Lichenes collected on the Missouri and its tributaries by F.V. Hayden, M.D., to which are added a few other from the same region

Lichenes collected on the Missouri and its tributaries, by J.V. Hayden, M.D. To which are added a few others from the same region. By Edward Tuckerman, A.M. 1859 T896 pm Fam. I. Colleacei, Nyl. Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl. Syn.p.127. Collema, Ach. Tuckerm. Synops. fertile; Lich. N.E.p.92. Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. Beside this there possibly more than one are probably several species, occurring with Lecidea decipiens, on the earth, at Deer Creek, North Platte; and doubtless elsewhere in similar habitats; but the fragments before me are all infertile, and otherwise too imperfect for determination Fam. II. Lichenacei, Nyl. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr. Lichenogr.p.216. Black Hills of The Upper Missouri, Dr. Hayden. The horizontal thallus of another species, perhaps C. Mitruia, Tuck., occurs from the same region. (1858) Pilophorus acicularis (Ach.) Th. Fr. Comm. Stereoc.p.41. Stereocaulon (Pilophoron) acic- ulare, Tuckerm. Synops.p.47. Pilophoron, Tuck. Suppl. in Amer. Journ. Sci. 1858, p.426. On stones and dead trees. Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. Dead twigs. Usnea barbata (L.) Fr. Lichenogr.p.18. a.campestris, Schær. Nebraska, Dr. Hayd- en; and in the Black Hills, The same. Small, fruticulose, infert- ile states, from smooth becoming rough, and sometime foveolate (v.hirta, auct.)

U. cavernosa, Tuck. in Agass. L. Superior, Append. U. lacunosa, Nyl. Syn. p. 271. Trees in mountainous districts. On Pines in the Wind river mountains, with Alectoria Fremontii, Tuck. Hayden. Extending eastward to the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Alectoria jubata (L.) Ach. Syn. p. 290. Nyl. Syn. p. 280. Trees. Nebraska, Hayden. a. Fremontii, Tuckerm. Suppl. l.c. p. 422. Nyl. Syn. p. 281. Evernia, Tuck. exs. n. 52. On Pine trees, in company with Usnea cavernosa, in the Wind river mountains, fertile, Hayden. Also on the earth with Ramalina cali- fornica var., and Parmelia saxatilis, a lorediate, sterile state; The same. A characteristic lichen of the coniferous trees of North- era California and Southern Oregon. It has not yet been detected to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains. Tuck. exs. n. 53. Evernia vulpina (Wulf.) Ach. Syn. p. 245. Chlorea, Nyl. Syn. p. 274. On trees. Pines in the Laramie mountains; and on the earth, with Cetraria Islandica, at the Summit of Wind river mountains; and at Bear Butte, Black Hills, Upper Missouri, Hayden. First observed in California, by Menz- ies (Vancouver's Voyage) and according to Dr. Newberry, abundant (as it is also very luxuriantly fertile) on the branches of Labocedrus and the Western juniper in California and Oregon. This is another charac- teristical lichen of the Western coast of North America, St. Hayden's localities being the most Eastern as yet known. Occurs also, but very rarely fertile, in Europe. Tuck. exs. n. 54. E. Prunastri (L.) Ach. Syn. p. 245. Nebraska, on the earth, Hayden. Bear Park, Black Hills, on the earth, small and sterile; The same. Dactylina ramulosa (Hook.) Tuck. Obs. Lich. in Proceed. Acad. Amer. 1862. Dufourea, Hook.

