird introduced. Since the noddies use the Scaevola and Messerschmidtia as perches there is a suggestion that this species may be responsible for the transportation of the species found on this island. The numerous perching noddies are reminiscent of the Cook Island, Christmas Island. No evidence of shearwater burrows on South North was found although the substrate would allow burrowing. This information suggests that there is a periodic inundation during storms and that the species found on South North are being reintroduced constantly by birds which alight on the sand to rest. The burrows on North Island
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Long, C. R. 1964 Plants Collected on Kure Island, September 14, 1964 7 1. Boerhaavia diffusa L. 2. Scaevola taccada 3. Eragrostis whitneyi Fosb. 4. Eragrostis variabilis (gaud.) Steud. 5. Verbesina encelioides A. gray 6. Tribulus cistoides L. 7. Solanum neisoni Duval 8. Solanum nigrum L. 9. Gnaphalium sandwichensuim Gaud. 10. Erigeron bonariensis L. 11. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaert. 12. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 13. Achryanthes splendens var. reflexa Hbd. 14. Coccoloba unifera Jacq. 15. Casuarina equisetifolia 16. Cenchrus echinatus L. 17. Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith 18. Sicyos sp. 19. Lipochaeta integrifolia (Nutt.) A. Gray 20. Cruciferae Vegetation of Kure - Scaevola taccada forms a nearly continuous ring or band of shrub vegetation around the island and on the outer side. On the north side of the island are sand hills and a steep sand bank rising from the beach. In there across one finds Eragrostis and Boerhaavia as well as two introduced grasses! Cynodon and Eleusine. The interior of the island is filled with Solanum (two species), Verbesina (apparently extending its area to the detriment of ground nesting species), Erigeron, Gnapholium, Achryanthes, Ipomoea indica and Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysonensis R.Br. In open areas between masses of Scaevola one finds Solom um nilsoni Duval., Boerhaavia and Eragrostis. W. Wirtz told me that both Sesuvium and Portulaca are found on the other island. The Boerhaavia has lavender flowers. Some plants of these seem to have flowers which fade to white. About 97 % of the land area of Kure Island, excluding the sunway, is heavily vegetated. The soils are uniformly low in organic material with a sand base. Plant species are found in bare sand or the light soils with their varyingorganic content.
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Long, C. R. 1964 root sprouts evident in areas which have been washed out. Scaevola seedlings were observed sprouting in the beach sand. On the interior of the island the plants of this genus tend to a flattened growth due in part to the large number of perching noddies, and nesting boobies and frigates. The Scaevola on the interior often is associated with Eragrostis and Boerhaavia. 4. Nama grows in sand on the south, east and northeast sides of the island. The best stands are found on gently sloping sand areas or/and on coral strands on the southeast and northeast shores. Many of the larger plants are in flower while those intermediate in size and seedlings are non-flowering. Flowers are white. Nama is found associated with Boerhaavia.-forming a strand association. 5. Portulaca oleracea is found growing in sand near the outer periphery of the islands. This Portulaca has large yellow flowers - unusually large for oleracea but the habit of the stems and leaves are oleracea and tend to be quite large. This plant may possibly represent a hybrid between P. oleracea and P. lutea. Many seedlings observed on the beach some below the high tide line. 6. This species is found as a low growing shrub on the interior part of of the island and associated with Eragrostis, Boerhaavia and Ipomoea. 7. Sicyos sp. is prominent as a vine clambering over the Scaevola shrubs 8. Boerhaavia is present in almost every square yard on this island. Often sending upright stems above the Scaevola or Eragrostis. Seedlings of this species are to be found on the beach as well as in the interior of the siland. Plants are found with flowers white or pale lavender lavender.
