DuVal, E.H. 2005 Journal Isla Boca Brava, Chiriqui, Panama 10 April Materials needed: 1. 60 failed or abandoned or old manakin nests 2. 60 forked sticks to attach them to (branches? bamboo? 3. Some way to tie nests to sticks (thread?) 4. 60 - 120 quail eggs (1 or 2 eggs per nest?) 5. 100m tape, or rope marked at 30m intervals. monitor daily? even 2 days? for 18+16=34. ?- laying dates seem locally synchronized - does nest initiation relate to & activity in the area? Cause or effect? ♀♀ nest loc ≠ mating choice, therefore more likely effect of ♀ presence that is beneficial to the ♀♀? Rather than ♂♂ making more noise to draw predators away from chicks. Finally - problem: no predators usually seen around lek sites, & displaying ♂♂ rarely do Proximate cause not answered: ♂♂ defend/warn call @ predators b/c of vigilance in display area