Append. to Parry's 2d Voy. p.424. Evernia, Tuck. Synops. p. 11. On the earth, Rocky mountains, Herb. Hook. D. madreporiformis (Wulf.) Tuck. l.c. Dufourea, Ach. Nyl. Syn. p.287. On the earth, Rocky Mountains, Dr C.C. Parry (Herb. Gray.) Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. Lichenogr. p. 30, var. farinacea, Scherz. On the earth, infertile, Black Hills, Hayden. Cetraria Islandica (L.) Ach. Syn. p.229. Tuck. exs. n.3. Nyl. Syn. p.298. On the earth, with Evernia vulpina, infertile, Summits & Wind river mountains, Hayden. C. nivalis (L.) Ach. Syn. p. 228. Tuck. exs. n.59. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. p.302. On the earth, in alpine and arctic districts. Wind river valley, Rocky Mountains, fertile; Hayden. An interesting addition to our knowledge of the lichen-flora of the Rocky Mountains. Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Hoffm. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 44. Tuck. exs. n.9,102. On the earth, Rocky mountains, Dr. Parry (Herb. Gray.) P. canina (L.) Hoffm. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 45. Tuck. exs. n.103. On the earth, with the last, Rocky Mountains, Dr. Parry (Herb. Gray.) P. rufescens (Neck.) Hoffm./Fr. Lichenogr. p. 46. Tuck. exs. n. 104. On the earth. Kansas, Hayden. P. horizontalis (L.) Hoffm. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 47. Tuck. exs. n. 12. On the earth. Bear Peak, Black Hills, fertile, Hayden. Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr. Lichenogr. p. 61. Nyl. Syn. p.388. On pine trunks, Valley of the Wind river Mountains; and on Black Hills, with Evernia Prunastri, &c.; on the earth; Hayden.

Pine trunks, 4 P. physodes (L.) Ach. Fr. lichenogr. p. 624, Tuck. exs. n. 72. On trees and rocks, Valley of Wind river Mountains, Hayden. P. caperata (L.) Ach. Syn. p. 196. Tuck. exs. n. 75. On trunks and stones. Nebraska, Hayden. P. conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach. Syn. p. 209. Rocks and stones. Fort Clark, Nebraska, Hayden. Red Buttes, North Platte, The same. P. molliuscula, Ach. lichenogr. p. 492; Syn. p. 211. Nyl. Syn. p. 393. P. chlorochroa, Tuck. Obs. Lich. l. c. 4, p. 385. On the earth. Near Fort Clark, and near Can- non-ball river, on the Upper Missouri; Deer Creek, North Platte; Valley of the Big Horn; and West side of Wind river Mountains, Hayden. Black (Herb. Gray.) water of the Platte, and head of the Platte, D. H. Engelmann. Inscr- iption Rock (U. S. Pacif. R. Surv.) D. Bigelow (Herb. Torr.) First found by Tilesius, in Kamtschatka (Herb. Flerck.) but the lichen is pronounced above-cited by Dr. Nylander, l. c., to be identical with the Acharian species, which was found by Thunberg at the Cape of Good Hope. It is unknown in a fertile state, and is confined, in this country, to the regions cit named above. Physcia parietina (L.) Nyl. Syn. p. 410. var. polycarpa, Fr. Tuck. Obs. Lich. l. c. 4, p. 385. On dead bran- ches of Sarcobatus, Deer Creek, North Platte, Hayden. var. lychnea, Schær. Tuck. l. c. On cedars, Inscription Rock (U.S. Pacif. R. Surv.) Dr. Bigelow (Herb. Torr.) P. ciliaris, (L.) DC., var. angustata, Tuck. Synops. p. 32. Ejusd. Obs. Lich. l. c. p. 388. Rocky Moun- tains, fertile, Herb. Hook. P. pulverulenta (Schreb.) Nyl. Syn. p. 419. On the earth, infertile (with the aspect of var. muscigena, Schær.) Nebraska; and Black Hills, Hayden. Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delis. Tuck. Synops. p. 71, var. microphylla, pumila aggregata. Hayden. The same. Rocks. Base of Big Horn Mountains, Red Buttes, North Platte. Very small and closely crowded fronds, which are often fertile.