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Long, C. R. 1964 12 9. Two Cocos trees are alive. I saw seven Cocos fruits on the beach. 10. Four Casuarina trees are alive. The one tree on the southwest side is now dead. All the trees are used as perches by noddies, Fairy Terns, Boobies, and frigates. 11. Ipomoea is a conspicuous though perhaps seasonal dominant on the interior portion of the island often covering Scaevola bushes and large areas of Eragrostis. The flowers are blue fading to white. 12. Solanum nigrum L. - Several plants were found growing in gravel jackets of upraised coral rock, north side of island just above the high water mark. In flower and fruit, plant small. Dr. Beardsley remarked at how some of the commonest insects of the other Leeward islands are not present on Lisianski Island. This is also true of the plant life. The soils are all sand base with varying amounts of humus under the Scaevola and Eragrostis cover. The plant associations are not as clearly defined as those on Laysan and remind one of the smaller, vegetated sand islets of French Frigate Shoals or Pearl and Hermes Reef. The inner portion of Lisianski is heavily burrowed and quite reminiscent of the burrowed areas of the sand islets although Eragrostis is not found on these. I estimate 95 - 97% cover on Lisanski Island. By far the greater part of the island is covered by Scaevola and Eragrostis. The other species are "squeezed" into any available niche. Tribulus and Portulaca are not abundant. No Nama is present on the west side where the wide sand shelf is missing. The following associations were observed: 1. Boerhaavia - Tribulus - Eragrostis
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Long, C.R. 1964 15 A possible error occurs in Lamoureux's map on the east side: ie. the Scaevola association seems to be more extensive on the east. There also seems to be some error in the handling of the southwest end of the island. I observed dried plants of Solanum nigrum on the west side growing with Tribulus and Eragrostis. The Erigeron is also dry and most of the plants have passed blooming. On the southwest end the Scaevola seedlings are numerous in the Nama association. A large area at the southwest end looks as if swept over by high seas. I collected Solanum nigrum in flower and growing vigorously in the Ipomoea stand on the midwest side of the lagoon. I observed nine Cocos fruits on the beach. On the northeast side of the lagoon is a large area of dead Pluchea and Cyperus. I collected Capparis on the west side. Two large bushes with large white flowers--growing in the thick Scaevola. These are located just to the south of the hill camping area on the west side. I collected two Portulaca plants as live specimens. The oleracea sp. varies morphologically depending on the niche in which it grows. Plants in sand have very red stems and more widely spaced leaves along the stem. Itinery: a. from camp to north end of lagoon; b. west side of lagoon to bare area on southwest side then to the south end of the lagoon and across beach; c. up the southeast beach crossing to east side of lagoon; d. north to beach and west along sand hills to camp; e. in evening I collected by Flashlight on the west side of lagoon, southwest beach and west beach area.
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Long, C. R. 1964 September 23, 1964 - Nihoa Island 18 We land at approximately 9 a.m. The surf is high and we land with some difficulty on the rocky ledge at the outlet of east palm canyon. We set up camp about 100 feet above the ledge in the dry stream bed. Some of the pot holes along this dry stream contain damp mud or an inch or two of water which supports a luxuriant bloom of algae. I walk up east palm gulch to Tanager Peak and about 200 yards east along the cliffs crossing west along the upper ridge of Tanager Peak. I then crossed the eastpalm gulch at its head and continued west along the crest of the north cliffs Sida sp. and Chenopodium are the most common species present on the upper and middle slopes with Portulaca caumii frequent on bare rock areas with soil pockets and Solanum nelsoni commonly found with Sida and Chenopodium. Pritchardia remota is found in the dry stream beds of east palm canyon and west palm canyon, and, at the base of sheltered cliffs - on the east palm canyon, and on the upper west side of west palm canyon. Portulaca lutea grows at lower elevations on the island but is infrequently found on the high rock ledges with P. caumii. I collected lichens (2 sp.) and Rumex on the north face cliffs near the summit of Tanager Peak. These cliffs fall nearly shear 300 feet into the sea except for pockets and chimneys in the cliffs which afford a soil pocket for plants and a handhold for the botanist. The Rumex was sterile at this time. Panicum tar ridum is common on the upper slopes, and, like Eragrostis is in flower and fruit. Both Sesbonia and Tribulus were found - both much flattened and dry - on the south side of the cliff faces.