Squamarra crassa (Huds.) DC. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 130. On the earth, with friable, Placodium in the bad lands of Judith, Nebraska, Hayden. The first, and as yet, only indication of this well-known European lichen in North America. The specimen is infertile. Parmelia, Schar. Specil. p. 435. S. rubrina (Vill.) Hoffm. Pl. Lich. 2, p. 27, t. 32, f. 1. S. chrysoleuca (Sm.) Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 131. Rocks. Snake forks of the Columbia, and elsewhere, Hayden. Very abun- dant and fine in the mountains of Texas (Wright) and New Mexi- co (Fendler) S. melanophthalma (Ram.) DC. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 131. Lecanora chrysoleuca, v. opaca, Ach. Rocks. Cretaceous sandstone, Deer Creek, North Platte; Red Buttes, North Platte; and at the base of the Big Horn Mountains, Hayden. An areolate form, of small scales; but these are occasionally better developed, when the lichen scarcely differs from the last, except in its blackish apothecia. W Wright found this in the Organ mountains of Texas. S. Haydeni, Tuck. ms.: thallo subfoliaceo crassiusculo coriaceo-cartilagino lacero-laciniato virid- i-stramineo subtus versus centrum rufofuscescente laciniis lobato-divisis ma- rgine albicante crenulatis convolutis; apotheciis. . . . . . Published in Tuck. on the earth, in calcareous soil, Laramie Plains; where, according to Dr. Syn. p. Hayden, "it covered many square miles, in most cases detached and 184. blown about by the wind; sometimes even drifted: It is found in situ where the ground is moist, where it is most abundant at times. Obs. Lich. 3. There is no wood or rock for it to be attached to." Hayden, litt. Proc. Am. Ac. Thallus apparently free; irregularly shaped; of rather thick and leathery, Arts & Sci. deeply and irregularly divided, elegantly white-notched lobes, which are 12 April 1867 rolled closely backwards, or together, concealing the under surface. This is p. 267 often similar to the upper, at the tips, but becomes reddish-brown towards the centre, agreeing in this with S. rubrina; like which also the tips of the lobes become sometimes blackish beneath. I find neither apothecia nor

spermogones. Resemble S. rubria as to colour, but differs greatly in other respects, and appears to be quite distinct from all described species. S. plicatilis, Tuck.mss: thallo crustaceo-subfoliaceo appresso gyroso-plicato ambitu lobato albescente; apotheciis appressis Disco plano fusco-nigro nudo margine thallino tenui sub- crenulato. Spore octonæ in thecis lato-clavatis incolores ex ovoideo-ellips- oidéo dein oblongæ plus minus irregulares simples limbatae protoplasmate denun guttulosa 1½–2 plo diametro longiores. Rocks. On cretaceous Sandstone, Red Buttes, North Platte, in company with S. melanoph- thalma, &c. Thallus closely approached to the rock, gyroso-plicate (as in Lecidea Wahlenbergii) passing at the margin into short lobules; from greenish-glaucenscent becoming white, the tips of the lobules often blackening at the edge. Apothecia of middling size; appressed; the naked, blackish-brown, flat disk bordered by a rather thin, at length somewhat crenulate thalline margin. Spores colourless; ellipsoid; simple. The specimens small and imperfect, but sufficient marked. Placodium friabile (Vill.) Lichen, Vill. Dauph. 3, p. 979, t. 55. Parmelia, Schær. Spicil. p. 426; & Lich. Helv. n. 339. Lecanora, Schær. Enum. p. 64. Lichen fulgens, Sw./Par- melia, Ach. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 119; & Lich. Suec. n. 287. Lecanora, Ach. Syn. p. 183. Moug. & Nestl. Cr. Vog. n. 1052. Placodium, Nyl. Prodr. Gall. p. 74; Lich. Scand. p. 137. On the earth, in calcareous soil. Bad lands of Judith, Nebraska; and at Deer Creek, North Platte; in fertile, Hayden. Exactly agreeing with the European lichen, which was observed in Greenland by J. Vahl. (St. Fr. Lich. Arct.) but has not, till now, been detected elsewhere in North America. var. bracteatun, Ach., thallo granuloso-conglobato. With a; and fertile at Deer Creek.