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Vegetation and flora of Vostok Island by C. R. Long The flora of Vostok Island consists of two species of vascular plants, Boerhavia repens L. and Pisonia grandis L. (Fosberg, 1937). Collections of these species were made in 1935 by W. J. Anderson and in 1965 by C. R. Long. These collections are summarized below. The sheets are filed at the B. P. Bishop Museum and the University of Hawaii. Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia repens L. Anderson s.n. (BISH) as Boerhavia diffusa; Long 3191, 3202, 3203, 3204, 3208 (UH). Pisonia grandis R. Br. Anderson s.n. (BISH); Long 3192 (UH). The island remains much as Anderson reported with a dense growth of Pisonia trees to approximately 20 m. high. Towards the middle of the island are random clearings with thick layers (to .35 m.) of decayed leaves and wood. On the sandy edges of these clearings several Boerhavia plants were observed. Several excavations were made in the open areas and under the canopy. Underlying the humus was a phosphatic hardpan which was very friable in the top layers. The high branches of the Pisonia were used by the Greater Frigatebird as nesting sites. Some of the upper branches were bare in the vicinity of the nest sites due per- haps to the activities of these birds. On the north and east sides of the island were open coral sand and rubble with Boerhavia in vigorous masses. This site was used by nesting Bluefaced boobies (Sula dactylatra). This strip of low vegetation varied from 3 to 20 m. in width. An intensive search of the island failed to reveal other plant species particularly the Portulaca reported by Bryan (1942). The Polynesian rat was common within the forest canopy. It may be that the Portulaca is eaten by this species. At the southwest end there is an outcrop of consolidated beach- rock. It seems highly probable that both of the native species were in- troduced by birds as the seeds of both are sticky and thus easily trans- ported. No evidence of Pisonia seedlings was found but numerous sprouts from fallen trunks and exposed roots were seen. Binoculars were used to scan the upper branches but no fruits were observed. Along the west side areas of eroded soil and newly deposited sand were observed. This evidence together with the clearing in the center of the island probably indicates high wave action prior to the visit of the Pacific Project party in June 1965. Sea water and heavy rains probably seep through the porous central area which is at a lower elevation than the beach crests and inner slopes. The area beneath the Pisonia canopy are devoid of vegetation with the exception of crusts of bluegreen algae which cover the soils surface, rotting trunks and coralline boulders. No thick recent guano deposits were observed on the soil surface under the canopy. The humus depths vary under the canopy suggesting that a lagoon may have existed at one time. The deepest litter and humus layers are found in the central area. Small coconut crabs were found but there was no evidence of Cocos on the island. The absence of such species as Lepturus and Portulaca is
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2. 7. Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia L. - Leaves reduced to scales forming a collar at joints of branchlets; male flowers at tip of branchlets, female flowers at base of branchlets; fruit a cone. 8. Chenopodiaceae -Flowers perfect, calyx 5, leaves entire or lobed ..................Chenopodium leaves mealy........C. sandwicheum Moq. deltoid leaves mealy lanceolate.........C. album L. Flowers unisexual (monoecious or dioecious) ........................................................................Atriplex semibaccatus R. Br. 9. Combretaceae Terminalia catappa L. A small to large tree with branches which are horizontal and arranged in tiers bearing large rosettes of thick, shiny, blunt, short-stemmed leaves. 6-12" long; fruit 1-2" long, green to yellow; wood reddish. 10. Compositae (1d) A. Herbs.......B. B. Flower heads with each floret rayed having a strap shaped extension of the corolla); leaves alternate; stem leafy, basal leaves, long stemmed, with a few deep lobes ..................Sonchus oleraceus L. BB. Flower heads with outermost florets having rays, inner flowets tubular.....C. C. Leaves alternate, at least upper ones...D D. Flower bracts overlapping, leaves white wooly or hairy, narrow triangular, flowers yellow or orange..........Verbenina DD. Flower bracts in one or two equal rows flowers white.........Erigeron CC. Leaves opposite; plants prostrate; flower heads solitary at branch tip, florets yellow; thick leaves................Lipochaeta integrifolia (Nutt.) Gray CCC. Plants erect; ray florets yellow...Syndrella nodiflora (L) Gaert.