Spores ellipsoid, simple, from once and a half to twice and a half longer than wide. Not as long, in the apothecia examined, as they are described by Koerber (Syst. p. 119) and pretty regular; but much as in the var. alpin- um, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 81, with the description of which our plant generally agrees. The var. bracteata Schær. Lich. Helv. n. 340, is similar, but has dyblastik spores, and is separated as a species of Amphiloma, Koerb. Syst., and later, of Gyalechhia, Koerb. Parerg. Other Swiss specimens in my herbarium, as Lichen citrinus, Schleich., agree entirely in external characters with the granulose state of P. friab- ile, and, so far as appears with Schärer's variety abovenamed, have oblong spores (often a little constricted at the middle) in which the simple protoplasm becomes at length irregularly divided, or guttulose. P. elegans (Link) DC. Fl. Fr. 2, p. 379. Nyl. Prod. Gall. p. 74; Lich. Scand. p. 136. Parmelia, Ach. Meth. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 114; & Lich. exs. n. 109. Rocks. Red Buttes, and Deer Creek, North Platte, on cretaceous sandstones, Hayden. Lecanora vitellina (Ehrh.) Ach. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 141. Parmelia, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 162. Rocks (cretaceous sandstones) Deer Creek, North Platte; Red Buttes; and Base of Big Horn Mountains, Hayden. L. ferruginea (Huds.) Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 143. Rocks (calcareous sandstone) Base of Big Horn Mountains, Hayden. Apothecia smallish, the disk intensely coloured, the margin blackening. Thallus obscure in the only specimen which grows commingled with the areolate state of Squamaria melanophthalma; the lichen perhaps nearest to the var. fusco-atra, Bayerh., but with higher-coloured fruit. L. crassula, Tuck. msc.: Thallo atroescente; apotheciis mediocribus sessilibus disco plano fusco-nigro nudo marginé crassiusculo subintegro demum flexuoso. Sporæ octonæ in thecis clavatis nunc isthmo junctis incolorés, obtuse ellipsoideæ regulariter dyblastæ sporoblastis 2-2½ plo diametro longiores. Paraphyses articulatae. Rocks (Juras- sic) at the head of Powder river, Hayden. Thallus indeterminate in the

Solitary specimen which occurs. Apothecia crowded, in the specimen; of almost middling size; sessile; a rather thick, at length flexuous margin, which is white below, but black- en above, bordering, not prominent, so flat, naked, brownish-black disk; which is encircled by a thick, colourless hypothecium, resting on the gonidial layer. Spores always colourless (the sporoblast in their most perfect state, shewing only a slight yellowish tinge, often imperceptible) from short- ellipsoid becoming rather oblong-ellipsoid, with obtuse tips; deplcate-dy- blastish; the two regular sporoblasts (which in one stage of development occupy only the middle of the spore, and meet, or are connected by an isthmus) filling at length the ends of the spore, and the rather wide intervening space cropped by this, often obscure, then di-segment; from twice to twice and a half longer than wide. Paraphyses articu- late, often conspicuously. The lichen has the aspect of Lecidea, but the spores, if I do not mistake, indicate its affinity with Lecanora, in several groups of which, Lecideine forms commonly occur. There is not in fact wanting some resemblance in our plant to Lecanora Bischoffii (Hepp sub Psora, Lich. Eur. n. 81. Rabenhorst Lich. Eur. n. 77. Ainoimia, Koerb. Parerg. p. 75) both as respect apothecia and spores; but the former are much smaller in the European lichen, and the latter coloured. L. oreina, Ach. Syn. p. 181. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 142. Parmelia, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 113. Schær. Spicil. p. 416; & Lich. Helv. n. 331. Tuckerm. Synops. p. 37. Cretaceous sandstone, Deer Creek, North Platte; and at the base of the Big Horn Mountains, Hayden. L. Sophodes, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 356; Syn. p. 153. Parmelia, Ach. Meth. p. 155. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 149, excl. β. Tuckerm. Synops. p. 41. On dead branches of Sarcobatus, Deer Creek, North Platte; Hayden Spores about eight in a spore-sack. L. cinerea (L., Fr.) Nyl. Prodr. Gall. p. 81; Lich. Scand. p. 153, pr. p. Parmelia, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 142. Rocks. Red Buttes, and at Deer Creek, North Platte; also at the base of the Big Horn Mountains. Hayden. The specimen all more or less app- roaching that has been separated as var. protuberans, Fr. l.c. (L. cinerea, v. gibbosa, Nyl. l.c. Ureolaria gibbosa, Ach.)