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5. BB. Florets with all tubular florets E. bracts subtending the head in several rows; flowers white or yellowish...Gnaphalium EE. bracts in one row, flowers red or purple.. ........Emilia AA. Shrub, flower heads with outermost florets having rays, inner florets tubular, leaves opposite, oblong, flowers pink or purplish.........Fluehea Glabrous; leaves less than 5 cm long, coarsely dentate; heads pink..........Fluehea indica (L) Less. hairy, leaves over 10 cm long; oblong; heads whitish.. ....................Fluehea odorata (L) Cass. 11. Convolvulaceae A. Flowers funnel-shaped stigmas 2 B. Stigma lobes flat and oval.....Jacquesmonia BB. Stigma lobes not flat but thick....Convolvulus AA. Flowers funnel-shaped, stigma 1......Ipomoea Jacquemontia sandwichensis Gray - perennial herb, prostrate over ground, radiating from thick root, flowers pale blue to white. Convolvulus arvensis L. - perennial with long tap root, leaves small,; flowers white to pink. Ipomoea Twining perennial herb; leaves nonsucculent, hairy; corolla violet fading to pink....I. indica (Burm.) Merr. Non-twining perennial herb; leaves succulent, smooth; corolla purplish red.........I. pes-caprae (L.) Sweet. 12. Cyperaceae 13. Euphorbiaceae A. Shrubs and small trees... B. Leaves 8" or more in diameter with 7 or more lobes toothed edges...Ricinus communis L. AA. Herbs and Shrubs....BB BB. Leaves opposite (plant prostrate)..Euphorbia Small herb--Euphorbia prostrate Ait. a small herb with nearly smooth leaves less than 0.3" long
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8. 17. Hernandiaceae Hernandia ovigera L. A tall evergreen tree becoming butressed at the base; leaves spirally arranged and the long petiole of each joins the blade well within the leaf margin; unisexual flowers, 2 male flowers accompany each female flower; fruit a black, oily nut. 18. Hydrophyllaceae A mat forming herb with a diameter of about 8"; leaves alternate, stemless and hairy about 0.33" long; flower tubular, 5-lobed pinkish, 5 stamens. Nama sandwichensis Gray 19. Labiatae A. Creeping plant, hairy; flowers small, red to purple; leaves 0.5 to 1"....................Stachys arvensis L. AA. Plant upright at tip of stems; flowers white with purplish tint, 1" long........................Phyllostegia variabilis Bitter 20. Lauraceae Cassytha filiformis L. A parasitic vine with slender green, brown, yellow stems and branches. Leaves are few minute scales; flowers 6 parted with nine stamens; fruit fleshy, round about 0.25" in diameter. 21. Leguminosae Flowers radially symmetrical, commonly small and massed in heads or spikes; trees and shrubs..........Subfam. Mimosoideae I. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical, commonly medium to large-sized. Flowers with petals spreading, nearly equal; trees and shrubs......................................Subfam. Cassalpinioideae II. Flowers resembling the sweetpea: one large upper petal, two parallel side petals, two lower petals joined, shrubs and trees but mostly herbs..................Subfam. Papilionatae III. I. A. Leaves twice divided; pods opening by two valves when ripe, straight or curved B. Large thornless trees C. Flowers in small round heads or cylindrical spikes with short stems............................Acacia
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GG. Stamens 1 or 3 Z ............ stamen 1 ......... Euphorbiaceae 13. 22 stamens 3 ......... Euphorbia (33-38) Phyllanthus (39) BB. Plants woody shrubs or trees ................ G. G. Petiole or leaf stalk with basal appendages (stipules) .. H H. Leaf simple ENTIRE .......................... I I Flowers bisexual ............................. J J. Filaments of stamen joined laterally to form a tube about the pistil .... ................... Malvaceae Hibiscus (39) Abutilon (40) Sida (41-42) Malvastrum (43) JJ. Filaments of stamen free, leaves downy white on underside ... Urticaceae 37. Pipturus (44) JJJ. Filaments free, leaves evergreen K. Plants exude a milky sap large tree ....... Moraceae 24. Arctocarpus (45) Ficus (46) KK. Plants with colorless sap ... small tree or shrub Polygonaceae Coccoloba (47) 29. o no, not velvety II Flowers unisexual ......... Euphorbiaceae 13. Acalypha (48) Ricinus (50) Suiracaea 35. HH. Leaf compound has velvety Leguminosae 21. Surawati Acacia (51) Leucaena (52) Cassia (53) Sesbania (54) Prosopis (55) GG. Petiole estipulate ......................... I. L. Flowers lacking petals ..................... M. M. ovary inferior ( below the calyx ) flowers white, unisexual evergreen tree with entire margined leaves ......... Combretaceae (9) Terminalia (30) MM. ovary superior ( above the calyx ) bisexual flowers shrub with velvety leaves ... Sterculiaceae (34) Waltheria (37) LL. Plants with corolla present corolla N. Shrubs, flowers zygomorphic ( divisible into two halves in one plane only) ...............