L. calcarea (L.) Sommerf. Lapp. p. 102. Parmelia, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 187. Aspicilia, Koerb. Parerg. p. 94. Lecanora cinerea, v. calcarea, Nyl. Prodr. p. 82; Lich. Scand. p. 154. var. Hoffmanni, Ach. Syn. p. 143. Lime-rocks. Cretaceous Sandstone, Deer Creek, North Platte, Hayden. L. subfusca (L.) Ach. Lichenogr. p. 393; Syn. p. 157. Parmelia, Ach. Mett., Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 107. Tuckerm. Synops. p. 39. var. crenulata, Schær. Spieil. p. 391. Lichen crenulatus, Dicks. Cr. 3, 14, t. 9, f. 1. Lecanora subfusca v. umbrina, Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 162. On cretaceous sandstone, Deer Creek; and a similar, and scarcely distinguishable from on dead branches of Sarcobatus, from the same locality, Hayden. L. frustulosa (Dicks.) Ach. Lichenogr. p. 405; Syn. p. 159. Nyl. Prodr. Gall. p. 90; Lich. Scand. p. 166. Parmelia, Dicks. Cr. 3, 13. Sm. E. Bot. t. 2273. Parmelia, Ach. Mett. p. 172. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 141. Schær. Spieil. p. 430; & Lich. Helv. Hayden. n. 478. Rocks. Base of the Big Horn Mountains first detected in this country, on slate-rocks, in Vermont, by Mr. C.C. Frost. L. atrocarpa, Duby Bot. Gall. 2, p. 669 (fide Nyl.) Nyl. Prodr. p. 88; Lich. Par. n. 39; Lich. Scand. p. 168. L. fuscella, Mafal. Lecania, Ejusd. Ale. Gen. p. 12. Koerb. Syst. p. 122, t. 3, f. 2. Rabenh. Lich. Eur. n. 238, 239. Patellaría, Naeg. in Hepp. Lich. Eur. n. 76. L. subfusca, v. fuscella, Schær. Enum. p. 78, & herb. pr. p. fide Anz. Catal. Lich. Sondr. p. 53. On dead branches of Sarcobatus vermicularis, growing common- gled with L. subfusca v. crenulata, and L. sophodes; Hayden. Thallus thin, fibrous, whitish. Apothecia minute; crowded; the disk at first flat, and brownish; but becoming a little tumid and blackish, excluding the thin, entire margin. Sporesacks club-shaped, 10-15-sporous. Spores colourless; from along becoming dactyloid and regularly tetrablastic; from twice to five times longer than wide. Paraphyses thickened and brownish above. New to this country, though possibly not rare, or it is easily confounded with small forms of L. subfusca, and L. sophodes; from which it remarkably differs in its dactyloid, tetrablastic spores.

L. chrysops, Tuck. Suppl. in Amer. journ. Sci. 25, p.425. Cretaceous sandstones, Deer Creek, North Platte, Hayden. The white form also occurs, and is not unlike L. calcaria v. Hoffmanni; but by wetting the specimen, their typical colour becomes recognizable. Spores very numerous in oblong sporesacks; very minute; colourless; simple. Ureolaria Scruposa (L.) Ach Pers rebri For Ureolaria scruposa (L.) Ach. Koerb. byst. p.168. Nyl. Prodr. p.96; Lich. Scand, p.176. Parmelia, Fr. Lichenogr. p.190. Tuckerm. Synopp. p.43. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p.177. var. gypsacea, Sommerf. Lapp. p.100. Koerb. l.c., U. scruposa v. albifima, Ach. Meth. p. 147. Ureolaria gypsacea, Ach. Lichenogr. p.338; Syn. p. 142. Lime-rocks, and on the earth in calcareous soil. Bad lands of Judith, Nebraska, Hayden. Not before recognized here. (Psora) Lecidea Russellii, Tuck. Obs. Lich. in Proceed. Acad. Amer. Rocks (Jurassic) at the head of Fire Powder river, Hayden Detected, at about the same time, on lime-rocks in Vermont, by M. Russell, and in Texas, by Mr. Wright. I have since found it on similar rocks in Maryland, and Mr. Peters has sent it from Alabama. And what I suspect to be a condition of the same lichen was collected by Mr. Wright on an island of Behring's Strait. Scales commonly much more separate than in L. globifera, but in these specimens they are crowded; differing however from the species named in being smaller, less lobed, and paler, with raised, white-powdery edges. And the large, rufous, well-marginated apothecia sufficiently dis- tinguish the present, which appears, in fact, in several respects, to ap- proach rather to L. testacea. It has also often much the aspect of fine specimens of Lecanora cervina, a. glauco carpa. (Psora) Lecidea luridella, Tuck. Obs. Lich. l.c. On the earth, Snake fork of the Columbia

river, Hayden. Fruit detected in the mountains of Santa Fe, New Mexi- co, by Mr. Fendler. Scales very small; from roundish becoming oblong; appressed, but the edge free and often a little elevated; crenate; or at length a little elongated and lobate; from pale-brownish (with a greenish tinge when wet) becoming chestnut-brown; rarely much reduced or glebulose. Apothecia small; adnate; becoming a little elevated; convex and apparently emarginate from the first; finally subglobose; from blackish-rufous at length black. Spores in eight, colourless, from ovoid becoming oblong-ovoid, and twice and a half as long as wide; the pro- toplasm separating commonly into two or more roundish-irregular por- tions; as commonly in L. lurida. In the present group (Psora, Meyen.) scarcely any distinguishing character are derivable from the spores, but those of the lichen here described agree rather with the spores of L. lurida in the variability of the sporoblast, and Koerber takes this feature into the character of the last-named species. The plant is much smaller in all its parts than either L. lurida or L. globifera, but agrees with the former in its dull, never ferruginous colour, and more appressed scales, and with the latter in its sub-globose, emarginate apothecia. L. (Psora) decipiens (Ehrh.) Ach. Metz. p. 80; Syn. p. 52. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 214. Psora, Hofm. Pl. Lich. 3, p. 62, t. 43, f. 1-3. Koerb. Syst. p. 177. Lecanora, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 409. Biatora, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 252; & Lich. Suec. p. 402. Tul. Mem. Lich. p. 175, t. 10, f. 28-31. On the earth, in calcareous soils. Bad lands of Judith, Nebraska, Hayden. Deer Creek, North Platte, Hayden. The lichen was known to Hofmann, a North American (probably sent by Muhlenberg) in 1796, and is in Muhlenberg's Catalogue; and it was found by Sir John Richardson in Arctic America (Hook. Append. To Frankl. Narr. p. 758) but the only specimen found in the United States