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Preliminary Key to the Vascular Plants of the P.O.B.S.P Area KEYS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VASCULAR PLANTS DIVIDED INTO 5 CATE- GORIES: 1a-1f Herbaceous plants with parallel leaf venation, leaves basal with no leafy stem apparent ………………………………………………… 1a Herbaceous and woody plants with other than parallel venation, leaves basal or more commonly borne along a stem ………………………… 1b Vines- commonly with leaves borne along a stem or leafless ……… 1c Herbaceous plants with other than parallel venation, leaves basal or more commonly borne along a stem, very small flower (florets) compressed into a tight head or cluster 1d Plant palmlike or pampaslike 1e FERNS (1f) or leafless plants with three sided stem 1f 1a A. Plants with basal rosette of leaves, flowers on spike-like inflores- cence, petals 4 …………………………………………… Plantaginaceae Plantago (1) AA. Plants with basal clusters of leaves, florets on spike-like inflores- ence, a grasslike appearance …………………………… B. B. Plants with round, hollow stems, 1/2 phyllotaxy … Gramineae (2-16) BB. Plants with a solid, three sided stem, 1/3 phyllotaxy ……… (17-21) 12. Cyperaceae pleas line plenty of space between letters ie A space AA, Ib A. Leaves alternate in arrangement along the stem …………… B B. Plants herbaceous shrubs or low growing herbs …………… C C. leaves compound ………………………………………… Leguminosae 4 entire simple, entire or lobe Canavalia (22) 31 CC. leaves compound ………………………………………… D. Portulacaceae 31 D. leaves succulent ……………………………… Portulaca oleracea (23) stamens 7-12 ………………………………………………… L. leaves normal, or 6 DD. leaves normal, not obviously succulent …… E. bisexual E. Flowers perfect ………………………………… F. F. Flowers with five petals, yellow … Tiliaceae 36 Triumfetta (24) yellow, red FF. Flowers with five petals, pink or white …………………………………… Solanaceae 33 Nicotiana (25-26) Solanum (27-28) FFF. Flowers with a five lobed tubular corolla, white, stipulate leaves ……… Numa 49 estipulate leaves Hydropyllaceae 18. FFFF. Flowers with no petals, green calyx Boraginaceae stipulate Heliortropium Chenopodiaceae 8 Atriplex (30) F5 Flowers with 4 petals, estipulate, Chenopodium (31-32) single stem. Cruciferae EE. Flowers unisexual ……………………………… G-Stamens 5 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus
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C.R. Long 1964 Hull Island July 8, 1964 - We sight Hull Island about 11 am. Two boats leave the ship one at 12:30 and the other at 12:50. The others go ashore and set up camp on the last northeast islet. The ship then moves to the west end of the island where another boat is put ashore - we arrive about 3:20 pm. I spend about two hours collecting in the environs of the west village then head northeast collecting along the way. I continue northeast fording sixteen channels between the islets and on the lagoon side. The natural vegetation of the islets is a Messerschmidtia - Scaevola shrub with Boerhaavia growing on the bare coral gravel. On the islets one finds planted Terminalia, Cordia and Morinda along with Cocos seedlings. Also present are Coccoloba (planted), Sida and Portulaca. Suriana is common on the west island - at the northeast end and on the south side. There were numerous dog tracks along the lagoon side of the north islets. The Suriana observed here had white flowers. Many birds were seen : lesser frigates, sooty terns, wandering tattlers, gray-backed terns and redtailed tropicbirds. July 9, 1964 - We boated across the lagoon to the south side. Again the natural vegetation is made up of Messerschmidtia and Scaevola with Boerhaavia and Portulaca in the sandy and gravel areas. There are clearings on the first large islet which were to have been planted in Cocos. On the extreme south end of the west island is an area of low, partially sub-merged land about which grows Suriana - in some places to a height of twenty feet. Near the village one finds planted ornamentals and weedy species.