12 which I have yet been fortunate enough to see, are those of Dr. Hayden. L. (Psora) icterica, Montag. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, 2, p. 373; Syll. p. 337 (sub Biatora) L. endochlora, Taylor. New Lich. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6, p. 151. Nyl. Enum. Gén. l.c. p. 123. Lecanora Wrightii, Tuckerm. Suppl. l.c. p. 425. On the earth in denud- ated spots, near the South Bend of Red River, Minnesota (lat. 46°) Mr. Lapham; and doubtless also within the range of the present list; the species becoming common on the prairies and hills of the Blanco (M? Wright) and in the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas (D. J. M. Bige- low) and extending southward to Mendoza (Taylor, l.c.) and Valparaiso (Montagne, l.c.) Thallus of separate, rather thin, crenate- lobate, at length bright-yellow scales; with raised, paler margins. Apothecia adnate; the reddish-brown disk equally the paler margin; finally turgid and blackish, and the margin disappearing. Spore- sacks octosporous. Spores small; colourless; ovoid; simple; often limi- bote, or the protoplasm becoming at length guttulose. Apothecia at first with a Lecanorine aspect (as in the last species, which Acharius, in one of his works, referred to Lecanora) but properly Biat- orine. L. (Biatora) erysibe (Fr.) Biatora erysibe, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 271. Bilimbria, Koerb. Geomorph Syst. p. 213. Lecanota, Nyl. Prodr. p. 88; lich. Scand. p. 167. Patellaria Rabenhorstii, Hepp. Lich. Eur. n. 75. Biatorina, Massal. Symm. p. 43. B. prot- eiformis, Massal. Sched. Crit. cit. Koerb. Koerb. Parerg. p. 139. Lecidea luteola, v. erysibe, Ach., 2 specim., vide Fr. l.c. On calcareous sand- stones, Deer Creek, North Platte, Hayden. Thallus crustaceous; thickish; somewhat areolate; or verruculose; pale whitish-brown. Hypothallus obscure. Apothecia minute; flatish; the naked, brownish-black disk bordered more or less evidently marginate; and, more or less by a margin, of the substance of, but whiter than, the thallus; finally convex and mi- marginate. Spores in eight, in club-shaped spore-sacks; colourless;

from shortly-ovid-ellipsoid at length ellipsoid; from simple becoming soon regularly dyblastich (the at first approximate sporoblasts at length more distant, as the spore becomes longer and narrower; and often, finally, irregularly broken) the length from once and a half to thrice exceeding the diameter. Determined mainly by a comparison with the full character of Biatorina proteiformis, Koerb. l.c., a, I have no authentic specimens of the European lichen, which has not before been detected here. The specimens in hand resemble those, with black fruit, of Lecanora atroscarpa, as it occurs, at the same locality, on dead branches of Sarcobalus; accompanied, as is the present lichen, by L. subfusca v. crenulata (L. Hageni, Auct.) but the lecideine char- acter of the present appears to me to be more evident, and the spores (which in the lichen before us, are those of Biatorina, Massal.) sufficiently distinguish the plants. L. epigaea (Pers.) Schær. Spicil. p. 118; & Lich. Helv. n. 299, 300. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 290. Nyl. Prodr. Gall. p. 119. Lichen, Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. Psora, Hoffm. D. Fl. 2, p. 164. Diploicia, Massal. Ric. p. 8, t. 179. Koerb. Syst. p. 175; Paserg. p. 117. On the earth, in calcareous soil, Bad lands of Judith, Nebraska; and in sim- ilar situations on the North Platte, Hayden. Thallus crustaceous; effig- urate; softish; of rather convex, white, often mealy lobules, which grow together at the centre, and are elongated, and, rather loosely, radiate, at the circumference. Apothecia of almost middling size; sessile; flattish; but the thin margin, which is at first white-pruinose, at length excluded by the turgid, black disk. Sporesacks club-shaped, octo- sporous. Spores fuscous; variously and irregularly ellipsoid, now oblique, now constricted (biscocitiform, Koerb.) septate-dyblastich; from twice to twice and a half longer than wide. Another very interesting addition to North American lichens, which is a fruit of Dr. Hayden's extensive

explorations in Nebraska, and the Indian Territory. The plant is otherwise only known in Southern Europe, and Northern Africa. It is nearest to L. canescens, which has a rather more crustaceous habit, and a wider geographical range; occurring also not uncommonly on trees; but the latter is unknown here. L. parasema (Ach.) Nyl. Prodr. Gall. p. 123; Lich. Scand. p. 216. Lichen, Ach. Prodr. p. 64, pr. p. Lecidea, Ach. Met. p. 35, pr. p. var. enteroleuca, Nyl. l. c.; & Lich. Par. n. 57, Lecidea enteroleuca, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 177; Syn. p. 19. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 331; & Lich. Succ. n. 27. Tuckerm. Synopsis. p. 67. On rocks (creaceous sandstone) Deer Creek, North Platte, Hayden. Thallus whitish; areolate ; the hypothallus obscure. Apothecia smallish; soon convex and inimarginate; the naked disk exposed upon a colourless hypothecium. Spores in eight; ovoid-ellipsoid; simple; bimalbate; once and a half to twice longer than wide. L. vitellinaria, Nyl. Bot. Notis in Bot. Notis. 1852; Lich. Scand. p. 218. Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 222. Parasitic on the crust of Lecanora vitellina, growing upon rocks. Creaceous sandstones, Deer Creek, North Platte, Hayden. Apothecia minute; scattered here and there on the (sterile) crust of the cited Lecanora; the disk commonly exceeded by the margin. Spores colourless; short-ellipsoid; simple; becoming once and a half longer than wide. I have not yet observed these little apothecia on any other specimens than those collected by Dr. Hayden. L. geminata, Flot. in Zw. exs. fide Nyl. Prodr. p. 129; Lich. Scand. p. 234. Rhizocarpon, Koerb. Syst. p. 259. / L. atroalba, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 310, pr. p.; & Lich. Succ. n. 406, A. / L. dispora, Naeg. in Hepp Lich. Eur. n. 28. Rhiz L. Montagnei, Flot. msc. / Rhizocarpon, Koerb. l. c. Rabenh. Lich. Eur. n. 329. L. confervoides, v. atroalba, Schær. Spicil. p. 128; & Lich. Helv. n. 443. Granitic and other rocks. On creaceous sandstone, Red Buttes, North Platte; and at the base of the

Big Horn Mountains, Hayden. Thallus (in the specimens before me) of sub- tartareous, smallish, wart-like, ash-coloured areole (often quite resembling those of L. petrae) which are mostly crowded into an irregular crust. Apothecia from the hypothallus; smallish; about equaling the areoles; flattish; the obtuse margin becoming at length thin, and a little flex- uous; the black, naked disk, which is white within, resting on a black hypothecium. Spores 1-2; large; becoming brown, and at length blackish; oblong-ellipsoid and oblong; somewhat constricted-septate at the middle; becoming tetrablastish, and, at length, by repeated subdivision of the protoplasm, mural-polyblastish. Roundish spores also occur. This species occurs in a very constantly monosporous state (I have observed no other condition in the Western specimens, but New England one, their spore-sacks varying from 1- to 2-spored) and this state was separated by Flotow under the name of L. Mon- tagnei, adopted as a species by several writers; but Nylander, pro- bably quite rightly unites both conditions in his L. geminata, an arrangement anticipating the emended Rhizocarpon Montagnei (which also includes both forms) of the later work of Koerber (Parerg.p.229) I have possessed specimens from collected and have found it The lichen is now first-published as North American; but long collected Vermont, by W. Frost; and much distributed by myself, in Western Massachusetts. Endocarpon pusillum, Hedw. St. Crypt. / Fr. Lichenogr. p. 411, a. Schær. Enum. p. 234, a; & Lich. Helv. n. 115. Endopyrenium, Koerb. Syst. p. 323. Endocarpon Hedwigii, Ach. & E. hepatic- um, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 298. Nyl. Prodr. p. 176; Lich. Par. p. 80; Pyrenae. p. 15. Dermatocarpon, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 255. On the earth. Deer Creek, North Platte; and on the Snake fork of the Columbia, alt. 6000ft, Hayden.